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1
Liu, Huiying, Hailan Zhang, Meng Li, Hongzhong Tian, Xiaobing Tang, and Yuzuo Bai. "Abnormal Expression of Fgf9 during the Development of the Anorectum in Rat Embryos with Anorectal Malformations." Gastroenterology Research and Practice 2019 (July 11, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1986196.
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The study objective was to investigate the role of fibroblast growth factor 9 (Fgf9) in normal and anorectal malformation (ARM) embryos during the development of the anorectum. Fgf9 expression was assayed in both normal rat embryos and embryos with ARM induced by exposure to ethylenethiourea (ETU) on embryonic day 10 (E10). Fgf9 expression was assayed by immunohistochemical staining, Western blotting, and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Immunohistochemical staining revealed spatiotemporal changes in Fgf9 expression between E13 and E16. Fgf9-positive cells predominated in the mesenchyme of the cloaca on E13 and E14 and at the fusion site of the urorectal septum and cloacal membrane, rectal epithelium, and anal membrane on E15. Fgf9-positive cells were obviously decreased after the anal membrane ruptured on E16. Fgf9-positive staining was significantly decreased in embryos with ARM compared with normal embryos from E13 to E15. The results of Western blots and qRT-PCR were consistent, with significantly increased Fgf9 expression in the hindgut and rectum of normal embryos than in embryos with ARM from E13 to E15. However, there was no difference between the two groups on E16. These results suggested that the anorectal embryogenesis might depend on the induction of Fgf9 signal. The expression of Fgf9 was downregulated in ETU-induced ARM embryos, which might be related to the development of ARM.
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Tanaka, M., M. Suzuki, T. Kawana, M. Segawa, M. Yoshikawa, M. Mori, M. Kobayashi, N. Nakai, and T. R. Saito. "Differential effects of sex steroid hormones on the expression of multiple first exons including a novel first exon of prolactin receptor gene in the rat liver." Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 34, no. 3 (June 2005): 667–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/jme.1.01702.
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In addition to the known four alternative first exons E11, E12, E13 and E14 of the rat prolactin receptor (PRL-R) gene, a novel first exon, E15, was identified by cDNA cloning of the 5′-end region of PRL-R mRNA in the rat liver. Genomic fragments containing E15 and its 5′- or 3′-flanking regions were also cloned from rat kidney genomic DNA. A sequence search for E15 revealed that E15 is located 49 kb upstream of exon 2 of the PRL-R gene in rat chromosome 2q16. RT-PCR analysis revealed that E15 was preferentially expressed in the liver, brain and kidney. Expression profiles of E12-, E13- and E15-PRL-R mRNAs in the liver of male and female rats at 5 days of age and those at 8 weeks of age were examined by RT-PCR. The levels of E12-PRL-R mRNA in the female rat increased remarkably in rats at 8 weeks of age compared with those at 5 days of age, and the levels of E15-PRL-R mRNA in the male rat decreased markedly at 8 weeks of age compared with those at 5 days of age. In the female rat, the levels of E12-PRL-R mRNA at 8 weeks of age decreased with ovariectomy performed at 4 weeks of age and recovered with the administration of β-oestradiol. On the contrary, the levels of E15-PRL-R mRNA increased with ovariectomy and decreased with the oestrogen treatment. In the male rat liver, the levels of E12-PRL-R mRNA at 8 weeks of age increased strikingly with castration performed at 4 weeks of age and became undetectable with the administration of testosterone. The levels of E15-PRL-R mRNA increased slightly with castration and were restored by testosterone treatment. Removal of gonadal tissues and sex steroid hormone treatment had no effect on the expression levels of E13-PRL-R mRNA in both female and male rat livers. These results indicated that the expression of the PRL-R gene in the liver is regulated by the differential effects of sex steroid hormones on the transcription of the multiple first exons including the novel one.
3
Pinon, L. G., L. Minichiello, R. Klein, and A. M. Davies. "Timing of neuronal death in trkA, trkB and trkC mutant embryos reveals developmental changes in sensory neuron dependence on Trk signalling." Development 122, no. 10 (October 1, 1996): 3255–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.122.10.3255.
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The sensory neurons of the embryonic mouse trigeminal ganglion are supported in culture by different neurotrophins at successive stages of development. Initially the neurons survive in response to BDNF and NT3 and later switch to becoming NGF-dependent (Buchman, V. I. and Davies, A. M. (1993), Development 118, 989–1001). To determine if this in vitro switch in neurotrophin responsiveness is physiologically relevant, we studied the timing of neuronal death in the trigeminal ganglia of embryos that are homozygous for null mutations in the trkA, trkB and trkC genes, which encode receptor tyrosine kinases for NGF, BDNF and NT3, respectively. In wild-type embryos, the number of pyknotic nuclei increased from E11 to peak between E13 and E14, and decreased gradually at later ages, becoming negligible by birth. Neuronal death in the trigeminal ganglia of trkA−/− embryos also peaked between E13 and E14, but was almost threefold greater than in wild-type embryos at this stage. Whereas there was no significant difference between the number of pyknotic nuclei in trkA−/− and wild-type embryos at E11 and E12, there was a substantial increase in the number of pyknotic nuclei in the trigeminal ganglia of trkB−/− at these earlier stages. Counts of the total number of neurons in E13 trigeminal ganglia revealed a marked decrease in trkB−/− but not trkA−/− or trkC−/− embryos. Consistent with the later onset of excessive neuronal death in trkA−/− embryos, there was a marked decrease in the neuronal complement of the trigeminal ganglia of trkA−/− embryos at E15. These results demonstrate that TrkB signalling is required for the in vivo survival of many trigeminal neurons during the early stages of target field innervation before they become NGF-dependent.
4
Wuenschell, C. W., M. E. Sunday, G. Singh, P. Minoo, H. C. Slavkin, and D. Warburton. "Embryonic mouse lung epithelial progenitor cells co-express immunohistochemical markers of diverse mature cell lineages." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 44, no. 2 (February 1996): 113–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/44.2.8609367.
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Developmental expression of marker genes representative of different mature cell types can be used to study differentiation of cell lineages. We used immunohistochemistry to study expression in developing mouse lung of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), Clara cell 10-KD protein (CC10), and surfactant protein-A (SP-A), markers that are differentially expressed in neuroendocrine cells, Clara cells, and Type II alveolar cells. Two distinct developmental phases were revealed. The earlier phase (embryonic days 13-15; E13-E15) was characterized by CGRP, CC10, and SP-A immunostaining in all epithelial cells of the distal airways, with the three patterns being virtually identical in adjacent sections. The later phase (E16-E18) was characterized by emergence of staining of the differentiated cell types. These expression patterns were recapitulated in serumless organ culture, demonstrating that information necessary to generate both phases of gene expression is present within the lung analage by E11. We conclude that CGRP, CC10, and SP-A are co-expressed in most or all cells of the distal lung epithelium at E13-E15 and later become restricted to different cell lineages. This transient expression in progenitor cells of gene products characteristic of diverse differentiated cell types may reflect an underlying mechanism of gene regulation.
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Shamley, D. R., L. A. Opperman, R. Buffenstein, and F. P. Ross. "Ontogeny of calbindin-D28K and calbindin-D9K in the mouse kidney, duodenum, cerebellum and placenta." Development 116, no. 2 (October 1, 1992): 491–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.116.2.491.
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The appearance of the calcium-binding proteins (CaBP-D28K and CaBP-D9K) in embryonic mice tissues was determined using a sensitive immunohistochemical assay. CaBP-D28K first appears in myenteric nerve plexuses of the duodenum on day E15, in duodenal villus cells on day E16, in Purkinje cells of the cerebellum on day E19, in cells of the mesonephric duct on day E11 and in the metanephric duct on day E12. CaBP-D9K first appears in enterocytes of the duodenum on day E18, in trophoblastic giant cells (TGC) of the placenta on day E10, and in the metanephric duct on day E15. A differential time of appearance and colocalization of the two CaBPs is demonstrated in the embryonic mouse kidney, suggesting either that vitamin D does not control both CaBPs in the foetus or that the vitamin D control is unequal. The early appearance and location of CaBP-D9K in TGCs may suggest that these cells play an important role in transplacental transfer of calcium.
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Greer, J. J., J. C. Smith, and J. L. Feldman. "Respiratory and locomotor patterns generated in the fetal rat brain stem-spinal cord in vitro." Journal of Neurophysiology 67, no. 4 (April 1, 1992): 996–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1992.67.4.996.
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An in vitro brain stem-spinal cord preparation from last trimester (E13-E21) fetal rats, which generates rhythmic respiratory and locomotor patterns, is described. These coordinated motor patterns emerge at stages E17-E18. Synchronous rhythmic motor activity, not clearly characterized as respiratory or locomotor, can occur as early as E13. With this preparation, it is now possible to study the ontogenesis of circuits and cellular mechanisms underlying these critical movements.
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Jiang, Sen, Dong-Li Li, Jie Chen, Xi Zheng, Pan-Pan Wu, Chen Li, Xue-Tao Xu, and Kun Zhang. "Synergistic Anticancer Effect of Gemcitabine Combined With Impressic Acid or Acankoreanogein in Panc-1 Cells by Inhibiting NF-κB and Stat 3 Activation." Natural Product Communications 15, no. 12 (December 2020): 1934578X2097423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x20974239.
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Natural products have presented potentiality to improve the outcomes of cancer therapies. Impressic acid (E12-1) and acankoreanogein (E13-1), important activity compounds in Acanthopanax trifoliatus (L.) Merr., show widely biological activities. In this study, we isolated E12-1 and E13-1 from Acanthopanax trifoliatus (L.) Merr., and investigated their improvement effect in gemcitabine (GEM) treatment in Panc-1 cells. The results showed that GEM in combination with E12-1 or E13-1 showed stronger inhibition on the growth and induction of apoptosis in Panc-1 cells compared to GEM, E12-1, or E13-1 alone. GEM in combination with E12-1or E13-1 also strongly inhibited cell migration. Mechanistic investigation showed that GEM in combination with E12-1or E13-1 effectively inhibited the activition of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells and Stat 3. Overall, GEM in combination with E12-1 or E13-1 might be an effective strategy for the prevention of prostate cancer.
