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Orrenius, Pia M., und Madeline Zavodny. „The Impact of Temporary Protected Status on Immigrants' Labor Market Outcomes“. American Economic Review 105, Nr. 5 (01.05.2015): 576–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.p20151109.
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The United States currently provides Temporary Protected Status (TPS) to more than 300,000 immigrants. TPS is typically granted if dangerous conditions prevail in migrants' home countries. Individuals with TPS are allowed to stay and work in the United States temporarily. Little is known about how TPS affects beneficiaries, most of whom are unauthorized prior to receiving TPS. Our results suggest that TPS eligibility leads to higher employment rates among women and higher earnings among men. The results have implications for recent programs that allow millions of unauthorized immigrants to receive temporary permission to remain and work in the United States.
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BARGER, WESTON, und RYAN DONNELLY. „INSIDER TRADING WITH TEMPORARY PRICE IMPACT“. International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance 24, Nr. 02 (März 2021): 2150006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219024921500060.
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We model an informed agent with information about the future value of an asset trying to maximize profits when the agent’s trades are subjected to a transaction cost as well as a market maker tasked with setting fair transaction prices. In a single auction model, equilibrium is characterized by the unique root of a particular polynomial. Analysis of this polynomial with small levels of risk-aversion and transaction costs reveal a dimensionless parameter which captures several orders of asymptotic accuracy of the equilibrium behavior. In a continuous time analogue of the single auction model, incorporation of a transaction costs allows the informed agent’s optimal trading strategy to be obtained in feedback form. Linear equilibrium is characterized by the unique solution to a system of two ordinary differential equations, of which one is forward in time and one is backward. When transaction costs are in effect, the price set by the market maker in equilibrium is not fully revealing of the informed agent’s private signal, leaving an information gap at the end of the trading interval. When considering vanishing transaction costs, the equilibrium trading strategy and pricing rules converge to their frictionless counterparts.
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Ulate, Mauricio, Jose P. Vasquez und Roman D. Zarate. „Labor Market Effects of Global Supply Chain Disruptions“. Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, Working Paper Series 2023, Nr. 08 (27.02.2023): 01–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24148/wp2023-08.
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We examine the labor market consequences of recent global supply chain disruptions induced by COVID-19. Specifically, we consider a temporary increase in international trade costs similar to the one observed during the pandemic and analyze its effects on labor market outcomes using a quantitative trade model with downward nominal wage rigidities. Even omitting any health related impacts of the pandemic, the increase in trade costs leads to a temporary but prolonged decline in U.S. labor force participation. However, there is a temporary increase in manufacturing employment as the United States is a net importer of manufactured goods, which become costlier to obtain from abroad. By contrast, service and agricultural employment experience temporary declines. Nominal frictions lead to temporary unemployment when the shock dissipates, but this depends on the degree of monetary accommodation. Overall, the shock results in a 0.14% welfare loss for the United States. The impact on labor force participation and welfare across countries varies depending on the initial degree of openness and sectoral deficits.
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Ma, Jiangming, Zheng Yin und Hongjing Chen. „A Class of Optimal Portfolio Liquidation Problems with a Linear Decreasing Impact“. Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3758605.
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A problem of an optimal liquidation is investigated by using the Almgren-Chriss market impact model on the background that the n agents liquidate assets completely. The impact of market is divided into three components: unaffected price process, permanent impact, and temporary impact. The key element is that the variable temporary market impact is analyzed. When the temporary market impact is decreasing linearly, the optimal problem is described by a Nash equilibrium in finite time horizon. The stochastic component of the price process is eliminated from the mean-variance. Mathematically, the Nash equilibrium is considered as the second-order linear differential equation with variable coefficients. We prove the existence and uniqueness of solutions for the differential equation with two boundaries and find the closed-form solutions in special situations. The numerical examples and properties of the solution are given. The corresponding finance phenomenon is interpreted.
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Wang, Yubin, Jingjing Wang und Xiaoyang Wang. „COVID-19, supply chain disruption and China’s hog market: a dynamic analysis“. China Agricultural Economic Review 12, Nr. 3 (26.06.2020): 427–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/caer-04-2020-0053.
