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1
Nanwani, Shalini Suresh. « Environmental tobacco smoke and wellbeing ». Thesis, Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2003. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31971209.
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Chan, Tsz Tung. « Removal and leakage of environmental tobacco smoke from model smoking room / ». View abstract or full-text, 2009. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?MECH%202009%20CHAN.
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唐海寧 et Hoi-ning Mandy Tong. « Evidence-based practice guidelines : nurses' interventions for care-takers of paediatric in-patients to reducechildren's environmental tobacco smoke exposure ». Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B43251547.
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Tong, Hoi-ning Mandy. « Evidence-based practice guidelines nurses' interventions for care-takers of paediatric in-patients to reduce children's environmental tobacco smoke exposure / ». Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B43251547.
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Campbell, Robert Charles James. « Speciation of metals and metalloids in tobacco and tobacco smoke : implications for health and regulation ». Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/5728.
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Some metals and metalloids make significant contributions to the harmful effects of tobacco consumption although understanding the mechanisms involved in toxicity is hampered by the lack of information on their chemical and valence species, both in tobacco and in smoke. This research addresses the speciation of the metals and metalloids most frequently implicated, particularly those elements that exist in nature in multiple valence states, namely arsenic (As) and chromium (Cr), there being considerable differences in toxicity with oxidation state. A strategy was devised to overcome some of the problems that have thwarted earlier attempts at speciation. Firstly tobacco plants were cultivated under controlled conditions in compost burdened with high levels of metals and metalloids resulting in leaf with up to 250 µg g⁻¹ As, although Cr uptake was less successful. Secondly valence speciation even at the exceptionally low concentrations of As and Cr in smoke from unburdened tobacco was achieved with XANES analysis using the exceptionally bright Diamond synchrotron source. This revealed that combustion of tobacco has a marked effect on valence speciation with As(III), the reduced form of As, dominating (and persisting) in condensate of tobacco smoke while ash is dominated by the oxidised form, As(V). Chromium also appears to be present in smoke mainly as reduced Cr(III) species. HPLC-ICPMS analysis of arsenic indicates the dominance of inorganic over organic species (~4:1). Other metals were investigated in less detail. These findings establish that arsenic is present in smoke in its most toxic form and represents a significant risk to health. Conversely smokers appear to be exposed to the less harmful species of chromium. These results support a recent WHO report that includes As but not Cr in a list of four metals and metalloids recommended for regulation in crops and commercial products in the interests of public health.
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Talabi, Taiwo. « Workers who continue to be occupationally exposed to second-hand tobacco smoke (SHS) in the UK ». Available from the University of Aberdeen Library and Historic Collections Digital Resources. Restricted no access until Sept. 20, 2009, 2008. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=25325.
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Almeida, Nisha. « Measures of maternal tobacco smoke exposure and foetal growth ». Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=112375.
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Objective. Most biomarker studies of maternal smoking have been based on a single blood or urinary cotinine value, which is inadequate in capturing maternal tobacco exposure over the entire pregnancy. This thesis used maternal hair biomarkers to investigate the association between maternal active and passive smoking, and birthweight for gestational age (BW for GA).Methods. Subjects were 444 term controls drawn from 5,337 participants of a multi-centre nested case-control study of preterm birth in Montreal. Maternal hair, collected after delivery, was measured for average nicotine and cotinine concentration across the pregnancy, assuming hair growth of 1 cm/month. The BW for GA z-score used Canadian population-based standards. Multiple linear regression was used to assess effects on the z-score, after controlling for potential confounders.
Results. In regression models for maternal active smoking analysis, the addition of hair nicotine to models containing either self-report or hair cotinine or both self-report and cotinine explained significantly more variance in the BW for GA z-score (p=0.009, p=0.017, and p=0.033, respectively). In maternal passive smoking analysis, no significant effect of ETS on BW for GA was found using hair biomarkers.
Conclusion. These results indicate that hair biomarkers are sensitive tools capable of predicting reductions in birthweight for maternal active smoking. The stronger results obtained for nicotine are reflective of the fact that hair nicotine is a better measure of maternal smoking, but it could also suggest that nicotine plays an aetiologic role in affecting foetal growth.
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Peter, Justin R. « Numerical investigation of aerosol dynamics : evaluation of the Hamaker constant for environmental tobacco smoke ». Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1996. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/36917/1/36917_Peter_1996.pdf.
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Human exposure to atmospheric pollutants (aerosols) depends on the nature and concentration of the pollutants, and also on the size distribution of the particulate phase of the aerosol. One such commonly encountered aerosol of significant physiological importance is Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS). Knowledge of the time evolution of combustion aerosols is necessary to understand the interactions which shape the aerosol size distribution, and thus lead to conclusions as to the health risk associated with exposure to ETS.
A systematic numerical investigation of the dynamics of aerosol coagulation with the inclusion of van der Waal's forces has been undertaken. Numerical results are compared with those obtained experimentally for the size distribution ofETS in the particle range, 10 nm < particle diameter < 1000 nm. These particles diameters lie in the Cunningham Slip-Flow region, between the free-molecule and continuum regions. The newly developed numerical method allows direct simulation to obtain the size distributions of aging aerosols of arbitrary diameter. Considering that other processes such as condensation and wall deposition are not considered, results obtained theoretically are in excellent agreement with those obtained experimentally.
The comparison of experimental and numerical results enables conclusions to be made as the value of the Hamaker constant for ETS. Although the Hamaker constant is only defined for a pure substance, the method allows an average value over all the constituents of ETS to be evaluated. This value can then be used as input for any further modelling ofETS.
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Schulz-Katterbach, Michèle Sabrina. « Cannabis and caries - does regular cannabis use increase the risk of caries in cigarette smokers ? / ». [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2009. http://opac.nebis.ch/cgi-bin/showAbstract.pl?sys=000297946.
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Gudi, Girish Srinivas. « Evaluation of non-invasive biomarkers for carcinogenic exposure to cigarette smoke ». Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 1999. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=661.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 1999.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xi, 107 p. : ill. (some col.) Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 98-107).
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Stone, Richard C. « Design & ; construction study effectiveness of environmental tobacco smoke particulate and gas phase filtration in an environmental exposure chamber system / ». abstract and full text PDF (free order & ; download UNR users only), 2008. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1460780.
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Vanker, Aneesa. « Indoor air pollution and environmental tobacco smoke exposure in a South African birth cohort study ». Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29675.