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Clement, Tracy M., Matthew D. Anway, Mehmet Uzumcu, and Michael K. Skinner. "Regulation of the gonadal transcriptome during sex determination and testis morphogenesis: comparative candidate genes." Reproduction 134, no. 3 (September 2007): 455–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-06-0341.
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Gene expression profiles during sex determination and gonadal differentiation were investigated to identify new potential regulatory factors. Embryonic day 13 (E13), E14, and E16 rat testes and ovaries were used for microarray analysis, as well as E13 testis organ cultures that undergo testis morphogenesis and develop seminiferous cordsin vitro. A list of 109 genes resulted from a selective analysis for genes present in male gonadal development and with a 1.5-fold change in expression between E13 and E16. Characterization of these 109 genes potentially important for testis development revealed that cytoskeletal-associated proteins, extracellular matrix factors, and signaling factors were highly represented. Throughout the developmental period (E13–E16), sex-enriched transcripts were more prevalent in the male with 34 of the 109 genes having testis-enriched expression during sex determination. In ovaries, the total number of transcripts with a 1.5-fold change in expression between E13 and E16 was similar to the testis, but none of those genes were both ovary enriched and regulated during the developmental period. Genes conserved in sex determination were identified by comparing changing transcripts in the rat analysis herein, to transcripts altered in previously published mouse studies of gonadal sex determination. A comparison of changing mouse and rat transcripts identified 43 genes with species conservation in sex determination and testis development. Profiles of gene expression during E13–E16 rat testis and ovary development are presented and candidate genes for involvement in sex determination and testis differentiation are identified. Analysis of cellular pathways did not reveal any specific pathways involving multiple candidate genes. However, the genes and gene network identified influence numerous cellular processes with cellular differentiation, proliferation, focal contact, RNA localization, and development being predominant.
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Menco, B. P., and A. I. Farbman. "Genesis of cilia and microvilli of rat nasal epithelia during pre-natal development. I. Olfactory epithelium, qualitative studies." Journal of Cell Science 78, no. 1 (October 1, 1985): 283–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.78.1.283.
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Rat foetuses from intra-uterine days E13 through E22 (day before parturition) and adults were used for a qualitative electron-microscopic investigation of the development of ciliated/microvillous surfaces of the olfactory epithelium. In the E13 and most of the E14 embryos the epithelial surface is not yet characteristically olfactory. Apical cell profiles show primary cilia. These can arise at the epithelial surface or below. From E14 onwards the epithelial surface acquires olfactory characteristics. Dendritic endings of the olfactory receptor cells can be found amidst microvillous profiles of supporting cells. Either cell type may bear primary cilia. From E16 onwards the receptor cells sprout multiple olfactory cilia, but cells with primary cilia are found throughout pre-natal development. These primary cilia are, at least for a while, retained during the formation of the secondary cilia. Primary cilia always have distinct necklaces at their base. Otherwise, especially with respect to their tips, their morphology can vary. Originally they have expanded tips (up to E14); later on such wide tips are no longer encountered (E16 and E17). Primary cilia of receptor cells never have wide tips. Appreciable numbers of endings with tapering olfactory cilia are discerned around E18 and especially E19. Throughout pre-natal development posterior/superior parts of the septal olfactory epithelium are more precocious than anterior/inferior parts, in particular in the region of transition with the respiratory epithelium. This advance in development includes total densities of dendritic endings of olfactory receptor cells, densities of multiciliated endings alone and lengths of supporting cell microvilli. This difference is discussed with respect to the topography of the olfactory epithelial surface in adult animals. In addition to the systematic topographic variation, a number of more local, apparently not-systematically distributed, topographic variations present during development are described. Most of these also occur in adult animals and they include heterogeneity in length of supporting cell microvilli and the presence of patches of supporting cells with rounded apical protuberances, of patches displaying dendrites with polyaxonemes rather than individual cilia and of scattered atypical cells (neither typical olfactory receptor nor olfactory supporting cells). At their surfaces such atypical cells can resemble inner-ear hair cells. Relative to olfactory receptor and supporting cells there are only very few atypical cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Yerlisu Lapa, Tennur, and Evren Tercan Kaas. "Perceived Freedom in Leisure Scale-25: Testing the construct validity for university students." Journal of Human Sciences 16, no. 4 (December 23, 2019): 1071–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.14687/jhs.v16i4.5860.
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Leisure behaviour is an important study area of the literature recently. In apprehending leisure behaviour, perceived freedom in leisure is a significant dimension. The aim of the study is to test validity of “Perceived Freedom in Leisure Scale (PFLS)” by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Study group of this descriptive research consists of 228 university students. Reliability was calculated by internal consistency coefficient Cronbach’s Alpha. As a result of the CFA, modification indexes were examined and items with high error covariance’s were matched (e9-e10, e13-e14, e16-e20). After the modification the results were as follows: χ2/df(χ2/df=1.56) and other fit indexes: AGFI=0.85, GFI=0.87, NFI=0.95, TLI=0.98, CFI=0.98 and RMSEA=0.050. Cronbach’s alpha reliability coefficient was found as 0.93. Consequently after the findings, PFLS could be declared to be used in leisure research as a valid and reliable measurement tool with its 25 items and one factor structure.
Extended English summary is in the end of Full Text PDF (TURKISH) file.
Özet
Serbest zaman davranışının anlaşılmasında serbest zamanda algılanan özgürlük konusu önemli bir boyut olarak görülmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, “Serbest Zamanda Algılanan Özgürlük Ölçeği (SZAÖÖ)”nin geçerliğinin doğrulayıcı faktör analizi (DFA) ile sınanmasıdır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubu 228 üniversite öğrencisinden oluşturmaktadır. Ölçeğin güvenirliğini belirlemek için ise Cronbach alfa iç tutarlık katsayısı hesaplanmıştır. DFA sonucu, modifikasyon endekslerine bakılarak yüksek hata kovaryanslarına sahip maddeler birbirleri ile eşleştirilmiştir (e9-e10, e13-e14, e16-e20). Yapılan modifikasyon endekslerine göre χ2/df (χ2/df=1.56) ve diğer uyum indeks değerleri: AGFI=0.85, GFI=0.87, NFI=0.95, TLI=0.98, CFI=0.98 ve RMSEA=0.050 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Ölçeğin güvenirlik kat sayısı 0.93 olarak saptanmıştır. Araştırma sonucu, 25 madde ve tek faktörden oluşan SZAÖÖ’nin geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçüm aracı olduğu söylenebilir.
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Aličelebić, Selma, and Đurđica Grbeša. "Development of the rat telencephalon-volumetric analysis." Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences 4, no. 3 (August 20, 2004): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17305/bjbms.2004.3375.
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With regard to intensive morphometric changes, morphometry as a method is mainly used for histogenetic studies of brain development in normal and experimental conditions. The aim of our study was to quantitatively analyse morphological parameters of the rat telencephalon during embryonic development. The investigation was carried out on semithin serial sections of rat brain from embryonic days 12 to 15. The volume densities (VV) of the lateral ventricles, the telencephalic neuroepithelium and the surrounding mesenchyme have been analysed stereologically and compared in examined embryonic stages. The neuroepithelial volume density was the smallest (28%) at E13 and the biggest (44%) at E15 (p<0.0005). The mesenchymal volume density was the smallest (32%) at E13 and the biggest (48%) at E14 (p<0.0005). The volume density of lateral ventricles was the biggest (40%) at E13 and the smallest (14%) at E15 (p<0.0005). Neurostereological methods have been making a very valuable contribution to neuroscience over recent years. We have used unbiased stereological counting methods to obtain objective quantitative parameters which show relations between some parts of rat embryonic telencephalon examined during its normal development.
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Murphy, M., K. Reid, M. A. Brown, and P. F. Bartlett. "Involvement of leukemia inhibitory factor and nerve growth factor in the development of dorsal root ganglion neurons." Development 117, no. 3 (March 1, 1993): 1173–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.117.3.1173.
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Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) was recently shown to stimulate the generation of sensory neurons from the murine neural crest in vitro. Here, we examine the respective activities of LIF and nerve growth factor (NGF) throughout the embryonic development of sensory neurons in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and neural crest. In cultures of embryonic day 12 (E12) DRG, which contain sensory neuron precursor cells, a combination of both LIF and NGF are required for the differentiation of mature sensory neurons from their neurofilament negative (NF-) precursors. The primary differentiation step from NF- cell to NF+ immature neuron is promoted by LIF, whereas the survival and further maturation of the newly differentiated neurons depends on NGF. In cultures of sensory neurons isolated at the time of target innervation (E14 and E15 DRG), the survival of the majority of the neurons is dependent on NGF. However, LIF acts as a survival agent for a discrete population of NGF non-responsive neurons. From E16, the number of neurons maintained by LIF increases to > 90% by birth. Consistent with the in vitro observations, LIF mRNA could be detected at early developmental stages (E12-E13), within the spinal column and DRG as well as the limbs and, later (after E15), in areas of sensory innervation (skin, limbs, feet and gut). This supports the idea that LIF, as well as NGF, may regulate sensory development in vivo.
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Wyatt, S., and A. M. Davies. "Regulation of nerve growth factor receptor gene expression in sympathetic neurons during development." Journal of Cell Biology 130, no. 6 (September 15, 1995): 1435–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.130.6.1435.
