Articles de revues : « Drug resistance in microorgani »

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Greenlees, Kevin J. « Animal Drug Human Food Safety Toxicology and Antimicrobial Resistance—The Square Peg ». International Journal of Toxicology 22, n^o 2 (mars 2003) : 131–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10915810305091.

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This paper presents the traditional approach for the evaluation of human food safety used for animal drugs intended for food animals, and describes some of the difficulties posed by antimicrobial drug resistance. Like human drugs, animal drugs must be safe and effective for the patient. However, unlike human drugs, food derived from animals treated with the animal drug must also be shown to be safe for human consumption. The Food and Drug Administration has come to realize that antimicrobial drugs used in the treatment of the food animal have the potential to create a unique residue—increased numbers of microorganism that are resistant to antimicrobial drug treatment. The traditional toxicological paradigm for chemical residues does not apply to this unique microbiological residue. Information useful to a food safety evaluation may include the potential for the animal antimicrobial drug to diminish the susceptibility of microorganisms to human antimicrobial drugs, any human medical use of the drug, relationship to other human antimicrobial drugs, and the ability of the animal drug to alter the susceptibility of relevant microorganism to important human antimicrobial drugs. Yet to be developed are standardized approaches to quantify an acceptable level of resistant microorganism in food and to mitigate the hazard to assure that there is a reasonable certainty of no harm following the consumption of the edible food derived from the treated animal.

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VIANNA, Júlia Silveira, Ivy Bastos RAMIS, Daniela Fernandes RAMOS, Andrea VON GROLL et Pedro Eduardo Almeida da SILVA. « DRUG RESISTANCE IN HELICOBACTER PYLORI ». Arquivos de Gastroenterologia 53, n^o 4 (décembre 2016) : 215–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-28032016000400002.

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ABSTRACT Background Helicobacter pylori has a worldwide distribution and is associated with the pathogenesis of various diseases of the digestive system. Treatment to eradicate this microorganism involves the use of a combination of antimicrobials, such as amoxicillin, metronidazole, clarithromycin, and levofloxacin, combined with proton pump inhibitors. Although the current therapy is effective, a high rate of treatment failure has been observed, mainly because of the acquisition of point mutations, one of the major resistance mechanisms developed by H. pylori. This phenomenon is related to frequent and/or inappropriate use of antibiotics. Conclusion This review reported an overview of the resistance to the main drugs used in the treatment of H. pylori, confirming the hypothesis that antibacterial resistance is a highly local phenomenon and genetic characteristics of a given population can influence which therapy is the most appropriate.

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Gudata, Daba, et Feyissa Begna. « ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE : REVIEW ». International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 6, n^o 11 (30 novembre 2018) : 77–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v6.i11.2018.1091.

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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is resistance of a microorganism to an antimicrobial that was originally effective for treatment of infections caused by it. Increasing clinical incidence of antimicrobial resistance is a major global health care issue and the situation is perhaps aggravated in developing countries. Although, AMR is a major health care issue, there is a shortage of documented information on it. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to review the causes or risk factors, problems, mechanisms and control of antimicrobial resistance. The resistance problem can be seen simplistically as an equation with two main components: the antibiotic or antimicrobial drug, which inhibits susceptible organisms and selects the resistant ones; and the genetic resistance determinant in microorganisms selected by the antimicrobial drug. Antimicrobial resistance is associated with high mortality rates and high medical costs and has a significant impact on the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents. To appreciate the mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance, it is important to understand how antimicrobial agents act. The resistance mechanisms therefore depend on which specific pathways are inhibited by the drugs and the alternative ways available for those pathways that the organisms can modify to get a way around in order to survive. A comprehensive strategy is necessary to address the challenges that accompany the rising threat of antimicrobial resistance. Special vigilance must now be paid to appropriate selection and timing of antimicrobial agents as a major force in reducing the development of antimicrobial resistance. Prevention and control of these infections will require new antimicrobial agents, prudent use of existing agents, new vaccines, and enhanced public health efforts to reduce transmission.

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Pontes, Daniela Santos, Rodrigo Santos Aquino de Araujo, Natalina Dantas, Luciana Scotti, Marcus Tullius Scotti, Ricardo Olimpio de Moura et Francisco Jaime Bezerra Mendonca-Junior. « Genetic Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance and the Role of Antibiotic Adjuvants ». Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 18, n^o 1 (22 mars 2018) : 42–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568026618666180206095224.

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The ever increasing number of multidrug-resistant microorganism pathogens has become a great and global public health threat. Antibiotic mechanisms of action and the opposing mechanisms of resistance are intimately associated, but comprehension of the biochemical and molecular functions of such drugs is not a simple exercise. Both the environment, and genetic settings contribute to alterations in phenotypic resistance (natural bacterial evolution), and make it difficult to control the emergence and impacts of antibiotic resistance. Under such circumstances, comprehension of how bacteria develop and/or acquire antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) has a critical role in developing propositions to fight against these superbugs, and to search for new drugs. In this review, we present and discuss both general information and examples of common genetic and molecular mechanisms related to antibiotic resistance, as well as how the expression and interactions of ARGs are important to drug resistance. At the same time, we focus on the recent achievements in the search for antibiotic adjuvants, which help combat antibiotic resistance through deactivation of bacterial mechanisms of action such as β-lactamases. Recent advances involving the use of anti-resistance drugs such as: efflux pump inhibitors; anti-virulence drugs; drugs against quorum sensing; and against type II/III secretion systems are revealed. Such antibiotic adjuvants (as explored herein) collaborate against the problems of antibiotic resistance, and may restore or prolong the therapeutic activity of known antibiotics.

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Ahmad, Ijaz, Lingli Huang, Haihong Hao, Pascal Sanders et Zonghui Yuan. « Application of PK/PD Modeling in Veterinary Field : Dose Optimization and Drug Resistance Prediction ». BioMed Research International 2016 (2016) : 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5465678.

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Among veterinary drugs, antibiotics are frequently used. The true mean of antibiotic treatment is to administer dose of drug that will have enough high possibility of attaining the preferred curative effect, with adequately low chance of concentration associated toxicity. Rising of antibacterial resistance and lack of novel antibiotic is a global crisis; therefore there is an urgent need to overcome this problem. Inappropriate antibiotic selection, group treatment, and suboptimal dosing are mostly responsible for the mentioned problem. One approach to minimizing the antibacterial resistance is to optimize the dosage regimen. PK/PD model is important realm to be used for that purpose from several years. PK/PD model describes the relationship between drug potency, microorganism exposed to drug, and the effect observed. Proper use of the most modern PK/PD modeling approaches in veterinary medicine can optimize the dosage for patient, which in turn reduce toxicity and reduce the emergence of resistance. The aim of this review is to look at the existing state and application of PK/PD in veterinary medicine based onin vitro,in vivo, healthy, and disease model.

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Kumar, Rajiv, Akhilesh Kumar, Umashanker Prasad Keshri, Manju Gari, Sumit Kumar Mahato et Pholgu Protim. « Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of pus culture in a tertiary care hospital of Jharkhand, India ». International Journal of Basic & ; Clinical Pharmacology 6, n^o 5 (24 avril 2017) : 1184. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20171674.

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Background: Antimicrobial resistance is developing day by day leading to increase not only in health care cost but also severity and death rate from certain infection that could have been avoided by rational use of existing and new antimicrobial agents. Present study is undertaken for this purpose to analyse the types of pathogens involved and their antibiotic sensitivity isolated from pus culture reports in a tertiary care hospital.Methods: Observational study was conducted using pus culture and sensitivity reports collected retrospectively from the records maintained in the Department of Microbiology over a period of 5 months from August 2016 to December 2016 in tertiary care hospital.Results: 85 percent pus samples were found culture positive of which microorganism isolated in decreasing order were Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas, Klebsella and E. coli. Staphylococcus aureus was sensitive to fixed drug combination of piperacillin with tazobactam, linezolid, ceftriaxone with sulbactum, levofloxacillin and ciprofloxacin and resistance to cefotaxime, cloxacillin and ampicillin. Pseudomonas was highly sensitive to fixed drug combination of cefoperazone with sulbactum, piperacillin with tazobactum, ceftriaxone with sulbactum and resistance to cloxacillin and cefotaxime. Klebsiella showed high sensitivity to piperacillin with tazobactum, cefoperazone with sulbactum, ceftriaxone with sulbactum and was found resistant with norfloxacin and amoxycillin. E. coli showed high sensitivity in decreasing order with amikacin and gentamycin and resistance in increasing order with cefotaxime, cloxacillin, ampicillin and norfloxacin.Conclusions: The sensitivity patterns were different for each isolated microorganism but high sensitivity was found with fixed antimicrobial drug combination and resistance to frequently used drugs.

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Miller, M. A. « Quality control and safety of animal products ». Canadian Journal of Animal Science 79, n^o 4 (1 décembre 1999) : 533–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a99-010.

