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1
Olahová, Kateřina. "Diplomatické imunity vs. lidská práva." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-12014.
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This thesis aims at description and analyses of the position of diplomatic immunities and human rights in international law, focusing on areas where these two sets of international rules clash. One objective of this work is an attempt to establish a hierarchy between norms granting diplomatic immunities and those protecting fundamental human rights, which could possibly resolve the collision. This solution, however, narrows down to one of most general principles of diplomatic relations, the principal of reciprocity. Mentioned are also some alternative approaches suggested for resolution of this conflict together with the obstacles, which prevent them from use. The thesis further looks at possible remedies against abuse of diplomatic immunity.
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Hohn, Michal. "Umělé imunitní systémy pro detekci spamů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta informačních technologií, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-237087.
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This work deals with creating a hybrid system based on the aggregation of artificial immune system with appropriate heuristics to make the most effective spam detection. This work describes the main principles of biological and artificial immune system and conventional techniques to detect spam including several classifiers. The developed system is tested using well known database corpuses and a comparison of the final experiments is made.
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Kvaček, Jiří. "Jurisdikční imunita států." Master's thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-361832.
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Title: Jurisdictional Immunity of States Abstract The major purpose of this diploma thesis is to clarify the situation of jurisdictional immunity and immunity from enforcement measures of states. This thesis is composed of two main parts. In the first part the institute of jurisdictional immunity of states is explained. The first part is divided into several chapters which are dedicated to the specific aspects of jurisdictional immunity. The first chapter deals with the theoretical terms which are closely related the topic such as sovereignty of state and jurisdiction. It was also necessary to explain the difference between the state acts iure imperii and iure gestionis. The following chapter is dedicated to the explanation of the historical evolution of this institute documented by the most significant decisions of national courts which have strongly influenced forming of the state immunities. The legal sources are described in the following chapter, a special attention is paid to the international treaties, national legal acts and also to the situation in the Czech Republic. The last chapter of the first part deals with the exceptions from jurisdictional immunity. The second part of the thesis is focused on the topic of state immunity from enforcement measures. This institute is a secondary immunity of...
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Popelková, Eva. "Imunita poslanců a senátorů." Master's thesis, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-347611.
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The presented diploma thesis focuses on the parliamentary immunity of Deputies and Senators in the Czech Republic and consists of two not explicitly titled parts. The first one deals with the genesis of the concept of immunity; the historical course describes the origin of the concept that goes back to the 13th century. Immunity might have been described as protection given by an English monarch towards Representatives; it gradually changed in privileged status recognition of a newly emerging institution, nowadays called Parliament. This excursion back into the 800 year history is supposed to help us understand the basic idea that the immunity of deputies or senators serves as an instrument of protection of a legislative body, or rather the Parliament of the Czech Republic. As for the immunity of deputies (senators) in the Czech Republic, relevant chapters deal with the first attempts to create functional constitutions at the end of the 19th century when Bohemia was part of the Austrian empire. Significant space is dedicated to the 1920 Constitutional Act, which may be considered as a crucial document for today's concept of the immunity of deputies and senators in the Czech Republic. Finally, the first part includes also chapters dealing with later constitutions from 1948 and 1960. The second part...
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Jareš, Jakub. "Poslanecká imunita v českém politickém systému." Master's thesis, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-287635.
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The thesis "Parliamentary Immunity in the Czech Political System" examines the history of parliamentary immunity in the Czech lands from 1848 until today. Primarily, it focuses on allowing prosecutions of deputies and senators and the attempts to reduce immunity in the Czech Republic after 1993. The thesis looks in detail at the provisions on immunity in the constitutions which were in force in the Czech lands after 1848; it also gives an overview of the cases of allowing deputy prosecutions during 1918-1938 and under the communist rule (1948-1989). In addition, the thesis includes chapters on the origin and legal implementation of parliamentary immunity, on its broad definition and on the immunity provisions in the constitutions of other countries.
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Klocperk, Adam. "Adaptivní imunita u pacientů s primárními imunodeficiencemi." Doctoral thesis, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-404418.
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(ENG) This thesis summarizes the results of a project dedicated to adaptive immune system of patients with partial DiGeorge syndrome caused by deletion of 22q11.2. The introduction sets the DiGeorge syndrome into a broader context of international pathophysio- clinical classification of primary immunodeficiencies and goes into detail describing its history, causes, clinical phenotype, therapeutic options and changes of the immune system. The attached manuscripts illustrate the premature aging of the T cell population, but also impaired development of B cells with low class-switched memory and high naïve subpopulations, along with high serum levels of BAFF, a B cell survival factor. The surprising lack of T independent marginal zone- like (MZ-like) B cells is reflected in decreased natural anti-α-Gal antibodies. The faulty B cell maturation and imperfect germinal center response is not caused by a deficit of follicular helper T cells, which are in fact increased in DiGeorge syndrome patients, and in most cases doesn't lead to hypogammaglobulinaemia. Despite the high incidence of autoimmune disease, in particular thyroiditis and thrombocytopenia, and a trend towards hypergammaglobulinaemia in adolescence and adulthood, we saw normal proportion of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and normal expression of...
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Sádlová, Martina. "Mezinárodní trestní soud a imunita hlavy státu." Master's thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-331738.
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THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT AND THE HEAD OF THE STATE IMMUNITY The thesis deals with the institute of immunities of the head of the state recognized under the international law and with its applicability before the International Criminal Court (hereinafter referred to as "ICC"). The aim of this thesis is to analyze the conflict between two international legal rules which is the obligation to prosecute and punish perpetrators of crimes under the international law, irrespective of the status of the offender, and the exclusion of heads of the state from the criminal jurisdiction because of the immunity that protects its bearer. According to the Rome Statute (hereinafter referred to as "Statute") which established the ICC its contractual party is obliged to surrender any accused person to the Court even if this person enjoys immunity. However another provision of the Statute says that the request for this surrender could be refused by the party if it broke an obligation which this party has against the state whose national is the accused person. The first chapter outlines the formation and the functioning of the Court. Subsequently, the work deals with theoretical terms such as the head of state, the individual responsibility or the immunity. It provides with the types of immunities a person could enjoy...