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We used quantitative reverse transcription (RT)/PCR to study the regulation of p75 mRNA and trkA mRNA expression in the developing sympathetic neurons of the mouse superior cervical sympathetic ganglion (SCG) in vivo and in vitro. At E13, the SCG contains proliferating cells that express many features of differentiated neurons. These immature neurons survived in culture without NGF, and NGF did not induce c-fos expression. Low levels of p75 and trkA mRNAs were expressed at this stage in vivo. There was no significant increase in the level of either trkA mRNA or p75 mRNA in E13 control cultures up to 72 h in vitro, and neither NGF nor depolarizing levels of K+ ions (40 mM KC1) affected the expression of trkA mRNA. In E14 cultures, NGF induced c-fos expression in 10-15% of the neurons and enhanced the survival of a similar percentage of neurons. The proportion of neurons responding to NGF increased with age, reaching 90% in E18 cultures. The in vivo level of trkA mRNA increased markedly from E14 onward, but in contrast to sensory neurons (in which p75 and trkA mRNA levels increase in parallel), the level of trkA mRNA initially increased far more rapidly than that of p75 mRNA. After E17, the level of p75 mRNA increased rapidly and approached that of trkA mRNA postnatally, but at no stage did this exceed the level of trkA mRNA. In E14 cultures, the level of trkA mRNA increased in the absence of neurotrophins or 40 mM KC1. The level of p75 mRNA in E14 cultures was enhanced by NGF but was unaffected by 40 mM KC1. Our findings show that NGF receptor expression during the earliest stages of sympathetic neuron development is not affected by depolarization but indicate that by an early developmental stage (between E13 and E14 in vivo), sympathetic neurons become specified to upregulate trkA mRNA in culture independently of added factors. In addition, our findings reveal several distinctive features of p75 mRNA and trkA mRNA expression in sympathetic neurons compared with sensory neurons and provide a plausible explanation for previously observed differences in the effects of a p75 null mutation on the response of sensory and sympathetic neurons during embryonic and postnatal development.
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Yang, Li-Na, Wen-Kai Huang, Xue-Li Li, Yu-Zuo Bai, and Shu-Cheng Zhang. "Sox10 Is a Specific Biomarker for Neural Crest Stem Cells in Immunohistochemical Staining in Wistar Rats." Disease Markers 2020 (August 30, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8893703.
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Objective. Neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) are prototypically migratory cells immigrating from the dorsal neural tube to specific embryonic sites where they generate a variety of cell types. A lot of biomarkers for NCSCs have been identified. However, which biomarkers are the most specific is still unclear. Methods. The rat embryos harvested in embryonic day 9 (E9), E9.5, E10, E10.5, E11, E12, E13, and E14 were paraffin-embedded and sectioned in transverse. NCSCs were spatiotemporally demonstrated by immunohistochemical staining with RET, p75NTR, Pax7, and Sox10. NCSCs were isolated, cultured, and stained with RET, p75NTR, Pax7, and Sox10. Results. In the paraffin sections of rat embryos, the immunohistochemical staining of RET, p75NTR, and Sox10 can all be used in demonstrating NCSCs. Sox10 was positive mainly in NCSCs while RET and p75NTR were positive not only in NCSCs but also in other tissue cells. In primary culture cells, Sox10 was mainly in the nucleus of NCSCs, RET was mainly in the membrane, and p75NTR was positive in cytoplasm and membrane. Conclusions. Sox10 is the specific marker for immunohistochemical staining of NCSCs in paraffin sections. In cultured cells, Sox10, p75NTR, and RET presented a similar staining effect.
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Wang, Weicai, Yutao Jian, Bin Cai, Miao Wang, Mu Chen, and Hongzhang Huang. "All-Trans Retinoic Acid-Induced Craniofacial Malformation Model: A Prenatal and Postnatal Morphological Analysis." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 54, no. 4 (July 2017): 391–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/15-271.
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Objective To characterize the prenatal and postnatal craniofacial bone development in mouse model of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) exposure at different ages by a quantitative and morphological analysis of skull morphology. Methods Pregnant mice were exposed to ATRA at embryonic day 10 (E10) and 13 (E13) by oral gavage. Skulls of mice embryos at E19.5 and adult mice at postnatal day 35 (P35) were collected for high-resolution microcomputed tomography (microCT) imaging scanning and section HE staining. Reconstruction and measurement of mouse skulls were performed for prenatal and postnatal analysis of the control and ATRA-exposed mice. Results Craniofacial malformations in mouse models caused by ATRA exposure were age dependent. ATRA exposure at E10 induced cleft palate in 81.8% of the fetuses, whereas the palatine bone of E13-exposed mice was intact. Inhibitions of maxilla and mandible development with craniofacial asymmetry induced were observed at E19.5 and P35. Compared with control and E13-exposed mice, the palatine bones of E10-exposed mice were not elevated and were smaller in dimension. Some E10-exposed mice exhibited other craniofacial abnormalities, including premature fusion of mandibular symphysis with a missing mandibular incisor and a smaller mandible. Severe deviated snouts and amorphous craniofacial suture were detected in E13-exposed mice at P35. Conclusion These morphological variations in E10- and E13-exposed mice suggested that ATRA was teratogenic in craniofacial bone development in mice and the effect was age dependent.
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Singh, G. D., J. Johnston, W. Ma, and S. Lozanoff. "Cleft Palate Formation in Fetal Br Mice with Midfacial Retrusion: Tenascin, Fibronectin, Laminin, and Type IV Collagen Immunolocalization." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 35, no. 1 (January 1998): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/1545-1569_1998_035_0065_cpfifb_2.3.co_2.
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Objective This study tested the hypothesis that altered craniofacial morphology does not affect the expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules such as fibronectin (FN), laminin (LN), type IV collagen, and tenascin-C (TN) but is associated with failure of palatal shelf elevation and fusion concomitant with cleft palate formation. Design To test this hypothesis, a comparative immunohistological analysis of FN, LN, type IV collagen, and TN was undertaken on brachyrrhine (Br/Br) mice and normal (+/+) fetuses during secondary palate formation. Normal and Br/Br fetuses were collected at gestational days E13 and E14 (representing prefusion stages) and E15 and E18 (representing postfusion stages). Cryostat palatal sections (8 μm) were postfixed in methanol, washed, and stained with primary antibody. All sections were washed and coated with secondary antibody (swine-anti-rabbit IgG) and mounted with citifluor. Results Immunohistological analysis showed that LN and type IV collagen were located near the presumptive medial epithelial seam (MES) or edge (MEE) in +/+ or Br/Br fetuses, respectively. Fibronectin showed a homogeneous distribution at all stages in both groups of mice. In contrast, TN became localized below the presumptive MES or MEE in both groups of mice at E14. In +/+ animals at E15, TN dissipated and became confined to the oral basement membrane by E18. At E15 and E18 in cleft Br/Br mutants, TN stained beneath the MEE. Conclusion Although the distributions of ECM molecules are similar during normal and cleft palatogenesis, differences in TN expression are associated with cleft palate formation.
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Luukko, K., K. Sainio, H. Sariola, M. Saarma, and I. Thesleff. "Localization of Nerve Cells in the Developing Rat Tooth." Journal of Dental Research 76, no. 7 (July 1997): 1350–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220345970760070401.
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Earlier studies have shown that mammalian tooth formation can take place in the absence of peripheral nerve fibers. This has been taken to indicate that neurons are not needed for mammalian tooth development. However, our recent localization of peripherin, which is a neuronal cell marker, has suggested that neuronal cell bodies may be associated with developing teeth. In this study, we have analyzed in vivo and in vitro the presence of neuronal cells in developing rat tooth germs. When E14 and E16 rat first molars (thickening of presumptive dental epithelium and bud-stage tooth germ, respectively) were cultured in vitro, peripheral trigeminal axons degenerated. However, with antibodies against peripherin and L1 neural cell adhesion protein, we detected neuronal cell bodies and their axons in the explants. Next, the expression of neurofilament light-chain (NF-L) mRNAs was studied by in situ hybridization of embryonic E12 first branchial arches and tooth germs from initiation to completion of crown morphogenesis (E13, five-day post-natal teeth). NF-L transcripts were first seen at the bud stage (E15) next to the dental epithelium at the buccal side of the tooth germ. At the cap stage (E18), NF-L mRNAs were located under the oral epithelium at some distance from dental epithelium. These expression patterns correlate to the previous localization of peripherin-positive cells and suggest that NF-L expression also revealed neuronal cells. Taken together, these results demonstrate that, in addition to projections of peripheral neurons, neuronal cells are associated with the developing teeth. Hence, it is possible that neuronal cells may participate in the regulation of mammalian tooth formation.
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Bouron, Alexandre. "Transcriptomic Profiling of Ca2+ Transport Systems during the Formation of the Cerebral Cortex in Mice." Cells 9, no. 8 (July 29, 2020): 1800. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells9081800.
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Cytosolic calcium (Ca2+) transients control key neural processes, including neurogenesis, migration, the polarization and growth of neurons, and the establishment and maintenance of synaptic connections. They are thus involved in the development and formation of the neural system. In this study, a publicly available whole transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) dataset was used to examine the expression of genes coding for putative plasma membrane and organellar Ca2+-transporting proteins (channels, pumps, exchangers, and transporters) during the formation of the cerebral cortex in mice. Four ages were considered: embryonic days 11 (E11), 13 (E13), and 17 (E17), and post-natal day 1 (PN1). This transcriptomic profiling was also combined with live-cell Ca2+ imaging recordings to assess the presence of functional Ca2+ transport systems in E13 neurons. The most important Ca2+ routes of the cortical wall at the onset of corticogenesis (E11–E13) were TACAN, GluK5, nAChR β2, Cav3.1, Orai3, transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 7 (TRPM7) non-mitochondrial Na+/Ca2+ exchanger 2 (NCX2), and the connexins CX43/CX45/CX37. Hence, transient receptor potential cation channel mucolipin subfamily member 1 (TRPML1), transmembrane protein 165 (TMEM165), and Ca2+ “leak” channels are prominent intracellular Ca2+ pathways. The Ca2+ pumps sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase 2 (SERCA2) and plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase 1 (PMCA1) control the resting basal Ca2+ levels. At the end of neurogenesis (E17 and onward), a more numerous and diverse population of Ca2+ uptake systems was observed. In addition to the actors listed above, prominent Ca2+-conducting systems of the cortical wall emerged, including acid-sensing ion channel 1 (ASIC1), Orai2, P2X2, and GluN1. Altogether, this study provides a detailed view of the pattern of expression of the main actors participating in the import, export, and release of Ca2+. This work can serve as a framework for further functional and mechanistic studies on Ca2+ signaling during cerebral cortex formation.
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Sagita, Desi. "ISOLASI BAKTERI ENDOFIT DARI DAUN SIRIH (Piper betle L.) SEBAGAI ANTIBAKTERI TERHADAP Escherichia coli DAN Staphylococcus aureus." Jurnal Ipteks Terapan 11, no. 1 (March 10, 2017): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22216/jit.2017.v11i1.459.
