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Academic literature on the topic 'Weak key-IV combinations'
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Journal articles on the topic "Weak key-IV combinations"
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Rugo, H. S., M. Campone, D. Amadori, A. Wardley, E. Villa, P. F. Conte, B. Mudenda, B. McHenry, and X. Pivot. "Randomized phase II study of weekly versus every-3-week ixabepilone plus bevacizumab (ixa/bev) versus paclitaxel plus bev (pac/bev) as first-line therapy for metastatic breast cancer (MBC)." Journal of Clinical Oncology 27, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2009): 1029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2009.27.15_suppl.1029.
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1029 Background: Pac/bev is superior to pac alone as first-line therapy for MBC. Ixa/bev has greater preclinical activity than pac/bev in human tumor models. The primary objective of this trial was to evaluate objective response rates (ORR) of ixa/bev given weekly or every 3 weeks relative to pac/bev as 1st line therapy for women with advanced breast cancer. Methods: Women with measurable disease and no prior chemotherapy for advanced breast cancer (locally advanced or MBC) were randomized in a 3:3:2 ratio to Arm A (ixa 16 mg/m2 IV on days 1, 8 & 15 q28 days/ bev 10 mg/kg IV q 2 wks), Arm B (ixa 40 mg/m2 IV q3 wks / bev 15 mg/kg IV q 3 wks) or Arm C (pac 90 mg/m2 IV, schedule/bev as in Arm A). Treatment was continued until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Results: Key efficacy and safety results from a pre-planned analysis of all randomized subjects after at least 24 weeks of follow-up are presented. Baseline characteristics were balanced between arms except for liver metastasis. Conclusions: The combination of ixa/bev weekly or q 3 wks demonstrated encouraging clinical activity and safety comparable to 1st line pac/bev in E2100. Final PFS will be provided when data is mature. These results support ongoing clinical trials of ixa given weekly or q 3wk in 1st line MBC, and in combination with bev. [Table: see text] [Table: see text]
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Sands, B. E., B. G. Feagan, W. J. Sandborn, N. Shipitofsky, M. Marko, S. Sheng, J. Johanns, M. Germinaro, M. Vetter, and J. Panés. "OP36 Efficacy and safety of combination induction therapy with guselkumab and golimumab in participants with moderately-to-severely active Ulcerative Colitis: Results through week 12 of a phase 2a randomized, double-blind, active-controlled, parallel-group, multicenter, proof-of-concept study." Journal of Crohn's and Colitis 16, Supplement_1 (January 1, 2022): i042—i043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjab232.035.
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Abstract Background Preclinical data from a murine model of acute colitis suggest that dual blockade of interleukin(IL)-23 and TNFα more effectively prevented the development of colonic inflammation than each monotherapy. Guselkumab(GUS), an IL-23p19 subunit antagonist, is being studied in inflammatory bowel disease. Golimumab(GOL), a TNFα antagonist, is approved for ulcerative colitis(UC). The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of combination induction therapy with GUS+GOL vs GUS or GOL alone in adults with moderately-to-severely active UC. Methods 214 patients(pts) naïve to TNFα antagonists and refractory or intolerant to conventional therapy(ie, immunomodulators and/or corticosteroids) were randomly assigned to receive GUS 200mg intravenous(IV) at weeks(wks) 0, 4, and 8(n=71); GOL 200mg subcutaneous(SC) at wk0 then 100mg SC at wks2, 6, and 10(n=72); or combination with GUS 200mg IV+GOL 200mg SC at wk0, GOL 100mg SC at wks2, 6, and 10, and GUS 200mg IV at wks4 and 8(n=71). The primary endpoint was clinical response at wk12; the major secondary endpoint was clinical remission at wk12. Other key endpoints were clinical remission based on the modified Mayo score (mMayo), symptomatic remission, endoscopic improvement, endoscopic normalization, histologic remission, composite histologic-endoscopic endpoints, and biomarker outcomes. Results Baseline disease characteristics were similar among groups(Table 1), however a greater proportion of pts in both monotherapy groups had pancolitis vs the combination group. A greater proportion of pts who received combination therapy achieved clinical response at wk12(83.1%) vs GUS(74.6%) or GOL(61.1%)(Table 2). Similarly, the proportion of pts who achieved clinical remission in the combination group(36.6%) was greater than that of monotherapy groups(21.1% and 22.2%, respectively). Clinical remission by mMayo score, endoscopic improvement, histologic remission, both histologic remission and endoscopic improvement, and biomarker normalization (calprotectin, CRP) rates at wk12 were also greater in the combination group vs GUS or GOL. Percentages of pts with endoscopic normalization and both histologic remission and endoscopic normalization were nearly double with combination therapy vs either monotherapy. Adverse event(AE), serious AE, and infection rates were comparable among treatment groups. One pt receiving combination therapy experienced a serious infection of influenza and sepsis. No deaths, malignancies, or TB cases were reported through wk12. Conclusion Combination induction treatment with GUS+GOL more effectively induced clinical response, clinical remission, and endoscopic improvement at wk12 than either monotherapy alone. AE rates were comparable among the treatment groups.