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Borkovcová, Lenka. "Heterosubtypová imunita myší proti chřipkovému viru typu A." Master's thesis, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-272394.
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Kudrna, Jaroslav. "Státní imunita na prahu 21. století: Soumrak nebo renesance?" Doctoral thesis, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-388681.
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1/3 ABSTRACT STATE IMMUNITY AT THE DAWN OF THE 21ST CENTURY: TWILIGHT OR RENAISSANCE? JAROSLAV KUDRNA, ESQ., LL.M. State immunity is a foundation of public international law. Sovereign immunity is based on the fundamental principle of international law, namely the equality of states - par in parem non habet imperium. State immunity is thus a manifestation of state sovereignty and states demonstrate respect for the sovereignty of other states by according immunity to foreign states appearing before their courts. The principle of state immunity is a dynamic area of public international law. State practice is continually evolving through national laws and court rulings. The aim of this thesis is to describe the current development of state immunity and to identify possible future trends. Another objective is to draw from current developments and offer practical recommendations on state immunity for both investors and states. The 20th century can be described as a twilight of state immunity: an absolute theory of state immunity shifted towards a restrictive one. That century witnessed the decline and fragmentation of state immunity. In contrast, if the UN Convention on jurisdictional immunities of states and their property enters into force and is ratified by a large number of states, state immunity might...
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Vlková, Veronika. "Epigenetické mechanizmy v regulacii prezenace antigénu a protinádorová imunita." Doctoral thesis, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-334571.
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Veronika Vlková: Epigenetic mechanisms in the regulation of antigen presentation and anti-tumour immunity. Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Genetics and Virology Dissertation, 2014 Reversible downregulation of MHC class I expression on tumour cells, a common mechanism by which tumour cells can escape from specific immune responses, is frequently associated with coordinated silencing of antigen-presenting machinery genes. The expression of these genes can be restored by IFN-γ. Here we describe association of DNA demethylation of selected antigen-presenting machinery gene regulatory regions upon IFN-γ treatment with MHC class I upregulation on tumour cells thus demonstrating that IFN-γ acts as an epigenetic modifier. Our results cast more light on the role of DNA methylation in tumour cell escape from specific immunity. Treatment of MHC class I deficient tumour by epigenetic modifiers sensitized neoplasia to the immunotherapy. Our data also provide knowledge about differentiation cancer chemotherapies, especially for use in combination with other drugs to achieve lower immunosuppressive function of tumour microenvironment. In addition, our data provide evidence that besides the known targets of epigenetic agents or immunoregulatory antibodies other...
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Stachová, Lenka. "Imunity státních představitelů vůči cizí trestní jurisdikci." Master's thesis, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-380244.
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This thesis deals with immunities of state officials, from the high-ranking to less significant ones, from the criminal jurisdiction of a foreign state, and thus the question, if another state may exercise its jurisdiction over crimes perpetrated by state officials when the foreign state has power to punish such a crime. International law traditionally provides the highest protection to the head of state, but later evolved also the personal immunity of other senior officials, who act on the international level, that is head of government and minister for foreign affairs. In contrast to personal immunity, functional immunity protects all state officials, who perform an official act. The first chapter addresses the terms. It describes the terms immunity, its types and basic characteristics; the notion of state officials and foreign criminal jurisdiction. The second chapter engages in personal immunity (immunity ratione personae), its subjective, objective and temporal scope. The third chapter sheds light on the second type of immunity - the functional immunity (ratione materiae), apart from its scopes there are exceptions to functional immunity discussed. The fourth chapter provides with an overview of some significant cases connected to immunities of state officials. In the first subchapter you can...
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Nováková, Blanka. "Opakované vakcinace slepic inaktivovanou vakcinou proti Salmonella enteritidis a Salmonella typhimurium." Master's thesis, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-150744.
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Hulíková, Jana. "Vliv bakteriálních komponent na produkci cytokinů leukocyty mléčné žlázy skotu." Master's thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-169478.
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Fundová, Petra. "Slizniční imunita v nemocech horního respiračního traktu a autoimunitních onemocnění." Doctoral thesis, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-353440.
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Mucosal immune system comprises not only the major compartment of the immune system but also important interface with the outer environment. It is responsible in maintaining an intricate balance with the danger and non-danger stimuli of the outer world by employing specific anatomical features and unique functional mechanisms. Mucosal immune system has been long understudied, perhaps due to the limited accessibility, and its biological importance is thus still underevaluated. However, it has become evident that it is important to study mucosal immune system not only in local mucosal affections but also when uncovering pathogenic mechanisms and novel prevention strategies of organ specific autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes. Thus, the first, more clinically oriented part of this thesis is focused on mucosal immune system of the upper respiratory tract in disease conditions - in nasal polyposis (NP). Because there is a substantial accumulation of eosinophils and neutrophils in the most frequent type of NP, we investigated and described increased expression of chemokine receptors CCR1 and CCR3 in NP versus nasal mucosa. Both innate immune mechanisms as well as homeostasis of epithelial cells may participate in NP. We have documented increased numbers of iNOS-positive and insulin-like growth...
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Pokorná, Karolína. "Interakce myšího polyomaviru s Toll-like receptory." Master's thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-355718.