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middleincome countries (LMIC) and a major reason for health care visits and hospitalisation. Environmental exposures to indoor air pollution (IAP) or tobacco smoke are important risk factors for childhood respiratory disease. Despite increased electrification, many communities in LMIC rely on alternate fuel sources for household cooking or heating. The impact of antenatal or postnatal exposures on early childhood respiratory disease has not been comprehensively studied in LMIC especially in Africa. The aim of this work was to investigate the impact of IAP and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure on child health and early-life respiratory disease in the Drakenstein Child Health Study (DCHS), a South African birth cohort study. The DCHS investigates the epidemiology and impact of early-life exposures on child health including lung disease. The study is set in a peri-urban poor community in the Western Cape, South Africa. Pregnant women were enrolled from two public primary healthcare clinics, Mbekweni (serving a predominantly black African population) and Newman (predominantly mixed-ancestry population) and 1000 mother-infant pairs longitudinally followed from birth through 1 year of life. The thesis chapters are presented as published manuscripts that describe IAP and ETS exposure in the 2 communities in the DCHS cohort from the antenatal period and the impact of these exposure on child health and lung diseases, LRTI and wheezing illness in the first year of life. To measure exposures comprehensively, two home visits, one in the antenatal period (third trimester) and the second postnatally (between 4 and 6 months of the infant’s life), were conducted to assess the home environment and to measure the most common indoor air pollutants and by-products of combustion. Devices placed in participants’ homes measured exposure to particulate matter (PM10), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2) and volatile organic compounds (VOC). Maternal and infant urine cotinine measures were used to validate self-reported tobacco smoking and exposure. Study staff trained in recognition of LRTI or wheeze documented all episodes, which were categorised according to WHO case definition criteria. Exposure to IAP was comprehensively assessed in over 800 homes antenatally and postnatally providing important South African data on IAP and potential sources of exposure. Tobacco smoke exposure was assessed longitdunially by maternal self-report using validated scales and by measurement of urine cotinine in mothers and infants. Tobacco smoke exposure was found to be highly prevalent with a smoking prevalence of >50% in mixedancestry mothers. Alarmingly, 18% of infants were born with urine cotinine levels in keeping with active smoking, while a further 30% had levels indicating passive smoke exposure. Key findings were despite 92% of homes reporting access to electricity, there was still a reliance on cheaper alternate fuels. Tobacco smoking prevalence amongst pregnant women was high (32%), as was household exposure to tobacco smoke (44%). ETS exposure was associated with low birth weight and antenatal IAP or ETS exposure was significantly associated with increased LRTI. ETS exposure was also associated with wheezing illnesses. A novel finding was that antenatal exposure to toluene, a volatile organic compound, was associated with severe LRTI and hospitalisation. The timing of environmental exposures on the subsequent development of LRTI in infancy has not been well described. An important finding was that antenatal exposures were the main risk factors associated with LRTI, with maternal smoking in pregnancy or PM10 exposure most strongly associated with LRTI. Wheezing illness was associated with both antenatal and postnatal maternal smoking and antenatal maternal smoke exposure and postnatal household member smoking. Both IAP and ETS exposure impacted on both maternal and infant nasopharyngeal bacterial carriage which may be a precursor to the development of LRTI. Environmental exposures therefore had a substantial impact on child health and on LRTI and wheezing illness. The effect on LRTI of antenatal compared with postnatal exposure suggests an in utero developmental lung effect. This study highlights antenatal and early life as a critical period for lung development. Urgent and effective smoking cessation programmes targeting women of child bearing age as well as public health interventions to reduce IAP are required. Woman of childbearing age, pregnant women and children in poor communities represent vulnerable populations at risk for long-term health effects of these exposures.
13
James, Shirley A. « "Actions speak louder than words" : secondhand smoke in Oklahoma / ». Oklahoma City : [s.n.], 2009.
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Chung, Siu-fung. « An epidemiological study on the living environment, passive smoking and respiratory health of a cohort of children aged 3-6 years in Hong Kong / ». Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1995. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B17506360.
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Zhong, Lijie. « A population-based, case-control study of lung cancer and indoor air pollution among nonsmoking women living in Shanghai, China ». Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0024/NQ50286.pdf.
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Barros, Ana Raquel Gonçalves de. « Marcadores biológicos de tabagismo : determinação de cutoff points ». Master's thesis, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas. Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/5914.
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VII - CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS
Este estudo desenvolveu-se devido facto de tanto quanto nos é dado a conhecer não terem
sido determinados cutoff points de diferenciação entre fumadores e não fumadores em
Portugal. Segundo vários autores é importante que estes valores sejam determinados em
cada país devido às suas particularidades de prevalência do tabagismo e exposição
involuntária ao fumo do tabaco. Foram também estudadas as variáveis que estão
associadas e que influenciam os níveis do COex, da COHb, da cotinina plasmática e da
cotinina urinária.
De forma a cumprir os objectivos definidos, utilizou-se uma amostra de 102 indivíduos (53
fumadores e 49 não fumadores), tendo sido o tipo de amostragem não probabilística de
conveniência. A dimensão da amostra e o tipo de amostragem são duas das limitações do
estudo, uma vez que esta amostra não é representativa da população fumadora e não
fumadora portuguesa, o que impede de generalizar os resultados nela obtidos à totalidade
da população.
Outra limitação identificada é o facto de não se terem encontrado estudos nacionais de
características semelhantes a esta investigação, o que faz com que não seja possível
comparar os resultados obtidos com estudos que tivessem utilizado amostras idênticas. Por
essa razão a discussão de resultados foi efectuada considerando estudos internacionais
cujas suas amostras para além de serem de maior dimensão os seus indivíduos possuem
características particulares (prevalência do tabagismo e exposição involuntária ao fumo do
tabaco) que dificultam a comparação dos resultados. Nos estudos internacionais muitas
vezes não são estudadas as variáveis caracterizadoras dos hábitos tabágicos, o que leva
mais uma vez à impossibilidade de relacionar correctamente os nossos resultados com
outros obtidos por diferentes autores.
Devido ao interesse dos resultados obtidos, seria importante que este estudo, tivesse
continuidade, mas com algumas modificações que foram impossíveis de realizar no contexto
em que se desenvolveu esta investigação. De forma a generalizar os resultados seria ideal
utilizar uma amostra representativa da população fumadora e não fumadora nacional, o que
permitiria ficar a conhecer mais fidedignamente os cutoff points de diferenciação entre
fumadores e não fumadores em Portugal. Esta informação seria de grande utilidade para
caracterizar correctamente os hábitos tabágicos dos indivíduos, permitindo reconhecer em
que casos é necessário intervir para cessar os hábitos tabágicos e ainda nas consultas de
cessação tabágica para um apropriado follow-up dos sujeitos.