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<p>Bakteri endofit adalah salah satu alternatif penghasil senyawa antimikroba. Keberadaan bakteri dalam tanaman memungkinkan bakteri menghasilkan senyawa bioaktif yang sama seperti yang terkandung dalam tanaman inangnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi dan mengidentifikasi bakteri endofit yang memiliki kemampuan menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri lainnya. Aktifitas antibakteri diukur menggunakan metode Kirbi Bauer. Sirih (Piper bettle) adalah tanaman yang telah digunakan oleh banyak orang karena mengandung senyawa yang baik untuk kesehatan. Jumlah bakteri endofit yang berhasil diisolasi adalah 13 isolat yaitu E1, E2, E3,E4,E7,E8, E9, E10, E11, E12 dan E13. Berdasarkan uji aktifitas antibakteri, 6 dari 13 isolat endofit yang berpotensi memberikan aktifitas antibakteri. 5 dari isolat tersebut yang mampu menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Staphyl,ococcus aureus dan E8 yang aktifitas nya tinggi dengan diameter zona bening 18.96 mm dan hanya 1 isolat yaitu E7 yang mampu menghambat Escherichia coli dengan diameter zona bening 14.01 mm.</p>
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Xing, Qian, Zhongyan Shan, Yun Gao, Jingyuan Mao, Xiu Liu, Jiashu Yu, Huakun Sun, et al. "Differential Expression of MicroRNAs and miR-206-Mediated Downregulation of BDNF Expression in the Rat Fetal Brain Following Maternal Hypothyroidism." Hormone and Metabolic Research 50, no. 09 (August 17, 2018): 696–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0658-2095.
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AbstractTo investigate the mechanism responsible for the neurological alterations, miRNA expression profile and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were evaluated in brain tissues of fetal or neonatal rats and from maternal rats with hypothyroidism. Ninety female Wistar rats were divided into a control and a hypothyroid group, which were mated. Brain samples of the offspring were obtained at maternal embryonic day (E) E13 and E17 as well as postnatal day (P) P0 and P7, and the hippocampus and cortex were separated at P7. BDNF mRNA at E13 was tested by real-time PCR and protein expression by Western blot. Luciferase assays were used to confirm that miR-206 targets the 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) of BDNF. In the brain tissues of fetal and neonatal rats from maternal rats with hypothyroidism, differentiation miRNAs profile were found at E13, E17, P0, and P7. Compared with the control group, miR-206 levels in the hypothyroidism group were increased by 3.1-fold by micro-array, and were higher as measured by SYBR green real-time qRT–PCR (p<0.01). There was no significant difference in the BDNF mRNA levels at E13 between the hypothyroidism group and the control group (1.767±0.477 vs. 1.798±0.462, respectively; p>0.05), but pro-BDNF and mature BDNF protein levels in the hypothyroid group at E13 were significantly lower than those in the control group (p<0.05). miR-206 targeted 3′-UTR of BDNF. Our data highlight the role of miR-206 as a post-transcriptional inhibitor of BDNF at E13 in pregnant hypothyroid rats.
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Chen, Zhu-jun, and Katsuko Kataoka. "Histogenesis of the mouse colonic mucosa with special reference to obliteration and re-opening of the colonic lumen." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 3 (August 12, 1990): 302–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100159060.
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Temporary obliteration of the colonic lumen has been known prior to the formation of primary villi since an early light microscope (LM) study. We examined this process with a transmission electron microscope (TEM) using the descending colon of ICR mouse fetuses on days 13-18 of gestation (E13-E18, vaginal plug=E0). Pieces of the descending colon were doubly fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde and 1% OsO4 and embedded in an epoxy resin. Semi-thin sections stained with toluidine blue were examined by LM. Ultrathin sections doubly stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate were examined by TEM.On day E13,the colonic mucosa is lined with a single layer of undifferentiated epithelial cells (FIG. 1a), which were mutually joined by the primary junctional complex around the colonic lumen. Mitotic cells face the lumen and are connected with neighboring cells by the junctional complex. The epithelium looks stratified and the colonic lumen is extremely narrowed on days E15-E16 so that it cannot be identified by LM examination (FIG. 1b). A secondary junctional complex consisting of macula occludens with attaching microfilaments and desmosomes is formed between two epithelial cells apart from the colonic lumen. A cavity with microvilli is formed intracellularly and it subsequently opens with in the macula occludens of the secondary junctional complex to form the intra-epithelial cavity (FIG. 2, 3). A mitotic cell faces the intra-epithelial cavity and is joined with neighboring cells by these condary junctional complex (FIG. 4).
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Jones, Timothy A., Sherri M. Jones, and Kristina C. Paggett. "Emergence of Hearing in the Chicken Embryo." Journal of Neurophysiology 96, no. 1 (July 2006): 128–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00599.2005.
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It is commonly held that hearing generally begins on incubation day 12 (E12) in the chicken embryo ( Gallus domesticus). However, little is known about the response properties of cochlear ganglion neurons for ages younger than E18. We studied ganglion neurons innervating the basilar papilla of embryos (E12–E18) and hatchlings (P13–P15). We asked first, when do primary afferent neurons begin to encode sounds? Second, when do afferents evidence frequency selectivity? Third, what range of characteristic frequencies (CFs) is represented in the late embryo? Finally, how does sound transfer from air to the cochlea affect responses in the embryo and hatchling? Responses to airborne sound were compared with responses to direct columella footplate stimulation of the cochlea. Cochlear ganglion neurons exhibited a profound insensitivity to sound from E12 to E16 (stages 39–42). Responses to sound and frequency selectivity emerged at about E15. Frequency selectivity matured rapidly from E16 to E18 (stages 42 and 44) to reflect a mature range of CFs (170–4,478 Hz) and response sensitivity to footplate stimulation. Limited high-frequency sound transfer from air to the cochlea restricted the response to airborne sound in the late embryo. Two periods of ontogeny are proposed. First is a prehearing period (roughly E12–E16) of endogenous cochlear signaling that provides neurotrophic support and guides normal developmental refinements in central binaural processing pathways followed by a period (roughly E16–E19) wherein the cochlea begins to detect and encode sound.
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Masetto, S., P. Perin, A. Malusà, G. Zucca, and P. Valli. "Membrane Properties of Chick Semicircular Canal Hair Cells In Situ During Embryonic Development." Journal of Neurophysiology 83, no. 5 (May 1, 2000): 2740–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2000.83.5.2740.
Full textAbstract:
The electrophysiological properties of developing vestibular hair cells have been investigated in a chick crista slice preparation, from embryonic day 10 ( E10) to E21 (when hatching would occur). Patch-clamp whole-cell experiments showed that different types of ion channels are sequentially expressed during development. An inward Ca2+ current and a slow outward rectifying K+current ( I K(V)) are acquired first, at or before E10, followed by a rapid transient K+current ( I K(A)) at E12, and by a small Ca-dependent K+ current ( I KCa) at E14. Hair cell maturation then proceeds with the expression of hyperpolarization-activated currents: a slow I h appears first, around E16, followed by the fast inward rectifier I K1around E19. From the time of its first appearance, I K(A) is preferentially expressed in peripheral ( zone 1) hair cells, whereas inward rectifying currents are preferentially expressed in intermediate ( zone 2) and central ( zone 3) hair cells. Each conductance conferred distinctive properties on hair cell voltage response. Starting from E15, some hair cells, preferentially located at the intermediate region, showed the amphora shape typical of type I hair cells. From E17 (a time when the afferent calyx is completed) these cells expressed I K, L, the signature current of mature type I hair cells. Close to hatching, hair cell complements and regional organization of ion currents appeared similar to those reported for the mature avian crista. By the progressive acquisition of different types of inward and outward rectifying currents, hair cell repolarization after both positive- and negative-current injections is greatly strengthened and speeded up.
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Malcherek, T. "Spontaneous strain in synthetic titanite, CaTiOSiO4." Mineralogical Magazine 65, no. 6 (December 2001): 709–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/0026461016560002.
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AbstractLattice parameters of synthetic titanite powder, CaTiOSiO4, have been determined between room temperature and 1023 K. Only the e11 and e13 components contribute significantly to the strain tensor associated with the antiferroelectric-paraelectric phase transition at Tc = 487 K. A finite strain component e13 is observed in the paraelectric phase for 487 K < T < 825 K. The disappearance of this shear strain marks the isosymmetric transition near 825 K. The temperature evolution of the volume strain and of e11 is proportional to the squared order parameter observed in single-crystal diffraction experiments. The magnitude of the volume strain is sufficiently large to relate the observed near tricritical behaviour of the antiferroelectric-paraelectric phase transition to strain coupling.
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Soriano, E., J. A. Del Río, F. J. Martínez-Guijarro, I. Ferrer, and C. López. "Immunocytochemical detection of 5'-bromodeoxyuridine in fluoro-gold-labeled neurons: a simple technique to combine retrograde axonal tracing and neurogenetic characterization of neurons." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 39, no. 11 (November 1991): 1565–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/39.11.1918930.
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To characterize the axonal projections of 5'-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-labeled neurons, we have combined retrograde tracer injection of Fluoro-Gold with the immunocytochemical detection of BrdU. Pregnant mice were labeled with pulses of BrdU at embryonic days E12, E13, E14, or E16. Young adult offspring were perfused with 4% paraformaldehyde 2 days after receiving a Fluoro-Gold injection into the cerebral cortex, thalamus, or hippocampus. Brain sections were processed for immunocytochemical visualization of BrdU using the peroxidase-anti-peroxidase method and a diaminobenzidine-nickel ammonium sulfate (DAB-Ni) reaction, and finally observed on a microscope equipped with brightfield and fluorescence optics. Both BrdU-immunoreactive nuclei and retrogradely labeled Fluoro-Gold-positive cells were detected. Double-labeled neurons were recognized by the presence of fluorescent particles in the cytoplasm and a black immunoreactive nucleus. Since both labelings occurred in different cell compartments, Fluoro-Gold granules were not obscured by the DAB-Ni precipitate. The method shown here permits a correlation of the neurogenesis of subsets of neurons identified by their BrdU content with the specific target into which such cells project.