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Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important receptor family of innate immunity. They enable fast recognition of infection through so called pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). In this thesis, we studied interaction of mouse polyomavirus (MPyV) with TLRs of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF cells). We observed that inhibition of TLR4 signaling abolished response of MEF cells to MPyV. This suggested that TLR4 plays a role in MEF cells recognition of MPyV. To detect response of MEF cell to MPyV, we measured IL-6 production by ELISA. Next, we investigated effect of TLR4 signalization on MPyV infection. Inhibition of TLR4 signaling with CLI-095 inhibitor did not affect number of infected cells. Presence of TLR4 antagonist, LPS-RS, led to significant decrease in quantity of infected cells 20 hours post infection. Decrease in number of infected cells was also observed in presence of LPS. Viral infection was also inhibited by TLR9 antagonist ODN 2088. We also investigated role of MAP kinases in MPyV infection. We tested, whether inhibition of selected MAP kinases would affect number of infected cells. Inhibition of kinase p38 did not affect infection. On the other hand, inhibition of MEK kinase or JNK resulted in decrease of number of cells infected by MPyV.
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WACHTLOVÁ, Markéta. "Kotvení agonistů PRRs na nádorové buňky s cílem navození protinádorové imunitní reakce na úrovni vrozené imunity." Master's thesis, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-135762.
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Transduction of melanoma cells with the aim to induce avidine expression on tumor cell surface was studied. Subsequently the method enabling quantification of binding of ligands to the cell surface was developed.
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Pelák, Ondřej. "Specifická protivirová imunita u imunokomprimovaných pacientů, především po transplantaci kostní dřeně." Doctoral thesis, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-435280.
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-3- SUMMARY Viral reactivations after hematopoietic cell transplantation contribute to significant morbidity and mortality. Timely immune reconstitution of functional T cell immunity is crucial in controlling these viral reactivations. In this thesis we were able to identify several functional T cell populations, which are responsible for fast resolution of viral reactivation. Appearance of some of these populations may be even used for prediction of the occurrence of viral reactivation. On the other hand, the administration of corticoids due to the treatment of graft versus host disease contributes as significant negative predictor to viral reactivation incidence. We are also offering an option of adoptively transferred virus specific T cells for patients suffering from prolonged virus complications, through identification of suitable donors by two different methods. Viral reactivations cause complication also in patients who underwent the solid organ transplantation. In this thesis we have found the connection between allo and virus specific T cells. We have successfully identified several cross-reactive T cell clones which have responded to both allo and viral stimulation. Further it seems that these clones may play an important role in rejection of transplanted kidney if there is also present an ongoing...
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Němečková, Iva. "Vrozená imunita a cirkulující monocyty - význam a funkce v patogenezi celiakie." Master's thesis, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-312524.
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8 Abstract Introduction: Celiac disease is indentified as the loss of oral tolerance to gluten, it is an organ-specific autoimmune disease in which both, adaptive and innate immunity participate. Monocytes are important part of immune system; they have many functions and express very diverse membrane receptors including Toll-like receptors (TLRs). TLRs are involved in the innate immune response, specifically TLR2 and TLR4 are crucial for recognition of bacterial components and TLR7 recognizes virus's ssRNA. Monocytes also produce prolaktin (PRL), which acts as a cytokine that modulates immune responses. To clarify the role of innate immunity and circulating monocytes in pathogenesis of celiac disease, we focused on changes in expression of selected Toll-like receptors (TLR2, TLR4, TLR7), prolactin, some pro- a anti-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12, IL-10). We monitored the influence of the SNP - 1149 G/T on the expression of PRL mRNA. Another objective of this work was the introduction and optimization of in vitro methods for cultivation and stimulation of peripheral monocytes. Material and Methods: This pilot study includes 21 patients with celiac disease and 40 healthy controls. For determination of mRNA levels of the studied genes we isolated RNA from monocytes that were isolated by...
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Erlová, Marta. "Produkce zánětlivých cytokinů leukocyty mléčné žlázy skotu." Master's thesis, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-89835.
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Dočkalová, Hana. "Vliv bylinných prostředků na zdravotní ukazatele u telat v raném věku." Master's thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-250618.
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Phytobiotics are used for the prevention and treatment of animals. Herbal preparations have myriad range of effects on health. Legislation prefers phytobiotics and other additives to using of antibiotics, because the applications of phytobiotics have any risk of antibiotic residues. Special attention in this regard is devoted to cattle. The aim of this diploma thesis was to evaluate the effect of herbal tinctures FAUNAKOMPLEX in Holstein calves from birth to eight weeks of age. A number of health problems occur in this period, since the immune system still developing. Various factors influencing health status of calves were examined. The sufficient degree of colostral protection has a huge impact this time. Calves were divided in two groups -- experimental impact of FAUNAKOMPLEX on the incidence of various diseases, course and intensity of disease. We obtained 9 blood samples each calf in the experiment. Levels of total protein, bilirubin, creatinine, urea, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine-aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate-aminotransferase (AST) were investigated. The costs of the drugs were also compared. There were found differences in incidence of diseases (the overall incidence of diseases was shorter by 30 days in the experimental group), statistical differences in the blood biochemical parameters and differences in drug costs (costs of drugs were 45% lower in experimental group). Differences were found in the connection of intake degree of colostrum. The result show that the experimental group of calves receiving FAUNAKOMPLEX had overall lower incidence of diseases and higher resistance, thus the application of this phytobiotic could represent opportunity to strengthen animal health in practice.
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Malcová, Barbora. "Úprava imunit v ústavním systému ČR." Master's thesis, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-383227.
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Immunities in the Constitutional System of Czech Republic The thesis Immunities in the Constitutional System of Czech Republic examines the enshrinement of the immunity of selected public officials in domestic legal system. The essay describes the objective state of legislation as well as the development of academic view of the system of exceptions and the attitude of the persons, in whose favor the element works. After a short introduction, whose purpose is to outline some possible opinions and generally believed myths about parliamentary immunity; the thesis explains some terms related to the institute - material immunity, procedural immunity, and procedural exemption. The main body of the paper reviews the individual types of immunities in detail. The first chapter discusses the Members of Parliament - the immunity of the Deputies and the Senators. It shows the evolution of the constitutional basis to the institute, presents the current form of Article in the Constitution with a numerous cases when the immunity of an MP was removed by the Parliament. It also deals with the connection of the constitutional articles to the rules of procedure of the Chambers. The thesis describes selected problematic aspects of the institute, and demonstrates a number of those with historical and present court...