Outro aspecto em que esta investigação poderia ser complementada, diz respeito às
variáveis caracterizadoras dos hábitos tabágicos, isto porque de acordo com a análise de
regressão linear multivariada, através do modelo proposto, uma grande percentagem da
variabilidade dos marcadores biológicos de tabagismo ficou por explicar, assim sendo seria
importante estudar também outras variáveis, e construir outro modelo que explicasse de
forma ainda mais expressiva a variabilidade dos biomarcadores. Sugerem-se como outras
variáveis a ser estudas aquelas que estão relacionadas com as características inalatórias de
cada indivíduo (número, frequência, profundidade, duração e percentagem de cigarros
consumido e desperdiçado).
Também a exposição involuntária ao fumo do tabaco deveria ser melhor caracterizada,
acrescentando às variáveis analisadas neste estudo, outras que caracterizassem de forma
mais precisa o tipo de exposição a que os indivíduos podem estar sujeitos no seu dia a dia
(domiciliária, laboral e ambiental). Idealmente deveriam conhecer-se o número de cigarros
que são fumados na proximidade dos indivíduos, assim como saber quais as características
dos espaços fechados sobretudo no que respeita às condições de ventilação.
É importante que surjam trabalhos a nível nacional relacionados com os marcadores de
tabagismo, porque o tabagismo representa um problema de saúde pública sobre o qual é
necessário intervir. É importante caracterizar correctamente os biomarcadores de tabagismo
de forma a determinar a real prevalência do tabagismo e avaliar medidas preventivas e
políticas de saúde pública.
Actualmente decorridos 3 anos da aprovação da Lei 32/2007 em que foram aprovadas as
normas de protecção dos cidadãos da exposição involuntária ao fumo do tabaco, a
avaliação dos marcadores biológicos pode desempenhar um papel preponderante para
caracterizar o impacto da implicação da Lei, uma vez que estes reflectem a exposição activa e passiva ao fumo do tabaco.
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Hugg, T. (Timo). « Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, animals and pollen grains as determinants of atopic diseases and respiratory infections ». Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2009. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514291968.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Abstract Little is known about a) the differences in allergic and respiratory diseases between the Finnish and Russian populations, and the environmental factors associated with those differences, and b) exposure to pollen grains indoors and the efficiency of penetration of pollen from outdoor to indoor air. This thesis is based on a cross-sectional population-based epidemiological study conducted in Imatra (Finland) and Svetogorsk (Russia) in 2003 and a rotorod-type-sampler-based pollen study conducted in the province of South Karelia (Finland) between 2003 and 2004. The prevalence of allergic diseases was higher among Finnish than Russian schoolchildren. The symptoms among allergic children were more severe, and the occurrence of respiratory infections was in general more frequent in Russia than in Finland. In the logistic regression analyses the risk of asthma was particularly related to high maternal smoking exposure, and the risk of the common cold was related to high combined parental smoking during infancy (adjusted OR 1.83, 95% CI 1.06–3.17) in Finnish children. Among Russian children, allergic conjunctivitis was related to maternal smoking, while the common cold was inversely related to paternal and parental smoking (0.60, 0.37–0.98 and 0.31, 0.11–0.83, respectively) during the study period. The risk of asthma was inversely related to any indoor dog-keeping in Finland (0.35, 0.13–0.95), whereas in Russia the risk of asthma was increased in relation to combined indoor cat exposure during infancy and the study period (4.56, 1.10–18.91). The concentrations of pollen grains decreased from abundant (0–855 pollen grains per cubic meter, pg/m3) to low (0–3 pg/m3), when moving from outdoors to indoors and further. The differences in diseases and symptoms in these two closely related populations could be ascribed to differences in culture, exposures, diagnostic criteria and treatment. The concentrations of pollen in indoor air during the flowering period were mostly on a level high enough to cause reactions in only the most sensitive subjects. The results suggest that more efforts should be directed to reducing parental smoking, to studying the role and effects of nationally different animal exposures in childhood, and to assessing the importance of different penetration routes of pollen grainsTiivistelmä Suomen ja Venäjän välisistä allergioiden ja hengitystietulehdusten esiintymiseroista ja esiintymiseen vaikuttavista ympäristötekijöistä tiedetään varsin vähän. Myös tutkimuksia siitepölyille altistumisesta sisätiloissa ja siitepölyjen tunkeutumiskyvystä ulkoilmasta sisäilmaan on niukasti. Tutkimus yhdistää sekä lääketieteellisen että luonnontieteellisen tutkimusalan tutkimustraditiot sekä atooppisten sairauksien ja/tai hengitystietulehdusten tärkeimpien määrittäjien tarkastelun yhdeksi tutkimuskokonaisuudeksi. Väestö- ja kyselylomakepohjainen poikkileikkaustutkimus toteutettiin Suomen ja Venäjän rajan molemmin puolin sijaitsevissa Imatran ja Svetogorskin kaupungeissa vuonna 2003. Tutkimusväestö koostui 512 suomalaisesta ja 581 venäläisestä 7–16-vuotiaasta koululaisesta (osallistumisaste 79 %). Rotorod-tyyppisen keräimen käyttöön perustuva siitepölytutkimus toteutettiin erilaisissa ulko- ja sisätiloissa Lappeenrannan ja Imatran kaupungeissa, Rautjärven kunnassa ja valtatie 6:lla vuosina 2003 ja 2004. Atooppisten sairauksien esiintyvyys oli runsaampaa suomalaisten koululaisten keskuudessa. Sitä vastoin allergisten lasten kokemat oireet olivat voimakkaampia ja hengitystietulehdusten esiintyvyys oli runsaampaa venäläisten koululaisten keskuudessa. Astmariski kytkeytyi erityisesti äidin runsaalle tupakoinnille altistumiseen raskauden (vakioitu OR 3.51, 95 % luottamusväli 1.00–12.3), ensimmäisen elinvuoden (3.34, 1.23–9.07) ja tutkimuksen aikana (3.27, 1.26–8.48). Nuhakuumeen riski oli suurentunut suomalaisten koululaisten keskuudessa, jotka olivat altistuneet molempien vanhempien runsaalle tupakoinnille ensimmäisen elinvuoden aikana (1.83, 1.06–3.17). Äidin tupakoinnille ensimmäisen elinvuoden (4.53, 1.49–13.8) ja tutkimuksen aikana (2.82, 1.07–7.44) altistuneilla venäläisillä oli suurentunut allergisen silmän sidekalvotulehduksen riski. Tutkimuksen aikainen isän ja vanhempien tupakointi vähensi nuhakuumeen riskiä (0.60, 0.37–0.98; 0.31, 0.11–0.83) Venäjällä. Suomessa koiranpito sisätiloissa vähensi astmariskiä (0.35, 0.13–0.95), vastaavasti Venäjällä raskauden jälkeinen sisätiloissa tapahtuva kissa-altistus lisäsi koululaisten astmariskiä (4.56, 1.10–18.91). Siitepölyjen pitoisuudet pienenivät siirryttäessä ulkoa (0–855 siitepölyhiukkasta ilmakuutiossa; sp/m3) sisätiloihin (0–17 sp/m3). Ympäristöaltisteisiin ja sairauden ennusteeseen vaikuttavat sekä kansallinen kulttuuri ja vakiintuneet tavat, että erot diagnosointikriteereissä, yleisessä tautitietoisuudessa ja lääkkeiden saatavuudessa. Näin ollen altisteiden voimakkuus ja kesto sekä terveysvaikutukset voivat vaihdella merkittävästi lähellä toisiaan sijaitsevien alueiden välillä. Siitepölypitoisuudet sisätiloissa olivat pääosin tasolla, jolle altistuminen aiheuttaa oireita vain kaikkein herkimmille allergisille. Tutkimuksen tulosten mukaan lisää voimavaroja tulisi suunnata passiiviselle tupakoinnille altistumisen vähentämiseen erityisesti yksilökehityksellisesti herkkien varhaisvaiheiden aikana, kansallisten eläinaltistuserojen terveysvaikutusten selvittämiseen sekä siitepölyjen erilaisten kulkeutumisreittien merkityksen tutkimiseen
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Schiffner, Mariana Dihl. « Estabelecimento de um modelo animal de exposição à fumaça do tabaco durante a gestação, investigação de alterações na programação fetal e suas repercussões metabólicas na vida adulta ». reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/56667.
