Journal articles: 'Separateur de cellule'

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Mejstrikova, Ester, Vendula Pelkova, Michaela Reiterová, Martina Sukova, Zuzana Zemanova, Elena Vodickova, Vit Campr, et al. "Composition of Cellular Subsets by Flow Cytometry Identifies Differences Between MDS Subtypes and Aplastic Anemia but No Differences Are Identified Between Cases with and without Monosomy 7." Blood 114, no. 22 (November 20, 2009): 3802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v114.22.3802.3802.

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Abstract Abstract 3802 Poster Board III-738 Introduction Monosomy 7 or del(7q) are frequent cytogenetic abnormalities in children with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and associates with poor prognosis. MDS globally affects all cellular subsets in bone marrow and in peripheral blood. We asked whether flow cytometry (FC) can separate individual subtypes of MDS from each other and from aplastic anemia (SAA) and whether in individual subtypes of childhood MDS can separate patients with and without monosomy 7. Patients/analyzed parameters In total we analyzed 94 children with centrally analyzed immunophenotype in the reference lab who were diagnosed and treated for MDS or SAA between 1998 and 2009. In total we analyzed 14 patients with refractory cytopenia, 37 patients with advanced forms of MDS (JMML 10, RAEB 25, CMML 2) and 43 patients with SAA. Monosomy 7/del(7q) was present in 17 patients (RC 6, JMML 3, RAEB 8). Analyzed parameters were as follows: B cells, CD10+CD19+, CD19+45dim/neg, CD19+34+, CD19/CD34 ratio, CD34+, CD117 cells, CD34+38dim/neg, CD3+, CD3+4+, CD3+8+, CD3+HLADR+. Statistics We analyzed all parameters using non parametric tests (Mann-Whitney, Kruskal Wallis) and principal component analysis (PCA). Results Principal component analysis of all analyzed patients together clearly separates advanced forms of MDS from RC and SAA, the most contributing factor being the number of CD34 and CD117+ cells. In non parametric statistics following factors significantly differ among MDS subtypes and SAA (Kruskal-Wallis): CD19, CD117, CD34, CD3, CD3+4+, CD8+ and CD3+HLADR+. RC and SAA patients are separated mainly by the number of B cells and the CD34:CD19 ratio. In addition, the following parameters differ between RC and SAA (Mann-Whitney): CD34, CD117 and CD3+HLADR+. Unlike the CD34:CD19 ratio, the number of CD19+34+ precursors does not differ between RC and SAA patients. Patients with monosomy 7 do not differ from the remaining patients when all MDS patients are analyzed together or separately in the respective subgroups (RC, non RC, JMML) by PCA or by non parametric statistics. Conclusion PCA separates advanced MDS forms from RC and SAA. Advanced forms of MDS are characterized by increased percentage of CD34+ and CD117+ cells compared to RC and SAA patients. The global reduction of B cell progenitor compartment is pronounced especially in non-JMML cases of MDS, whereas SAA patients typically present with isolated reduction of cells at early stages (CD19+34+) of B cell development. Patients with monosomy 7 cluster within the respective disease category, they do not form own cluster in PCA. Supported by MSMT VZ MSM0021620813, MZO 00064203 VZ FNM, MZO VFN2005, IGA NR/9531-3, NPV 2B06064. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Banani, Salman F., Allyson M. Rice, William B. Peeples, Yuan Lin, Saumya Jain, Roy Parker, and Michael K. Rosen. "Compositional Control of Phase-Separated Cellular Bodies." Cell 166, no. 3 (July 2016): 651–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2016.06.010.

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Sharpe, P. T., R. M. Sharrard, and D. J. Watts. "Polypeptide compositions of amoebae of the cellular slime mould Dictyostelium discoideum separated by partitioning during development." Bioscience Reports 5, no. 2 (February 1, 1985): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01117058.

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Amoebae of the cellular slime mould Dictyostelium discoideum at 8 h or 10 h development were separated into two populations by countercurrent distribution in a dextran-poly(ethylene glycol), two-phase system. Two-dimensional, polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis was then used to separate the polypeptides from the populations of amoebae. The two populations of amoebae at 8 h development differed sn polypeptide composition as did the populations separated at 10 h development. This confirms that cell differentiation is initated in D. discoideum prior to 8 h development.

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Bian, Yue Gen, Jing Huan Su, and Xue Mei Song. "A CTCSS Approach to Mitigate Interference in VHF Cellular Network." Advanced Materials Research 926-930 (May 2014): 2763–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.926-930.2763.

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The VHF radio can overcome line-of-sight transmission by “repeaters,” which pick up weak signals, amplify and retransmit them on a different frequency. However, repeaters can interfere with each other unless they are far enough apart or transmit on sufficiently separated frequencies. In this paper, we propose such a system using the continuous tone-coded squelch system (CTCSS) to mitigate interference problems. This system associates to each repeater a separate sub-audible tone that is transmitted by all users who wish to communicate through that repeater. The repeater responds only to receive signals with its specific tone.

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Filippini, Ilario, Alessandro Enrico Cesare Redondi, and Antonio Capone. "Beyond Cellular Green Generation: Potential and Challenges of the Network Separation." Mobile Information Systems 2017 (2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/7149643.

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This article introduces the ideas investigated in the BCG2 project of the GreenTouch consortium. The basic concept is to separate signaling and data in the wireless access network. Transmitting the signaling information separately maintains coverage even when the whole data network is adapted to the current load situation. Such network-wide adaptation can power down base stations when no data transmission is needed and, thus, promises a tremendous increase in energy efficiency. We highlight the advantages of the separation approach and discuss technical challenges opening new research directions. Moreover, we propose two analytical models to assess the potential energy efficiency improvement of the BCG2 approach.

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Bailey, LeeAnn O., Matthew L. Becker, Jean S. Stephens, Nathan D. Gallant, Christine M. Mahoney, Newell R. Washburn, Aarti Rege, Joachim Kohn, and Eric J. Amis. "Cellular response to phase-separated blends of tyrosine-derived polycarbonates." Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A 76A, no. 3 (March 1, 2006): 491–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.30527.