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Kubota, Kaoru, Hiroshige Yoshioka, Fumihiro Oshita, Toyoaki Hida, Kiyotaka Yoh, Hidetoshi Hayashi, Terufumi Kato, et al. "Phase III, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Trial of Motesanib (AMG-706) in Combination With Paclitaxel and Carboplatin in East Asian Patients With Advanced Nonsquamous Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, no. 32 (November 10, 2017): 3662–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.72.7297.
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Purpose This phase III, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study determined whether motesanib improved progression-free survival (PFS) compared with placebo in combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin (P/C) in East Asian patients with stage IV/recurrent nonsquamous non–small-cell lung cancer. Patients and Methods Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive oral motesanib 125 mg or placebo once daily plus paclitaxel 200 mg/m2 IV and carboplatin area under the concentration-time curve 6 mg/mL ⋅ min IV for up to six 3-week cycles. Random assignment was stratified by epidermal growth factor receptor status, region, and weight loss in the 6 months before assignment. The primary end point was PFS, the key secondary end point was overall survival, and other secondary end points were objective response rate, time to tumor response, duration of response, and adverse events (AEs). Results Four hundred one patients were assigned to receive motesanib plus P/C (n = 197) or placebo plus P/C (n = 204). Median PFS was 6.1 v 5.6 months for motesanib versus placebo (stratified log-rank test P = .0825; stratified hazard ratio, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.64 to 1.03; P = .0820); median overall survival was not reached versus 21.6 months ( P = .5514). In secondary analyses, the objective response rate was 60.1% v 41.6% ( P < .001); median time to tumor response, 1.4 v 1.6 months, and median duration of response, 5.3 v 4.1 months. Incidence of grade ≥ 3 AEs (86.7% v 67.6%) and AEs that led to drug discontinuation (32.7% v 14.2%) were higher with motesanib than with placebo. AEs reported more frequently with motesanib were GI disorders, hypertension, and gallbladder related. Conclusion Motesanib plus P/C did not significantly improve PFS versus placebo plus P/C in East Asian patients with stage IV/recurrent nonsquamous non–small-cell lung cancer.
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Xi, Jing, Jingqing Luo, Ciara O’Sullivan, Nan Chen, Erica Stringer-Reasor, Cynthia Ma, and Jian Campian. "SYST-13 PHASE II STUDY OF THE COMBINATION OF LIPOSOMAL IRINOTECAN AND PEMBROLIZUMAB FOR TRIPLE-NEGATIVE BREAST CANCER (TNBC) WITH BRAIN METASTASES (BM)." Neuro-Oncology Advances 4, Supplement_1 (August 1, 2022): i24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/noajnl/vdac078.092.