Texte intégralRésumé :
Introdução: Muitos estudos relacionam o tabagismo materno durante a gestação com o aumento do risco de desfechos adversos para o feto, como o baixo peso ao nascer e restrição de crescimento intrauterino. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: estabelecer um modelo animal de exposição ao tabaco durante a prenhez, usando como marcador de exposição a cotinina e a carboxihemoglobina; investigar os efeitos da exposição pré-natal ao tabaco sobre a biometria fetal e parâmetros bioquímicos; e investigar a programação fetal e suas repercussões na vida adulta. Métodos: Ratas Wistar foram randomicamente divididas em 3 grupos de exposição ao tabaco durante a gestação: controle (C), controle manipulado (CM) e tabaco (T). No grupo T as ratas foram expostas a fumaça de um cigarro 2x/dia, durante 21 dias. O grupo CM passou pela mesma intervenção do grupo T, porém sem sofrer exposição à fumaça do cigarro. O grupo C permaneceu na caixa-moradia sem qualquer tipo de interferência. O protocolo do presente estudo foi dividido em 2 experimentos. Experimento 1: no 22º dia de gestação um grupo de ratas genitoras foi submetida à cirurgia cesariana para a retirada dos filhotes. O sangue do tronco das genitoras foi coletado e o peso da placenta, bem como o comprimento e o peso dos filhotes foram medidos. Experimento 2: no 22º dia de gestação, um outro grupo de genitoras tiveram seus filhotes nascidos de parto normal e as ninhadas foram padronizadas em 8 filhotes. O peso dos filhotes foi aferido semanalmente até a vida adulta, quando foram realizados o teste de tolerância à glicose, o teste de corticosterona em resposta ao estresse e a medida da gordura abdominal. Para a medida da carboxihemoglobina (COHb) nas genitoras o sangue foi coletado imediatamente após a exposição a fumaça do cigarro. Resultados: O grupo exposto ao tabaco de forma aguda apresentou níveis mais elevados de COHb que o grupo CM. A exposição repetida ao tabaco aumentou substancialmente os níveis de cotinina, enquanto os grupos CM e C apresentaram níveis de cotinina abaixo do limite de detecção do método. Foi observado que os filhotes expostos ao tabaco no período intrauterino nasceram com menor peso e menores níveis de insulina e glicemia. Em relação ao experimento 2, o acompanhamento do ganho de peso até a vida adulta não diferiu entre os grupos, somente entre os sexos, assim como a adiposidade. O teste de tolerância à glicose na vida adulta mostrou que o grupo exposto ao tabaco durante o período intrauterino apresentou resistência à ação da insulina. Conclusão: O modelo animal utilizado para expor ao tabaco durante a prenhez foi capaz de induzir a restrição do crescimento intrauterino (RCIU) e de programar o metabolismo na vida adulta. Este modelo animal mostra-se útil na investigação de outros desfechos e mecanismos relacionados à exposição tabágica durante a gestação.Introduction: Many studies have linked maternal smoking during pregnancy with increased risk of adverse outcomes. The objective of this study was to establish an animal model of tobacco exposure during pregnancy, using as a marker of exposure to cotinine and carboxyhemoglobin. Also, investigate the effects of prenatal exposure to tobacco smoke on fetal biometry and biochemical parameters. It also aimed to investigate the fetal programming and its repercussions in adulthood. Methodology: Repeated exposure to tobacco smoke during pregnancy: The animals were randomly assigned to three groups: control (C), manipulated control (MC) and tobacco (T). The animals were exposed to a one cigarette twice a day for 21 days. The manipulated control group went through the same intervention group T, without suffering smoke exposure. The group C remained intact in the home cage. Experiment 1: on 22nd day of pregnancy was performed a cesarean section. The trunk blood was collected of the pregnant rats and fetal biometry measured. Experiment 2: on the 22nd day of pregnancy the pups were born by natural delivery and the litters were standardized to eight pups per litter. The weight of offspring was measured weekly until adulthood. At this stage we evaluated the glucose tolerance test and, at the time of sacrifice, the adiposity. Immediately after the intervention, the trunk blood was collected for carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) measurement. Results: the animals exposed to tobacco acutely showed higher levels of COHb that the MC group. Repeated exposure to tobacco increased substantially cotinine levels, whereas in MC and C groups cotinine levels were below the limit of detection. It was observed that pups exposed to tobacco intrauterine period were born with lower weight and lower levels of insulin and glucose. Regarding the second experiment, monitoring of weight gain until adulthood did not differ between groups, only gender, and adiposity. The glucose tolerance test in adult life showed that the group exposed to tobacco during the intrauterine period showed resistance to insulin action. Conclusion: The animal model used to expose the tobacco during pregnancy was able to induce intrauterine growth restriction and programming metabolism in later life. This animal model shown to be useful for studies on other outcomes, and mechanisms related to tobacco smoke exposure during pregnancy.
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Herbert, Rosemary 1955. « Making homes smoke-free : the impact of an empowerment intervention for parents ». Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=115898.