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Laffin, Jennifer J. S., Todd E. Scheetz, Maria de Fatima Bonaldo, Rebecca S. Reiter, Shereen Chang, Mari Eyestone, Hakeem Abdulkawy, et al. "A comprehensive nonredundant expressed sequence tag collection for the developing Rattus norvegicus heart." Physiological Genomics 17, no. 2 (April 13, 2004): 245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00186.2003.
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Congenital heart defects affect ∼1,000,000 people in the United States, with 40,000 new births contributing to that number every year. A large percentage of these defects can be attributed to septal defects. We assembled a nonredundant collection of over 12,000 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from a total of 30,000 ESTs, with the ultimate goal of identifying spatially and/or temporally regulated genes during heart septation. These ESTs were compiled from nonnormalized, normalized, and serially subtracted cDNA libraries derived from two sets of tissue samples. The first includes microdissected rat hearts from embryonic (E) days E13, E15, and E16.5–E18.5 and adult heart. The second includes hearts from embryonic days E17, E19, and E21 and postnatal (P) days P1, P12, P74, and P200. Over 6,000 novel ESTs were identified in the libraries derived from these two sets of tissues, all of which have been contributed to the NCBI rat UniGene collection. It is anticipated that such EST and cDNA clone resources will prove invaluable to gene expression studies aimed at the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying heart septation defects.
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Margaritis, Paris, Elise Roy, Harre D. Downey, Shangzen Zhou, Elizabeth Merricks, Aaron Dillow, Timothy C. Nichols, and Katherine A. High. "Gene Transfer of Canine FVIIa Results in Partial Correction of Canine Hemophilia: A Model for FVIII/FIX Gene-Based Bypassing Agents." Blood 110, no. 11 (November 16, 2007): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v110.11.195.195.
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Abstract Despite its extensive use particularly in the management of hemophilic inhibitor patients, recombinant Factor VIIa (rhFVIIa) infusion has important limitations stemming from the nature of FVIIa itself, since its short half-life necessitates repeated injections and also carries high treatment costs. To overcome these, we have designed a gene transfer approach using a modified FVII transgene that is cleaved intracellularly and secreted in the active form, FVIIa. Using the human and murine analogue of this engineered transgene we have shown phenotypic correction of hemophilia B mice, following adeno-associated virus (AAV) - mediated, liver-directed gene delivery (Margaritis et al., 2004). In order to demonstrate efficacy in a large animal model of hemophilia, we cloned the canine Factor VII cDNA and generated the canine homologue of our modified transgene (cFVIIa). Recombinant cFVII zymogen and cFVIIa were purified and characterized in vitro in a clotting-based assay using canine reagents only (activated partial thromboplastin time [aPTT]). We found that cFVIIa had activity indistinguishable from rhFVIIa, while cFVII zymogen had negligible activity (5% rhFVIIa). In order to demonstrate in vivo efficacy, we produced 4 lots of an AAV8-based vector directing liver-specific expression of cFVIIa with similar vector titers (2–5 E13 vector genomes [vg]/ml). In hemophilia A (HA) or B (HB) mice, tail-vein delivery of 0.3 – 1.2 E12 vg/mouse (1.2 – 4.8 E13 vg/kg) resulted in long-term normalization of the hemophilic phenotype, demonstrating that cFVIIa can correct the defect in murine hemophilia. We proceeded to infuse 4 hemophilia dogs, with increasing vector doses: HB male (2.06 E13 vg/kg); HA male (6.25 E13 vg/kg); HA female (1.25 E14 vg/kg); HA male (1.25 E14 vg/kg). None of the dogs showed any adverse effects following vector delivery at any dose (the initial HB dog has been followed for almost 2 years [ongoing]). We followed the level of gene expression by clotting assays (prothrombin time [PT]/aPTT) and whole blood clotting time (WBCT). The initial dose of 2.06 E13 vg/kg resulted in a transient reduction in the PT/aPTT/WBCT. A considerable and sustained reduction in PT (18 sec, normal is ∼25 sec), aPTT (19 sec, normal is ∼30 sec, hemophilic is >40sec) and WBCT (25min, normal is ∼15min, hemophilic is >40min) was observed following administration of 6.25 E13 vg/kg in an HA male dog. Two more HA dogs were infused with 1.25 E14 vg/kg (male and female). The female HA dog exhibited only a modest decrease in aPTT (22sec), despite the vector dose increase, and a reduction in WBCT (30min), an observation that could be due to previously described gender-specific effects on gene expression. From preliminary and ongoing observations, the male HA dog infused also exhibited a decrease in WBCT. As an efficacy endpoint, the dogs exhibited a total of 3 bleeding episodes (none likely to be spontaneous, occurred in the lowest dose HB dog) in a cumulative time period of 38.5 months, compared to the expected 16 episodes (Brunetti-Pierri et al., 2005). In summary, our results demonstrate for the first time that gene transfer using a Factor VIII/Factor IX bypassing agent (canine FVIIa) can result in partial correction of the hemophilic phenotype in a large animal model of hemophilia.
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Iwai, Masae, Hiromu Yoshida, Kumiko Matsuura, Tsuguto Fujimoto, Hiroyuki Shimizu, Takenori Takizawa, and Yoshiyuki Nagai. "Molecular Epidemiology of Echoviruses 11 and 13, Based on an Environmental Surveillance Conducted in Toyama Prefecture, 2002-2003." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, no. 9 (September 2006): 6381–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02621-05.
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ABSTRACT Nineteen echovirus 11 (E11) and 12 E13 isolates were isolated from three rivers in Toyama Prefecture, Japan, during an environmental surveillance conducted from April 2002 to March 2003. The nucleotide sequences of E13 isolates were closely related to those from patients with aseptic meningitis, with less than 1.3% divergence in the VP1 region of the viral capsid gene, and belonged to the same clade responsible for a worldwide outbreak that started in 2000. In contrast, E11 isolates were clustered into three genomic groups and were not closely related to echovirus strains isolated from patients. These results suggest that the combination of both virus isolation from environmental sources and phylogenetic analysis could be complementary assessment approaches to trace prevalent and minor circulating enteroviruses in the human population.
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Machado, Joleen Lopes, Anne Karine Martins Assunção, Mayara Cristina Pinto da Silva, Aramys Silva dos Reis, Graciomar Conceição Costa, Diêgo de Sousa Arruda, Bruno Alves Rocha, et al. "Brazilian Green Propolis: Anti-Inflammatory Property by an Immunomodulatory Activity." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2012 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/157652.
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The immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory activities of green propolis extracts fromApis melliferawere investigated using acute and chronic inflammation models. Swiss mice were anesthetized and a cotton pellet granuloma was implanted in subcutaneous tissue. Then the mice were divided into six groups and received apyrogenic water or different propolis extracts by oral route (5 mg/kg). According to the treatment the groups were designated as E1A, E1B, E10, E11, and E12. The control group received apyrogenic water. The treatment was performed by six days when the mice were killed. The blood and the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were collected to measure the leukocyte recruitment. In acute pulmonary inflammation, Balb/c mice received lipopolysaccharide (LPS) ofEscherichia coliby intranasal route for three days. Concomitantly the mice received by oral route apyrogenic water (control) or E10 and E11 propolis extracts. BAL was performed to assess the inflammatory infiltrate and cytokine quantification. The results showed that the E11 extract has anti-inflammatory property in both models by the inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines and increase of anti-inflammatory cytokines suggesting an immunomodulatory activity.
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Nagata, J., and A. Yamane. "Progress of Cell Proliferation in Striated Muscle Tissues during Development of the Mouse Tongue." Journal of Dental Research 83, no. 12 (December 2004): 926–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154405910408301207.
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The developmental stages of and places for the proliferation of tongue muscle cells have not yet been determined. To determine the stages of and places for proliferation between embryonic day (E) 9 and birth, we analyzed the expression of cyclin D1 mRNA and the immunolocalization for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). The ratio of PCNA-positive nuclei to total nuclei (PCNA-labeling index) was obtained in the anterior, middle, and posterior regions. Cyclin D1 mRNA was highly expressed between E11 and E13, but decreased thereafter until birth. The distribution of PCNA-positive cell nuclei was consistent with that of myogenic cells in the occipital somites at E9. The PCNA-labeling index was highest at E11, then decreased until birth without a significant difference among the 3 regions. These findings suggest that some tongue muscle progenitor cells begin proliferation in the occipital somites at E9, and that the proliferation in the whole tongue region occurred most actively between E11 and E13, then decreased until birth without regional differences.
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Shao, Mei, June C. Hirsch, and Kenna D. Peusner. "Emergence of Action Potential Generation and Synaptic Transmission in Vestibular Nucleus Neurons." Journal of Neurophysiology 96, no. 3 (September 2006): 1215–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00180.2006.
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Principal cells of the chick tangential nucleus are vestibular nucleus neurons in the hindbrain. Although detailed information is available on the morphogenesis of principal cells and synaptogenesis of primary vestibular fibers, this is the first study of their early functional development, when vestibular terminals emerge at embryonic days 10 and 13 (E10 and E13). At E10, 60% of principal cells generated spikes on depolarization, whereas 50% exhibited excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) on vestibular-nerve stimulation. The frequency was 0.2 Hz for glutamatergic spontaneous EPSCs (sEPSCs) at −60 mV, and 0.6 Hz for spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic current (sIPSC) at +10 mV and completely GABAergic. All of these synaptic events were TTX-insensitive, miniature events. At E13, 50% of principal cells generated spikes on depolarization and 82% exhibited EPSCs on vestibular-nerve stimulation. The frequency was 0.7 Hz for sEPSCs at −60 mV, and 0.8 Hz for sIPSCs at +10 mV. Most principal cells had sIPSCs composed of both GABAergic (75%) and glycinergic (25%) events, but a few cells had only GABAergic sIPSCs. TTX decreased the frequency of EPSCs by 12%, and the IPSCs by 17%. In summary, at E10, some principal cells generated immature spikes on depolarization and EPSCs on vestibular-nerve stimulation. At E10, GABAergic events predominated, AMPA events had low frequencies, and glycinergic activity was absent. By E13, glycinergic events first appeared. This data were compared systematically to that obtained from the late-term embryo and hatchling to reveal the long-term sequence of changes in synaptic events and excitability and offer a broader understanding of how the vestibular system is assembled during development.