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Bollmann, Franziska, Jan-Niklas Dohrke, Christian A. Wurm, Daniel C. Jans, and Stefan Jakobs. "Mitochondrial Protein Abundance Gradients Require the Distribution of Separated Mitochondria." Biology 10, no. 7 (June 23, 2021): 572. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10070572.

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Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that interchange their contents mediated by fission and fusion. However, it has previously been shown that the mitochondria of cultured human epithelial cells exhibit a gradient in the relative abundance of several proteins, with the perinuclear mitochondria generally exhibiting a higher protein abundance than the peripheral mitochondria. The molecular mechanisms that are required for the establishment and the maintenance of such inner-cellular mitochondrial protein abundance gradients are unknown. We verified the existence of inner-cellular gradients in the abundance of clusters of the mitochondrial outer membrane protein Tom20 in the mitochondria of kidney epithelial cells from an African green monkey (Vero cells) using STED nanoscopy and confocal microscopy. We found that the Tom20 gradients are established immediately after cell division and require the presence of microtubules. Furthermore, the gradients are abrogated in hyperfused mitochondrial networks. Our results suggest that inner-cellular protein abundance gradients from the perinuclear to the peripheral mitochondria are established by the trafficking of individual mitochondria to their respective cellular destination.

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Arancibia, Ramón A., and Carl E. Motsenbocker. "ENZYME ACTIVITY IN TABASCO FRUIT SEPARATION ZONES." HortScience 31, no. 5 (September 1996): 746a—746. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.5.746a.

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Red-mature Tabasco (Capsicum frutescens) fruit (`McIlhenny Select') normally separate easily at the junction of the fruit and receptacle or calyx. Differences in fruit detachment force (FDF) between two lines, one that separates readily (`McIlhenny Select') and one that does not (`Hard Pick'), have been reported previously (Motsenbocker et al., 1995). In this study, enzyme activity from the detachment area was analyzed by viscosity reduction. The reaction mixture was 0.3% pectin in 20 mm NaAc, pH 5.5, for polygalacturonase (PG) and 0.6% carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) in 20 mm NaPO4, pH 6.0, for cellulase. Preliminary data indicated that PG and cellulase enzyme activity increased during fruit ripening in both lines. Only cellulase activity, however, correlated with FDF. In addition, the activity of both enzymes was higher in the `McIlhenny Select' line than the `Hard Pick' line at the orange and red-mature stages.

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Oftung, Fredrik, Gro Ellen Korsvold, Audun Aase, and Lisbeth M. Næss. "Cellular Immune Responses in Humans Induced by Two Serogroup B Meningococcal Outer Membrane Vesicle Vaccines Given Separately and in Combination." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 23, no. 4 (February 10, 2016): 353–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00666-15.

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ABSTRACTMenBvac and MeNZB are safe and efficacious outer membrane vesicle (OMV) vaccines against serogroup B meningococcal disease. Antibody responses have previously been investigated in a clinical trial with these two OMV vaccines given separately (25 μg/dose) or in combination (12.5 and 12.5 μg/dose) in three doses administered at 6-week intervals. Here, we report the results from analyzing cellular immune responses against MenBvac and MeNZB OMVs in terms of antigen-specific CD4+T cell proliferation and secretion of cytokines. The proliferative CD4+T cell responses to the combined vaccine were of the same magnitude as the homologous responses observed for each individual vaccine. The results also showed cross-reactivity in the sense that both vaccine groups receiving separate vaccines responded to both homologous and heterologous OMV antigen when assayed for antigen-specific cellular proliferation. In addition, a multiplex bead array assay was used to analyze the presence of Th1 and Th2 cytokines in cell culture supernatants. The results showed that gamma interferon, interleukin-4 (IL-4), and IL-10 responses could be detected as a result of vaccination with both the MenBvac and the MeNZB vaccines given separately, as well as when given in combination. With respect to cross-reactivity, the cytokine results paralleled the observations made for proliferation. In conclusion, the results demonstrate that cross-reactive cellular immune responses involving both Th1 and Th2 cytokines can be induced to the same extent by different tailor-made OMV vaccines given either separately or in combination with half the dose of each vaccine.

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Conrad, Marcel E., Jay N. Umbreit, Elizabeth G. Moore, Lucille N. Hainsworth, Michael Porubcin, Marcia J. Simovich, Marian T. Nakada, Kevin Dolan, and Michael D. Garrick. "Separate pathways for cellular uptake of ferric and ferrous iron." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 279, no. 4 (October 1, 2000): G767—G774. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.2000.279.4.g767.

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Separate pathways for transport of nontransferrin ferric and ferrous iron into tissue cultured cells were demonstrated. Neither the ferric nor ferrous pathway was shared with either zinc or copper. Manganese shared the ferrous pathway but had no effect on cellular uptake of ferric iron. We postulate that ferric iron was transported into cells via β3-integrin and mobilferrin (IMP), whereas ferrous iron uptake was facilitated by divalent metal transporter-1 (DMT-1; Nramp-2). These conclusions were documented by competitive inhibition studies, utilization of a β3-integrin antibody that blocked uptake of ferric but not ferrous iron, development of an anti-DMT-1 antibody that blocked ferrous iron and manganese uptake but not ferric iron, transfection of DMT-1 DNA into tissue culture cells that showed enhanced uptake of ferrous iron and manganese but neither ferric iron nor zinc, hepatic metal concentrations in mk mice showing decreased iron and manganese but not zinc or copper, and data showing that the addition of reducing agents to tissue culture media altered iron binding to proteins of the IMP and DMT-1 pathways. Although these experiments show ferric and ferrous iron can enter cells via different pathways, they do not indicate which pathway is dominant in humans.

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Jo, Hae Min, Ji Young Lee, Su Ho Kim, Yeon Hui Lee, and Chul Hwan Kim. "Effect of enzyme type on the control of fluorescent whitening agents during recycling." BioResources 15, no. 4 (October 27, 2020): 9462–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.4.9462-9473.