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One-third of American children under the age of 18 years and one in ten Canadian children aged 0-11 years are exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) predisposing them to multiple health problems. Although several intervention strategies to reduce ETS exposure among children have been tested, to date there is not enough evidence to recommend one strategy over another. The objectives of this study were: (a) to test if parents' participation in an intervention based on an empowerment ideology and participatory experiences decreases the number of cigarettes smoked in homes; and (b) to identify barriers to making homes and vehicles smoke-free, as well as facilitators used by parents to manage these barriers. To enable informed decision-making on how to measure empowerment, a systematic review was conducted to identify questionnaires that best measure health-related empowerment among adults and in families.In a randomized controlled trial, 36 families were allocated to the intervention (n=17) or control group (n=19). The six week intervention included three, two hour group sessions, followed by three follow-up telephone calls, all at weekly intervals. Data were collected in interviewer-administered questionnaires at baseline and at six months follow-up.
No significant difference was detected between the intervention and control groups in the number of cigarettes smoked in the home daily at six months follow-up. However empowerment increased and the number of cigarettes smoked in the home decreased in both the intervention and control groups from baseline (median=17) to six-month follow-up (median=5).
Parents identified multiple barriers to smoke-free homes and vehicles including personal factors, factors involving others, and factors related to the physical environment. The most commonly identified barriers to smoke-free homes were personal factors, with tobacco addiction cited most often. In describing how to overcome barriers, parents identified facilitators involving other people as most effective, yet they most often relied on themselves. None ofthe parents identified a health provider as a facilitator. The multiple and complex barriers identified in this study suggest that interventions and practice guidelines should incorporate multiple strategies and individualized approaches to assist parents to make their homes and vehicles smoke-free.
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Johansson, AnnaKarin. « Passive Smoking in Children : The Importance of Parents’ Smoking and Use of Protective Measures ». Doctoral thesis, Linköping, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-5174.
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Orione, Maria Angelica de Macedo. « Avaliação da exposição a poluentes inalatórios ambientais no período gestacional como fator de risco para dermatomiosite juvenil ». Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5141/tde-05062014-161954/.
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Objetivos: Avaliar a influência da exposição a fatores ambientais inalatórios durante a gravidez e o diagnóstico de dermatomiosite juvenil (DMJ). Métodos: Um estudo caso-controle incluiu 20 casos de DMJ e 56 controles, pareados por idade e sexo, residentes na região metropolitana de São Paulo. Através de um questionário foram obtidos os dados demográficos e os dados de exposição ambiental durante a gravidez: a exposição ocupacional (poeira causada por demolições, construções ou pedreiras, poeira de giz, tintas, verniz, vapor de combustível e fluídos de bateria), a existência de fontes de poluentes inalatórios próximas à residência da mãe e a exposição materna ao tabaco. As concentrações diárias de material particulado (PM10), dióxido de enxofre (SO2), dióxido de nitrogenio (NO2), ozônio (O3) e monóxido de carbono (CO) inalados foram avaliadas durante o período gestacional. Resultados: A exposição ocupacional materna a poeira de giz escolar e a resíduo volátil de gasolina ou diesel no grupo de DMJ foi significantemente maior comparada ao grupo controle (50% vs. 2,3%, p=0,004). Mães fumantes e exposição passiva ao cigarro na residência durante a gravidez foram significantemente maior no grupo de DMJ (20% vs. 1,7%, p=0,01; 35% vs. 16%, p=0,07, respectivamente). No modelo de regressão logística univariada, o fumo materno durante a gravidez, a exposição ocupacional a agentes inalados e a exposição ao CO troposférico no tercil mais elevado (3.2-5.4 ppm) no terceiro trimestre foram significantemente associados com DMJ (p < 0,05). Na análise multivariada, o fumo materno (OR=13,26, IC 95% 1,21-144,29, p=0,03), a exposição ocupacional (OR=35,39, IC 95%1,97-632,80, p=0,01) e a exposição ao CO (terceiro tercil) no terceiro trimestre de gestação (OR=12,21, IC 95%1,28- 115,96, p=0,03) permaneceram como fator de risco para DMJ. Conclusão: A exposição a poluentes inalatórios ambientais e fumaça de cigarro durante o desenvolvimento fetal podem contribuir para o aparecimento de DMJObjective: To evaluate the influence of exposures to inhaled environmental factors during pregnancy on juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) diagnosis. Methods: A case-control study included 20 JDM and 56 healthy controls matched by age and gender residents in the metropolitan region of São Paulo city. A questionnaire assessed demographic data and environmental inhalation exposure during pregnancy (occupational exposure to demolition, chalk, construction and/or quarry dust, paints, varnish, fuel vapor and/or battery fluids, stationary sources of inhaled pollution near the mother\'s home and maternal tobacco exposure). Daily concentrations of inhaled particulate matter (PM10), sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), and carbon monoxide (CO) were evaluated throughout the gestational period. Results: Maternal occupational exposure to chalk dust/gasoline vapor in JDM group was significantly higher compared to controls (50% vs. 2. 3%, p=0.004). Smoking mothers and secondhand smoke exposure at home during pregnancy were significantly higher in JDM group (20% vs. 1.7%, p=0.01; 35% vs. 16%, p=0.07; respectively). In univariate logistic regression models, maternal smoking, occupational exposure to inhaled agents and the higher tertile of trospospheric CO (3.2-5.4 ppm) in the third trimester were significantly associated with JDM (p < 0.05). In multivariate analysis, smoking mother (OR=13.26, 95% CI 1.21-144.29, p=0.03), occupational exposure (OR=35.39, 95% CI 1.97-632.80, p=0.01) and CO (third tertile) exposure in the third trimester of gestation (OR=12.21, 95% CI 1.28-115.96, p=0.03) remained risk factors for JDM. Conclusion: Inhaled pollutants and tobacco smoking during fetal development may contribute to JDM
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Duro, Luciano Nunes. « Distribuição espacial das internações hospitalares por neoplasias e doenças respiratórias em santa cruz do sul e a relação às indústrias fumageiras : um estudo ecológico ». reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/88422.