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Liu, Chang, Cornelius Sello, Yongfeng Sun, Yuxuan Zhou, Hongtao Lu, Yujian Sui, Jingtao Hu, et al. "De Novo Transcriptome Sequencing Analysis of Goose (Anser anser) Embryonic Skin and the Identification of Genes Related to Feather Follicle Morphogenesis at Three Stages of Development." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 10 (October 15, 2018): 3170. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19103170.
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The objective of this study was to evaluate the changes in the goose embryo transcriptome during feather development. RNA-Sequencing (RNA-Seq) was used to find the transcriptome profiles of feather follicles from three stages of embryonic dorsal skin at embryonic day 13, 18, and 28 (E13, E18, E28). The results showed that 3001, 6634, and 13,780 genes were differently expressed in three stages. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in E13 vs. E18 were significantly mapped into the GO term of extracellular structure organization and the pathway of extracellular matrix (ECM)-receptor interaction. In E18 vs. E28, the top significantly mapped into GO term was the single-organism developmental process; the pathway was also the ECM-receptor interaction. DEGs in E13 vs. E28 were significantly mapped into the GO term of the multicellular organismal process and the pathway of cell adhesion molecules. Subsequently, the union of DEGs was categorized by succession cluster into eight profiles, which were then grouped into four ideal profiles. Lastly, the seven genes spatio-temporal expression pattern was confirmed by real-time PCR. Our findings advocate that interleukin 20 receptor subunit alpha (IL20RA), interleukin 6 receptor (IL6R), interleukin 1 receptor type 1 (IL-1R1), Wnt family member 3A (WNT3A), insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP3), bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7), and secreted-frizzled related protein 2 (SFRP2) might possibly play vital roles in skin and feather follicle development and growth processes.
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Nissinen, M. J., and P. Panula. "Developmental patterns of histamine-like immunoreactivity in the mouse." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 43, no. 2 (February 1995): 211–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/43.2.7822777.
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We studied the appearance and distribution of histamine (HA) during mouse embryogenesis, neonatal period, and adulthood using a specific rabbit HA antiserum and indirect immunofluorescence. HA first appeared on the Embryonic Day 13 (E13) in scattered mast cells in the gastrointestinal (GI) muscularis externa and liver. The splenic primordium contained a dense population of intensely HA-immunoreactive (HA-ir) cells from E13 on. From E15 to the birth, HA was detected in many embryonic cell types. On E15, the first HA-ir epithelial endocrine cells appeared in the oxyntic mucosa. In addition to the HA-ir cells in GI tract and liver, some nerve cells in ganglia of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), some fibers in spinal and cranial nerves, nerve fibers in mesenterium, and nerve plexuses of the gastrointestinal muscularis externa were HA-ir from E15 on. Occasional HA-ir nerve fibers were detected within the glandular epithelium of the oxyntic mucosa, pancreas, and salivary glands during late embryogenesis. During the same period, bright fluorescence was observed in cells of the kidney convoluted tubules and pancreatic islet cells. From E14 on, mast cells exhibiting bright fluorescence were scattered throughout the connective tissue of the fetus, and their number increased rapidly with age. Their density was especially high in subcutaneous connective tissue. Embryonic epidermal cells showed faint HA immunoreactivity. In musculoskeletal tissues, developing bone and occasional striated muscle cells exhibited HA immunoreactivity. Interestingly, most cells in liver showed transiently weak HA immunoreactivity during embryogenesis. In adult mouse, HA was stored only by scattered mast cells, oxyntic epithelial cells, and neurons in the tuberomamillary nucleus of the brain. The other HA-containing embryonic cells were negative for HA in adult mouse. In conclusion, HA immunoreactivity is widely distributed in epithelial, neuronal, and mast cells in various organs during mouse embryogenesis.
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Ross, J. J., M. J. Duxson, and A. J. Harris. "Neural determination of muscle fibre numbers in embryonic rat lumbrical muscles." Development 100, no. 3 (July 1, 1987): 395–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.100.3.395.
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The generation and development of muscle cells in the IVth hindlimb lumbrical muscle of the rat was studied following total or partial denervation. Denervation was carried out by injection of beta-bungarotoxin (beta-BTX), a neurotoxin which binds to and destroys peripheral nerves. Primary myotubes were generated in denervated muscles and reached their normal stable number on embryonic day 17 (E17). This number was not maintained and denervated muscles examined on E19 or E21 contained many degenerating primary myotubes. Embryos injected with beta-bungarotoxin (beta-BTX) on E12 or E13 suffered a partial loss of motoneurones, resulting in a reduced number of axons in the L4 ventral root (the IVth lumbrical muscle is supplied by axons in L4, L5 and L6 ventral roots) and reduced numbers of nerve terminals in the intrinsic muscles of the hindfoot. Twitch tension measurements showed that all myotubes in partly innervated muscles examined on E21 contracted in response to nerve stimulation. Primary myotubes were formed and maintained at normal numbers in muscles with innervation reduced throughout development, but a diminished number of secondary myotubes formed by E21. The latter was correlated with a reduction in number of mononucleate cells within the muscles. If beta-BTX was injected on E18 to denervate muscles after primary myotube formation was complete, E21 embryo muscles contained degenerating primary myotubes. After injection to denervate muscles on E19, the day secondary myotubes begin to form, E21 muscles possessed normal numbers of primary myotubes. In both cases, secondary myotube formation had stopped about 1 day after the injection and the number of mononucleate cells was greatly reduced, indicating that cessation of secondary myotube generation was most probably due to exhaustion of the supply of competent myoblasts. We conclude that nerve terminals regulate the number of secondary myotubes by stimulating mitosis in a nerve-dependent population of myoblasts and that activation of these myoblasts requires the physical presence of nerve terminals as well as activation of contraction in primary myotubes.
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Zambrowicz, B. P., J. W. Zimmermann, C. J. Harendza, E. M. Simpson, D. C. Page, R. L. Brinster, and R. D. Palmiter. "Expression of a mouse Zfy-1/lacZ transgene in the somatic cells of the embryonic gonad and germ cells of the adult testis." Development 120, no. 6 (June 1, 1994): 1549–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.120.6.1549.
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The Zfy-1 and Zfy-2 genes, which arose by gene duplication, map to the mouse Y chromosome and encode nearly identical zinc-finger proteins. Zfy-1 is expressed in the genital ridge and adult testis and likely encodes a transcription activator. Although potential roles in sex determination and spermatogenesis have been hotly debated, the biological functions of Zfy-1 remain unknown. To study the gene's regulation, transgenes with 21–28 kb of Zfy-1 5′ flanking DNA placed upstream of lacZ were constructed in plasmids or created by homologous recombination of coinjected DNA molecules. The resulting transgenic mice expressed beta-galactosidase in the genital ridge of both males and females starting between embryonic day 10 and 11 (E10-E11), peaking at E12-E13 and then declining to low levels by E15, a pattern that matches Zfy-1 mRNA as detected by RT-PCR. This lacZ expression in genital ridge was confined to somatic cells as demonstrated by its absence from the alkaline phosphatase-positive germ cells. It had been reported previously that Zfy-1 mRNA was absent from the embryonic gonad of homozygous W(e) embryos, which virtually lack germ cells. By contrast, we observed normal expression of the Zfy-1/lacZ transgene when introduced into the W(e) background, suggesting that germ cells are not necessary for expression. In the adult, the Zfy-1/lacZ transgene is expressed abundantly in developing germ cells. Extragonadal (kidney, meninges, arteries, choroid plexus) expression of the transgene was also observed in embryos. A smaller transgene with only 4.3 kb of Zfy-1 5′ flanking DNA was expressed only in germ cells of adult mice. These results suggest that an enhancer for germ cell expression in the adult lies near the Zfy-1 promoter and that an enhancer for expression in the somatic cells of the embryonic gonad is located further 5′.
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Rogers, Sharon A., and Marc R. Hammerman. "Transplantation of metanephroi after preservation in vitro." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 281, no. 2 (August 1, 2001): R661—R665. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.2001.281.2.r661.
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To determine whether transplanted metanephroi grow, differentiate, and function in hosts after preservation in vitro, we implanted metanephroi from embryonic day 15 ( E15) Sprague-Dawley rat embryos into the omentum of nonimmunosuppressed uninephrectomized Sprague-Dawley (host) rats. Metanephroi were either implanted directly or suspended in ice-cold University of Wisconsin (UW) preservation solution with or without added growth factors for 3 days before implantation. The size and extent of tissue differentiation preimplantation of E15 metanephroi implanted directly were not distinguishable from the size and differentiation of metanephroi preserved for 3 days. In contrast, E16 metanephroi were larger than E15 metanephroi preserved for 3 days. E16 metanephroi or E13 metanephroi grown in organ culture for 3 days contained more differentiated nephron structures than those in E15 metanephroi preserved for 3 days. By 4 wk posttransplantation, metanephroi that had been preserved for 3 days had grown and differentiated such that glomeruli, proximal and distal tubules, and collecting ducts with normal structure had developed. At 12 wk posttransplantation, inulin clearances of preserved metanephroi were comparable to those of metanephroi that had been implanted directly. Addition of growth factors to the UW solution enhanced inulin clearances. Here we show for the first time that functional kidneys develop from metanephroi transplanted from rat embryos to adult rats after as long as 3 days of preservation in vitro.
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ELIASHBERG, YAKOV. "TOPOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF STEIN MANIFOLDS OF DIMENSION >2." International Journal of Mathematics 01, no. 01 (March 1990): 29–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129167x90000034.
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In this paper I give a completed topological characterization of Stein manifolds of complex dimension >2. Another paper (see [E14]) is devoted to new topogical obstructions for the existence of a Stein complex structure on real manifolds of dimension 4. Main results of the paper have been announced in [E13].