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The goal of this study was to develop an eco-friendly removal technology for fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) using enzymes suitable for each type of FWA. Internally treated paper with internal FWA (D-FWA) and surface-sized paper with surface-sizing FWA (T-FWA) were made as model papers in a laboratory. The enzymatic treatments were applied to the stock prepared using these model papers by disintegration. Cellulase and (alpha-) amylase treatments were performed at 50 °C under the conditions of pH 3 to 4 and pH 7 to 8, respectively. After disintegration and enzymatic treatments, handsheets were made, and the fluorescence index and FWA reduction of these handsheets were determined for evaluating FWA removal during recycling. Because D-FWA gets strongly attached to cellulosic fibers, it could not be easily separated from the internally treated paper by disintegration. Up to 8.1% of D-FWA was removed by enzymatic treatment with high-activity cellulase. Amylase could not separate D-FWA from cellulosic fibers. In the case of T-FWA, ca. 41% was separated by disintegration, and an additional 24% was detached from surface-sized papers by high-activity amylase treatment. Therefore, cellulase was effective in removing internal FWA (D-FWA), and amylase was required for removing surface-sizing FWA (T-FWA) during recycling.

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Akahata, Wataru, Zhi-yong Yang, and Gary J. Nabel. "Comparative Immunogenicity of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Particles and Corresponding Polypeptides in a DNA Vaccine." Journal of Virology 79, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 626–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.79.1.626-631.2005.

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ABSTRACT The immunogenicity of a plasmid DNA expression vector encoding both Gag and envelope (Env), which produced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 virus-like particles (VLP), was compared to vectors expressing Gag and Env individually, which presented the same gene products as polypeptides. Vaccination with plasmids that generated VLP showed cellular immunity comparable to that of Gag and cell-mediated or humoral responses similar to those of Env as immunization with separate vectors. These data suggest that DNA vaccines encoding separated HIV polypeptides generate immune responses similar to those generated by viral particles.

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Du, Mingming, Dean Kavanagh, Zhibing Zhang, and Neena Kalia. "Designing Microfluidic Devices to Sort Haematopoietic Stem Cells Based on Their Mechanical Properties." Stem Cells International 2019 (September 5, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8540706.

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Aim. Few haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) injected systemically for therapeutic purposes actually reach sites of injury as the vast majority become entrapped within pulmonary capillaries. One promising approach to maintain circulating HSC numbers would be to separate subpopulations with smaller size and/or greater deformability from a heterogeneous population. This study tested whether this could be achieved using label-free microfluidic devices.Methods. 2 straight (A-B) and 3 spiral (C-E) devices were fabricated with different dimensions. Cell sorting was performed at different flow rates after which cell diameter and stiffness were determined using micromanipulation. Cells isolated using the most efficient device were tested intravitally for their ability to home to the mouse injured gut.Results. Only straight Device B at a high flow rate separated HSCs with different mechanical properties. Side outlets collected mostly deformable cells (nominal rupture stress/σR=6.81 kPa; coefficient of variation/CV=0.31) at a throughput of2.3×105cells/min. All spiral devices at high flow rates separated HSCs with different stiffness and size. Inner outlets collected mostly deformable cells in Devices C (σR=25.06 kPa;CV=0.26), D (σR=22.21 kPa;CV=0.41), and E (σR=29.26 kPa;CV=0.27) at throughputs of2.3×105cells/min,1.5×105cells/min, and1.6×105cells/min, respectively. Since Device C separated cells with higher efficiency and throughput, it was utilized to test the homing ability of separated cellsin vivo. Significantly more deformable cells were observed trafficking through the injured gut—interestingly, increased retention was not observed.Conclusion. This study applied microfluidics to separate subpopulations from one stem cell type based on their intrinsic mechanical heterogeneity. Fluid dynamics within curved devices most effectively separated HSCs. Such devices may benefit cellular therapy.

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Cvitanich, Cristina, Wojciech J. Przybyłowicz, Dorian F. Urbanski, Anna M. Jurkiewicz, Jolanta Mesjasz-Przybyłowicz, Matthew W. Blair, Carolina Astudillo, Erik Ø. Jensen, and Jens Stougaard. "Iron and ferritin accumulate in separate cellular locations in Phaseolus seeds." BMC Plant Biology 10, no. 1 (2010): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2229-10-26.

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Smith, R. W. "Autofluorescence and Apoptosis in Flow Cytometry: Correlative Methods for Fluorescence and Confocal Microscopy." Microscopy and Microanalysis 7, S2 (August 2001): 618–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600029160.

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Flow cytometry offers several advantages in evaluating cellular fluorescence and separating values from chemical probes or transfected fluorescent proteins from autofluorescence. Autofluorescence can introduce artificial values that cannot be separated by examination of the fluorescence histogram. Often a comparison of fluorescence in two detectors can separate autofluorescence from positive fluorescence. A region can be defined around the cells of interest for further statistical evaluation or for subsequent sorting.Autofluorescence is also correlated with apoptosis in that apoptotic cells often increase autofluorescence values. A clear separation of living cells from dying cells can be achieved by the introduction of a DNA stain, such as 7AAD, which will penetrate cells with disrupted or damaged cellular membranes. Intact living cells will not show the 7AAD fluorescence.This separation is important in transfected fluorescent protein studies, as the transfection process is often toxic to cells.

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Bonelli, Fabrizio C., and Luigi M. De Luca. "A high-performance liquid chromatographic technique that separates cellular retinol binding protein from cellular retinoic acid binding protein." Analytical Biochemistry 147, no. 1 (May 1985): 251–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(85)90035-1.

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Petersen, Ole H. "Specific mitochondrial functions in separate sub-cellular domains of pancreatic acinar cells." Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology 464, no. 1 (April 12, 2012): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00424-012-1099-6.

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Imam, Zachary I., Laura E. Kenyon, Grant Ashby, Fatema Nagib, Morgan Mendicino, Chi Zhao, Avinash K. Gadok, and Jeanne C. Stachowiak. "Phase-Separated Liposomes Enhance the Efficiency of Macromolecular Delivery to the Cellular Cytoplasm." Cellular and Molecular Bioengineering 10, no. 5 (May 22, 2017): 387–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12195-017-0489-4.

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Stevenson, I. "Protoplast Formation from Submerged Mycelium and from Spore Germinants of Streptomyces coelicolor." Australian Journal of Biological Sciences 38, no. 1 (1985): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bi9850175.