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This paper discusses the new animal drug approval process regulated by the Center for Veterinary Medicine (CVM), Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of the United States. The Center for Veterinary Medicine of FDA considers two criteria in ensuring the human food safety of edible animal products: i) safety of the chemical residues and ii) for antimicrobial products, microbiological safety including changes in bacterial pathogen load and resistance pattern. The hazard associated with animal drug products of non-carcinogenic compounds is assessed by conducting a standard battery of toxicology test, whereas the hazard from the carcinogenic potential of compounds is evaluated based on structure, results of genetic toxicity tests, and toxicology studies. Post approval monitoring is carried out to ensure that the animal drugs are being used properly after their approval. Particular concern is given to those eliciting an "acute" toxic reaction at relatively low levels. The other aspect of food safety regulated by CVM of FDA is microbiological safety, especially to antimicrobial drugs used at subtherapeutic levels in feeds. The studies are designed by FDA to ensure that antibiotic treatment of food-producing animals does not alter pathogen load or resistance pattern of pathogens. Two studies are generally performed: i) the salmonella shedding study, which addresses the effect of drug treatment on the excretion of salmonella in the feces of animals artificially infected with salmonella; and ii) the coliform resistance study, which monitors the effect of the drug on the resistance pattern of E. coli present in the endogenous fecal flora. After a retrospective study of the microbiological safety over past 20 yr, CVM of FDA is planning to revise some microbiological safety studies with focuses on: i) pathogen load, pathogen excretion and microorganism resistance pattern at the time of slaughter; and ii) susceptibility studies on products that have utility in human medicine. Key words: Animal drug, food safety, antibiotic

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Ugwu, D. I., B. E. Ezema, F. U. Eze et D. I. Ugwuja. « Synthesis and Structural Activity Relationship Study of Antitubercular Carboxamides ». International Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 2014 (30 décembre 2014) : 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/614808.

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The unusual structure and chemical composition of the mycobacterial cell wall, the tedious duration of therapy, and resistance developed by the microorganism have made the recurrence of the disease multidrug resistance and extensive or extreme drug resistance. The prevalence of tuberculosis in synergy with HIV/AIDS epidemic augments the risk of developing the disease by 100-fold. The need to synthesize new drugs that will shorten the total duration of effective treatment and/or significantly reduce the dosage taken under DOTS supervision, improve on the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis which defies the treatment with isoniazid and rifampicin, and provide effective treatment for latent TB infections which is essential for eliminating tuberculosis prompted this review. In this review, we considered the synthesis and structure activity relationship study of carboxamide derivatives with antitubercular potential.

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Thompson, Dorothea K., et Stephen M. Sharkady. « Genomic Insights into Drug Resistance Determinants in Cedecea neteri, A Rare Opportunistic Pathogen ». Microorganisms 9, n^o 8 (15 août 2021) : 1741. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9081741.

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Cedecea, a genus in the Enterobacteriaceae family, includes several opportunistic pathogens reported to cause an array of sporadic acute infections, most notably of the lung and bloodstream. One species, Cedecea neteri, is associated with cases of bacteremia in immunocompromised hosts and has documented resistance to different antibiotics, including β-lactams and colistin. Despite the potential to inflict serious infections, knowledge about drug resistance determinants in Cedecea is limited. In this study, we utilized whole-genome sequence data available for three environmental strains (SSMD04, M006, ND14a) of C. neteri and various bioinformatics tools to analyze drug resistance genes in this bacterium. All three genomes harbor multiple chromosome-encoded β-lactamase genes. A deeper analysis of β-lactamase genes in SSMD04 revealed four metallo-β-lactamases, a novel variant, and a CMY/ACT-type AmpC putatively regulated by a divergently transcribed AmpR. Homologs of known resistance-nodulation-cell division (RND)-type multidrug efflux pumps such as OqxB, AcrB, AcrD, and MdtBC were also identified. Genomic island prediction for SSMD04 indicated that tolC, involved in drug and toxin export across the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, was acquired by a transposase-mediated genetic transfer mechanism. Our study provides new insights into drug resistance mechanisms of an environmental microorganism capable of behaving as a clinically relevant opportunistic pathogen.

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Popovici, Sonia Elena, Ovidiu Horea Bedreag et Dorel Sandesc. « Evolution of Acinetobacter baumannii infections and antimicrobial resistance. A review ». Central European Journal of Clinical Research 2, n^o 1 (1 avril 2019) : 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cejcr-2019-0005.

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AbstractThe emergence of multi-drug resistantAcinetobacter sppinvolved in hospital-acquired infections, once considered an easily treatable pathogen, is troublesome and an immense burden for the modern medical systems worldwide. In the last 20 years the medical community recorded an increase in the incidence and severity of these infections as therapeutic means tend to be less and less effective on these strains. The ability of these bacteria to rapidly develop resistance to antimicrobial agents by continuously changing and adapting their mechanisms, their ability to survive for long periods of time in the hospital environment and the multitude of transmission possibilities raises serious issues regarding the management of these complex infections. The future lies in developing new and targeted methods for the early diagnosis ofA. baumannii, as well as in the judicious use of antimicrobial drugs. This review details the evolution of the pathogenicity of this microorganism, together with the changes that appeared in resistance mechanisms and the advancements in molecular testing for the early detection of infection.

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Canaparo, Roberto, Federica Foglietta, Francesca Giuntini, Carlo Della Pepa, Franco Dosio et Loredana Serpe. « Recent Developments in Antibacterial Therapy : Focus on Stimuli-Responsive Drug-Delivery Systems and Therapeutic Nanoparticles ». Molecules 24, n^o 10 (24 mai 2019) : 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24101991.

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Conventional drugs used for antibacterial therapy display several limitations. This is not due to antibiotics being ineffective, but rather due to their low bioavailability, limited penetration to sites of infection and the rise of drug-resistant bacteria. Although new delivery systems (e.g., nanoparticles) that are loaded with antibacterial drugs have been designed to overcome these limitations, therapeutic efficacy does not seem to have improved. Against this backdrop, stimuli-responsive antibiotic-loaded nanoparticles and materials with antimicrobial properties (nanoantibiotics) present the ability to enhance therapeutic efficacy, while also reducing drug resistance and side effects. These stimuli can either be exogenous (e.g., light, ultrasound) or endogenous (e.g., pH, variation in redox gradient, enzymes). This promising therapeutic approach relies on advances in materials science and increased knowledge of microorganism growth and biofilm formation. This review provides an overview in the field of antibacterial drug-delivery systems and nanoantibiotics that benefit from a response to specific triggers, and also presents a number of future prospects.

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Galinytė, Daiva, Romaldas Mačiulaitis, Vytautas Budnikas, Darius Kubilius, Birutė Varanavičienė, Astra Vitkauskienė, Juozas Jokimas et Laimis Jodkonis. « Analysis of antibiotic consumption and microorganism resistance changes ». Medicina 44, n^o 10 (13 octobre 2008) : 751. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina44100095.

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Objective. The main goal of this study was to evaluate the variation of antibiotic consumption and relation between antibiotic consumption and microorganism resistance. Material and methods. This analysis was performed in one of Lithuanian tertiary hospitals. The defined daily dose (DDD) analysis was performed to express drug consumption per every 100 occupied bed days (OBDs) for single units in clinical departments. Average of DDD/100 OBDs was estimated for 2004–2007, and mean values were compared among all four years. The relation between the number of surgical operations and antibiotic consumption in surgery departments was analysed. E. coli and K. pneumoniae resistance for four years (2004–2007) was determined. Moreover, the relation between microorganism resistance and variation of antibiotic consumption was determined. Data were analysed by descriptive and comparative statistics (by Mann–Whitney test for nonparametric criteria and Spearman correlation). Results. Comparing the DDD/100 OBD data during 2004–2007 revealed a statistically significant increase in piperacillin and tazobactam (877.50%), metronidazole (114.00%), cefuroxime (77.31%), meropenem (47.55%), cefoperazone and sulbactam (173.11%) consumption. The increased usage of these antibiotics was determined in surgery department too. However, the increased number of surgical operations cannot be the only reason of the growing antibiotic consumption. Results revealed a statistically significant decrease in ofloxacin use from 2006 to 2007 (93.94%). E. coli resistance to ampicillin (from 49.80% to 56.60%), ampicillin and sulbactam (from 25.50% to 39.20%), cefuroxime (from 7.40% to 10.10%), ciprofloxacin (from 4.20% to 12.50%), gentamicin (from 11.40% to 13.20%) and K. pneumoniae resistance to ampicillin and sulbactam (from 45.40% to 56.40%), cefuroxime (from 34.00% to 39.10%), ciprofloxacin (from 5.50% to 10.50%), gentamicin (from 32.00% to 35.80%) increased. A statistically significant positive correlation between quinolone consumption and K. pneumoniae resistance to ciprofloxacin was determined (r=1, P<0.05). Conclusions. In 2004–2007, the usage of piperacillin and tazobactam, metronidazole, cefuroxime, meropenem, cefoperazone, and sulbactam increased. In 2006–2007, ofloxacin consumption decreased. The changes in other antibiotic usage were statistically insignificant. In 2004–2007, E. coli and K. pneumoniae resistance to ampicillin and sulbactam, cefuroxime, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin and E. coli resistance to ampicillin increased. A statistically significant positive correlation between quinolone consumption and K. pneumoniae resistance to ciprofloxacin was determined.

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Naumov, A. G., et A. V. Pavlunin. « Mechanisms of development of medicine stability Mycobacterium tuberculosis : is there a chance to win ? » PULMONOLOGIYA 31, n^o 1 (19 février 2021) : 100–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.18093/0869-0189-2021-31-1-100-108.

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The scientific review provides current information on the current epidemiological status of tuberculosis in our country and the world, genetic adaptability and the evolution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The well-known and recently discovered molecular targets of aggression of this microorganism are described, and possible methods of circumventing the resistance of the Office to existing and developed drugs are presented. Objective: to create a scientific analytical review, which allows you to form an idea of the basic principles of development of the mechanisms of drug resistance of M. tuberculosis, as well as ways to overcome them with the possibility of further development of the chosen direction with the involvement of reputable scientific groups and practical implementation. Methods. scientific analysis of international reports, highly indexed scientific articles and clinical protocols. Results. Ihanks to the conducted analytical work, critical biological markers of M. tuberculosis immunity to anti-tuberculosis therapy were identified, which protect it from pharmacological intervention by the person and do not adequately sanitize the centers of inflammation in the patient's body. Methods have been proposed for disintegrating the mechanisms of drug resistance, which will bring the algorithms for treating tuberculosis infection to a new level. Conclusion. The analyzed information will contribute to deepening and expanding the knowledge of specialists involved in the fight against tuberculosis about the importance of implementing a personalized approach in the provision of medical care to TB patients, taking into account the studied molecular indicators of resistance to standardized and developed drugs.