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Břečková, Kateřina. "Nový vývoj v institutu právní imunity." Master's thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-349919.
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This thesis is focused on legal institute of immunity in Czech system of law. It deals especially with the legislative development in institute of immunity and contemporary legislation, but it is focused on judicial practice as well. The aim of this thesis is to present some controversial issues, which appears within the application of immunity and to analyse the judicial practice of the Czech courts. This thesis is composed of introduction, four chapters and conclusion. The first chapter is theoretical and tries to define the institute of immunity according to the legal theory. This chapter introduces the origin of the institute of immunity and its differentiation at the same time. The essential part of this thesis is the second chapter, which concerns with the parliamentary immunity, and is divided into five subchapters. The subchapter 2.1. deals with the legislative development of the parliamentary immunity and presents all the bills. The aim of these bills was to regulate, particularly to narrow the parliamentary immunity. In the subchapter 2.2. is analysed new concept of indemnity, specifically concept of recourse, vote, body of the Assembly of Deputies or Senate and speech, with regard to judicial practice of the Czech courts. The subchapter 2.3. provides the transgressional immunity of...
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Vannucci, Luca Ernesto. "Protinádorová imunita na zvířecích modelech a experimentální imunoterapie glycodendrimers specifickými pro lektinu podobný receptor NKR-P1." Doctoral thesis, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-372412.
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5 SUMMARY Anticancer immunity is a complex network in which innate immunity play an critical role. The immune system can control the onset of tumors by recognizing the changed phenotype of the transformed cells as a non-self phenotype. The active control against cells not presenting self characters is defined by the paradigm of immune surveillance. In recent years, various studies have shown that the immune response against transformed cells start as a localized acute inflammatory response. The cooperation of natural-killer cells (NK) and phagocytes attracted by so-called "danger signals" (pro-inflammatory molecules and chemo-attractants delivered by stressed cells) can lead to total ablation of the harmful cell clone. If the intervention is not completely efficient, immunoediting of the tumor can follow with stimulation of chronic inflammatory responses, mainly mediated by macrophages. The systemic immunity attempt to terminate the uncontrolled inflammation stimulates the intervention of regulatory T lymphocytes and the shift from an antitumor cytotoxic Th1 response to a Th2 inhibitory response. This regulatory mechanism paradoxically assists the tumor development. All the described events needs the interplay and cooperation of both tumor cells and host cells and stromal elements, that altogether form the...
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Kosík, Jiří. "Imunity státních představitelů vůči cizí trestní jurisdikci." Master's thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-361828.
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This Thesis deals with the Immunities of State officials, which arise under International law, from foreign criminal jurisdiction. The first goal of this thesis is to determine whether, and if so, under which conditions and in which cases can one sovereign State exercise its criminal jurisdiction over an official of another sovereign State. The second goal, closely attached to the first finding, is to determine whether, and if so, under which conditions and in which cases would such officials be protected and covered by the immunity and in which cases such immunity applies. The main task of this thesis is to analyse the current state of the application of immunities of State officials within the foreign criminal jurisdiction. These immunities are with regard to their different purpose and functions recognized in two diverse types - immunity ratione personae and immunity ratione materiae. The first chapter put emphasis on the criminal jurisdiction of foreign State in general and on its extraterritorial forms in particular. The exercise of such jurisdiction in some cases enables to prosecute and punish an official of a foreign State, who happens to be a criminal. The second chapter focuses on the concept of individual criminal responsibility and possible punishment of the criminal. The third chapter...
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KODÁDKOVÁ, Alena. "Úloha CD4+ a CD8+ T-lymfocytů v imunitní odpovědi při žaludeční kryptosporidióze savců." Master's thesis, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-49959.
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The roles of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells were studied by using Cryptosporidium muris and mouse model of infection: immunized and naive BALB/c mice as a source of cells for adoptive transfer of immunity to SCID mice. Naive and primed CD4+ T-cells have a major effect in immunity of cryptosporidial infection. However SCID mice reconstituted with primed CD8+ T-cells were able to recover from the infection. The purity of the adoptive transfer pre and post-inoculation is discussed.
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Táborská, Eliška. "RNA interference v myších oocytech a tělních buňkách." Doctoral thesis, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-437787.
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RNA interference (RNAi) is a pathway, which employs Dicer to process long double stranded RNAs (dsRNA) from endogenous or exogenous sources into short interfering RNAs (siRNA). siRNAs are loaded onto Argonaute proteins to mediate sequence-specific post-transcriptional RNA targeting resulting in regulation of protein-coding genes and retrotransposons or antiviral immune response. Another small RNA pathway - PIWI-associated RNA (piRNA) pathway is suppressing retrotransposons in the germline. In mice, canonical RNAi pathway activity is negligible in somatic cells where a full-length Dicer produces gene-regulatory microRNAs (miRNA) but RNAi is highly active in oocytes, which express a truncated oocyte-specific Dicer isoform (DicerO ). DicerO lacks an N-terminal DExD helicase domain and has higher cleavage activity of long dsRNAs. Deletion of oocyte specific DicerO promoter leads to transcriptome aberrations, which include upregulation of putative RNAi targets and MT retrotransposons and, consequently, to meiotic spindle defects and female sterility. In contrast, the piRNA pathway is non-essential in mouse oocytes, potentially because of overlapping functions of RNAi. The PhD thesis aims to understand biological significance of mammalian endogenous RNAi and to explore consequences of re-activated RNAi...
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Patková, Lucie. "Univerzální jurisdikce ve světle Pinochetova zadržení ve Velké Británii." Master's thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-325164.