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PurposeThe authors explicitly evaluate the dynamic impact of five most concerned supply chain disruption scenarios, including: (1) a short-term shortage and price jump of corn supply in hog farms; (2) a shortage of market hogs to packing facilities; (3) disruption in breeding stock adjustments; (4) disruption in pork import; and (5) a combination of scenario (1)–(4).Design/methodology/approachThe agricultural supply chain experienced tremendous disruptions from the COVID-19 pandemic. To evaluate the impact of disruptions, the authors employ a system dynamics model of hog market to simulate and project the impact of COVID-19 on China hog production and pork consumption. In the model the authors explicitly characterize the cyclical pattern of hog market. The hog cycle model is calibrated using market data from 2018–2019 to represent the market situation during an ongoing African swine fever.FindingsThe authors find that the impacts of supply chain disruption are generally short-lived. Market hog transportation disruption has immediate impact on price and consumption. But the impact is smoothed out in six months. Delay in import shipment temporarily reduces consumption and raises hog price. A temporary increase of corn price or delay in breeding stock acquisition does not produce significant impact on national hog market as a whole, despite mass media coverage on certain severely affected regions.Originality/valueThis is the first evaluation of short-term supply chain disruption on China hog market from COVID-19. The authors employ a system dynamics model of hog markets with an international trade component. The model allows for monthly time step analysis and projection of the COVID-19 impact over a five-year period. The results and discussion have far-reaching implications for agricultural markets around the world.
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Grèbol Jiménez, Ricard, und Judit Vall Castelló. „The impact of temporary contracts on suicide rates“. PLOS ONE 16, Nr. 5 (26.05.2021): e0252077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252077.
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The number of suicides has increased in the last decades in several developed countries. For instance, Spain has experienced a gradual but steady increase in suicides since the 80’s and it is currently the leading external cause of death in the country. At the same time, the dualisation of the labor market, with a strong and persistent incidence of temporary contracts, has increased the instability of employment conditions. Both developments have a stronger incidence for individuals with lower levels of education. Therefore, in this paper we use rich administrative data in order to estimate the impact of the wide spread use of temporary contracts on suicides. In order to do that we exploit a reform that liberalised the use of fix-term contracts in Spain in 1984. Our results show strong long-term effects of the reform, which increased the suicide mortality rate of affected cohorts (those entering the labor market just after the liberalisation) by at least 25.3%. We believe that this result has important policy implications and should be taken into account in the design of the national suicide prevention plans.
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Almgren, Robert, und Tianhui Michael Li. „Option Hedging with Smooth Market Impact“. Market Microstructure and Liquidity 02, Nr. 01 (Juni 2016): 1650002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2382626616500027.
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We consider intraday hedging of an option position, for a large trader who experiences temporary and permanent market impact. We formulate the general model including overnight risk, and solve explicitly in two cases which we believe are representative. The first case is an option with approximately constant gamma: the optimal hedge trades smoothly towards the classical Black–Scholes delta, with trading intensity proportional to instantaneous mishedge and inversely proportional to illiquidity. The second case is an arbitrary non-linear option structure but with no permanent impact: the optimal hedge trades toward a value offset from the Black–Scholes delta. We estimate the effects produced on the public markets if a large collection of traders all hedge similar positions. We construct a stable hedge strategy with discrete time steps.
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Inanc, Hande. „Unemployment, Temporary Work, and Subjective Well-Being: The Gendered Effect of Spousal Labor Market Insecurity“. American Sociological Review 83, Nr. 3 (21.05.2018): 536–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003122418772061.
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The negative impact of unemployment on individuals and its spillover to spouses is widely documented. However, we have a gap in our knowledge when it comes to the similar consequences of temporary employment. This is problematic, because although temporary jobs are often considered better alternatives to unemployment for endowing individuals with income and opportunities to connect to employers, they are also associated with stressors such as high levels of job insecurity and poor quality work, the effects of which might spill over to spouses. Using matched data from the British Household Panel Study, I show that temporary work is at least as detrimental as unemployment for spouses’ subjective well-being, although there are differences. When experienced by husbands, temporary work, like unemployment, has a negative effect on wives’ psychological well-being and life satisfaction. Yet, as opposed to unemployment, wives’ temporary employment also spills over and negatively affects husbands’ psychological well-being. Furthermore, coupled individuals’ well-being is most affected when men are either unemployed or temporarily employed and their wives have permanent jobs, suggesting that the effect is related to gender deviation. The effects are robust after controlling for fixed individual characteristics that can influence both employment status and well-being outcomes.
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Ma, Jiangming, und Di Gao. „A Class of Optimal Liquidation Problem with a Nonlinear Temporary Market Impact“. Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2020 (24.12.2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6614177.