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Shantier, Shaza W. « Review on the Characteristic, Properties and Analytical Methods of Cefquinomesulphate : ß-lactam Veterinary Drug ». Infectious Disorders - Drug Targets 20, n^o 1 (14 février 2020) : 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871526518666181001122010.

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Background: Chemotherapy as a science began within the 1st decade of the twentieth century with understanding of the principles of selective toxicity, the particular chemical relationships between microorganism pathogens and medicines, the event of drug resistance, and also the role of combined medical aid. Objectives: This review aims to highlight the characteristics, specifically the pharmacokinetic parameters and the analytical methods reported in literature for the determination of Cefquinome, a fourth generation cephalosporine used to treat Gram-positive and Gram-negative caused infections. Conclusion: Analysis of such drugs, whether used for the treatment of human or animal illness, is essential in understanding the bioavailability and therapeutic control which will ensure their activity and safety.

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Chaudhary, Raskin, Shrawan Kumar Thapa, Jid Chani Rana et Pradeep Kumar Shah. « Surgical Site Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern ». Journal of Nepal Health Research Council 15, n^o 2 (15 septembre 2017) : 120–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnhrc.v15i2.18185.

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Background: Post-operative surgical site infections (SSIs) are among the leading cause of morbidity and increased medical expense. The aim of this study is to isolate identify and study antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of microorganism from surgical wound of admitted patients.Methods: This retrospective study was carried at the Microbiology Laboratory of Bharatpur hospital, Nepal, from May 2015 to October 2015. The pus samples were cultured and antibiotic susceptibility determined in vitro by Kirby Bauer’s disc diffusion method following clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) 2014 recommendation.Results: Of the total 250 samples, 194 (77.6%) showed bacterial growth. Staphylococcus aureus was 47.4% and Escherichia coli 20.60 %. Of 194 isolates 39.2% were multi drug resistant. Amikacin was sensitive in 93.1% of Gram positive isolates and 81.8% of gram negative isolates.Conclusions: Bacterial growth is common in surgical site. Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were multidrug resistant. Grampositive and gram negative isolates were commonly sensitive to Amikacin.

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Orakzai, Nasir, Liaqat Ali, Majid Khan Kakakhel, Arshad ., Faiza Hayat et Ihsanullah Khan. « Multi Drug Resistance (MDR) Urinary Tract Infection : An Evidence Based Study ». Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 15, n^o 6 (30 juin 2021) : 1910–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs211561910.

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Background: Urinary tract infections are the most frequently reported infections that drive the use of antibiotics around the world. UTI is the 4th most common healthcare-associated infection. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) organisms are predominantly bacteria that are resistant to one or more classes of antimicrobials. The increasing rise in the incidence of MDR-UTI has resulted in increased morbidity, mortality, and treatment cost of the patients. Thus, it is important to highlight the magnitude of the problem, identify the risk factors that result in MDR-UTI, and to take appropriate measures to control its occurrence. Objective: To determine the magnitude of the multidrug-resistant bacteria, their antibiotic-resistant profile, andtheir effect on the treatment cost of the patients Methods: It is a descriptive study conducted in the Department of Urology at the Institute of Kidney Diseases (IKD) from Jan 2019 till 30th March 2020. A total of 54 patients with multi-drug resistant UTI were included in the study irrespective of age and gender. All the data was recorded on a structured pro-forma and was analyzed on SPSS. Results: A total of 3190 patients were operated on from Jan 2019 till 30th March 2020. Out of which 54 patients (1.6 %) developed MDR-UTI. Among them,38 were male and 16 females. The mean age of the patients was 41 ± 18.4. Urolithiasis with infections was found most frequent, in 32 (59.3%) patients. All patients were on broad-spectrum oral antibiotics and had a history of urethral catheterization before the development of MDR-UTI. The most common procedure was Emergency cystoscopy and DJ stent 15 (27.8%). Followed by Percutaneous nephrostomy in 8 (14.8%). Regarding co-morbidities, 38(68.5%) patients had none, 3 patients had diabetes and 6 patients were having Diabetes and Hypertension. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was found most frequent microorganisms in 34 (63%) patients while E.coli in 10 (18.5%) and Klebsiella in 5 (9.3%) patients. Colistin was found sensitive in 36 patients (66.7%). The mean hospital stay in MDR-UTI is 9.28± 5.17 days as compared to 2.1 days in routine cases. Approximately a 4-fold increase was observed in medicines alone in the management of MDR UTI. We recorded 1 mortality (1.9%), case of MDR urosepsis. Linear regression revealed previous use of antibiotics; catheterization, old age, and endo-urological procedures in an emergency as independent risk factors for MDR-UTI. Conclusion: MDR-uti is an emerging local problem. pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most frequently found microorganism in the present setup. it is associated with significant morbidity and very high treatment cost. Keywords: Urinary Tract Infection, Multidrug Resistance, Micro-Organism, Urology, Antimicrobials

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Ulfik, Klaudia, Sławomir Teper, Michał Dembski, Anna Nowińska, Ewa Wróblewska-Czajka et Edward Wylęgała. « Seven-Year Analysis of Microbial Keratitis Tendency at an Ophthalmology Department in Poland : A Single-Center Study ». Journal of Ophthalmology 2020 (28 octobre 2020) : 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8851570.

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This study aimed to analyze the frequency, drug susceptibility, and drug resistance of pathogens causing microbial keratitis (a corneal inflammation) in the Clinical Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice. Despite intensive treatment, severe inflammation causes irreversible blindness in ∼7% of cases and eye loss (evisceration or enucleation of the eyeball) in ∼1% of cases at our hospital. The choice of a targeted drug depends on the culture result and drug resistance of the microorganism. This was a retrospective observation study. Conjunctival swabs and corneal scrapes were collected between January 1, 2013, and December 31, 2019, in the tertiary reference center for keratitis. The collected data included the type of material received, culture result, and antimicrobial susceptibilities. Of the 2482 samples analyzed, 679 were positive and 1803 were negative. Of the total pathogens isolated, 69.9% were Gram-positive bacteria, 20.8% were Gram-negative bacteria, and 7.1% were fungi. A significant increase in the number of Gram-positive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and a partial increase in the number of Gram-negative beta-lactams-resistant bacteria were observed. All fungal species were sensitive to amphotericin B, 82.81% were sensitive to voriconazole, and 56.25% were sensitive to fluconazole. Dual drug therapy (levofloxacin and tobramycin) was the first-line treatment. Drug susceptibility testing of the cultured microorganisms is necessary to initiate targeted treatment. Increased drug resistance was observed in this study. In the present study, most bacteria were sensitive to fluoroquinolones. Ciprofloxacin therapy remains the recommended empirical treatment in microbial keratitis. According to our study, voriconazole remains a first-line antifungal drug, when a fungal infection is suspected.

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Kyriakidis, Ioannis, Eleni Vasileiou, Zoi Dorothea Pana et Athanasios Tragiannidis. « Acinetobacter baumannii Antibiotic Resistance Mechanisms ». Pathogens 10, n^o 3 (19 mars 2021) : 373. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10030373.

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Acinetobacter baumannii is a Gram-negative ESKAPE microorganism that poses a threat to public health by causing severe and invasive (mostly nosocomial) infections linked with high mortality rates. During the last years, this pathogen displayed multidrug resistance (MDR), mainly due to extensive antibiotic abuse and poor stewardship. MDR isolates are associated with medical history of long hospitalization stays, presence of catheters, and mechanical ventilation, while immunocompromised and severely ill hosts predispose to invasive infections. Next-generation sequencing techniques have revolutionized diagnosis of severe A. baumannii infections, contributing to timely diagnosis and personalized therapeutic regimens according to the identification of the respective resistance genes. The aim of this review is to describe in detail all current knowledge on the genetic background of A. baumannii resistance mechanisms in humans as regards beta-lactams (penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, monobactams, and beta-lactamase inhibitors), aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, lincosamides, streptogramin antibiotics, polymyxins, and others (amphenicols, oxazolidinones, rifamycins, fosfomycin, diaminopyrimidines, sulfonamides, glycopeptide, and lipopeptide antibiotics). Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance refer mainly to regulation of antibiotic transportation through bacterial membranes, alteration of the antibiotic target site, and enzymatic modifications resulting in antibiotic neutralization. Virulence factors that may affect antibiotic susceptibility profiles and confer drug resistance are also being discussed. Reports from cases of A. baumannii coinfection with SARS-CoV-2 during the COVID-19 pandemic in terms of resistance profiles and MDR genes have been investigated.

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Mulat, Mulugeta, Archana Pandita et Fazlurrahman Khan. « Medicinal Plant Compounds for Combating the Multi-drug Resistant Pathogenic Bacteria : A Review ». Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 20, n^o 3 (30 avril 2019) : 183–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1872210513666190308133429.