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Mihaela, Dumitrascu, Ileana Ciutacu, and Iulian Vasile Săvulescu. "Corporate Sustainability Indicators In Banking Sector." Balkan Region Conference on Engineering and Business Education 1, no. 1 (August 15, 2014): 581–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cplbu-2014-0103.
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AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to see the situation regarding the indicators from the Sustainability Reports. For this we use a qualitative research, a content analysis of these reports. Our sample is composed by the banks that develop their activity in our country for which we analysed the last year reports at group level. We choose only an industry sector to obtain the homogeneity of the sample. The findings reveal a number of 86 indicators, which were used in these reports. We analyzed the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) indicators used by 12 companies. The most reported indicators are EN4, EN8, LA1, LA10, while the last reported indicators are E5, E10 E13 E15, EN20, EN21, EN23, EN27, HR9, HR10 The results obtained are important for future research in this area, for both managers and researchers.
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Wu, Bing-Li, Guo-Qing Lv, Hai-Ying Zou, Ze-Peng Du, Jian-Yi Wu, Pi-Xian Zhang, Li-Yan Xu, and En-Min Li. "Exploration of Potential Roles of a New LOXL2 Splicing Variant Using Network Knowledge in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/431792.
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LOXL2 (lysyl oxidase-like 2), an enzyme that catalyzes oxidative deamination of lysine residue, is upregulated in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). A LOXL2 splice variant LOXL2-e13 and its wild type were overexpressed in ESCC cells followed by microarray analyses. In this study, we explored the potential role and molecular mechanism of LOXL2-e13 based on known protein-protein interactions (PPIs), following microarray analysis of KYSE150 ESCC cells overexpressing a LOXL2 splice variant, denoted by LOXL2-e13, or its wild-type counterpart. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of LOXL2-WT and LOXL2-e13 were applied to generate individual PPI subnetworks in which hundreds of DEGs interacted with thousands of other proteins. These two DEG groups were annotated by Functional Annotation Chart analysis in the DAVID bioinformatics database and compared. These results found many specific annotations indicating the potential specific role or mechanism for LOXL2-e13. The DEGs of LOXL2-e13, comparing to its wild type, were prioritized by the Random Walk with Restart algorithm. Several tumor-related genes such as ERO1L, ITGA3, and MAPK8 were found closest to LOXL2-e13. These results provide helpful information for subsequent experimental identification of the specific biological roles and molecular mechanisms of LOXL2-e13. Our study also provides a work flow to identify potential roles of splice variants with large scale data.
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Baltes-Breitwisch, Michelle M., Robin A. Artac, Rebecca C. Bott, Renee M. McFee, Jill G. Kerl, Debra T. Clopton, and Andrea S. Cupp. "Neutralization of vascular endothelial growth factor antiangiogenic isoforms or administration of proangiogenic isoforms stimulates vascular development in the rat testis." REPRODUCTION 140, no. 2 (August 2010): 319–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-09-0456.
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Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) plays a role in both angiogenesis and seminiferous cord formation, and alternative splicing of theVegfagene produces both proangiogenic isoforms and antiangiogenic isoforms (B-isoforms). The objectives of this study were to evaluate the expression of pro- and antiangiogenic isoforms during testis development and to determine the role of VEGFA isoforms in testis morphogenesis. Quantitative RT-PCR determined thatVegfa_165bmRNA was most abundant between embryonic days 13.5 and 16 (E13.5 and 16;P<0.05). Compared with ovarian mRNA levels,Vegfa_120was more abundant at E13–14 (P<0.05),Vegfa_164was less abundant at E13 (P<0.05), andVegfa_165btended to be less abundant at E13 (P<0.09) in testes. Immunohistochemical staining localized antiangiogenic isoforms to subsets of germ cells at E14–16, and western blot analysis revealed similar protein levels for VEGFA_165B, VEGFA_189B, and VEGFA_206B at this time point. Treatment of E13 organ culture testes with VEGFA_120, VEGFA_164, and an antibody to antiangiogenic isoforms (anti-VEGFAxxxB) resulted in less organized and defined seminiferous cords compared with paired controls. In addition, 50 ng/ml VEGFA_120 and VEGFA_164 treatments increased vascular density in cultured testes by 60 and 48% respectively, and treatment with VEGFAxxxB antibody increased vascular density by 76% in testes (0.5 ng/ml) and 81% in ovaries (5 ng/ml) compared with controls (P<0.05). In conclusion, both pro- and antiangiogenic VEGFA isoforms are involved in the development of vasculature and seminiferous cords in rat testes, and differential expression of these isoforms may be important for normal gonadal development.
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Yoshikawa, Masayuki, Toshio Morikawa, Hisashi Matsuda, Ning Li, Seikou Nakamura, and Xian Li. "Bioactive Saponins and Glycosides. XXVI. New Triterpene Saponins, Theasaponins E10, E11, E12, E13, and G2, from the Seeds of Tea Plant (Camellia sinensis)." HETEROCYCLES 68, no. 6 (2006): 1139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3987/com-06-10704.
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Yin, Huadong, Haorong He, Xiaoxu Shen, Shuyue Tang, Jing Zhao, Xinao Cao, Shunshun Han, et al. "MicroRNA Profiling Reveals an Abundant miR-200a-3p Promotes Skeletal Muscle Satellite Cell Development by Targeting TGF-β2 and Regulating the TGF-β2/SMAD Signaling Pathway." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 9 (May 5, 2020): 3274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21093274.
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MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are evolutionarily conserved, small noncoding RNAs that play critical post-transcriptional regulatory roles in skeletal muscle development. Chicken is an optimal model to study skeletal muscle formation because its developmental anatomy is similar to that of mammals. In this study, we identified potential miRNAs in the breast muscle of broilers and layers at embryonic day 10 (E10), E13, E16, and E19. We detected 1836 miRNAs, 233 of which were differentially expressed between broilers and layers. In particular, miRNA-200a-3p was significantly more highly expressed in broilers than layers at three time points. In vitro experiments showed that miR-200a-3p accelerated differentiation and proliferation of chicken skeletal muscle satellite cells (SMSCs) and inhibited SMSCs apoptosis. The transforming growth factor 2 (TGF-β2) was identified as a target gene of miR-200a-3p, and which turned out to inhibit differentiation and proliferation, and promote apoptosis of SMSCs. Exogenous TGF-β2 increased the abundances of phosphorylated SMAD2 and SMAD3 proteins, and a miR-200a-3p mimic weakened this effect. The TGF-β2 inhibitor treatment reduced the promotional and inhibitory effects of miR-200a-3p on SMSC differentiation and apoptosis, respectively. Our results indicate that miRNAs are abundantly expressed during embryonic skeletal muscle development, and that miR-200a-3p promotes SMSC development by targeting TGF-β2 and regulating the TGF-β2/SMAD signaling pathway.
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Adeniji, J. A., F. A. Ayeni, A. Ibrahim, K. A. Tijani, T. O. C. Faleye, and M. O. Adewumi. "Comparison of Algorithms for the Detection of Enteroviruses in Stool Specimens from Children Diagnosed with Acute Flaccid Paralysis." Journal of Pathogens 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9256056.
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This study was designed to compare both the cell culture dependent and independent enterovirus detection algorithms recommended by the WHO and assess how either might impact our perception of the diversity of enterovirus types present in a sample. Sixteen paired samples (16 isolates from RD cell culture and their corresponding stool suspension, i.e., 32 samples) from AFP cases in Nigeria were analyzed in this study. All the samples were subjected to RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis, the WHO recommended RT-snPCR, and its modification. Amplicons were sequenced and strains identified. Enterovirus diversity was the same between the isolates and fecal suspension for the control and five of the samples. It was, however, different for the remaining 10 (62.5%) samples. Nine (CV-B4, E6, E7, E13, E14, E19, E29, EV-B75, and EV-B77) and five (CV-A1, CV-A11, CV-A13, EV-C99, and PV2) EV-B and EV-C types, respectively, were detected. Particularly, E19 and EV-B75 were only recovered from the isolates while E14, EV-B77, CV-A11, and CV-A13 were only recovered from fecal suspension. Both the cell culture dependent and independent protocols bias our perception of the diversity of enterovirus types present in a sample. Hence, effort should be directed at harmonizing both for increased sensitivity.
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Li, Chuan, Ting Xiong, Mingfang Zhou, Lei Wan, Suwang Xi, Qiuhong Liu, Yi Chen, Huirong Mao, Sanfeng Liu, and Biao Chen. "Characterization of microRNAs during Embryonic Skeletal Muscle Development in the Shan Ma Duck." Animals 10, no. 8 (August 14, 2020): 1417. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10081417.
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Poultry skeletal muscle provides high quality protein for humans. Study of the genetic mechanisms during duck skeletal muscle development contribute to future duck breeding and meat production. In the current study, three breast muscle samples from Shan Ma ducks at embryonic day 13 (E13) and E19 were collected, respectively. We detected microRNA (miRNA) expression using high throughput sequencing following bioinformatic analysis. qRT-PCR validated the reliability of sequencing results. We also identified target prediction results using the luciferase reporter assay. A total of 812 known miRNAs and 279 novel miRNAs were detected in six samples; as a result, 61 up-regulated and 48 down-regulated differentially expressed miRNAs were identified between E13 and E19 (|log2 fold change| ≥ 1 and p ≤ 0.05). Enrichment analysis showed that target genes of the differentially expressed miRNAs were enriched on many muscle development-related gene ontology (GO) terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways, especially mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. An interaction network was constructed using the target genes of the differentially expressed miRNAs. These results complement the current duck miRNA database and offer several miRNA candidates for future studies of skeletal muscle development in the duck.
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Aličelebić, Selma, Zakira Mornjaković, and Zlata Kundurović. "Morphogenesis of the rat forebrain." Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences 4, no. 1 (February 20, 2004): 69–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17305/bjbms.2004.3467.