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Stages in the formation of protoplasts from S. coelicolor strain A3(2) have been studied by transmission electron microscopy. Protoplasts liberated from submerged mycelial growth were variable in size and were released when digestion of the cell wall by lysozyme had completely or almost completely taken place. Protoplasts did not fully adopt the typical rounded shape until after release. A single region of cytoplasm gave rise to more than one protoplast unit. Protoplasts released from spore germinants escaped from the tip of the germ tube, which was the region of the cell wall most susceptible to digestion. Protoplasts derived from spore germinants were more consistent in size and rounded up more rapidly. If a cross-wall had formed in a germinant then it gave rise to separate protoplasts from each cellular. compartment. Protoplasts of either type contained a single DNA region. These studies give an indication of the cellular organization of a streptomycete colony, which can be visualized as a multinucleated assemblage of cellular units in a common cytoplasm. The assembly of units separates into a number of protoplasts on digestion of the cell wall.

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Kuwayama, Hidekazu, and Toru Higashinakagawa. "The Life Cycle of Dictyostelium discoideum Is Accelerated via MAP Kinase Cascade by a Culture Extract Produced by a Synthetic Microbial Consortium." Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology 29, no. 1-6 (2019): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000504442.

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A cellular slime mold, <i>Dictyostelium discoideum</i>, is an amoeboid organism that has a unique life cycle consisting of distinctly separated vegetative and developmental phases. Thus, this organism presents a rare opportunity in which to examine the effects of bioactive substances on separate cellular activities. In this research, we investigated the effect of a culture extract, termed EMXG, produced by a synthetic microbial consortium. EMXG promoted proliferative response of amoeba cells. It further accelerated the developmental phase, leading to the preferred fruiting body formation from fewer cells. Furthermore, EMXG modulated biological rhythm of this organism, that is, interval of oscillation of cAMP level observed in suspension starvation was significantly shortened. Concomitantly, the level of ERKB, a MAP kinase, was found to oscillate in a similar fashion to that of cAMP. Additionally, ErkB-deficient mutant amoeboid cells did not respond to proliferative stimulation by EMXG. These lines of evidence point to a likelihood that MAP kinase cascade is involved and further that ErkB could be the molecular target of EMXG.

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Swarts, Dorian R. A., Frans C. S. Ramaekers, and Ernst-Jan M. Speel. "Molecular and cellular biology of neuroendocrine lung tumors: Evidence for separate biological entities." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer 1826, no. 2 (December 2012): 255–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbcan.2012.05.001.

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Ferriero, Donna M., and Stephen Ashwal. "Child neurology: a separate and necessary discipline." Nature Clinical Practice Neurology 3, no. 1 (January 2007): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncpneuro0343.

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Kurambhatti, Chinmay, Deepak Kumar, Kent Rausch, Mike Tumbleson, and Vijay Singh. "Ethanol Production from Corn Fiber Separated after Liquefaction in the Dry Grind Process." Energies 11, no. 11 (October 26, 2018): 2921. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11112921.

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Conversion of corn fiber to ethanol in the dry grind process can increase ethanol yields, improve coproduct quality and contribute to process sustainability. This work investigates the use of two physio-chemical pretreatments on corn fiber and effect of cellulase enzyme dosage to improve ethanol yields. Fiber separated after liquefaction of corn was pretreated using (I) hot water pretreatment (160 °C for 5, 10 or 20 min) and (II) wet disk milling and converted to ethanol. The conversion efficiencies of hot water pretreated fiber were higher than untreated fiber, with highest increase in conversion (10.4%) achieved for 5 min residence time at 160 °C. Disk milling was not effective in increasing conversion compared to other treatments. Hydrolysis and fermentation of untreated fiber with excess cellulase enzymes resulted in 33.3% higher conversion compared to untreated fiber.

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Noguchi, Tatsuhiko, Marta Lenartowska, Aaron D. Rogat, Deborah J. Frank, and Kathryn G. Miller. "Proper Cellular Reorganization during Drosophila Spermatid Individualization Depends on Actin Structures Composed of Two Domains, Bundles and Meshwork, That Are Differentially Regulated and Have Different Functions." Molecular Biology of the Cell 19, no. 6 (June 2008): 2363–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e07-08-0840.

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During spermatid individualization in Drosophila, actin structures (cones) mediate cellular remodeling that separates the syncytial spermatids into individual cells. These actin cones are composed of two structural domains, a front meshwork and a rear region of parallel bundles. We show here that the two domains form separately in time, are regulated by different sets of actin-associated proteins, can be formed independently, and have different roles. Newly forming cones were composed only of bundles, whereas the meshwork formed later, coincident with the onset of cone movement. Polarized distributions of myosin VI, Arp2/3 complex, and the actin-bundling proteins, singed (fascin) and quail (villin), occurred when movement initiated. When the Arp2/3 complex was absent, meshwork formation was compromised, but surprisingly, the cones still moved. Despite the fact that the cones moved, membrane reorganization and cytoplasmic exclusion were abnormal and individualization failed. In contrast, when profilin, a regulator of actin assembly, was absent, bundle formation was greatly reduced. The meshwork still formed, but no movement occurred. Analysis of this actin structure's formation and participation in cellular reorganization provides insight into how the mechanisms used in cell motility are modified to mediate motile processes within specialized cells.

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Scheikl-Lenz, B., C. Markert, J. Sandow, L. Träger, and H. Kuhl. "Functional integrity of anterior pituitary cells separated by a density gradient." Acta Endocrinologica 109, no. 1 (May 1985): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.1090025.