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Background: Globally, people utilize plants as the main source of remedy to heal various ailments. Medicinal plants have been utilized to treat ailments since the invention of modern scientific systems of medicine. The common remedy of infectious diseases mainly depends on the inhibition capacity of compounds or killing potential. The issue may give a clue for the development of a novel antimicrobial agent. Methods: Currently, microorganisms which are resistant towards antibiotics are probably a matter of serious concern for the overall well-being of health. At the moment, new therapeutic targets aside from the microorganism wall-based activities are in progress. For instance, the autoinducer molecules produced by the quorum sensing system are used to control antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation. Results: This therapeutic target is well-studied worldwide, however, the scientific data are not updated and only current studies started to gain insight into its perspective as a target to struggle against infectious diseases. Microbial resistance against antimicrobial compounds is a topic of serious concern in recent time. Conclusion: Hence, this paper aims to confer a current overview of the novel compounds, quorum sensing, quorum quenching, biofilm formation in the development of antibiotic resistance and an update on their importance as a potential target for natural substances.

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Zhu, Xiaojian, Shanshan Yan, Fenghua Yuan et Shaogui Wan. « The Applications of Nanopore Sequencing Technology in Pathogenic Microorganism Detection ». Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology 2020 (31 décembre 2020) : 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6675206.

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Infectious diseases are major threats to human health and lead to a serious public health burden. The emergence of new pathogens and the mutation of known pathogens challenge our ability to diagnose and control infectious diseases. Nanopore sequencing technology exhibited versatile applications in pathogenic microorganism detection due to its flexible data throughput. This review article introduced the applications of nanopore sequencing in clinical microbiology and infectious diseases management, including the monitoring of emerging infectious diseases outbreak, identification of pathogen drug resistance, and disease-related microbial communities characterization.

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Remezova, Anna N., Anna A. Gorelova, Anna A. Gorelova, Alexander N. Muraviev, Alexander N. Muraviev, Tatjana I. Vinogradova, Andrey I. Gorelov et al. « Mesenchymal stem cells in tuberculosis therapy ». Consilium Medicum 23, n^o 9 (2021) : 462–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.26442/20751753.2021.9.200953.

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Tuberculosis, caused by the obligate intracellular microorganism Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is one of the oldest known infectious diseases in humans. Modern therapy of tuberculosis, consisting of several antibacterial drugs, is long-term, toxic and requires high compliance from the patient, therefore, the development of new therapeutic strategies that would minimize the duration of treatment and prevent the formation of drug-resistant forms of mycobacteria is relevant and important. Cellular therapy now holds the promise of potential complementary therapeutic options for the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis. In recent years, the possibilities of using mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of tuberculosis of various localization have been widely studied. The use of such cells in conjunction with standard anti-tuberculosis therapy holds great promise for shortening the duration of treatment and reducing the formation of drug-resistant mycobacteria. This article describes the possibilities of using mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of tuberculosis in patients, including those with extensive and multidrug resistance, as well as the mechanisms of interaction of mesenchymal stem cells with M. tuberculosis.

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Kaur, Tanvir, Chayanika Putatunda, Aroma Oberoi, Ashish Vyas et Gaurav Kumar. « PREVALENCE AND DRUG RESISTANCE IN ACINETOBACTER SP. ISOLATED FROM INTENSIVE CARE UNITS PATIENTS IN PUNJAB, INDIA ». Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, n^o 14 (27 juillet 2018) : 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11s2.28590.

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Objective: This study was designed to study the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of Acinetobacter sp. as isolated from patients lodged in intensive care units (ICUs) of a tertiary care hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India.Methods: The clinical samples were simultaneously streaked on Blood agar and MacConkey agar. The identification of the bacterial isolates was carried out with the aid of Gram stain, motility test and along with a combination of other commonly employed biochemical tests. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) of all the bacterial isolates was carried out on Muller-Hinton agar through Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method.Results: Acinetobacter sp. formed a fair allowance contributing at 42% among all ICU culture positive samples. The respiratory tract samples had a major share at 63.15% for all samples attributed to be positive for Acinetobacter sp. nosocomial etiology. The antibiotic sensitivity pattern portrayed that more than 95% of Acinetobacter sp. isolates were multiple drug resistant (MDR) whereas >50% Acinetobacter sp. showed extensive drug resistant (XDR). The last resort for such Acinetobacter sp. nosocomial infections is left to colistin and polymyxin B.Conclusion: Acinetobacter sp. is a highly prevalent microorganism among ICU patients of Ludhiana, Punjab, India, while its potential to acquire resistance toward commonly used antibiotics represents it as a grave threat to the health-care industry, therefore signifying the need for its regular monitoring in the health-care setups.

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Andryukov, Boris G., et Irina N. Lyapun. « Molecular Mechanisms оf Persistence оf Bacteria ». Journal of microbiology, epidemiology and immunobiology 97, n^o 3 (25 juin 2020) : 271–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.36233/0372-9311-2020-97-3-10.

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A significant mortality rate from infectious diseases is largely mediated by the widespread and uncontrolled use of antibiotics, which has led to the emergence of drug-resistant strains of bacteria. The rapid evolution of bacterial resistance to antimicrobials is a serious challenge for modern health care, mediates the need to create new antibiotic agents, as well as to intensify the study of molecular mechanisms underlying the formation of microorganism resistance. One of these mechanisms is bacterial persistence, manifested by the formation of persistent cells in the culture, which are a phenotypic variant of the isogenic population. The persistence of bacteria can occur spontaneously, regardless of exposure to antimicrobials or environmental reasons, such as lack of nutrients, oxidative stress or hypoxia. This small cell subpopulation is able to maintain viability even in the presence of antimicrobial agents at concentrations many times higher than therapeutic. The presence of persistent cells of pathogenic bacteria in the host organism reduces the effectiveness of antibiotic treatment, not due to the genotypic drug resistance of the microorganism, but due to the presence of phenotypic resistance of persister cells. The difference is fundamental, since cell-persisters are insensitive to any antibiotics and the development of fundamentally new antimicrobial strategies is necessary for their eradication. Persister cells are phenotypic variants of the maternal culture of bacteria that are present in all populations of microorganisms, and after the onset of favorable conditions, they are able to reclaim and form a new generation of vegetative bacteria. This review discusses modern concepts of the molecular genetic mechanisms of bacterial persistence with an emphasis on their clinical significance for the occurrence of persistent infections, and discusses innovative technologies for the eradication of resistant cell forms of microorganisms.

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Xie, Zhengwei, Qianqian Ma, Wanyun Peng, Zhide Wang, Peng Wu et Yexing Sun. « Research Progress on Continuous Cropping Obstacle and Green Control of Strawberry ». E3S Web of Conferences 251 (2021) : 02044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125102044.

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Continuous cropping obstacle is a big problem of Strawberry planting. Continuous cropping obstacle leads to the accumulation of phenolic acids, imbalance of soil microorganism, deterioration of physical and chemical properties, resulting in sharp decline in Strawberry yield and quality. At present, the prevention and cure of continuous cropping obstacle of Strawberry is an urgent problem to be solved. The pathogen does not produce drug resistance, is safe to fresh fruit and does not pollute the environment.

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Srivastava, Parul, Yogesh B. Khandokar et Jade K. Forwood. « Purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of theN-acetyltransferase SAV0826 fromStaphylococcus aureus ». Acta Crystallographica Section F Structural Biology Communications 70, n^o 2 (21 janvier 2014) : 211–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053230x13034493.

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Staphylococcus aureusis a prevalent microorganism that is capable of causing a wide range of infections and diseases. Several strains of this bacterial species have developed antibiotic resistance to methicillin and vancomycin, and higher death rates are still being reported each year owing to multidrug-resistant strains. Certain GCN5-relatedN-acetyltransferases (GNATs) exhibit a broad substrate range, including aminoglycosides, histones, other proteins and serotonin, and have been implicated in antibiotic drug resistance. Here, the expression, purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of a GNAT fromS. aureus(SaNAT) are reported. SaNAT was recombinantly expressed and crystallized by the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method at 296 K, and the crystals diffracted to 1.7 Å resolution on the MX2 beamline at the Australian Synchrotron. The crystals belonged to space groupP43212, with unit-cell parametersa=b= 84.86,c= 49.06 Å, α = β = γ = 90°. A single molecule is likely to be present in the asymmetric unit. A full structural and functional analysis is currently being undertaken to provide novel insights into the protein function, which in turn may provide a basis for drug design.

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Murtaza, Shahzad, Ataf Ali Altaf, Muhammad Hamayun, Kiran Iftikhar, Muhammad Nawaz Tahir, Javaria Tariq et Khadija Faiz. « Synthesis, antibacterial activity and docking studies of chloroacetamide derivatives ». European Journal of Chemistry 10, n^o 4 (31 décembre 2019) : 358–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5155/eurjchem.10.4.358-366.1859.

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Structural modification of lead compounds is a great challenge in organic synthesis. Introduction of different functional groups not only modify the structure of starting material but also improve their biological activeness. Small synthetic molecules are favored in spite of the reality that majority of drug molecules derived from natural sources, are in vogue. In the present work, acetamide derivatives were synthesized using chloroacetyl chloride. After synthesizing targeted series of acetamide derivatives these compounds were further modified using different amines including 2-aminobenzene thiol, benzyl amine, benzene 1,4-diamine, 4-amino-1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-3(2H)-one, 4-aminophenol, hydrazine and 4-amino-N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)benzenesulfonamide. All of these synthesized compounds were characterized by FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and X-ray crystallography. The compounds were assessed for their anti-bacterial activity using disc diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The compounds were found to exhibit comparable activity to the standard drug used. This was further supported by molecular docking studies using bacterial DNA gyrase and Topoisomerase II targets causing bacterial death as they are major bacterial proteins known to be involved in transcription and replication process. Results proved that the compound 2b was the most efficacious antimicrobial compound among the synthesized set of compounds. To tackle the growing drug resistance acetamide based functionalities can be regarded as the active lead compounds to target different drug resistance microorganism.