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Contexto: Há muito tempo se conhecem os malefícios do tabaco, seja para a saúde individual, coletiva e para o meio ambiente. Por outro lado, a sua produção é também considerada uma cultura das mais rentáveis e gera milhares de empregos e renda, tanto para trabalhadores e empresários, quanto para o Estado, através do recolhimento de valores importantes de impostos. Conhecer relações de exposição ao tabaco e seus possíveis danos à comunidade passa a ser uma ação importante, a fim de se avaliar relações de custo-benefício de tal produção. Objetivos: Georreferenciar os casos de internação hospitalar entre 2010 e 2012 da cidade de Santa Cruz do Sul, uma das maiores produtoras de tabaco do país, para encontrar um padrão de distribuição espacial da moradia destas pessoas e as indústrias do tabaco. Métodos: Foi utilizado um estudo ecológico, com georreferenciamento de casos, através do programa Terraview do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, de acordo com patologias específicas, através do banco de dados informatizado dos dois hospitais da cidade. Foram gerados mapas representativos, de Kernel, além da utilização de técnicas específicas para detecção de autocorrelações espaciais, como o Índice Global e Local de Moran, Médias Móveis, G e G* e Taxas Bayesianas Empíricas. As unidades de área estudadas foram os bairros da cidade, com informações do censo do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística de 2010. Resultados: Constavam nos registros hospitalares brutos 49.347 registros, sendo 33.377 do Hospital Santa Cruz e 15.970 do Hospital Ana Nery. Após a limpeza dos bancos, através dos critérios de exclusão determinados, foram elegíveis para o georreferenciamento dos casos de internação por neoplasias 285 (0,34%) casos e por doença respiratória 1.013 (2,05%). Em ambos os contextos de causas para internação, não houve uma distribuição espacial que determinasse uma autocorrelação, ou seja, não se demonstrou, no período estudado e para estes dois motivos de internação, que os casos estivessem correlacionados entre si, em se tratando de distribuição no espaço geográfico, tanto da cidade, quanto do entorno das fumageiras. Alguns aspectos relativos a taxas de incidência foram observados entre os anos, com a apresentação de aglomerados (clusters). Conclusões: O uso do delineamento ecológico como forma de se iniciar uma observação entre padrões de eventos dentro de grupos populacionais continua a ser uma ótima ferramenta. Suas fraquezas incluem a alta dependência da qualidade dos dados secundários registrados, que, se não forem cuidadosamente coletados e avaliados, podem diminuir em muito as forças dos achados. Parece não haver um padrão de distribuição espacial das residências de pessoas que foram internadas em um dos hospitais da cidade de Santa Cruz do Sul entre os anos de 2010 e 2012, em relação a neoplasias e doenças respiratórias, tampouco uma correlação com proximidades às indústrias fumageiras.Background: The dangers of smoking are well known, both for individual, collective health, and for the environment. On the other hand, its production is also considered one of the most profitable crop and generates thousands of jobs and income for both workers and employers, and in the State, through the gathering of important tax values. Meet the relationships of tobacco exposure and the possible damage to the community becomes an important action in order to evaluate the cost-benefit of such production. Objectives: To georeference cases of hospitalization between 2010 and 2012 in the city of Santa Cruz do Sul, one of the largest tobacco producing in Brazil, to find a pattern of spatial of housing distribution of these people and the location of tobacco industries. Methods: An ecological approach with georeferenced cases by the Terraview software from the National Institute for Space Research, under specific conditions, through the computerized database of the two city hospitals. Representative maps were generated, like Kernel’s map, and the use of specific techniques to detect spatial autocorrelation, such as the Moran Global and Local Index, Moving Averages, G and G * and Empirical Bayesian Exchange. The units studied area were the city's neighborhoods with census data from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, 2010. Results: There were available 49.347 records in hospital records, being 33.377 from the Santa Cruz Hospital and 15,970 from The Ana Nery Hospital. After cleaning the database, through certain exclusion criteria, 285 neoplasms admissions and 1,103 respiratory diseases were eligible for the georeferencing of hospitalization. In both contexts, there was no one that would determine spatial autocorrelation, ie, was not shown, during the study period and for these two reasons for hospitalization, the cases were correlated with each other, in the case of distribution in geographical space, both for the city, and the surrounding of the tobacco companies. Some aspects of the incidence rates were observed between years, with the presentation of clusters observed. Conclusions: The use of the ecological design as a way to start a note between patterns of events within population groups continues to be a great tool. Their weaknesses include the high dependence of the quality of secondary data, which, if not carefully collected and evaluated, may strongly decrease the strength of findings. There seems not to be a pattern of spatial distribution of the residences of people who were admitted to a hospital in the city of Santa Cruz do Sul between the years 20100 and 2012 in relation to cancer and respiratory diseases, nor a correlation with the nearby tobacco industries.
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Chung, Siu-fung, et 鍾少鳳. « An epidemiological study on the living environment, passive smoking and respiratory health of a cohort of children aged 3-6 years in HongKong ». Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1995. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B29967843.
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Kariya, Chirag T. « Role of glutathione in lung's adaptive response against environmental agents that induce oxidative stress / ». Connect to abstract via ProQuest. Full text is not available online, 2007.
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Jones, Kelly. « Prevalence and predictors of non-smoking policies in South Australian restaurants, hotels and other public places ». Title page, abstract and table of contents only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09MPM/09mpmj769.pdf.
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Jorge, Juliana Gomes. « Tabagismo passivo e a ocorrência de dificuldades de aprendizagem em escolares do ensino fundamental no município de Campo Verde - MT ». Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, 2013. http://ri.ufmt.br/handle/1/762.
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A exposição ao tabagismo passivo se constitui um importante problema de saúde pública. A fumaça ambiental do tabaco afeta diversos processos fisiológicos, bem como as funções cognitivas relacionadas à aprendizagem. Objetivo: Analisar a associação entre o tabagismo gestacional e domiciliar na aquisição e/ou desenvolvimento da aprendizagem em escolares do ensino fundamental do município de Campo Verde – Mato Grosso. Métodos: estudo epidemiológico transversal analítico, em amostra representativa da população de 785 escolares do 2º ao 5º ano do ensino fundamental. Os alunos foram avaliados por meio do Protocolo de Triagem de Letramento Escolar, visando identificar a presença de dificuldades de aprendizagem. As mães/responsáveis foram entrevistadas por meio de um questionário contendo questões relativas ao fumo. Foram realizadas análises descritiva, bivariada e regressão logística. A análise descritiva dos dados foi realizada por meio de tabelas e descrição dos achados. Na análise bivariada foram identificadas as associações brutas através do cálculo da razão de prevalência (RP) e respectivos Intervalos de Confiança de 95% (IC 95%), cálculo da significância estatística da associação utilizando o teste de Qui-quadrado para Razão de Prevalência com intervalo de 95% de confiança pelo método de Mantel-Haenszel (IC 95%), ou teste exato de Fisher quando indicado. Na Regressão Logística foram consideradas as variáveis que apresentaram associação estatisticamente significante a partir das análises brutas, com p-valor menor que 0,20, mantendo-se no modelo final as variáveis com nível de significância menor ou igual 0,05 ou aquelas consideradas de importância, segundo a literatura consultada. Os dados foram analisados através dos programas estatísticos SPSS for Windows versão 15.0, EPI INFO 2000 versão 3.5.1 e STATA versão 9.0. Resultado: a análise bivariada indicou associação significativa para as variáveis Sexo, Escolaridade e Raça/Cor dos Escolares; Escolaridade, Raça/Cor, Estado Civil e Classe Econômica das Mães; Número de Consultas de Pré-Natal, Baixo Peso ao Nascer e Uso de Álcool; Tabagismo Materno Atual, Gestacional e durante a Amamentação; e Otite para as variáveis relacionadas aos fatores associados à Aprendizagem. No modelo final da regressão logística foi considerada estatisticamente significativa a variável tabagismo domiciliar. Conclusão: o estudo evidenciou associação entre a exposição passiva ao tabaco e as dificuldades de aprendizagem nos escolares.