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The thesis deals with topic of universal jurisdiction with an emphasis on British House of Lords' decisions in case of former Chilean president Augusto Pinochet from years 1998 and 1999. Universal jurisdiction enables to prosecute crimes committed abroad by persons, who at time of such commission were neither the citizens of state in question nor the permanent residents of the state. It is expression of an idea, that it is common interest of the whole international community to prosecute the most serious crimes under international law, irrespective of any link to the prosecuting state, because such crimes relate to the whole international community and not only single state. The first chapter of the thesis deals with national criminal jurisdiction, whose comprehension is necessary for further understanding of universal jurisdiction. The universal jurisdiction is the main topic in the second chapter, in which I outline a brief history of the concept, mention application of the universal jurisdiction in case with Adolf Eichmann in Jerusalem, and try to find out where the importance of universal jurisdiction lies or what the main alleged disadvantages and risks are as well. My further concerns are the scope of universal jurisdiction, that is the crimes that are subjects to its application, universal...
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Zinková, Alžběta. "Úloha monocytů a nespecifické imunity v diabetu." Master's thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-323659.
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Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a polygenic disease and its development is influenced to some extent by environmental factors as well. Innate immunity triggers nonspecifically first defense reactions after penetration of the pathogen into the body, while overstimulation components of innate immunity may give rise to autoimmune diseases, including diabetes type 1. The components of innate immunity are, among others, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) belonging to a group of the structures recognizing preserved molecular structures characteristic of pathogens. Toll-like receptors are abundantly expressed by monocytes which produce prolactin (PRL) having an immunostimulatory function. To clarify the role of innate immunity in the pathogenesis of diabetes, we focused on the expression of mRNA and protein expression of TLR2 and TLR4. The expression of PRL was studied only at the level of mRNA. Monocytes were separated by flow cytometry into classical (CD14++) and nonclassical (CD14+). We monitored their percentages and the degree of expression of CD14 antigen on their surface.The operational objective of this dissertation was to optimize the stimulation of monocytes for the planned study of the function of non-pituitary prolactin in vitro and determine the appropriateness of the use of healthy donors' buffy...
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Míka, Matěj. "Produkce IL-1? a IFN? po stimulaci mléčné žlázy lipopolysacharidem." Master's thesis, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-362571.
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This thesis was focused on the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1beta and IFN-gamma. Absolute and differential leukocyte count was also monitored. The experiment was conducted at 8 clinically healthy heifers, hybrids of Holstein and Czech Pied that have been housed by tethering in stalls and fed with a standard diet. The inflammatory reaction was induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 5 ug in 20 ml PBS), as a control a phosphate buff-ered saline (PBS) was used. Results were measured at 1, 2, 3 and 7 days after stimulation of mammary gland by above-mentioned factors. Concentration of each cytokine was detected by a sandwich ELISA using commercially available kits. At 1 day after stimulation of mammary gland by LPS and PBS an average number of leukocytes, which was statistically significantly higher in the case of stimulation by LPS (P <0.01), was detected. After 7 days there was a significant decrease in the total number of leukocytes. There has also been a shift in the differential leukocyte count. Most abundant cell type were neutrophils, whose number was higher in the case of stimulation by LPS. Between day 1 and day 7 after challenge, there was a gradual reduction in the proportion of neutrophils. In the same period an increase in the proportion of macrophages and lymphocytes was detected. Concentration of IL-1beta also increased, 1 day after the activation a striking increase has been detected. In following days there was gradual decline of IL-1beta concentration almost to the level prior to treatment of the mammary gland. In the case of IFN-gamma similar pattern in the form of strong growth and a subsequent gradual decline in concentration to the original values was detected. There was found positive correlation between the increase in IL-1beta and IFN-gamma concentration and a shift in the differential leukocyte count in favor of neutrophils, which confirmed the important role of these pro-inflammatory cytokines in the establishment of inflammatory response and the mobilization of the components of natural and specific immunity.
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Bainová, Hana. "Vliv polymorfismu Toll-like receptoru 4 na kondici a ornamentaci u sýkory koňadry." Master's thesis, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-312782.
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Host-parasite co-evolution belongs to the most important evolutionary relationships that shape natural and sexual selection. Parasites pose permanent selective pressure on their hosts. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) as a part of innate immunity are involved in mechanisms of a first immunological barrier which has to be overcome by parasites. These receptors play a key role in primary detection of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and, hence, are responsible for early triggering of effector immunological mechanisms and for co- activating adaptive immunity. Several studies revealed that TLR4 may represent a suitable model molecule for host-parasite co-evolution studies. TLR4 interacts directly with several PAMPs and structural variability in this receptor was shown to affect host resistance to various diseases. Thus, there is potential for occurrence of parasite-mediated natural and sexual selection. Contrary to the number of fish and mammalian TLRs described, avian inter- and intraspecific TLR variability is only very insufficiently explored. This is especially true for passerine birds. In my diploma thesis I therefore provide the first description of the complete Tlr4 translated region in a non-model free-living bird, great tit (Parus major), predict structure of the protein product of...
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Król, Petra. "Biomarkery u dětí se syndromy periodické horečky." Doctoral thesis, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-353526.
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- 4 - Abstract Introduction: Periodic fever syndromes are clinical entities classified as autoinflammatory diseases. The most of the periodic fever syndromes have genetic predisposition (monogenic periodic fever syndromes). PFAPA (Periodic Fever, Aphtous stomatitis, Pharyngitis a Adenitis) syndrome is an idiopathic disease with unknown aetiology. Results: In our study, we described the largest clinical series of patients with PFAPA syndrome from a single center. The laboratory results have confirmed uncomplicated course of PFAPA syndrome. In our measurements we observed significantly higher levels of serum cytokines (IL-1β and IFN-γ) during episodes of fever in PFAPA patients compared to the control group. Our measurements showed increased numbers of plasma cells in the peripheral blood of PFAPA patients. We have found increased levels of naïve CD4 and CD8 T cells and approximately 2-fold higher proportion of CD8 T cells in tonsils of PFAPA patients. Significant differences were also present at levels of IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in stimulated supernatants compared to supernatants from unstimulated peripheral blood from patients with PFAPA syndrome. Measurements of bacterial profile showed individual microbial profile in patients. Conclusion: Removal of the tonsillar tissue with the potential...