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He, Gui-Xin, Teruo Kuroda, Takehiko Mima, Yuji Morita, Tohru Mizushima et Tomofusa Tsuchiya. « An H+-Coupled Multidrug Efflux Pump, PmpM, a Member of the MATE Family of Transporters, from Pseudomonas aeruginosa ». Journal of Bacteriology 186, n^o 1 (1 janvier 2004) : 262–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.186.1.262-265.2004.

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ABSTRACT We cloned the gene PA1361 (we designated the gene pmpM), which seemed to encode a multidrug efflux pump belonging to the MATE family, of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by the PCR method using the drug-hypersensitive Escherichia coli KAM32 strain as a host. Cells of E. coli possessing the pmpM gene showed elevated resistance to several antimicrobial agents. We observed energy-dependent efflux of ethidium from cells possessing the pmpM gene. We found that PmpM is an H+-drug antiporter, and this finding is the first reported case of an H+-coupled efflux pump in the MATE family. Disruption and reintroduction of the pmpM gene in P. aeruginosa revealed that PmpM is functional and that benzalkonium chloride, fluoroquinolones, ethidium bromide, acriflavine, and tetraphenylphosphonium chloride are substrates for PmpM in this microorganism.

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Maselli, Valeria, Emilia Galdiero, Anna Maria Salzano, Andrea Scaloni, Angela Maione, Annarita Falanga, Daniele Naviglio, Marco Guida, Anna Di Cosmo et Stefania Galdiero. « OctoPartenopin : Identification and Preliminary Characterization of a Novel Antimicrobial Peptide from the Suckers of Octopus vulgaris ». Marine Drugs 18, n^o 8 (23 juillet 2020) : 380. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md18080380.

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Microorganism resistance to conventional antibiotics represents one of the major global health concerns. This paper focuses on a peptide (OctoPartenopin) extracted from suckers of Octopus vulgaris; bioassay-guided chromatographic fractionation was used to identify this sequence, which holds significant antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. OctoPartenopin is encrypted within the calponin sequence and was associated with the high levels of proteolytic activity already reported in octopus arm suckers. We synthesized the parent peptide and four analogues; all peptide were tested for their antibacterial and antibiofilm activities. Preliminary antibiofilm experiments showed that that one of the analogues had the best activity in both inhibition and eradication of biofilm of all three microorganisms tested. The occurrence of OctoPartenopin in arm suckers provided novel speculative information on animal behavior, as concerns maternal care of fertilized eggs. Our results highlight that suckers are a rich source of multifaceted peptides to develop alternative antimicrobial agents and food preservatives.

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Chen, Huan, Jun Li, Shanshan Yan, Hui Sun, Chuyi Tan, Meidong Liu, Ke Liu, Huali Zhang, Mingxiang Zou et Xianzhong Xiao. « Identification of pathogen(s) in infectious diseases using shotgun metagenomic sequencing and conventional culture : a comparative study ». PeerJ 9 (29 juin 2021) : e11699. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11699.

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Background Early and accurate diagnosis of microorganism(s) is important to optimize antimicrobial therapy. Shotgun metagenomic sequencing technology, an unbiased and comprehensive method for pathogen identification, seems to potentially assist or even replace conventional microbiological methodology in the diagnosis of infectious diseases. However, evidence in clinical application of this platform is relatively limited. Methods To evaluate the capability of shotgun metagenomic sequencing technology in clinical practice, both shotgun metagenomic sequencing and conventional culture were performed in the PCR-positive body fluid specimens of 20 patients with suspected infection. The sequenced data were then analyzed for taxonomic identification of microbes and antibiotic resistance gene prediction using bioinformatics pipeline. Results Shotgun metagenomic sequencing results showed a concordance of 17/20 compared with culture results in bacterial detection, and a concordance of 20/20 compared with culture results in fungal detection. Besides, drug-resistant types annotated from antibiotic resistance genes showed much similarity with antibiotic classes identified by susceptibility tests, and more than half of the specimens had consistent drug types between shotgun metagenomic sequencing and culture results. Conclusions Pathogen identification and antibiotic resistance gene prediction by shotgun metagenomic sequencing identification had the potential to diagnose microorganisms in infectious diseases, and it was especially helpful for multiple microbial co-infections and for the cases where standard culture approached failed to identify microorganisms.

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Preda, Madalina, Alina-Alexandra Serbanescu, Mara Madalina Mihai, Gabriela-Loredana Popa, Loredana Cornelia Sabina Manolescu et Mircea-Ioan Popa. « The Need to Develop New Antimicrobial Molecules, as Revealed by in vitro Assessment of Drug Resistance in Staphylococcal Skin Infections Treated with Autologous Bacterial Vaccine ». Revista de Chimie 71, n^o 8 (31 août 2020) : 292–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.20.8.8302.

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Staphylococcus spp. is a facultative pathogen, which can be found in the commensal microbiota of humans, most often in moist skinfolds and mucous membranes. This microorganism has the ability to cause various infections, in almost every organ of the body, with an increased frequency in the skin and soft tissues, being involved in pathologies like acne, folliculitis, furunculosis, hidradenitis suppurativa, cellulitis, abscesses, but also in secondary infections in diseases with an altered cutaneous barrier. The prolonged evolution of these diseases and severe outcome can be influenced by various factors, most importantly being the antimicrobial resistance. We have evaluated the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles, according to the Comite de l` Antibiogramme de la Societe Francaise de Microbiologie recommendations, for strains of Staphylococcus spp. isolated from acne or different types of skin and soft tissue infections in patients recommended to receive autologous bacterial vaccine. Most frequent identified species was Staphylococcus epidermidis, followed by Staphylococcus aureus. The antimicrobial resistance was higher for antibiotics usually used in the treatment of skin and soft tissue infections, with interesting differences of the resistance profile for the strains isolated from patients before receiving autologous bacterial vaccine compared with the ones from individuals already treated. Another important finding was represented by the differences in the resistance profile according to the age group of the patients. The results of this study underline the importance of antimicrobial resistance surveillance in finding new molecules and alternative therapies, the necessity of a personalized approach in medical acts and of a continuous connection between clinic and laboratory research.

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Rosa, Taciéli F. da, Catrine de S. Machado, Marissa B. Serafin, Angelita Bottega, Silvana S. Coelho, Vitória S. Foletto, Roberta F. Rampelotto, Vinícius V. Lorenzoni, Amanda Mainardi et Rosmari Hörner. « Repurposing of escitalopram oxalate and clonazepam in combination with ciprofloxacin and sulfamethoxazole–trimethoprim for treatment of multidrug-resistant microorganisms and evaluation of the cleavage capacity of plasmid DNA ». Canadian Journal of Microbiology 67, n^o 8 (août 2021) : 599–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2020-0546.

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Bacterial resistance has become one of the most serious public health problems, globally, and drug repurposing is being investigated to speed up the identification of effective drugs. The aim of this study was to investigate the repurposing of escitalopram oxalate and clonazepam drugs individually, and in combination with the antibiotics ciprofloxacin and sulfamethoxazole–trimethoprim, to treat multidrug-resistant (MDR) microorganisms and to evaluate the potential chemical nuclease activity. The minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum bactericidal concentration, fractional inhibitory concentration index, and tolerance level were determined for each microorganism tested. In vitro antibacterial activity was evaluated against 47 multidrug-resistant clinical isolates and 11 standard bacterial strains from the American Type Culture Collection. Escitalopram oxalate was mainly active against Gram-positive bacteria, and clonazepam was active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. When associated with the two antibiotics mentioned, they had a significant synergistic effect. Clonazepam cleaved plasmid DNA, and the mechanisms involved were oxidative and hydrolytic. These results indicate the potential for repurposing these non-antibiotic drugs to treat bacterial infections. However, further studies on the mechanism of action of these drugs should be performed to ensure their safe use.

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Jayarani Manikandan, Jaikumar S et Sandhya Rani T. « Identification of biofilm-producing microorganism’s and drug susceptibility pattern from diabetic foot ulcer patients at Puducherry ». International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, n^o 4 (24 décembre 2020) : 7353–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3916.

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Diabetes mellitus is a significant health problem worldwide that affects approximately 171 million people; severe complications lead to the development of diabetic foot ulcers. Diabetic ulcer infections are mainly polymicrobial in nature and multidrug-resistant (MDR), which is capable of forming a biofilm, which is the important virulence factor results in treatment failure. The main objectives of this study to investigate the etiologic agents of diabetic foot infections, their antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation. A total of 200 patient samples were taken from diabetic foot ulcer patients between September 2015 and February 2016. Isolation and identification of microorganism were made according to standard microbiological procedures. Antibiotic Susceptibility testing performed by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method and the biofilm production was performed by the tube method and Congo Red Method. Out of 200 samples processed, 110 (55%) were polymicrobial, 50 (25%) monomicrobial and 40(20 %)culture Sterile. The most common organism isolated were 82(39%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa,45(21%) Staphylococcus aureus, 48(23%) Candida sp followed by others. Biofilm production was seen in 112 (53%) of the isolates. Antimicrobial drug resistance was higher among 92(82%) biofilm producers than non-biofilm 20(18%) producing microorganisms. Organisms isolated from chronic diabetic foot ulcers cases were multidrug-resistant and biofilm producers. Our study shows the importance of biofilm screening with the usual antibiogram, as a routine technique in diabetic foot ulcers patients for effective treatment.

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Gomes, Cristiana C., Evangelina Vormittag, Cleide R. Santos et Anna S. Levin. « Nosocomial Infection With Cephalosporin-ResistantKlebsiella pneumoniaeIs Not Associated With Increased Mortality ». Infection Control & ; Hospital Epidemiology 27, n^o 9 (septembre 2006) : 907–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/507276.