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Abstract. Using a continuous Percoll density gradient, endocrine cells of the anterior pituitary were separated. The cells were obtained from adult female Sprague-Dawley rats which had been ovariectomized for 7 days. The gradient revealed two equally sized populations of cells with densities of about 1.02 and 1.09 g/ml. Ninety-two per cent of the cellular GH content, 64% of LH, and 60% of TSH were found in the high density peak. Sixty-one per cent of the cellular Prl appeared in the low density peak. Immunocytochemical staining of the LH containing cells showed that 74% of the gonadotrophs were in the high density peak. After separation, the cells retained their responsiveness to LRH, TRH and GRF. Culture conditions influenced stimulated hormone release. Before stimulation, the cells were cultured either in tissue culture flasks (attached cells) or in Petri dishes (cells in suspension) for 3 days. After TRH-stimulation, suspended thyrotrophs released more TSH than attached thyrotrophs. Comparing the cells of both peaks, attached thyrotrophs of the high density peak showed higher stimulated TSH-release than those of the low density peak. The response of the gonadotrophs and somatotrophs to stimulation did not differ when culture conditions were changed. The present results demonstrate that the secretory activity of endocrine cells is influenced by culture conditions and should be evaluated fore each cell type.

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Skryabin, Boris V., Valentina Sukonina, Ursula Jordan, Lars Lewejohann, Norbert Sachser, Ilham Muslimov, Henri Tiedge, and Jürgen Brosius. "Neuronal Untranslated BC1 RNA: Targeted Gene Elimination in Mice." Molecular and Cellular Biology 23, no. 18 (September 15, 2003): 6435–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.23.18.6435-6441.2003.

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ABSTRACT Despite the potentially important roles of untranslated RNAs in cellular form or function, genes encoding such RNAs have until now received surprisingly little attention. One such gene encodes BC1 RNA, a small non-mRNA that is delivered to dendritic microdomains in neurons. We have now eliminated the BC1 RNA gene in mice. Three independent founder lines were established from separate embryonic stem cells. The mutant mice appeared to be healthy and showed no anatomical or neurological abnormalities. The gross brain morphology was unaltered in such mice, as were the subcellular distributions of two prototypical dendritic mRNAs (encoding MAP2 and CaMKIIα). Due to the relatively recent evolutionary origin of the gene, we expected molecular and behavioral consequences to be subtle. Behavioral analyses, to be reported separately, indicate that the lack of BC1 RNA appears to reduce exploratory activity.

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Timmis, JN, and MA Ayliffe. "Extranuclear DNA and its use in systematics." Australian Systematic Botany 3, no. 1 (1990): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb9900137.

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Higher plant cells contain three genetic compartments which separately transcribe DNA and translate messenger (m)RNA into polypeptides. Most plant proteins derive from nuclear genes and their mRNAs are translated on ribosomes in the cytoplasm. Many fewer genes are located within mitochondrial (mt) or plastid (including chloroplast (cp)) DNA, and mRNAs from these genomes are translated on separate populations of ribosomes within the particular organelles. The cytoplasmic genomes are much smaller than that of the nucleus and they are present in multiple copies in each organelle. As there are many chloroplasts and mitochondria in each cell, these genomes may contribute a large proportion of total cellular DNA. Chloroplast DNA, in particular, has been extensively used to study plant phylogeny. The reasons why it is useful and some of the possible problems associated with its use in taxonomy are discussed.

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Koganti, Siva, Carissa Clark, Jizu Zhi, Xiaofan Li, Emily I. Chen, Sharmistha Chakrabortty, Erik R. Hill, and Sumita Bhaduri-McIntosh. "Cellular STAT3 Functions via PCBP2 To Restrain Epstein-Barr Virus Lytic Activation in B Lymphocytes." Journal of Virology 89, no. 9 (February 25, 2015): 5002–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00121-15.

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ABSTRACTA major hurdle to killing Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-infected tumor cells using oncolytic therapy is the presence of a substantial fraction of EBV-infected cells that does not support the lytic phase of EBV despite exposure to lytic cycle-promoting agents. To determine the mechanism(s) underlying this refractory state, we developed a strategy to separate lytic from refractory EBV-positive (EBV+) cells. By examining the cellular transcriptome in separated cells, we previously discovered that high levels of host STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) curtail the susceptibility of latently infected cells to lytic cycle activation signals. The goals of the present study were 2-fold: (i) to determine the mechanism of STAT3-mediated resistance to lytic activation and (ii) to exploit our findings to enhance susceptibility to lytic activation. We therefore analyzed our microarray data set, cellular proteomes of separated lytic and refractory cells, and a publically available STAT3 chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-Seq) data set to identify cellular PCBP2 [poly(C)-binding protein 2], an RNA-binding protein, as a transcriptional target of STAT3 in refractory cells. Using Burkitt lymphoma cells and EBV+cell lines from patients with hypomorphicSTAT3mutations, we demonstrate that single cells expressing high levels of PCBP2 are refractory to spontaneous and induced EBV lytic activation, STAT3 functions via cellular PCBP2 to regulate lytic susceptibility, and suppression of PCBP2 levels is sufficient to increase the number of EBV lytic cells. We expect that these findings and the genome-wide resources that they provide will accelerate our understanding of a longstanding mystery in EBV biology and guide efforts to improve oncolytic therapy for EBV-associated cancers.IMPORTANCEMost humans are infected with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a cancer-causing virus. While EBV generally persists silently in B lymphocytes, periodic lytic (re)activation of latent virus is central to its life cycle and to most EBV-related diseases. However, a substantial fraction of EBV-infected B cells and tumor cells in a population is refractory to lytic activation. This resistance to lytic activation directly and profoundly impacts viral persistence and the effectiveness of oncolytic therapy for EBV+cancers. To identify the mechanisms that underlie susceptibility to EBV lytic activation, we used host gene and protein expression profiling of separated lytic and refractory cells. We find that STAT3, a transcription factor overactive in many cancers, regulates PCBP2, a protein important in RNA biogenesis, to regulate susceptibility to lytic cycle activation signals. These findings advance our understanding of EBV persistence and provide important leads on devising methods to improve viral oncolytic therapies.

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Mazzanti, Michele, José Omar Bustamante, and Hans Oberleithner. "Electrical Dimension of the Nuclear Envelope." Physiological Reviews 81, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.2001.81.1.1.