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HUSNÍKOVÁ, Hana. "Nádorová imunoterapie založená na použití ligandů fagocytárních receptorů, kotvených na nádorové buňky. Studium možností zesílení jejího účinku a specifity." Master's thesis, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-180585.
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The main goal of this thesis was to study cancer immunotherapy based on combination of ligands of TLR and phagocytic receptor agonists. This study is focused on looking for proper and save TLR stimulation and specific anchoring of phagocytic ligands.
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Kaštánková, Iva. "Regulace exprese proteinů nespecifické imunity u Caenorhabditis elegans." Master's thesis, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-312516.
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6 Abstract Lipopolysaccharides are composed of covalently bound saccharides. They are a characteristic component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria. They are the cause of severe sepsis in humans and complications in human medicine. Lipopolysaccharides are a constant part of the infections of gram-negative bacteria. We expect an evolutionarily conserved non-specific immune response and protection. The question is whether there is an immune response in the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans. If so, what mechanism is controlled and regulated. We submitted lipopolysaccharides from the bacteria Pseudomona aeruginosa with the bacteria Escherichia coli OP50 and observed the influence of lipopolysaccharides on the expression of selected genes. We examined metabolism and development. We have shown the influence of lipopolysaccharides on gene expression of C-type lectine clec-60 a clec-71, nextna lys-5, hsp-60 a F44G.3.2.1 genes. We incubated Caenorhabditis elegans on some components of lipopolysaccharide. We found regulation of these selected genes with hydrophobic components of lipopolysacharide, lipid A. We did not observe regulation with saccharide components of lipopolysaccharide, glucose and galatose. The metabolism of lipids had changed. We demonstrated a reduction of neutral lipids and changes in...
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Keith, Radim. "Jídlo jako lék. Stravování a jeho působení na imunitu a kvalitu života." Master's thesis, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-445974.
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For each of us, health is the most important thing, so that we can live a full life. How to proceed and what principles to follow when choosing foods, when there are many currently containing hazardous chemicals used in the food industry? Healthy eating and a healthy lifestyle are important. Cooking from basic ingredients and strengthening the immune system, from the childhood. However, it is never too late for adults. We can start anytime. I would like to show almost all aspects of quality eating, but also the other side, and the dangers of chemically modified food and the overall impact on quality of life. KEYWORDS Food, health, vegetables, fruit, vitamins, minerals, life, fementation, azo dyes
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Žůrková, Kamila. "Rekombinantní viry vakcinie pro nádorovou terapii, analyza biologickych a biochemickych vlastností." Doctoral thesis, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-299423.
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151 8 SUMMARY Recombinant vaccinia virus has been used for elicitation of the immune response against expressed heterologous proteins which has led to protection of the host organisms against the agents producing that antigen (viruses, cancer cells). In our laboratory, we designed and evaluated several vaccines against cancer caused by human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16). Vaccinia viruses derived from replication competent strain P13 or attenuated MVA were used for construction of recombinant viruses expressing HPV16-E7 in highly immunogenic fusion construct SigE7LAMP. Recombinant viruses were used both in prophylactic and therapeutic settings in mouse tumor models using TC-1 or TC-1/A9 cells. The genes encoding stimulatory cytokines GM-CSF or Flt3 ligand were inserted into the above viruses to support the immune system and to potentiate the anticancer response. Tumor microenvironment was modified using the recombinant viruses expressing both the E7 gene and soluble receptor for TGF-β which should decrease the inhibition of immune system caused by tumor TGF-β cytokine and elicit the response against tumor cells. Intratumoral or intraperitoneal administration of viruses enhanced anticancer response in mice, the viruses expressing Flt3 ligand induced the proliferation of E7- specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes....
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Janatová, Kateřina. "Význam prolaktinu jako periferního cytokinu u dysbalance imunitního systému." Master's thesis, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-296605.
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Background: Interactions between the neuroendocrine and immune system play an importatnt role in maintaining homeostasis. This communication is mediated by cytokines, neurotransmiters and hormones through endocrine, paracrine and autocrine signaling. Prolactin (PRL), hormone of anterior pituitary, is produced by a number of other tissues and cells of immune system. On periphery, PRL is cytokine. Sepsis is an inflamatory response of the organism to severe infection, Th1 immune response is activated and PRL could participate in it. Toll-like receptors (TLR) play a key role in a recognition of bacteial components and mediate a systemic response (with PRL secretion) during infection. It is supposed that activated immune system leads to increasing of PRL, TLR2 and TLR4 gene expression. We detected PRL, TLR2 a TLR4 mRNA levels in monocytes from patiens with system inflammation. We studied influence of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP -1149 G/T) in PRL gene promotor, it supposed that G allele increases PRL expression. Materials and Methods: For the pilot study 30 patients diagnose with severe infectious event. Collectoin of patiens blood samples was performed consequently three times. Control group comprised 40 healthy individuals. One blood sample was taken from each healthy subject. For testing of...
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Jechová, Markéta. "Školní projekt s tematikou očkování pro 2. stupeň základní školy a střední školy." Master's thesis, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-340819.
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The school project to theme vaccination to second grade of primary school and secondary school This thesis deals with the theme vaccination, its history and principles. The process of immunization is typically made by the administration of vaccines, given in certain time intervals that are determined in accordance with the rules of law. Before vaccine administration, vaccine should be thoroughly checked to protect security of patient's health. Ongoing research and advanced development projects help fight against diseases to protect the human organism. One of the themes that plays role in the vaccination is the financing of research and development as well as financing immunizations itself. As vaccination is as important for adults as it is for children, providing all informations to students is very necessary. To reach this point succesfully, the teching project (described more specifically in this work) is one of the possible ways. However, as project itself has its advantages as well as disadvantages, specific attitude of students and teachers is required accordingly. There are three different projects on vaccinations topics described in the thesis. These three projects were realized in three types of schools: secondary grammar school, third class of central medical lyce and eight class of...