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Objective.To evaluate whether resistance to third-generation cephalosporins and/or aztreonam was associated with a higher mortality rate among patients with nosocomialKlebsiella pneumoniaeinfections.Design.Retrospective cohort study.Setting.Tertiary care university hospital.Methods.A total of 143 patients with nosocomial infections due toK. pneumoniaewere evaluated. Death within 21 days after diagnosis of infection was the outcome. Demographic data, invasive procedures, presence and severity of underlying conditions, infection diagnosis, anatomic site of isolation, and treatment of infection, as well as resistance to third-generation cephalosporins and/or aztreonam, were evaluated for association with the outcome.Results.The mortality associated with nosocomialK. pneumoniaeinfections was 22% in our study. Drug resistance was found in isolates from 48% of case patients. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the severity of the patient's underlying condition (odds ratio, 12.50;P<.01) and isolation of the microorganism from the blood or from another usually sterile site (odds ratio, 2.94;P= .03) were associated with death. On the other hand, the presence of resistance to cephalosporins and/or aztreonam did not affect mortality, and the use of inadequate treatment was not significantly associated with increased mortality. When only the severe cases of infection were analyzed, the results were unchanged.Conclusions.Resistance to cephalosporins and/or aztreonam did not affect mortality, and the use of inadequate treatment was not significantly associated with increased mortality. The reasons for this are not clear. It is possible that the severity of the underlying disease and the patient's condition have a larger role than theK. pneumoniaeinfection in determining the outcome, and initially inadequate treatment may not have an impact sufficient to cause irreversible damage, allowing treatment to be changed to an effective drug.

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Saaid Tuwaij, Nabil Salim, Huda Jameel Baker Al-khilkhali et Haneen Mohamed Mohsen. « Prevalence of SUL(1,2), GYR(A, B) and OXA genes among multidrug resistance Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates recovered from women suffering urinary tract infection ». International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, n^o 2 (30 avril 2020) : 2424–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2234.

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Klebsiella pneumoniae is a significant concern multidrug-resistant microorganism and a one common gram negative bacteria associated with infections of women urinary tract. Therefore, this work aimed to the molecular screening of Sul(1and 2), Gyr(A and B) and OXA genes among K. pneumoniae isolates in Najaf City, Iraq. Out of 250 urine specimens were collected from women showing symptoms of urinary tract infection during five months January to of May 2019, bacterial growth was157 isolates, included 133 gram negative compared with 24 gram positive bacteria while 98 specimens were no growth. According to the Vitek-2 system, 30 K. pneumoniae isolates were obtained.Data on current work revealed that the 26-35 age group was the highest 14 K. pneumoniae isolates. Results of antimicrobial susceptible recorded all isolates were multi-drug resistant (MDR) and they have a different range of resistance. However, all 30 isolates(100%) resistant to ampicillin drugs, while the lowest rate was 1(3.33%) forImipenemdrug. PCR assay revealed exist of oxa, sul-1, sul-2, gyr-A and gyr-B genes among K. pneumoniae isolates with rates 20(66.66%), 11(36.66%), 22(73.33%), 3(10%) and 17(56.66%) respectively.

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Lazarevic, Gordana, Suzana Laban, Milica Jovanovic et Biljana Potkonjak. « Erythromycin-resistant Streptococcus pyogenes ». Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 132, suppl. 1 (2004) : 42–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh04s1042l.

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Streptococcus pyogenes is the most prevalent cause of tonsillopharyngitis in children. The drug of choice for infections caused by this microorganism is penicillin. The problem of treating such infections arises when erythromycin-resistant strains occur. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of Streptococcus pyogenes resistant to erythromycin. The organism was recovered from the pharynx of children hospitalized or treated on outpatient basis at the University Children?s Hospital in Belgrade. Streptococcus pyogenes was identified on blood agar, using bacitracin disc, and confirmed by latex agglutination test (Slidex bioMerieux). Disc diffusion test was carried out to estimate the penicillin resistance. Erythromycin disc was used as screening method to detect erythromycin-resistant Streptococcus pyogenes. MIC for erythromycin was performed by broth dilution method. In the study period from January 2001 to December 2003, all 1100 isolates of Streptococcus pyogenes had usual level of penicillin sensitivity. In 2001, only 0.45% of isolates were erythromycin-resistant. In 2002, erythromycin resistance was 0.63%, while in 2003, it was 1.09%. MIC for erythromycin was from 1 to 128 mg/l. Three strains had constitutive and one strain had inducible resistance to clindamycin. According to the results, our conclusion is that, despite sensitivity to penicillin, resistance to macrolides is the emerging phenomenon. Reasonable use of macrolide antibiotics is necessary to maintain the resistance at the lowest level.

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Olagboye, Suleiman A., Blessing John Bamisaye et Jerome Femi Adesugba. « Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial evaluations of mixed ligand complexes of sulphamethaxole and metronidaxole with some transistion metals (Zn, Co, Cu and Fe) in water methanol medium ». International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 9, n^o 8 (1 août 2021) : 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol9.iss8.3067.

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Sulfamethoxazole and metronidazole are antibiotics use for the treatment of various bacterial infections. Their use as ligand is very prominent in formation of metal complexes. The transition metal complexes are synthesized by reaction of Sulfamethoxazole and metronidazole with metals such Mn(II), Cu(II), Fe(II) and Ni(II). The synthesized metal complexes are tested as antibacterial and antifungal. The antimicrobial activity of the complexes displays good potency against some microorganism such as Xanthomonas axonopodis, Streptococcus faecalia, Salmonella entrica, Claribacter michiganense, Xanthomonas phaseolin for bacteria and S.roofisii, M.phonoides, C.lindimuthianum for the fungi, it is revealed that all copper complexes show stronger antibacterial activity than the free drugs. The spectroscopic properties of the complexes were investigated using UV/visible and FT-IR which show metal-charge from 3d to 3s transition in which the transition state shows that they are octahedral geometry and their coordination site respectively. Their percentage yield was moderately high and producible. The complexes synthesized have higher inhibitory activities than the free ligand. The drug resistance in microbes is resulting in the incompetence of available drugs to care for the infections. The thermal analysis shows that the complexes are stable.

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Немченко, Ulyana Nemchenko, Григорова, Ekaterina Grigorova, Ракова, Elena Rakova, Данусевич et Irina Danusevich. « analysis of phago- and antibiotic sensitivity of Enterobacteriaceae bacteria isolated from women of reproductive age ». Бюллетень Восточно-Сибирского научного центра Сибирского отделения Российской академии медицинских наук 1, n^o 5 (6 décembre 2016) : 150–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/23414.

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Pelvic inflammatory diseases occupy a special place in the structure of general morbidity, and are polymicrobial in nature with dominance of opportunistic microorganisms, in particular bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae.The aim was to study the composition of the vaginal microbiota in women of reproductive age with pelvic inflammatory diseases, as well as to determine the sensitivity of isolated microorganisms to antibiotics and bacteriophages.The study included 70women of reproductive age, among them 37were diagnosed with colpitis and cervicitis, 33women in the comparison group (women screened for a diagnosis). Isolated microorganisms were identified by abdominoperineal methods, including the disk diffusion method to determine the sensitivity of microorganism cultures of Enterobacteriaceae family to antibiotics, and the method of crosses (evaluation of lytic activity of bacteriophages by the number of crosses) to determine the sensitivity to specific therapeutic bacteriophages.Vaginal biocenosis was characterized by deficit of lactobacilli (<106CFU/ml in 100%), the presence of conditionally pathogenic microflora: bacteria of Enterobacteriaceae family, coccal flora and Candida fungi. From 60.0 to 89.3% of Enterobacteria strains were resistant to aminoglycosides and quinolones, but also had a low level of sensitivity to therapeutic bacteriophages.The obtained data indicate the reduction of colonization resistance of vaginal mucosa in pelvic inflammatory diseases and specify the need to use medicinal drugs only under medical supervision to prevent clinically significant drug resistance.

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CHARTERIS, WILLIAM P., PHILLIP M. KELLY, LORENZO MORELLI et J. KEVIN COLLINS. « Antibiotic Susceptibility of Potentially Probiotic Lactobacillus Species ». Journal of Food Protection 61, n^o 12 (1 décembre 1998) : 1636–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-61.12.1636.

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In recent years, the time-honored reputation of lactobacilli as promoters of gastrointestinal and female urogenital health has been qualified. This has occurred due to a rare association with human infection in the presence of certain predisposing factors and their potential to act as a source of undesirable antibiotic resistance determinants to other members of the indigenous microbiota. This necessitates greater caution in their selection for use in microbial adjunct nutrition and disease management (prophylaxis and therapy). It was against this background that 46 Lactobacillus strains from human and dairy sources were assayed for susceptibility to 44 antibiotics. All strains were resistant to a group of 14 antibiotics, which included inhibitors of cell wall synthesis (cefoxitin [30 μg] and aztreonam [30 μg]), protein synthesis (amikacin [30 μg], gentamicin [10 μg], kanamycin [30 μg], and streptomycin [10 μg]), nucleic acid synthesis (norfloxacin [10 μg], nalidixic acid [30 μg], sulphamethoxazole [100 μg], trimethoprim [5 μg], co-trimoxazole [25 μg], and metronidazole [5 μg]), and cytoplasmic membrane function (polymyxin B [300 μg] and colistin sulphate [10 μg]). All strains were susceptible to tetracycline (30 μg), chloramphenicol (30 μg), and rifampicin (5 μg). Four human strains and one dairy strain exhibited atypical resistance to a penicillin, bacitracin (10 μg), and/or nitrofurantoin (300 μg). One human strain was also resistant to erythromycin (15 μg) and clindamycin (2 μg). These resistances may have been acquired due to antibiotic exposure in vivo, but conclusive evidence is lacking in this regard. Seven microorganism-drug combinations were evaluated for β-lactamase activity using synergy and nitrocefin tests. The absence of activity suggested that cell wall impermeability appeared responsible for β-lactam resistance. The occurrence of a minority of lactobacilli with undesirable, atypical resistance to certain antibiotics demonstrates that not all strains are suitable for use as probiotics or bacteriotherapeutic agents. The natural resistance of lactobacilli to a wide range of clinically important antibiotics may enable the development of antibiotic/probiotic combination therapies for such conditions as diarrhea, female urogenital tract infection, and infective endocarditis.