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Eukaryotic chromosomes are confined to the nucleus, which is separated from the rest of the cell by two concentric membranes known as the nuclear envelope (NE). The NE is punctuated by holes known as nuclear pore complexes (NPCs), which provide the main pathway for transport of cellular material across the nuclear-cytoplasmic boundary. The single NPC is a complicated octameric structure containing more than 100 proteins called nucleoporins. NPCs function as transport machineries for inorganic ions and macromolecules. The most prominent feature of an individual NPC is a large central channel, ∼7 nm in width and 50 nm in length. NPCs exhibit high morphological and functional plasticity, adjusting shape to function. Macromolecules ranging from 1 to >100 kDa travel through the central channel into (and out of) the nucleoplasm. Inorganic ions have additional pathways for communication between cytosol and nucleus. NE can turn from a simple sieve that separates two compartments by a given pore size to a smart barrier that adjusts its permeabiltiy to the metabolic demands of the cell. Early microelectrode work characterizes the NE as a membrane barrier of highly variable permeability, indicating that NPCs are under regulatory control. Electrical voltage across the NE is explained as the result of electrical charge separation due to selective barrier permeability and unequal distribution of charged macromolecules across the NE. Patch-clamp work discovers NE ion channel activity associated with NPC function. From comparison of early microelectrode work with patch-clamp data and late results obtained by the nuclear hourglass technique, it is concluded that NPCs are well-controlled supramolecular structures that mediate transport of macromolecules and small ions by separate physical pathways, the large central channel and the small peripheral channels, respectively. Electrical properties of the two pathways are still unclear but could have great impact on the understanding of signal transfer across NE and gene expression.

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Drexler, Hans G., Claudia Pommerenke, Sonja Eberth, and Stefan Nagel. "Hodgkin lymphoma cell lines: to separate the wheat from the chaff." Biological Chemistry 399, no. 6 (May 24, 2018): 511–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hsz-2017-0321.

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Abstract Characteristic components of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) tissue are the mono- or multinucleated Hodgkin-Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells. Given the challenges of isolating these rare malignant cells and the difficulty in culturing cells from patients, many investigators have tried to establish cell lines in efforts to develop cellular tools for in vitro studies. A limited number of HL cell lines exist and have provided valuable insights into HL pathobiology. A literature survey indicated that 35 cell lines derived from HL patients have been published. To determine whether all these alleged HL cell lines hold up to scrutiny, we examined the available data and also put some of these cell lines to the test of hierarchical clustering, providing additional information regarding assignment to cell line type and tissue derivation. Hierarchical clustering separated the bona fide (classical) HL cell lines completely from cell lines derived from other lymphoma categories and proved conclusively that HL cell lines represent a distinct entity, irrespective of the cellular origin of the HRS cells. We conclude by pointing out the need for an intensified search for new cell culture avenues in order to develop a new generation of informative HL cell lines covering more widely the spectrum of HL stages and subtypes.

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Granditsch, Gerhard, Dietmar Fuchs, Arno Hausen, Gilbert Reibnegger, Ernst R. Werner, Gabriele Werner-Felmayer, and Helmut Wachter. "Urinary Neopterin as Marker for Disease Activity in Children and Adolescents with Crohn’s Disease." Pteridines 2, no. 1 (January 1990): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pteridines.1990.2.1.23.

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Summary Elevated production and excretion of neopterin indicate activation of cell-mediated immunity, since neopterin is produced in large quantities by human macrophages after stimulation with interferon gamma. In 21 patients, aged 9 to 19 years, with Crohn’s disease, urinary neopterin was measured on a total of 135 consecutive followup visits. Additionally, a large panel of anamnestic, clinical and laboratory data were obtained at every visit. Both the first visit data set (21 records) and the complete data set (135 records) were analyzed separately. As was previously demonstrated in adults with Crohn’s disease, neopterin excretion proved to be strongly correlated with overall rating of disease activity, and also with separate anamnestic, clinical and laboratory activity scores. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that neopterin provides statistically independent information. Thus, measurement of neopterin concentrations as a marker for activation of cellular immune phenomena could aid in the monitoring of pediatric and juvenile Crohn’s disease.

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Bohm, L. "Cellular radiosensitivity: do separate predictive parameters apply for fibroblasts and for human tumour cells?" British Journal of Cancer 90, no. 2 (January 2004): 554–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6601572.

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Edwards, N. Lawrence, Annette M. Zaytoun, and Gail A. Renard. "SEPARATE MECHANISMS FOR CELLULAR UPTAKE OF PURINE NUCLEOTIDES BY B-AND T-LYMPHOBLASTS: 59." Pediatric Research 19, no. 7 (July 1985): 753. http://dx.doi.org/10.1203/00006450-198507000-00079.

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Sidwell, R. U., J. E. McLaughlin, A. Jones, and S. J. Whittaker. "Hodgkin Lymphoma in a patient with mycosis fungoides: molecular evidence for separate cellular origins." British Journal of Dermatology 148, no. 4 (April 2003): 810–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.2003.05295.x.

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35

Delvaeye, Mieke, and Edward M. Conway. "Coagulation and innate immune responses: can we view them separately?" Blood 114, no. 12 (September 17, 2009): 2367–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2009-05-199208.

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Abstract The horseshoe crab is often referred to as a “living fossil,” representative of the oldest classes of arthropods, almost identical to species in existence more than 500 million years ago. Comparative analyses of the defense mechanisms used by the horseshoe crab that allowed it to survive mostly unchanged throughout the millennia reveal a common ancestry of the coagulation and innate immune systems that are totally integrated—indeed, almost inseparable. In human biology, we traditionally view the hemostatic pathways and those regulating innate immune responses to infections and tissue damage as entirely separate entities. But are they? The last couple of decades have revealed a remarkable degree of interplay between these systems, and the linking cellular and molecular mechanisms are rapidly being delineated. In this review, we present some of the major points of intersection between coagulation and innate immunity. We attempt to highlight the potential impact of these findings by identifying recently established paradigms that will hopefully result in the emergence of new strategies to treat a range of inflammatory and hemostatic disorders.

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Fourrate, K., and M. Loulidi. "Disordered cellular automaton traffic flow model: phase separated state, density waves and self organized criticality." European Physical Journal B 49, no. 2 (January 2006): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjb/e2006-00044-x.