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Abstract BACKGROUND Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers associated with brain metastases (BM). Up to 50% of patients with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) develop BM which portends a poor prognosis, with a median survival of 4.4-7.3 months. There is a lack of effective systemic therapy. Irinotecan is a topoisomerase-1 inhibitor with a response rate of 5-23% in advanced breast cancer. Nal-IRI is an intravenous liposomal formulation of irinotecan, with greater efficacy in tumor growth inhibition and the ability to cross the blood brain barrier (BBB) than irinotecan, resulting in a prolonged survival in preclinical TNBC BM models. Additionally, Nal-IRI has demonstrated promising anti-tumor activity in patients with TNBC- BM in a phase-I trial (NCT01770353). Pembrolizumab is a humanized anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody which has shown efficacy in TNBC. The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether the combination of Nal-IRI and pembrolizumab can provide a synergic effect to control the CNS disease and prolong survival in TNBC with progressive BM. METHODS This is a phase II, single arm trial with a safety lead-in to evaluate the efficacy of nal-IRI (50-70mg/m2 IV Q2W) in combination with pembrolizumab (400mg IV Q6W). Simon’s 2-stage design is used, with 18 patients in the 1st stage and additional 24 at 2nd stage for a total of 42. The first 6 patients will serve as a safety lead-in. Key eligibilities include: histologically/cytologically confirmed TNBC with new or progressive BM; prior immunotherapy is allowed but not prior nal-IRI/irinotecan; prior sacituzumab-govitecan is permitted if disease stable for ≥16-week while on therapy and ≥24-week washout prior to starting trial; measurable disease; and ≤4 prior lines of therapy in the metastatic setting. The primary endpoint is CNS disease control rate (DCR) at 6 months using RANO-BM criteria. Secondary endpoints include CNS and non-CNS ORR, PFS and OS. (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT05255666)
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Kus, Julianne V., John Kelly, Luc Tessier, Hanjeong Harvey, Dennis G. Cvitkovitch, and Lori L. Burrows. "Modification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pa5196 Type IV Pilins at Multiple Sites with d-Araf by a Novel GT-C Family Arabinosyltransferase, TfpW." Journal of Bacteriology 190, no. 22 (September 19, 2008): 7464–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.01075-08.
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ABSTRACT Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pa5196 produces type IV pilins modified with unusual α1,5-linked d-arabinofuranose (α1,5-d-Araf) glycans, identical to those in the lipoarabinomannan and arabinogalactan cell wall polymers from Mycobacterium spp. In this work, we identify a second strain of P. aeruginosa, PA7, capable of expressing arabinosylated pilins and use a combination of site-directed mutagenesis, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (MS), and electron transfer dissociation MS to identify the exact sites and extent of pilin modification in strain Pa5196. Unlike previously characterized type IV pilins that are glycosylated at a single position, those from strain Pa5196 were modified at multiple sites, with modifications of αβ-loop residues Thr64 and Thr66 being important for normal pilus assembly. Trisaccharides of α1,5-d-Araf were the principal modifications at Thr64 and Thr66, with additional mono- and disaccharides identified on Ser residues within the antiparallel beta sheet region of the pilin. TfpW was hypothesized to encode the pilin glycosyltransferase based on its genetic linkage to the pilin, weak similarity to membrane-bound GT-C family glycosyltransferases (which include the Mycobacterium arabinosyltransferases EmbA/B/C), and the presence of characteristic motifs. Loss of TfpW or mutation of key residues within the signature GT-C glycosyltransferase motif completely abrogated pilin glycosylation, confirming its involvement in this process. A Pa5196 pilA mutant complemented with other Pseudomonas pilins containing potential sites of modification expressed nonglycosylated pilins, showing that TfpW's pilin substrate specificity is restricted. TfpW is the prototype of a new type IV pilin posttranslational modification system and the first reported gram-negative member of the GT-C glycosyltransferase family.
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Hammel, Pascal, Rossana Berardi, Geert-Yan Creemers, Antonio Cubillo, Eric Van Cutsem, Richard Greil, Teresa Macarulla, et al. "TRYbeCA-1: A randomized, phase III study of eryaspase in combination with chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone as second-line treatment in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma (NCT03665441)." Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2020): TPS4666. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.tps4666.