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Reis Zambom, Carolina, Fauller Henrique da Fonseca et Saulo Santesso Garrido. « Bio- and Nanotechnology as the Key for Clinical Application of Salivary Peptide Histatin : A Necessary Advance ». Microorganisms 8, n^o 7 (10 juillet 2020) : 1024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8071024.

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Candida albicans is a common microorganism of human’s microbiota and can be easily found in both respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts as well as in the genitourinary tract. Approximately 30% of people will be infected by C. albicans during their lifetime. Due to its easy adaptation, this microorganism started to present high resistance to antifungal agents which is associated with their indiscriminate use. There are several reports of adaptive mechanisms that this species can present. Some of them are intrinsic alteration in drug targets, secretion of extracellular enzymes to promote host protein degradation and efflux receptors that lead to a diminished action of common antifungal and host’s innate immune response. The current review aims to bring promising alternatives for the treatment of candidiasis caused mainly by C. albicans. One of these alternatives is the use of antifungal peptides (AFPs) from the Histatin family, like histatin-5. Besides that, our focus is to show how nanotechnology can allow the application of these peptides for treatment of this microorganism. In addition, our intention is to show the importance of nanoparticles (NPs) for this purpose, which may be essential in the near future.

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Abdel-Salam, Mohamed, Basma Omran, Kathryn Whitehead et Kwang-Hyun Baek. « Superior Properties and Biomedical Applications of Microorganism-Derived Fluorescent Quantum Dots ». Molecules 25, n^o 19 (30 septembre 2020) : 4486. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25194486.

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Quantum dots (QDs) are fluorescent nanocrystals with superb photo-physical properties. Applications of QDs have been exponentially increased during the past decade. They can be employed in several disciplines, including biological, optical, biomedical, engineering, and energy applications. This review highlights the structural composition and distinctive features of QDs, such as resistance to photo-bleaching, wide range of excitations, and size-dependent light emission features. Physical and chemical preparation of QDs have prominent downsides, including high costs, regeneration of hazardous byproducts, and use of external noxious chemicals for capping and stabilization purposes. To eliminate the demerits of these methods, an emphasis on the latest progress of microbial synthesis of QDs by bacteria, yeast, and fungi is introduced. Some of the biomedical applications of QDs are overviewed as well, such as tumor and microRNA detection, drug delivery, photodynamic therapy, and microbial labeling. Challenges facing the microbial fabrication of QDs are discussed with the future prospects to fully maximize the yield of QDs by elucidating the key enzymes intermediating the nucleation and growth of QDs. Exploration of the distribution and mode of action of QDs is required to promote their biomedical applications.

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Ebenhan, Thomas, Elena Lazzeri et Olivier Gheysens. « Imaging of Bacteria : Is there Any Hope for the Future Based on Past Experience ? » Current Pharmaceutical Design 24, n^o 7 (14 mai 2018) : 772–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612823666171122111558.

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Infectious diseases remain a major health problem and cause of death worldwide. It is expected that the socio-economic impact will further intensify due to escalating resistance to antibiotics, an ageing population and an increase in the number of patients under immunosuppressive therapy and implanted medical devices. Even though radiolabeled probes and leukocytes are routinely used in clinical practice, it might still be difficult to distinguish sterile inflammation from inflammation caused by bacteria. Moreover, the majority of these probes are based on the attraction of leukocytes which may be hampered in neutropenic patients. Novel approaches that can be implemented in clinical practice and allow for swift diagnosis of infection by targeting the microorganism directly, are posing an attractive strategy. Here we review the current strategies to directly image bacteria using radionuclides and we provide an overview of the preclinical efforts to develop and validate new approaches. Indeed, significant progress has been made in the past years, but very few radiopharmaceuticals (that were promising in preclinical studies) have made it into clinical practice. We will discuss the challenges that remain to select good candidates for imaging agents targeting bacteria.

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Tyczkowska-Sieroń, Ewa, Tadeusz Kałużewski, Magdalena Grabiec, Bogdan Kałużewski et Jacek Tyczkowski. « Genotypic and Phenotypic Changes in Candida albicans as a Result of Cold Plasma Treatment ». International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, n^o 21 (30 octobre 2020) : 8100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218100.

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We treated Candida albicans cells with a sublethal dose of nonequilibrium (cold) atmospheric-pressure He plasma and studied alterations in the genome of this fungus as well as changes in the phenotypic traits, such as assimilation of carbon from carbohydrates, hydrolytic enzyme activity, and drug susceptibility. There is a general problem if we use cold plasma to kill microorganism cells and some of them survive the process—whether the genotypic and phenotypic features of the cells are significantly altered in this case, and, if so, whether these changes are environmentally hazardous. Our molecular genetic studies have identified six single nucleotide variants, six insertions, and five deletions, which are most likely significant changes after plasma treatment. It was also found that out of 19 tested hydrolytic enzymes, 10 revealed activity, of which nine temporarily decreased their activity and one (naphthol-AS-BI- phosphohydrolase) permanently increased activity as a result of the plasma treatment. In turn, carbon assimilation and drug susceptibility were not affected by plasma. Based on the performed studies, it can be concluded that the observed changes in C. albicans cells that survived the plasma action are not of significant importance to the environment, especially for the drug resistance and pathogenicity of this fungus.

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Pimentel, Camila, Casin Le, Marisel R. Tuttobene, Tomas Subils, Jasmine Martinez, Rodrigo Sieira, Krisztina M. Papp-Wallace et al. « Human Pleural Fluid and Human Serum Albumin Modulate the Behavior of a Hypervirulent and Multidrug-Resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii Representative Strain ». Pathogens 10, n^o 4 (13 avril 2021) : 471. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10040471.

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Acinetobacter baumannii is a nosocomial pathogen capable of causing serious infections associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Due to its antimicrobial drug resistance profile, A. baumannii is categorized as an urgent priority pathogen by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the United States and a priority group 1 critical microorganism by the World Health Organization. Understanding how A. baumannii adapts to different host environments may provide critical insights into strategically targeting this pathogen with novel antimicrobial and biological therapeutics. Exposure to human fluids was previously shown to alter the gene expression profile of a highly drug-susceptible A. baumannii strain A118 leading to persistence and survival of this pathogen. Herein, we explore the impact of human pleural fluid (HPF) and human serum albumin (HSA) on the gene expression profile of a highly multi-drug-resistant strain of A. baumannii AB5075. Differential expression was observed for ~30 genes, whose products are involved in quorum sensing, quorum quenching, iron acquisition, fatty acid metabolism, biofilm formation, secretion systems, and type IV pilus formation. Phenotypic and further transcriptomic analysis using quantitative RT-PCR confirmed RNA-seq data and demonstrated a distinctive role of HSA as the molecule involved in A. baumannii’s response.

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Munoz, Jessian L., et Oluwatosin Jaiyeoba Goje. « Mycoplasma genitalium : An Emerging Sexually Transmitted Infection ». Scientifica 2016 (2016) : 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7537318.

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Mycoplasma genitaliumhas been recognized as a cause of male urethritis, and there is now evidence suggesting that it causes cervicitis and pelvic inflammatory disease in women.M. genitaliumis a slow growing organism, and, with the advent of nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT), more studies are being performed, and knowledge about the pathogenicity of this organism elucidated. With NAAT detection, treatment modalities have been studied, and the next challenge is to determine the most effective antimicrobial therapy. Doxycycline, the first-line antibiotic for urethritis, is largely ineffective in the treatment ofM. genitaliumand furthermore, resistance to macrolide has also emerged. The most effective drug is Moxifloxacin although there are emerging reports of resistance to it in various parts of the world. This paper not only highlights the current research and knowledge, but also reviews the diversity of health implications on the health of men and women infected withM. genitalium. Alternate antibiotics and the impact ofM. genitaliumon infertility are areas that require more studies as we continue to research into this microorganism.

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Mondal, Montosh Kumar, Beauty Rani Roy, Sabina Yeasmeen, Faizul Haque, AK Qumrul Huda et Debabrata Banik. « Prevalence of microorganism and emergence of bacterial resistance in ICU of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University of Bangladesh ». Journal of the Bangladesh Society of Anaesthesiologists 26, n^o 1 (3 août 2014) : 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbsa.v26i1.19811.