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We extend the self-exciting model by assuming that the temporary market impact is nonlinear and the coefficient of the temporary market impact is an exponential function. Through optimal control method, the optimal strategy satisfies the second-order nonlinear ordinary differential equation. The specific form of the optimal strategy is given, and the decreasing property of the optimal strategy is proved. A numerical example is given to illustrate the financial implications of the model parameter changes. We find that the optimal strategy of a risk-neutral investor changes with time and investment environment.
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Magnússon, Gylfi, Inga Minelgaite, Erla S. Kristjánsdóttir und Þóra H. Christiansen. „Here to stay? The rapid evolution of the temporary staffing market in Iceland“. Veftímaritið Stjórnmál og stjórnsýsla 14, Nr. 2 (20.06.2018): 135–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.13177/irpa.a.2018.14.2.7.
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In recent years there has been a significant shortage of workers in Iceland. The traditional method of arranging temporary work, through direct contracts between employees and employers, has not sufficed. Moreover, there is a skills mismatch that compounds the shortage of workers as the sectors that have grown most rapidly in recent years mainly employ unskilled labor. This study examined the historical background of temporary work in Iceland, recent developments and in particular the growing importance of temporary staffing agencies, as well as the economic rationale for temporary staffing agencies, and the segmented labor market in Iceland. The study employs expert opinion approach, together with content and statistical analysis. Experts placed strongest emphasis on temporary workforce dependency on economic conditions, closely followed by sector triggered temporary workforce fluctuation. Socio-legal infrastructure for temporary workforce had the third strongest emphasis with other themes being less emphasized. These dramatic changes to the Icelandic labor market have undoubtedly had a significant impact on Icelandic society but there is surprisingly little research available into this. The efforts of unions and the Federation of Employees have helped to push through legislation on temporary staffing agencies and the rights of foreign workers, however, as long as there is economic rationale for their operation and a legal and regulatory framework that accommodates them the agencies can be expected to continue bringing temporary staff to Iceland. The impact on the labor market and society thus seems likely to be permanent.
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Said, Emilio, Ahmed Bel Hadj Ayed, Alexandre Husson und Frederic Abergel. „Market Impact: A Systematic Study of Limit Orders“. Market Microstructure and Liquidity 03, Nr. 03n04 (Dezember 2017): 1850008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2382626618500089.
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This paper is devoted to the important yet little explored subject of the market impact of limit orders. Our analysis is based on a proprietary database of metaorders — large orders that are split into smaller pieces before being sent to the market. We first address the case of aggressive limit orders and then that of passive limit orders. In both cases, we provide empirical evidence of a power law behavior for the temporary market impact. The relaxation of the price following the end of the metaorder is also studied, and the long-term impact is shown to stabilize at a level of approximately two-thirds of the maximum impact. Finally, a fair pricing condition during the life cycle of the metaorders is empirically validated.
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Arestis, Philips, Jesús Ferreiro und Carmen Gómez. „Labour market flexibilization and income distribution in Europe“. Panoeconomicus 68, Nr. 2 (2021): 167–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pan2102167a.
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This paper analyses the role played by the flexibilization of labour markets on functional income distribution. Specifically, we analyse whether employment protection legislation affects the evolution of labour income share, measured by the size of compensation of employees as a percentage of GDP, the sum of wages and salaries as a percentage of GDP and the size of the adjusted wage share, in twenty European economies. Our study?s results show that the evolution of labour income share is explained by the economic growth, the growth of employment and unemployment rates, and the growth of real wages. Regarding the role played by the flexibility of the labour market, and specifically of the employment protection legislation, only employment protection for temporary workers has a significant impact on the evolution of labour shares. Our results show that stricter provisions on the use of fixed-term and temporary agency contracts have a positive impact on the growth of labour shares.
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Liu, Donglan, Xin Liu, Kun Guo, Qiang Ji und Yingxian Chang. „Spillover Effects among Electricity Prices, Traditional Energy Prices and Carbon Market under Climate Risk“. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, Nr. 2 (08.01.2023): 1116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021116.