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Imam, Zachary I., Laura E. Kenyon, Grant Ashby, Fatema Nagib, Morgan Mendicino, Chi Zhao, Avinash K. Gadok, and Jeanne C. Stachowiak. "Erratum to: Phase-Separated Liposomes Enhance the Efficiency of Macromolecular Delivery to the Cellular Cytoplasm." Cellular and Molecular Bioengineering 10, no. 6 (June 7, 2017): 577. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12195-017-0491-x.

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Macmillan, Marie A., Jonathan P. Orme, and Karen Roberts. "Cellular Assay Optimization." Journal of Biomolecular Screening 16, no. 9 (August 15, 2011): 967–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087057111416661.

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This report describes the implementation of an automated work cell with commercially available hardware and software, capable of handling up to 15 separate reagents for performing 96-well or 384-well assays but with a small footprint and only a single liquid dispenser and two plate washers. Extremely flexible software was used to enable this simple work cell to perform processes that would traditionally require a much larger, more expensive automation platform. With the development of the C-Myc assays for the targets DYRK, BMX, PERK, and FAK, the authors describe a software solution to multibatch assays to run simultaneously, reducing reagent dead volume and increasing the efficiency of running multiple assays such that the time to generate data across multiple targets was significantly shortened. Although a larger automated system with multiple robotic arms and extensive equipment would also be able to process multiple assays simultaneously, the work cell we have described represents an inexpensive and flexible, easily upgradable option suitable for a wider range of labs.

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Huda, Md Sanaul, Nurun Nahar, Ewumbua Monono, and Sagar Regmi. "Oil Recovery from Fractionated Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles (DDGS) Using Enzymes." Processes 9, no. 9 (August 26, 2021): 1507. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9091507.

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Oil recovered from dried distillers grain with solubles (DDGS) can be a high-value product over animal feed to provide an additional profit to ethanol plants currently operating at slim profit margins. Fractionations of DDGS and enzymatic hydrolysis were considered in this study to improve the oil recovery from DDGS. A combination of sieving and then air aspiration was used to separate the original DDGS into three different fractions: light, medium, and heavy. The heavier fraction had up to 24% increased oil content compared to the original DDGS. Commercial enzymes, protease, cellulase, and hemicellulase were tested separately and in combinations at 55 °C for 3 h at 130 rpm to determine their effect on oil recovery from the original and fractionated DDGS. Oil recovery was significantly improved (around 20%) following enzyme hydrolysis of the sieved aspirated heavy fractions of DDGS compared to the original DDGS. More than 90% of oil recovery was achieved by using a combination of cellulase and protease enzymes. Increasing the temperature above 55 °C without any enzyme did not impact oil recovery using the heavy-fraction DDGS. Overall, fractionation and enzymatic hydrolysis showed promise to increase oil recovery from DDGS without any current ethanol plant design changes.

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Agircan, Fikret G., Elmar Schiebel, and Balca R. Mardin. "Separate to operate: control of centrosome positioning and separation." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 369, no. 1650 (September 5, 2014): 20130461. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0461.

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The centrosome is the main microtubule (MT)-organizing centre of animal cells. It consists of two centrioles and a multi-layered proteinaceous structure that surrounds the centrioles, the so-called pericentriolar material. Centrosomes promote de novo assembly of MTs and thus play important roles in Golgi organization, cell polarity, cell motility and the organization of the mitotic spindle. To execute these functions, centrosomes have to adopt particular cellular positions. Actin and MT networks and the association of the centrosomes to the nuclear envelope define the correct positioning of the centrosomes. Another important feature of centrosomes is the centrosomal linker that connects the two centrosomes. The centrosome linker assembles in late mitosis/G1 simultaneously with centriole disengagement and is dissolved before or at the beginning of mitosis. Linker dissolution is important for mitotic spindle formation, and its cell cycle timing has profound influences on the execution of mitosis and proficiency of chromosome segregation. In this review, we will focus on the mechanisms of centrosome positioning and separation, and describe their functions and mechanisms in the light of recent findings.

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EDIGER, PATRICK, and ROLF HOFFMANN. "EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS OF THE TIME-SHUFFLING METHOD FOR THE EVOLUTION OF AGENT BEHAVIOR." International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 23, no. 02 (February 2012): 523–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054112400266.

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We have analyzed the effectiveness and the efficiency of a time-shuffling method applied to an evolutionary algorithm scheme in order to optimize the behavior of autonomous agents in a multi-agent system. The multi-agent system is modeled as cellular automata (CA) because of the inherent parallelism of the model, which suits well the requirements of a system of autonomous moving agents with a local view. The task of the agents is the all-to-all communication, i.e., all agents shall communicate their initially mutually exclusive information to all other agents. The agents' uniform behavior is defined by a finite-state machine, which is evolved by a genetic algorithm (GA). 20 different initial two-dimensional environments were defined as a training set, 10 of them with border, 10 with cyclic wrap-around. The state machine was evolved (1) directly by a GA for all 20 environments, and (2) indirectly by two separate GAs for the 10 environments with border and the 10 environments with wrap-around, with a subsequent time-shuffling technique in order to integrate the good abilities from both of the separately evolved state machines. The time-shuffling technique alternates two state machines periodically. The results show that time-shuffling two separately evolved state machines is effective and much more efficient than the direct application of the GA.

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Drake, W. M., D. M. Berney, K. Kovacs, and J. P. Monson. "Markers of cell proliferation in a GH-producing adenoma of a patient treated with pegvisomant." European Journal of Endocrinology 153, no. 2 (August 2005): 203–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje.1.01961.

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We report our findings on markers of cell proliferation (Ki-67 labelling index and topoisomerase-α expression) in a somatotroph pituitary tumour before and after exposure to pegvisomant, a GH receptor antagonist developed for the treatment of acromegaly. Specimens from two separate pituitary operations, separated by a period of 17 years that included 4 years of pegvisomant treatment, were stained for markers of cellular proliferation. Ki-67 labelling index and topoisomerase-α expression were both markedly greater (1–3% compared with 0–0.5% and 15–80% compared with 2–10% respectively) in the pegvisomant-exposed tumour compared with the earlier specimen. Clearly, caution must be exercised when interpreting findings from a single case, particularly one sufficiently refractory to conventional therapies to require treatment with pegvisomant. However, our data reinforce the requirement for careful radiological surveillance of the pituitary in the context of a drug that does not target the tumour responsible and where serum GH cannot serve as a marker of disease activity or tumour size.