Exposure to passive smoking constitutes a major public health problem. The environmental tobacco smoke affects many physiological processes as well as cognitive functions related to learning. Objective: To analyze the association of smoking during pregnancy and in the home acquisition and/or development of learning in school children of elementary school in the municipality of Campo Verde – Mato Grosso. Methods: We carried a cross-sectional epidemiological study. Participants consisted of a representative sample of the population of students from 785 2nd to 5th elementary school. Students were evaluated by the Protocol School Literacy Screening, to identify the presence of learning difficulties. Mothers / caregivers were interviewed using a structured questionnaire containing questions relating to household smoking. Analyses Descriptive, bivariate, and logistic regression. A descriptive analysis was performed by means of tables and description of the findings. In bivariate associations were identified by calculating the crude prevalence ratio (PR) and their confidence intervals of 95% (95%), calculating the statistical significance of the association using the chi-square test for prevalence ratio with the 95% confidence by the Mantel-Haenszel method (95%), or Fisher exact test when indicated. In logistic regression were considered all variables that showed a statistically significant association from the crude analyzes, with a p-value less than 0.20, remaining in the final model variables with a significance level less than or equal to 0.05 or those considered of importance, according to the literature. Data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software for Windows version 15.0, EPI INFO 2000 version 3.5.1 and STATA version 9.0. Result: The bivariate analysis showed a significant association for the variables Gender, Education and Race / Color School, Education, Race / Color, Marital Status and Economy Class Mothers, Number of Prenatal Consultations, Low Birth Weight and Usage alcohol, Tobacco Current Maternal, gestational and during breastfeeding, and Otitis for variables related to factors associated with learning. In the final model of logistic regression was considered statistically significant variable household smoking. Conclusion: The study showed an association between exposure to passive smoking and learning difficulties in schools children.
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Chan, Siu-chee Sophia, et 陳肇始. « A randomized controlled trial of a health education intervention by nurses to mothers of sick children in Hong Kong ». Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3123821X.
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Lotufo, João Paulo Becker. « Avaliação do resultado terapêutico de um ambulatório antitabágico multidisciplinar ». Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5141/tde-26012015-092933/.
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INTRODUÇÃO: O tabagismo é reconhecido, atualmente, como um dos maiores problemas de saúde em todo o mundo. Há uma \"epidemia\" global de uso de tabaco nos países em desenvolvimento, no século 21. OBJETIVOS: Analisar: as características gerais dos indivíduos matriculados espontaneamente em um ambulatório antitabágico; a eficácia geral do tratamento antitabágico e dos medicamentos; as mudanças nas características dos participantes antes e após a Lei Ambiente Fechado Livre do Cigarro em São Paulo e os níveis de cotinina urinária em fumantes ativos, passivos e controles. CASUÍSTICA E MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo de coorte histórica cujo critério de inclusão foi a matrícula no ambulatório antitabágico do HU USP, no período de 2004 a 2011. Os dados foram coletados por meio de consulta a protocolos padronizados e ao sistema informatizado do serviço. Foram analisados os resultados de dosagens de cotinina e creatinina realizadas em amostras biológicas. RESULTADOS: Dentre os 1736 pacientes atendidos houve predomínio de mulheres (62,1%), brancos (75,3%) e indivíduos com idade entre 41 e 60 anos (63,1%). Aproximadamente 80% iniciaram o tabagismo antes dos 20 anos e 75% apresentaram grau de dependência moderado a grave. Dentre os 620 indivíduos acompanhados a partir de 2009, 34,5% abandonaram o tabagismo. Dentre eles, 21,5% obtiveram êxito até o quarto contato com o ambulatório. O uso de vareniclina e terapia de reposição de nicotina (TRN) aumentaram a probabilidade de sucesso (RRR= 2,73 e 2,78, respectivamente; p < 0,001 para ambas). Quanto maior o número de reuniões frequentadas no ambulatório, maior a probabilidade de sucesso terapêutico (p < 0,001). A análise da dosagem da cotinina urinária mostrou concentrações de cotinina urinária 18,7 vezes maior no grupo de tabagistas ativos comparados aos tabagistas passivos. CONCLUSÃO: O sucesso do ambulatório antitabágico do HU manteve-se em acordo com grande parte dos índices de sucesso terapêutico presentes na literatura médica. O abandono do hábito de fumar foi fortemente associado ao número de contatos dos fumantes com o grupo e a terapêutica medicamentosa. A cotinina urinária mostrou-se um bom marcador do tabagismo ativoINTRODUCTION: Smoking is recognized today as one of the major health problems worldwide. There is a global \"epidemic\" of tobacco use in developing countries in the 21st Century. OBJECTIVES: Analyze: the general characteristics of individuals spontaneously enrolled in an outpatient smoking cessation clinic; the overall effectiveness of the smoking cessation treatment and medication; the changes in the characteristics of participants before and after the Smoke-Free Environment Act in São Paulo and the levels of urinary cotinine in active and passive smokers and controls. CASES AND METHODS: A historical cohort study was conducted, of which the inclusion criterion was the registration in the outpatient smoking cessation Clinic in the HU USP, in the period from 2004 to 2011. Data were collected by consultation of standardized protocols and of the computerized service system. The results of cotinine and creatinine measurements performed on biological samples were analyzed. RESULTS: Among the 1736 patients treated, there was a predominance of women (62.1%), whites (75.3%) and individuals aged between 41 and 60 years (63.1%). Approximately 80% began smoking before age 20 and 75% showed moderate to severe degree of dependence. Among the 620 individuals monitored from 2009 on, 34.5% quit smoking. Among them, 21.5% obtained success up to the fourth contact with the clinic. The use of varenicline and nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) increased the probability of success (RRR= 2.73 and 2.78, respectively; p < 0.001 for both). The greater the number of meetings attended at the clinic, greater the probability of treatment success (p < 0.001). The analysis of urinary cotinine dosage showed urinary cotinine concentrations 18.7 times higher in the active smokers group, compared to the passive smokers group. CONCLUSION: The success of the smoking cessation clinic in the HU remained largely in accordance with most therapeutic success rates found in medical literature. Quitting smoking was strongly associated to the number of contacts of the smokers with the group and drug therapy. Urinary cotinine proved to be an accurate marker for active smoking
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Jamriska, Milan. « The effect of ventilation and air filtration on reduction of indoor concentration to submicrometer airborne particulates ». Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2000.