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Sapega, Olena. "Genotoxický stres a senescence nádorových buněk; dopad na růst nádorů a protinádorovou imunitu." Doctoral thesis, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-438127.
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Premature cellular senescence is the process of permanent cell cycle arrest in response to various inducers, such as DNA damage, oxidative stress, chemotherapy agents, and irradiation. Senescent cells produce and secrete numbers of cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, which compose specific senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Senescence is considered to be an important barrier against tumor progression. On the other hand, senescent cells can also exert protumorigenic effects in their microenvironment. Based on this concept, the major aim of this thesis was to determine tumor cells senescence in terms of different inducers, namely chemotherapeutic agent docetaxel (DTX) and cytokines IFNγ and TNFα, and to demonstrate the role of immunotherapy in senescent cells elimination. Our results show that DTX-induced senescent cells can exert a tumor-promoting effect when co-injected with proliferating cells in mice. Importantly, we demonstrate that IL-12-based immunotherapy suppresses senescence-accelerated tumor growth. These results suggest that IL-12-based immunotherapy can be effectively used in anti-tumor therapy mainly in a case when the microenvironment is altered by the presence of tumor senescent cells. On the other hand, the data we obtained in vitro show that bystander or...
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Sýkora, Michal. "Působnost trestních zákonů." Doctoral thesis, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-408838.
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The applicability of criminal law statues (abstract) The submitted thesis is focused on the applicability of criminal law statutes and aims to summarize the current legislation regarding the applicability of criminal law statutes, assess its current state, draw attention to any legislative gaps and propose possible de lege ferenda changes. The usual focus of university textbooks might suggest the applicability of criminal legislation is a matter more or less brief, which does not require a special level of attention. However, the opposite is true. The applicability of criminal legislation is a rather broad and diverse topic, its legal framework can be found both in substantive and procedural law, as well as in regular law, constitutional law and law of international treaties. A detailed theoretical research and the solution of individual cases uncovers a number of subquestions, not only in criminal law, but also in a number of other areas of law. There are four basic aspects of applicability: temporal, territorial, personal and subject matter. Every single one of those has a rich history in theoretical, statutory and case law development. Despite such history, it remains an ongoing issue, both from the perspective of professional and general public alike. The matter is also a part of the regular occupation...
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Těšický, Martin. "Mezidruhový polymorfismus vybraných genů vrozené imunity u sýkor (Paridae)." Master's thesis, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-411457.
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Adaptation of host receptor system to optimal detection of infection-related structures is one of the key evolutionary challenges of immunity in host-pathogen interactions. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are genetically variable molecules of vertebrate innate immunity that recognise danger signals, e.g. pathogenic molecules. Examination of genetic variation in TLRs may reveal mechanisms of host immunity adaptation to pathogenic pressure at molecular level. Trans-species polymorphism (TSP) is a phenomenon which assumes that several identical alleles or allelic lineages are inherited from ascendant to descendant species and these may be subsequently maintained over a long period of time in a polymorphic state. Whereas in adaptive immune genes the concept of TSP is well understood, little is presently known about TSP in innate immune genes such as TLRs. In this thesis I describe genetic polymorphism in functionally-relevant regions of TLR4 and TLR5 in 192 individuals representing 20 species Paridae family (tits, chickadees and titmice). These two receptors bind mainly bacterial ligands (TLR4 detects lipopolysaccharide and TLR5 detects flagellin), being among the first ones to trigger immune response to bacterial pathogens. To differentiate presumed TSP from gene flow among species, intron sequences of six...
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NEDBALOVÁ, Pavla. "Úloha vrozené a získané imunity v imunoterapii melanomu a pankreatického adenokarcinomu." Master's thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-317595.
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This study examines the role of innate and adaptive immunity in the immunotherapy based on the combination of the ligands stimulating phagocytosis anchored in the tumour cells membrane and the mixture of TLR agonists. This immunotherapy is primarily focused on the innate immunity activation and induces strong inflammatory infiltration, which neutrophils and NK cells are part of. Therefore, the next aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-tumour activity of neutrophils and NK cells. For examination malignant melanoma and pancreatic adenocarcinoma mouse tumour models were used.
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Cvoligová, Karolína. "Diplomatické výsady a imunity orgánů a pracovníků institucí EU." Master's thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-327246.
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Diplomatic privileges and immunities of bodies and workers of the EU institutions Le sujet de ce travail est de présenter des privilèges et immunités concernant l'Union européenne en tant qu'organisation internationale, ses fonctionnaires, agents et autres personnes susceptibles d'agir dans son intérêt. À la différence des immunités des États, accordées à ces derniers au nom de leur égalité souveraine, les immunités des organisation internationales se justifient exclusivement par leur caractère fonctionnel. Elles visent en effet à assurer à l'organisation une certaine autonomie et une indépendance indispensables à l'efficacité de son action. L'Union alors jouit des privilèges et immunités nécessaires à l'accomplissement de sa mission. Le document servant de base juridique, dans lequel les privilèges et immunités de l'UE sont définie , est le Protocole du 8 avril 1965 sur les privilèges et immunités des Communautés européennes. Ce dernier a été révisé au 1er décembre 2009 par le traité de Lisbonne. L'UE remlace ainsi, par ce traité, la Communauté européenne, ainsi duquele Protocole sur les privilèges et immunités des Communautés européennes, qui devient le Protocole sur les privilèges et immunités de l'Union européenne. Ce Protocole concerne l'UE, ses organes, les représentants des États...
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Šedivý, Jan. "Úspěšná lobbingová strategie Inventury demokracie, případová studie lobbingu organizace občanské společnosti." Master's thesis, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-333212.