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TPS4666 Background: Second-line treatment options for advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma are currently limited. Eryaspase, asparaginase (ASNase) encapsulated in red blood cells (RBCs) is an investigational product under development. Following infusion, asparagine and glutamine are actively transported into RBCs where they are hydrolyzed by the encapsulated ASNase. We have recently reported the outcome of a randomized Phase 2b study inpatients with advanced pancreatic cancer whose disease progressed following first-line treatment(NCT02195180). Eryaspase in combination with gemcitabine monotherapy or FOLFOX combination therapy improved overall survival (OS) and progression free survival (PFS). The safety profile of eryaspase was acceptable. The results of this Phase 2b study provided a rationale for initiating this confirmatory Phase 3 pivotal trial (TRYbeCA-1). Methods: TRYbeCA-1 is a randomized, open-label Phase 3 trial (N = ~500) of eryaspase combined with chemotherapy in patients with adenocarcinoma of the pancreas who have failed only one prior line of systemic anti-cancer therapy for advanced pancreatic cancer and have measurable disease. Patients are randomized in a 1:1 ratio to receive gemcitabine/Abraxane or irinotecan-based therapy (FOLFIRI [FOLinic acid-Fluorouracil-IRInotecan regimen] or irinotecan liposome injection/5-fluorouracil/leucovorin) with or without eryaspase, administered as IV infusion on Day 1 and Day 15 of each 4-week cycle. Key eligibility criteria include performance status 0 or 1; stage III-IV disease; documented evidence of disease progression; available tumor tissue; and adequate organ function. The primary endpoint is OS. Key secondary endpoints include PFS and objective response rate, safety, quality of life, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, and biomarker research. A hazard ratio in OS of 0.725 is being targeted which represents a conservative estimate based on the Phase 2b data and is viewed as being highly clinically relevant. An IDMC is established to review safety at regular intervals andto review efficacy data at the planned interim and final analyses. IDMC last reviewed the trial in October 2019 and suggested the trial continue as planned. Clinical trial information: NCT03665441 .
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Hammel, Pascal, Rossana Berardi, Eric Van Cutsem, Jaime Feliu, Richard Greil, Harpreet Singh Wasan, Jean-Philippe Metges, et al. "TRYbeCA-1: A randomized, phase III study of eryaspase in combination with chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone as second-line treatment in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma (NCT03665441)." Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, no. 4_suppl (February 1, 2020): TPS783. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.4_suppl.tps783.
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TPS783 Background: Second-line treatment options for advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma are currently limited. Eryaspase, asparaginase (ASNase) encapsulated in red blood cells (RBCs) is an investigational product under development. Following infusion, asparagine and glutamine are actively transported into RBCs where they are hydrolyzed by the encapsulated ASNase. We have recently reported the outcome of a randomized Phase 2b study inpatients with advanced pancreatic cancer whose disease progressed following first-line treatment. Eryaspase in combination with gemcitabine monotherapy or FOLFOX combination therapy improved overall survival (OS) and progression free survival (PFS). The safety profile of eryaspase was acceptable. The results of this Phase 2b study provided a rationale for initiating this confirmatory Phase 3 pivotal trial (TRYbeCA-1). Methods: TRYbeCA-1 is a randomized, open-label Phase 3 trial (N = ~500) of eryaspase combined with chemotherapy in patients with adenocarcinoma of the pancreas who have failed only one prior line of systemic anti-cancer therapy for advanced pancreatic cancer and have measurable disease. Patients are randomized in a 1:1 ratio to receive gemcitabine/Abraxane or irinotecan-based therapy (FOLFIRI [FOLinic acid-Fluorouracil-IRInotecan regimen] or irinotecan liposome injection/5-fluorouracil/leucovorin) with or without eryaspase, administered as IV infusion on Day 1 and Day 15 of each 4-week cycle. Key eligibility criteria include performance status 0 or 1; stage III-IV disease; documented evidence of disease progression; available tumor tissue; and adequate organ function. The primary endpoint is OS. Key secondary endpoints include PFS and objective response rate, safety, quality of life, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, and biomarker research. A hazard ratio in OS of 0.725 is being targeted which represents a conservative estimate based on the Phase 2b data and is viewed as being highly clinically relevant. An IDMC will be established to review safety at regular intervals andto review efficacy data at the planned interim and final analyses. Clinical trial information: NCT03665441.