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Lindgren, Torsten. « Cabin Air Quality in Commercial Aircraft : Exposure, Symptoms and Signs ». Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-3462.
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Garza, Karah D. (Friesenhahn) McFall Stephanie L. Perkins Jimmy L. « Smoke free restaurant ordinance, compliance with the regulation to reduce exposure to environmental tobacco smoke while dining at local restaurants in San Antonio, Texas ». 2008. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1454499.
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Ndlovu, Nkanyiso. « Prevalence of second hand smoke exposure among adults in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe ». Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1498.
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Thesis (MPH.) -- University of Limpopo, 2016.Introduction: Annually, hundred thousands of people worldwide die as a result of second hand smoke (SHS) exposure. There is no safe exposure level to SHS yet in Bulawayo, smokers have been observed smoking without restraint thus exposing non-smokers to SHS. The purpose of this study was to establish the prevalence and contributing factors of SHS exposure among adults in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted and participants were randomly selected from residents who visited the 13 municipal revenue halls. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from respondents. Descriptive and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed. Results: Home SHS exposure prevalence was 22% and females were 2.11 times more likely than males to be exposed at home. Prevalence of SHS exposure in public transportation, health facilities, educational and food premises was 40.9%, 26.3%, 42,9% and 36.8% respectively. Conclusion: SHS exposure in Bulawayo was high and there is need to reduce SHS exposure to non-smoking adults. Keywords: Second hand smoke (SHS), Bulawayo, Prevalence, Exposure, Adult
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Coloff, Kelly Ann. « Caregiver perceptions of children's risks associated with exposure to environmental tobacco smoke ». 2008. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2008/coloff/ColoffK0508.pdf.
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Tight, Peter. « Occupationally exposed sulphide lead workers and tobacco smoking 1996-1997 ». Thesis, 1998. http://researchonline.federation.edu.au/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/164918.
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Booyse, Wilna. « Neuropsigologiese disfunksie by kinders met oormatige lugbesoedelingsblootstelling ». Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/11211.
Texte intégralRésumé :
M.A. (Psychology)The study of behavioural toxicology was started in 1972 with the Port Pirie Cohort study and therefor a relative young field. Little information is available about the effect of cigarette smoke, containing the toxic substance carbon monoxide, on the neurocognitive functioning of children. The purpose of this study was to determine whether carbon monoxide has an effect on the neurocognitive functioning of children, more specifically as it relates to school performance. A group of school children was selected in the Vaal Triangle area who were sUbjected to a large quantity of cigarette smoke during the day and a group of children was selected who had no contact with any cigarette smoke during the day. The results of these groups were compared. From the results obtained it appears that cigarette smoke, would have a negative neurocognitive functioning of the children.
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Davidson, Margaret. « Evaluation of the impact of indoor smoking bans on air quality in Australian licensed clubs ». Thesis, 2010. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/496239.
Texte intégralRésumé :
The quality of indoor air in Australian buildings is unknown due to limited published data. The assessment of indoor air quality (IAQ) in hospitality environments is of special concern because they are frequented by sensitive populations such as the elderly, children, and people with pre-existing health conditions, who may be at risk of developing adverse health reactions if the IAQ is poor. As of 2010, all Australian states and territories have introduced legalisation banning smoking in enclosed public places, including licensed clubs. This project has evaluated the impact of indoor smoking bans on air quality inside and outside of Australian licensed clubs. In doing this it has identified emerging IAQ issues in post smoking ban environments, and documented the airborne concentrations of previously unstudied air contaminants such as particulate matter with a 50% cut-point diameter of 1.0 μm (PM1.0) and particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PPAH) in the indoor smoking areas of Australian licensed clubs. The study involved collecting approximately 400 hours of air quality data, of which 200 hours was collected before bans and 200 hrs was collected after smoking bans were introduced in licensed clubs located within two local government districts of South Eastern Australia. Clubs 1 to 7 were located in the one district and Clubs 8 to 11 in the other district. Club 4 dropped out following the pre ban monitoring, and the results were omitted from analysis. The air quality parameters measured inside include particulate matter with a 50% cut-point diameter of 2.5 μm (PM2.5), PPAH, carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), temperature and humidity. The air quality parameters measured outside were PM2.5, CO2, temperature and humidity. Each of the parameters were monitored for 4 hour periods on 4 occasions in each club both before, and after the introduction of indoor smoking bans. Additional monitoring of indoor concentrations of PM1.0, nicotine and PM2.5 particulates with a special calibration factor for environmental tobacco smoke calibration factor of 0.32 (PM2.5 (0.32)) was undertaken in the second group of clubs and monthly monitoring following the bans was undertaken in Clubs 9 and 11.There was a significant reduction in the mean airborne concentrations of PM2.5, PM1.0, PM2.5 (0.32), PPAH, CO and nicotine at all clubs following the implementation of the smoking bans. Of note was the increase in the mean outdoor PM2.5 concentrations at 6 clubs, and the significant increase in the number of outdoor smokers at 8 venues. The greatest change was an increase in the frequency of outdoor PM2.5 concentrations exceeding 25 μm m-3 which is the Australian PM2.5 advisory standard for ambient air (24 hours). Weak to strong significant correlations (R2=0.402-0.757 p=0.000-0.022) were identified between outdoor smokers and indoor PM2.5 concentrations (3 clubs), and a significant correlation (R2=1.000 p=0.000) between nicotine and indoor pollutants at one club. The results of this study indicate that indoor smoking bans may not fully protect the health of the public and workers in venues because of the possible infiltration of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) identified at three clubs, as well as outdoor exposure to ETS associated with an increase in smoking activity. The lack of current indoor air quality standards makes the interpretation of the post ban air quality data difficult. Although, the mean concentration of contaminants were all below recommended limits for ambient air. The potential infiltration of ETS inside some clubs indicates that air quality may still represent both an occupational and public health risk because ETS has no safe exposure limit (WHO, 2000). Factors that were observed to have a potential negative impact on IAQ after the introduction of indoor smoking bans included hazard reduction burns and cooking processes which emitted similar air pollutants to ETS, but at lower
concentrations, as well as the use of air curtains over doorways which could potentially exacerbate the reemission of ETS contaminants from the clothing of smokers. The study indicates that while there has been a significant improvement in the IAQ in licensed clubs after the introduction of indoor smoking bans, there has been deterioration in the air quality of outdoor areas where smoking is allowed. The decline in the air quality indicates that the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) and New South Wales (NSW) definitions of a non-enclosed space where smoking is permitted to take place do not protect workers from exposure to ETS, for which there is no safe exposure limit.