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The study aims to describe comprehensively the lobbing strategy of student's nongovernmental organization called Inventura demokracie. The first part determinates basic terms. The second part examines the theory of lobbing, civil society, and state. The third part analyses lobbing of Inventura demokracie in practice. Finally, the fourth part brings us conclusions and recommendations. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Majerová, Barbora. "Studium vlivu inhalačního podání IgY a Fab fragmentů z pohledu iniciace zánětu plic." Master's thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-324167.
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Human respiratory system is in constant contact with heterogeneous environmental agents, which can possibly become initiators of inflammatory responses. Mechanical barriers and balance between the innate and adaptive immunity provide protection from external agents without initiation of any inflammatory response. Under certain circumstances, overreaction of the immune system might occur and leads to the production of various inflammatory cytokines and mediators such as TNF-α and GM-CSF factors or interleukins IL-1ß and IL-6. Respiratory system of the human suffering from cystic fibrosis is unable to defend against bacterial infections effectively. Chicken egg immunoglobulins (IgY) could eventually become a suitable tool for the protection from opportunistic pathogens, because they, when bound to antigen, don't activate the complement cascade. One method of determining the immunogenicity of the studied agent is the exposure of experimental animal and further measurement of inflammatory cytokine concentration. In this thesis, the potential inflammatory effect of IgY, IgY-derived Fab fragments and ovalbumin was determined after an exposure of Wistar rats by long-term inhalation. Correct implementation of inhalation experiment was confirmed via production of specific antibodies against the inhaled...
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Duch, Martin. "Leniency program v soutěžním právu." Master's thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-322134.
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This thesis deals with a legal framework of leniency programme. The program provides imunity or fine reduction from government penalties to the first member of a cartel in exchange for cooperation. The aim of the thesis is to evaluate effectiveness and functioning of the Czech and European leniency program, effects in practice and current challenges the program is facing. In introduction thesis deals with general requirements for an effective leniency program, further with development of the program in the EU and the Czech Republic with focus on progress towards more efficient, transparent and attractive system and application practice of the Commission, and. Office for Protection of Competition. It briefly introduces the European Competition Network and Model Leniency programme. Another part deals with the private enforcement of competition law in context of the current case law concerning access to the file and protection of leniency materials.
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WALDMANNOVÁ, Eva. "Terapie nádorových onemocnění pomocí kotvených agonistů fagocytárních receptorů. Studium mechanismů pomocí imunodeficientních myší." Master's thesis, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-173007.
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The aim of this thesis was to study the mechanisms of innate imunity involved in the degradation of tumor cells on which the ligands of phagocytic receptors were installed. For this purpose both in vivo experiments using immunodeficient mice, and in vitro experiments based on monitoring the levels of inflammatory cytokines produced in the tumor tissue and on measuring the level of myeloperoxidase released during neutrophil degranulation were performed.
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TOMŠOVÁ, Julie. "Nádorová imunoterapie založená na použití mikroorganismů a jejich částí. Úloha tvorby neutrofilních extracelulárních sítí." Master's thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-187599.
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In the first part of the theses, I studied therapeutical effect of intratumoral application of various types of bacteria on melanoma B16-F10 bearing mice alone or in combination with another immunostimulatory compounds. Tumour size, metastasis and survival were monitored. The second part was focused on study of cytotoxic effect of neutrophils on melanoma cells and the role of neutrophil extracellular traps formation.
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PÁLENÍKOVÁ, Jana. "The effect of tick salivary proteins on innate immunity cells." Doctoral thesis, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-261637.
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Saliva of Ixodid ticks contains a whole array of pharmacologically active molecules with vasodilatory, antihemostatic, and immunomodulatory activities. This thesis focuses on two types of salivary proteins, serpins and cystatins, and their role in immunomodulation. These protease inhibitors are known to affect many biological functions. To better understand their role in tick saliva we examined their effect on dendritic cells and their ability to modulate the immune response after pathogen infection. As model pathogens, Borrelia spirochetes and tick-borne encephalitis virus were used.
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PAĎOUKOVÁ, Lucie. "Nádorová imunoterapie založená na synergii agonistů TLR a ligandů stimulujících fagocytózu. Posouzení spoluúčasti získané imunity." Master's thesis, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-375947.
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The aim of this thesis is to improve the therapeutic effect of the immunotherapy based on the synergy of TLR agonists with phagocytosis stimulating ligands. Furthermore, this thesis is focused on the information transfer to the specific immunity, as well as it pursues the study of the specific immunity relevance during cancer immunotherapy.
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Lhotáková, Karolína. "Modifikace myších nádorových linií systémem CRISPR/Cas9 a charakterizace jejich vlastností." Master's thesis, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-392929.
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MHCI molecules are constitutively expressed in all nucleated cells and play a key role in antigen presentation to CD8+ T lymphocytes. One of the tumor immune evasion strategies is MHCI expression downregulation. This leads to an impaired recognition of tumor antigens by CD8+ T lymphocytes that are unable to start the immune response. Since the MHCI expression downregulation occurs in up to 90 % of some tumors it is neccesary to have a clinical relevant tumor model without a MHCI surface expression that would be used for testing of immunotherapeutic approaches. This thesis describes a production of new model cell lines of TC-1 tumor cells with irreversibly downregulated MHCI. That was achieved by an inactivation of B2m, which is a part of MHCI, by gene editing using CRISR/Cas9. The B2m inactivation was confirmed by flow cytometry, western blot and sanger sequencing of single alleles. The inactivation slowed down the cell growth for both in vitro and in vivo. The cell metastatic activity was not affected. The tumors established by cells without the B2m expression are not sensitive to DNA vaccine against HPV16 E7 oncoprotein by a pBSC/PADRE.E7GGG vaccine. The main effector function against these tumors possess the NK1.1+ cells. In a therapeutic vaccination experiment it was repeatedly achieved of...