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Hammel, Pascal, Rossana Berardi, Eric Van Cutsem, Jaime Feliu, Richard Greil, Harpreet Singh Wasan, Jean-Philippe Metges, et al. "Trybeca-1: A randomized, phase 3 study of eryaspase in combination with chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone as second-line treatment in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma (NCT03665441)." Journal of Clinical Oncology 37, no. 4_suppl (February 1, 2019): TPS471. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2019.37.4_suppl.tps471.
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TPS471 Background: Second-line treatment options for advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma are currently limited. Eryaspase, asparaginase (ASNase) encapsulated in red blood cells (RBCs) is an investigational product under development. Following infusion, asparagine and glutamine are actively transported into RBCs where they are hydrolyzed by the encapsulated ASNase. We have recently reported the outcome of a randomized Phase 2b study inpatients with advanced pancreatic cancer whose disease progressed following first-line treatment(NCT02195180). Eryaspase in combination with gemcitabine monotherapy or FOLFOX combination therapy improved overall survival (OS) and progression free survival (PFS). The safety profile of eryaspase was acceptable. The results of this Phase 2b study provided a rationale for initiating this confirmatory Phase 3 pivotal trial (TRYbeCA-1). Methods: TRYbeCA-1 is an international, randomized, open-label Phase 3 trial (N = ~500) of eryaspase combined with chemotherapy in patients with adenocarcinoma of the pancreas who have failed only one prior line of systemic anti-cancer therapy for advanced pancreatic cancer and have measurable disease. Patients are randomized in a 1:1 ratio to receive gemcitabine/abraxane or irinotecan-based therapy (FOLFIRI [FOLinic acid-Fluorouracil-IRInotecan regimen] or irinotecan liposome injection/5-fluorouracil/leucovorin) with or without eryaspase, administered as IV infusion on Day 1 and Day 15 of each 4-week cycle. Key eligibility criteria include performance status 0 or 1; stage IV disease; documented evidence of disease progression; available tumor tissue; and adequate organ function. The primary endpoint is OS. Key secondary endpoints include PFS and objective response rate, safety, quality of life, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, and biomarker research. An HR in OS of 0.725 is being targeted representing a conservative estimate based on the P2b data and is viewed as being highly clinically relevant. An IDMC will be established to review safety at regular intervals and to review efficacy data at the planned interim and final analyses. Clinical trial information: NCT03665441.
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García-García, Carlos, David Alonso, Pedro G. Ferreira, Boryana Hadzhiyska, Andrina Nicola, Carles Sánchez, and Anže Slosar. "Combining cosmic shear data with correlated photo-z uncertainties: constraints from DESY1 and HSC-DR1." Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 2023, no. 01 (January 1, 2023): 025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2023/01/025.
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Abstract An accurate calibration of the source redshift distribution p(z) is a key aspect in the analysis of cosmic shear data. This, one way or another, requires the use of spectroscopic or high-quality photometric samples. However, the difficulty to obtain colour-complete spectroscopic samples matching the depth of weak lensing catalogs means that the analyses of different cosmic shear datasets often use the same samples for redshift calibration. This introduces a source of statistical and systematic uncertainty that is highly correlated across different weak lensing datasets, and which must be accurately characterised and propagated in order to obtain robust cosmological constraints from their combination. In this paper we introduce a method to quantify and propagate the uncertainties on the source redshift distribution in two different surveys sharing the same calibrating sample. The method is based on an approximate analytical marginalisation of the p(z) statistical uncertainties and the correlated marginalisation of residual systematics. We apply this method to the combined analysis of cosmic shear data from the DESY1 data release and the HSC-DR1 data, using the COSMOS 30-band catalog as a common redshift calibration sample. We find that, although there is significant correlation in the uncertainties on the redshift distributions of both samples, this does not change the final constraints on cosmological parameters significantly. The same is true also for the impact of residual systematic uncertainties from the errors in the COSMOS 30-band photometric redshifts. Additionally, we show that these effects will still be negligible in Stage-IV datasets. Finally, the combination of DESY1 and HSC-DR1 allows us to constrain the “clumpiness” parameter to S 8 = 0.768+0.021 -0.017. This corresponds to a ∼√(2) improvement in uncertainties with respect to either DES or HSC alone.