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Background Antibiotic resistant bacterial nosocomial infections are a leading problem in intensive care units (ICU). Objective To study the pattern of microorganism and bacterial resistant to antibiotic in ICU of Bangabandhu sheikh Mujib Medical University of Bangladesh. Methods This retrospective study was conducted in ICU of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Bangladesh from January 2010 to December 2012. Total number of samples were 448. The samples of tracheal aspirate, blood and urine for culture and sensitivity was collected from the patient admitted in ICU. Analysis of tracheal aspirate, blood and urine culture was done from hospital record. All bacteria was identified by standard microbiological methods, and their antibiotic sensitivity was performed using disk diffusion method. Results Total number of samples 448. Samples of tracheal aspirate was 159, positive culture 121(76%), most frequent identified organism was acenetobacter 45.45%, followed by pseudomonas 32.23%, proteus 11%, klebsiella 10% and E.coli 3%, samples of blood culture was 148, positive culture 22(14.86%), most frequent identified organism was pseudomonas 63.63%, followed by acenetobacter 22.72%, salmonella 4.54% and E.coli 4.54% and samples of urine culture was 141, positive culture 36 (25.53% ) most frequent identified organism was enterococcus 22.22%, followed by acenatobacter 19.44%, candida16.66%, klebsiella 13.88% and E.coli 13.88%. Drug resistant organism of tracheal aspirate was 12(20.33%) in 2010, 2(20%) in 2011 and 13(25%) in 2012. only collistin sensitive organism identified was 28(23.14%). Conclusion From this study we concluded that most common site of infection was respiratory tract and most prevailing organism was acinetobacter & pseudomonas and antibiotic resistant infection is increasing and at present around one fourth organisms were resistant to all antibiotics. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbsa.v26i1.19811 Journal of Bangladesh Society of Anaesthesiologists 2013; 26(1): 20-26

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Parcha, Versha, et Jaswinder Kaur. « Synthesis and biological evaluation of new aryl substituted Schiff’s bases ». Pharmaceutical and Biological Evaluations 4, n^o 6 (3 décembre 2017) : 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.26510/2394-0859.pbe.2017.39.

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Objective: Chemical substances employed to treat various infections caused by various types of microorganism are termed as antimicrobials and natural chemical compounds produced by specific types of bacteria are termed as antibiotics. Unlimited use of antibiotics in humans and animals and in areas other than the treatment and prophylaxis of disease have resulted in a serious problem of drug resistance. Various attempts have been adopted to cope with the resistance problem and enhance the activity, or broaden the spectrum of drugs. Based on structure-activity relationship synthesis of new compounds has been one of the best approaches for better results. It has been demonstrated that Schiff base of some leading molecules and antibiotics possess good potential as more effective and safe drugs. Encouraged by reports on potential of Schiff’s bases as antimicrobial agents and to cope up with the current requirements of developing newer, safer and broad spectrum agents attempts were made to synthesize new Schiff’s bases.Methods: Our earlier in which structure activity relationship studies revealed that substitution by nitro and amino gp in Schiff’s base moiety resulted in the enhancement of activity. So further attempts were made to extend the series with incorporation of nitro and amino moiety by condensing o,m dinitro substituted acid hydrazide with various nitro/amino substituted benzaldehydes for increasing their antimicrobial potential.Results: Synthesized compounds were characterized on the basis of spectral studies (like UV, IR, and NMR). All the synthesized derivatives were screened further for their antibacterial effect. All the synthesized derivatives were screened further for their antibacterial effect.Conclusions: Highest activity was observed in the derivative with nitro substitution in both the aryl rings.

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Kerimzhanova, B., A. Jumagaziyeva, N. Аkhatullina, Zh Iskakbayeva et E. Sakhipov. « THE INHIBITING EFFECT OF FS-1 DRUG ON THE ANTIOXIDANT PROTECTION SYSTEM OF MYCOBACTERIA TUBERCULOSIS ». SERIES CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY 6, n^o 444 (15 décembre 2020) : 134–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2020.2518-1491.108.

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Results of inhibitory action of FS-1 drug on antioxidant system of pathogenic mycobacteria tuberculosis, including resistant MDR strain, are presented. The study of the effect of FS-1 drug on the activity of the antioxidant system was carried out on the reference strain Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv and MDR (rifampicin, isoniazid, streptomycin, ethambutol, еthionamide, kanamycin, cycloserine and pyrazinamide resistant) strain Mycobacterium tuberculosis 320. FS-1 drug under experimental conditions in vitro showed a new mechanism of action on mycobacteria tuberculosis - suppression of functional activity of the enzyme superoxide dismutase, which protects the microorganism from oxidative stress. The loss of resistance to oxidative stress by a bacterial cell, i.e. the ability to neutralize highly toxic oxygen radicals, leads to the destruction of cellular structures, metabolic and energy processes, disruption of the respiratory system and, as a result, its death. Antioxidant activity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv after exposure with FS-1 preparation at concentrations of 4µg/ml is inhibited by 90.64 %, while at concentration of 2 µg/ml on bacterial culture of this strain - by 89.07 %. The obtained results show significant suppression of functional activity of superoxide dismutase enzyme in bacterial culture of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv under the influence of FS-1 in these concentrations, showing pronounced inhibitory effect. Similar studies of the effect of iodine-containing FS-1 drug on the antioxidant system were carried out on the bacterial culture of M. tuberculosis multidrug resistant strain 320. It was found that antioxidant activity of FS-1 preparation in concentration 4 µg/ml is inhibited by 99 %, while in concentrations 2 µg/ml FS-1preparation suppresses antioxidant activity of strain 320 by 98 %. Thus, the studies showed that the FS-1 preparation at the test concentrations of 4 μg/ml and 2 μg/ml has a mechanism for pronounced inhibition of the functional activity of the enzyme superoxide dismutase in Mycobacterium tuberculosis of both the reference sensitive strain H37Rv and the multidrug resistant strain 320. This leads to disruption of the redox transformations of various chemical compounds that form the respiratory process in the bacterial culture, providing the energy demand of the microorganism.

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Siccardi, Dario, Karen L. Mumy, Daniel M. Wall, Jeffrey D. Bien et Beth A. McCormick. « Salmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium modulates P-glycoprotein in the intestinal epithelium ». American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 294, n^o 6 (juin 2008) : G1392—G1400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00599.2007.

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Studies over the last decade have shown that Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium ( S. typhimurium) is able to preferentially locate to sites of tumor growth and modulate (shrink) the growth of many cancers. Given this unique association between S. typhimurium and cancer cells, the objective of this study was to investigate the capacity of this microorganism to modulate the plasma membrane multidrug resistance (MDR) protein P-glycoprotein (P-gp), an ATP-binding cassette transporter responsible for effluxing many cancer drugs. Using an in vitro model of S. typhimurium infection of polarized human cancer intestinal cell lines, we have found that this enteric pathogen functionally downregulates the efflux capabilities of P-gp. Specifically, we show that S. typhimurium infection of human intestinal cancer cells results in the enhanced intracellular accumulation of a number of P-gp substrates that corresponds to the posttranscriptional downregulation of P-gp expression. Furthermore, cells expressing small interfering RNAs against MDR1, the gene encoding P-gp, were significantly more susceptible to the cytotoxic effects of bacterial infection. This result is consistent with our observation that S. typhimurium was significantly less able to invade cells overexpressing MDR1. Taken together, these results reveal a novel role for P-gp in the maintenance of homeostasis in the gastrointestinal tract in regard to bacterial infection. Thus the regulation of P-gp by S. typhimurium has important implications not only for the development of new cancer therapeutics aimed at reversing drug resistance but also in the understanding of how microbes have evolved diverse strategies to interact with their host.

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Akhter, J., S. Ahmed, AA Saleh et S. Anwar. « Antimicrobial resistance and in vitro biofilm-forming ability of Enterococci spp. isolated from urinary tract infection in a tertiary care hospital in Dhaka ». Bangladesh Medical Research Council Bulletin 40, n^o 1 (4 septembre 2014) : 6–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmrcb.v40i1.20320.

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The biofilm mode of life conveys a survival advantage to the microorganism associated with it. Biofilm on an indwelling urinary catheter consists of adherent microorganisms, their extra cellular products, and host components deposited on the catheter and thus biofilm on urinary catheters results in persistent infections that are resistant to antimicrobial therapy. This study was done during the period of January 2010 to December 2010. Fifty nine enterococci isolated from 1203 urine samples were speciated by conventional microbiological methods and examined for their ability to form biofilm by microtitre plate assay and antimicrobial susceptibility testing by disc diffusion method for 10 clinically relevant antibiotics respectively. Biofilm producing Enterococci were more frequently found in catheterized than in non catheterized patient (p<0.004). Enterococcus faecium showed increased resistantance to multiple antibiotic than Enterococcus faecalis. Significant relationship was found between biofilm production with antibiotic resistance to amoxicillin, co-trimoxazole, ciprofloxacin, gentamycin, cefotaxime, and cefuroxime. This study demonstrated a high propensity among the isolates of Enterococci to form biofilm and a significant association of biofilms with multiple drug resistance. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmrcb.v40i1.20320 Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2014; 40: 6-9

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Baldin, Clara, Alexander Kühbacher, Petra Merschak, Luis Enrique Sastré-Velásquez, Beate Abt, Anna-Maria Dietl, Hubertus Haas et Fabio Gsaller. « Inducible Selectable Marker Genes to Improve Aspergillus fumigatus Genetic Manipulation ». Journal of Fungi 7, n^o 7 (24 juin 2021) : 506. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7070506.

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The hygromycin B phosphotransferase gene from Escherichia coli and the pyrithiamine resistance gene from Aspergillus oryzae are two dominant selectable marker genes widely used to genetically manipulate several fungal species. Despite the recent development of CRISPR/Cas9 and marker-free systems, in vitro molecular tools to study Aspergillus fumigatus, which is a saprophytic fungus causing life-threatening diseases in immunocompromised hosts, still rely extensively on the use of dominant selectable markers. The limited number of drug selectable markers is already a critical aspect, but the possibility that their introduction into a microorganism could induce enhanced virulence or undesired effects on metabolic behavior constitutes another problem. In this context, here, we demonstrate that the use of ptrA in A. fumigatus leads to the secretion of a compound that allows the recovery of thiamine auxotrophy. In this study, we developed a simple modification of the two commonly used dominant markers in which the development of resistance can be controlled by the xylose-inducible promoter PxylP from Penicillium chrysogenum. This strategy provides an easy solution to avoid undesired side effects, since the marker expression can be readily silenced when not required.

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