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BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:Developmental process that leads to final forebrain shaping is a result of complex histogenetic and morphogenetic events. Comprehensions about brain development are based on observations carried out on onthogenetic successive stages. Microscopic analysis of brain together with analysis of serial sections gives information about shape the of some forebrain parts and basic relations between them. The aim of this study was to analyse morphogenesis in the earliest stages of rat's forebrain development.MATERIAL AND METHODS:Rat brains used in this study were obtained from Fisher inbred rats with accurately timed pregnancies. The investigation was carried out on serial frontal sections of rat embryonic heads from the 12th (E12) to the 16th (E16) day of gestation. Gestation was considered to have begun early in the morning when sperm was found in the vaginal smear. Histological paraffin and plastic sections were systematically inspected with regard to morphogenetic changes of the forebrain parts telencephalon and diencephalon.RESULTS:E12: neural tube is completely closed in its cranial part. Rostral part of forebrain shows telencephalons vesicles origins as slightly paired enlargements of neuroepithelial wall. Between telencephalic vesicles origin and in direction to caudal there is an origin of diencephalon. E13: rostral part of forebrain shows well expressed and divided areas of telencephalons vesicles as basal, basolateral, dorsal and medial telencephalon. Central area between paired vesicles is a telencephalon impar. In diencephalon optic vesicles appeared. Epithalamus, thalamus and hypothalamus origins are slight enlargements of its neuroepithelial wall. E14: telencephalic vesicles spread above telencephalon impar into rostral direction and above diencephalon in rostrodorsal direction. Their basolateral parts of are very thickened and become folded. Sulcus telodiencephalicus appears. E15: the main event is the appearance of the origins of plexus choroideus in the area of telencephalon impar as fingerlike processes. E16: all forebrain parts, especially telencephalic vesicles-origin of brain hemispheres and processes of plexus choroideus, are progressively growing and shaping.CONCLUSIONS:Our morphologic analysis describes significant morphogenetic changes in the forebrain shape. The forebrain changes from a relatively simple tubular structure with thin walls surrounding a large ventricular system to a thick-walled brain with a highly convoluted but reduced ventricular system.
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Harris, A. J., R. B. Fitzsimons, and J. C. McEwan. "Neural control of the sequence of expression of myosin heavy chain isoforms in foetal mammalian muscles." Development 107, no. 4 (December 1, 1989): 751–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.107.4.751.
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The expression of myosin isoforms was studied during development of calf muscles in foetal and neonatal rats, using monoclonal antibodies against slow, embryonic and neonatal isoforms of myosin heavy chain (MHC). Primary myotubes had appeared in all prospective rat calf muscles by embryonic day 16 (E16). On both E16 and E17, primary myotubes in all muscles with the exception of soleus stained for slow, embryonic and neonatal MHC isoforms; soleus did not express neonatal MHC. In earlier stages of muscle formation staining for the neonatal isoform was absent or faint. Secondary myotubes were present in all muscles by E18, and these stained for both embryonic and neonatal MHCs, but not slow. In mixed muscles, primary myotubes destined to differentiate into fast muscle fibres began to lose expression of slow MHC, and primary myotubes destined to become slow muscle fibres began to lose expression of neonatal MHC. This pattern was further accentuated by E19, when many primary myotubes stained for only one of these two isoforms. Chronic paralysis or denervation from E15 or earlier did not disrupt the normal sequence of maturation of primary myotubes up until E18, but secondary myotubes did not form. By E19, however, most primary myotubes in aneural or paralyzed tibialis anterior muscles had lost expression of slow MHC and expressed only embryonic and neonatal MHCs. Similar changes occurred in other muscles, except for soleus which never expressed neonatal MHC, as in controls. Paralysis or denervation commencing later than E15 did not have these effects, even though it was initiated well before the period of change in expression of MHC isoforms. In this case, some secondary myotubes appeared in treated muscles. Paralysis initiated on E15, followed by recovery 2 days later so that animals were motile during the period of change in expression of MHC isoforms, was as effective as full paralysis. These experiments define a critical period (E15-17) during which foetuses must be active if slow muscle fibres are to differentiate during E19-20. We suggest that changes in expression of MHC isoforms in primary myotubes depend on different populations of myoblasts fusing with the myotubes, and that the normal sequence of appearance of these myoblasts has a stage-dependent reliance on active innervation of foetal muscles. A critical period of nerve-dependence for these myoblasts occurs several days before their action can be noted.
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Duttlinger, R., K. Manova, T. Y. Chu, C. Gyssler, A. D. Zelenetz, R. F. Bachvarova, and P. Besmer. "W-sash affects positive and negative elements controlling c-kit expression: ectopic c-kit expression at sites of kit-ligand expression affects melanogenesis." Development 118, no. 3 (July 1, 1993): 705–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.118.3.705.
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The receptor tyrosine kinase c-kit and its cognate ligand KL are encoded at the white spotting (W) and steel (Sl) loci of the mouse, respectively. Mutations at both the W and the Sl locus cause deficiencies in gametogenesis, melanogenesis and hematopoiesis (erythrocytes and mast cells). The W-sash mutation differs from most W mutations in that it affects primarily mast cells and melanogenesis but not other cellular targets of W and Sl mutations. Thus, Wsh/Wsh mice are fertile and not anemic, but they lack mast cells in their skin and intestine and are devoid of coat pigment. Heterozygotes are black with a broad white sash/belt in the lumbar region. In order to determine the basis for the phenotypes of W-sash mice, we investigated c-kit RNA and protein expression patterns in adult Wsh/Wsh mice and during embryonic development. We show that c-kit expression is absent in bone-marrow-derived Wsh/Wsh mast cells, the fetal and the adult lung, and the digestive tract at embryonic day 13 1/2 (E13 1/2), tissues that normally express c-kit. Unexpectedly, in E10 1/2 and 11 1/2d Wsh/Wsh embryos, we found c-kit expression in the dermatome of the somites, the mesenchyme around the otic vesicle and the floorplate of the neural tube, structures known to express the c-kit ligand in wild-type embryos. The ectopic c-kit expression in Wsh homozygous embryos does not affect c-kit ligand expression. The presumed Wsh/Wsh melanoblasts appeared to be normal and, at E10 1/2, similar numbers were found in normal and homozygous mutant embryos. At E13 1/2 +/+ embryos had a graded distribution of melanoblasts from cranial to caudal with a minimum in the lumbar region. Whereas E13 1/2 homozygous Wsh/Wsh embryos essentially lacked c-kit-positive cells in the skin, E13 1/2 heterozygous Wsh/+ embryos had reduced numbers of melanoblasts compared to +/+ with few or none in the lumbar region (future sash). It is proposed that ectopic c-kit expression in the somitic dermatome affects early melanogenesis in a dominant fashion. Molecular analysis of Wsh chromosomal DNA revealed a deletion or rearrangement in the vicinity of the c-kit gene. These results provide an explanation for the Wsh phenotype and have implications for the control of c-kit expression.
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Garcia-Aragon, J., P. E. Lobie, G. E. Muscat, K. S. Gobius, G. Norstedt, and M. J. Waters. "Prenatal expression of the growth hormone (GH) receptor/binding protein in the rat: a role for GH in embryonic and fetal development?" Development 114, no. 4 (April 1, 1992): 869–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.114.4.869.
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Although fetal growth is generally considered to be independent of pituitary growth hormone (GH), it is possible that pituitary GH plays a modulatory role in organ development or that a GH-like substance of non pituitary origin may influence fetal growth through the GH receptor. Accordingly, we have used immunohistochemistry, northern blot analysis, the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and solution hybridization to study the ontogeny of the GH receptor/binding protein (BP) from the 12-day-old embryo (E12) to the E18 rat fetus. GH receptor/BP immunoreactivity was observed in all major organ systems of the E18 rat fetus and was not preferentially associated with any germ layer derivative. A general increase in GH receptor/BP immunoreactivity was evident from E12 to E18, with a marked increase occurring between E16 and E18. Hemangioblastic tissue was, however, strongly or intensely immunoreactive at all stages of development, as was the placenta. Most noteworthy of the other tissues expressing GH receptor/BP immunoreactivity by day 18 were skeletal and smooth muscle, chondroprogenitor cells, epithelial lining cells, neuronal ganglia, ependymal cells and the adrenal cortex. In the placenta, the most prominent immunoreactivity was associated with decidual cells. Total RNA was isolated from E12 to E18 rat fetuses and adult rat liver. Northern hybridization with a 35S-labelled rat GH receptor cRNA probe revealed that 3.9 kb and 1.2 kb transcripts complementary to the rat GH receptor riboprobe are present from at least E16. The existence of GH receptor mRNA at E12 and E14 was demonstrated by the polymerase chain reaction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Basmaciogullari, A., C. Cras-Meneur, P. Czernichow, and R. Scharfmann. "Pancreatic pattern of expression of thyrotropin-releasing hormone during rat embryonic development." Journal of Endocrinology 166, no. 3 (September 1, 2000): 481–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1660481.
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In rodents, the first insulin-producing cells appear in the pancreas at mid-gestation around embryonic day 11 (E11). However, on the basis of various features, such as morphology or hormonal coexpression, it is apparent that these initial insulin-expressing cells are different from those that develop after E15. In the present study, the pancreatic expression of both thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) mRNA and insulin was studied during embryonic and fetal life. We report here that in the rat, while insulin mRNA is detected in the pancreas as early as E12, TRH mRNA cannot be detected before E16. At that stage and later on during fetal and early postnatal life, TRH mRNA is detected in insulin-producing cells, no signal being detected in other endocrine cell types or in exocrine tissue. It was also noted, by means of triple staining performed at E17, that the expression of TRH mRNA was restricted to insulin-expressing cells negative for glucagon, whereas the few insulin-expressing cells present at that stage, which coexpress insulin and glucagon, did not express TRH mRNA. Taken together, these data indicate that TRH is a marker of insulin-expressing cells, which develop after E15.
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Azariadis, Costas. "Riddles and Models: A Review Essay on Michel De Vroey’s A History of Macroeconomics from Keynes to Lucas and Beyond." Journal of Economic Literature 56, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 1538–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.20181439.
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This essay reviews Michel De Vroey’s important new book on the history of macroeconomics, which extends to business cycles an earlier book by the same author on the history of involuntary unemployment. The review also offers a broader nontechnical survey of the issues and models that make up modern macroeconomics, including a reckoning of what we have learned since John Maynard Keynes and of the discoveries that still lie ahead. ( JEL B22, B41, E12, E13, E32)