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Burianek, Lauren E., and Scott H. Soderling. "Under lock and key: Spatiotemporal regulation of WASP family proteins coordinates separate dynamic cellular processes." Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology 24, no. 4 (April 2013): 258–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2012.12.005.

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44

Durham, J. H., and W. Nagel. "Evidence for separate cellular origins of sodium and acid-base transport in the turtle bladder." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 250, no. 4 (April 1, 1986): C609—C616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1986.250.4.c609.

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Transmembrane electrical parameters of the epithelial cells in short-circuited turtle bladders were measured to determine whether those cells participating in Na reabsorption also participate in electrogenic transepithelial acidification and alkalinization. Amiloride-induced increases in intracellular potential (Vsca), apical fractional resistance (FRa), and concomitant decreases in short-circuit current (Isc) denote the participation of the impaled cells in Na reabsorption. In bladders from postabsorptive turtles, amiloride increased Vsca by -45 mV, increased FRa by 37%, and decreased Isc from 36 to -10 microA/cm2. In bladders from NaHCO3-loaded turtles, amiloride increased Vsca by -21 mV, FRa by 21%, and decreased Isc from 22 to 0 microA/cm2. Neither the subsequent inhibition of the negative acidification current in postabsorptive bladders, nor stimulation of positive alkalinization current in bladders from NaHCO3-loaded turtles was associated with any transmembrane electrical change that could be attributed to changes in those transport processes. It is concluded that the electrogenic luminal acidification and alkalinization processes of the turtle bladder are not produced by, or electrically coupled to, those cells that are involved in Na reabsorption.

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Suen, Kenneth C. "How does one separate cellular follicular lesions of the thyroid by fine-needle aspiration biopsy?" Diagnostic Cytopathology 4, no. 1 (January 1988): 78–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dc.2840040119.

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Bannasch, Peter, Harald Enzmann, Fritz Klimek, Edgar Weber, and Heide Zerban. "Significance of Sequential Cellular Changes Inside and Outside Foci of Altered Hepatocytes During Hepatocarcinogenesis." Toxicologic Pathology 17, no. 4_part_1 (April 1989): 617–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192623389017004107.

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A variety of phenotypic cellular changes emerge in the liver of different species prior to the appearance of hepatocellular adenomas and carcinomas induced by carcinogenic agents (chemicals, radiation, hepadna viruses) or develop “spontaneously.” Foci of altered hepatocytes have been studied most extensively in rats treated with chemical carcinogens; they are considered preneoplastic lesions and have been used in several laboratories as endpoints in carcinogenicity testing. The principles and problems of the morphological classification of foci of altered hepatocytes are presented. In addition to the 4 types of foci generally accepted (clear, acidophilic, basophilic and mixed cell foci), further subtypes (intermediate cell foci) or other types of foci, namely tigroid cell foci and amphophilic cell foci, have more recently been separated as distinct pathomorphological entities. Whereas the amphophilic foci might result from a modulation of clear and acidophilic cell foci, the tigroid cell foci apparently represent a stage in a separate cell lineage leading to hepatocellular adenomas. It remains open whether the tigroid cell foci may also progress to carcinomas. Extrafocal phenotypic changes of hepatocytes might also be involved in hepatocarcinogenesis. The cellular phenotypes within foci also depend strongly, among many other factors, on the dose and duration of the carcinogenic treatment. Cytomorphological, cytochemical, microbiochemical and stereological studies suggest that the predominant sequence of cellular changes during hepatocarcinogenesis leads from the clear and acidophilic cell foci storing glycogen in excess through mixed cell foci and nodules to basophilic cell populations prevailing in hepatocellular carcinomas. A multitude of metabolic aberrations is associated with the sequential cellular changes. Aberrations in carbohydrate metabolism are particularly prominent and might be causally related to the neoplastic transformation of the hepatocytes.

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Henriksson, M., E. Nordling, E. Melles, J. Shafqat, M. Ståhlberg, K. Ekberg, B. Persson, et al. "Separate functional features of proinsulin C-peptide." Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 62, no. 15 (July 7, 2005): 1772–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00018-005-5180-6.

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Hossain, Md Farhad, Kumudu S. Munasinghe, and Abbas Jamalipour. "Multi-Operator Cooperation for Green Cellular Networks With Spatially Separated Base Stations Under Dynamic User Associations." IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking 3, no. 1 (March 2019): 93–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tgcn.2018.2890041.

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Heist, Tyler, Takashi Fukaya, and Michael Levine. "Large distances separate coregulated genes in living Drosophila embryos." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 30 (July 8, 2019): 15062–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1908962116.

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Transcriptional enhancers are short segments of DNA that switch genes on and off in response to a variety of cellular signals. Many enhancers map quite far from their target genes, on the order of tens or even hundreds of kilobases. There is extensive evidence that remote enhancers are brought into proximity with their target promoters via long-range looping interactions. However, the exact physical distances of these enhancer–promoter interactions remain uncertain. Here, we employ high-resolution imaging of living Drosophila embryos to visualize the distances separating linked genes that are coregulated by a shared enhancer. Cotransvection assays (linked genes on separate homologs) suggest a surprisingly large distance during transcriptional activity: at least 100–200 nm. Similar distances were observed when a shared enhancer was placed into close proximity with linked reporter genes in cis. These observations are consistent with the occurrence of “transcription hubs,” whereby clusters (or condensates) of multiple RNA polymerase II complexes and associated cofactors are periodically recruited to active promoters. The dynamics of this process might be responsible for rapid fluctuations in the distances separating the transcription of coregulated reporter genes during transvection. We propose that enhancer-promoter communication depends on a combination of classical looping and linking models.

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Wang, Gonghao, Kaci Crawford, Cory Turbyfield, Wilbur Lam, Alexander Alexeev, and Todd Sulchek. "Microfluidic cellular enrichment and separation through differences in viscoelastic deformation." Lab on a Chip 15, no. 2 (2015): 532–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4lc01150c.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Separateur de cellule'

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