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Arance Fernandez, ANA Maria, Paolo Antonio Ascierto, Matteo S. Carlino, Adil Daud, Alexander M. Eggermont, Axel Hauschild, Harriet M. Kluger, et al. "Lenvatinib (len) plus pembrolizumab (pembro) in patients (pts) with advanced melanoma previously exposed to anti–PD-1/PD-L1 agents: Phase 2 LEAP-004 study." Journal of Clinical Oncology 37, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2019): TPS9594. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2019.37.15_suppl.tps9594.
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TPS9594 Background: Pembro, a PD-1 inhibitor, has shown effective antitumor activity, deep and durable responses, and survival benefit in treatment-naive pts and those with previously treated metastatic melanoma. Len, a potent inhibitor of VEGF receptors 1-3, FGF receptors 1-4, PDGF receptor α, RET, and KIT, combined with a PD-1 inhibitor showed antitumor activity superior to either agent alone in preclinical models of colorectal and lung cancer. Additionally, len plus pembro showed anti-tumor activity and was well-tolerated (24-wk ORR, 47.6%; TRAE: gr 3/4, 67%; gr 5, 0%) in pts with advanced melanoma previously treated with 0-2 therapies in the phase 1b/2 KEYNOTE-146 trial. The efficacy and safety of len plus pembro combination therapy will be evaluated in an open-label, phase 2 trial of pts with advanced melanoma that progressed on PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor therapy (NCT03776136). Methods: Key inclusion criteria: age ≥18 years, histologically/cytologically confirmed unresectable stage III-IV melanoma that progressed (per iRECIST) within 12 weeks of last dose of an approved PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor therapy (≥2 doses as monotherapy or combined with other therapies), measurable disease, ECOG PS 0/1, no active autoimmune disease, and adequate organ function. Pts must provide a baseline tumor sample. Pts will receive len 20 mg/day orally plus pembro 200 mg IV Q3W for approximately 2 years (35 doses of pembro), after which they may receive len alone until PD or unacceptable toxicity. Response will be assessed per RECIST v1.1 based on blinded independent central review (BICR) Q9W until week 54, Q12W until week 102, and Q24W thereafter. Pts with CR may discontinue treatment after ≥24 weeks of therapy; eligible pts may continue treatment beyond initial RECIST- or iRECIST-defined PD. AEs will be assessed throughout treatment and for 90 days (120 days for serious AEs) after last dose and graded per NCI CTCAE v4.0. Pts will be followed-up for survival status Q12W. The primary efficacy end point is ORR per modified RECIST v1.1 (BICR). Key secondary end points are PFS and DOR per modified RECIST v1.1 (BICR), OS, and safety; an exploratory biomarker analysis is planned. Clinical trial information: NCT03776136.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Weak key-IV combinations"
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Alhamdan, Ali Abdulaziz. "Secure stream cipher initialisation processes." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2014. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/66721/1/Ali%20Abdulaziz%20H_Al%20Hamdan_Thesis.pdf.
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Stream ciphers are symmetric key cryptosystems that are used commonly to provide confidentiality for a wide range of applications; such as mobile phone, pay TV and Internet data transmissions. This research examines the features and properties of the initialisation processes of existing stream ciphers to identify flaws and weaknesses, then presents recommendations to improve the security of future cipher designs.
This research investigates well-known stream ciphers: A5/1, Sfinks and the Common Scrambling Algorithm Stream Cipher (CSA-SC). This research focused on the security of the initialisation process. The recommendations given are based on both the results in the literature and the work in this thesis.