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With the increase in global geopolitical risks and the frequent occurrence of extreme climate in recent years, the electricity prices in Europe have shown large fluctuations. Electricity price has an important impact on the cost of production and living, while electricity demand will also affect other energy markets. A double-layer system based on the spillover effects from a systematic perspective is constructed in this paper to explore the connectedness between different electricity markets and other related energy markets in Europe, considering the impact of climate risks. The results show that there are certain spillover effects among electricity markets in different countries, with a temporary upward trend in the beginning of the Russia–Ukraine conflict, and the electricity markets in the UK and Germany have a more important role in Europe. There are two-way spillover effects between the electricity market and fossil fuel markets, carbon market and carbon emission. Since 2022, the electricity market is affected by gas prices, while it has a certain impact on carbon emissions. The heating degree day (HDD) has significant spillover effects on the electricity market and other energy markets, while the spillover effects of the cooling degree day (CDD) are relatively small.
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Etula, Erkko, Kalle Rinne, Matti Suominen und Lauri Vaittinen. „Dash for Cash: Monthly Market Impact of Institutional Liquidity Needs“. Review of Financial Studies 33, Nr. 1 (22.05.2019): 75–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhz054.
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Abstract We present broad-based evidence that the monthly payment cycle induces systematic patterns in liquid markets around the globe. First, we document temporary increases in the costs of debt and equity capital that coincide with key dates associated with month-end cash needs. Second, we present direct and indirect evidence on the role of institutions in the genesis of these patterns and derive estimates of the associated costs borne by market participants. Third, and finally, we investigate the limits to arbitrage that prevent markets from functioning efficiently. Our results indicate that many investors and their agents, including mutual funds, suffer from liquidity-related trading. Received January 16, 2018; editorial decision January 2, 2019 by Editor Robin Greenwood. Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.
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Comprix, Joseph, Roger C. Graham und Jared A. Moore. „Empirical Evidence on the Impact of Book-Tax Differences on Divergence of Opinion among Investors“. Journal of the American Taxation Association 33, Nr. 1 (01.03.2011): 51–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jata.2011.33.1.51.
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ABSTRACT: It is well known that the objectives of financial accounting and tax accounting sometimes conflict, resulting in book-tax differences (BTDs). In this study we test for associations between measures of BTDs and measures of market participants’ uncertainty regarding the information conveyed in financial reports. The measures of market participant uncertainty are: (1) share turnover, (2) analyst forecast dispersion, and (3) stock return variance. We find positive associations between levels and variability of total BTDs and the three measures. After disaggregating BTDs into their permanent and temporary components, we find that both are positively associated with market uncertainty, although the permanent component of BTDs is generally more strongly and consistently associated with measures of uncertainty than is the temporary component. We interpret these results, in part, as indicative of the possible effect of uncertainty contained in BTDs, especially permanent BTDs, on the precision of the information conveyed in the financial statements.
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Wallach, Shelley. „Temporary? Agency Workers in Israel“. International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations 24, Issue 3 (01.09.2008): 423–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ijcl2008022.
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While in many western countries temporary agency work has been spreading and growing fast due to the pace of globalization with its pressure for greater flexibility and the reduction of labour costs on the one hand, and rising unemployment on the other, in Israel this form of employment has reached unparalleled proportions both in the private and the public sectors. This paper aims to give an overview of Israeli temporary agency work in all its forms, examining the problems that arise from this widespread form of employment and its impact on Israeli society and the labour market. A comparison will be made with other EU countries, mainly Germany. Finally, some recent developments and possible solutions will be discussed.
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Devicienti, Francesco, Paolo Naticchioni und Andrea Ricci. „Temporary Employment, Demand Volatility, and Unions: Firm-Level Evidence“. ILR Review 71, Nr. 1 (01.03.2017): 174–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019793917697684.
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This article investigates the effect of workplace unionization and product market volatility on firms’ propensity to use temporary employment. Using Italian firm-level data, the authors show that volatility has a positive impact on the share of temporary contracts. The baseline estimates for the impact of unions are inconclusive, but a clear pattern emerges when a specification including an interaction term with volatility is used. This approach allows a richer characterization of the impact of workplace unionization, which is positive for low levels of volatility and negative for high levels. The authors discuss various direct and indirect mechanisms to explain this novel finding. Furthermore, they find that these effects hold only for cases in which the employer does not provide training for temporary workers, whereas temporary contracts with training provisions are not affected by unions, volatility, and their interplay.
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Bellani, Claudio, und Damiano Brigo. „Mechanics of good trade execution in the framework of linear temporary market impact“. Quantitative Finance 21, Nr. 1 (18.09.2020): 143–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14697688.2020.1814395.
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Boyd, Monica, Chris Taylor und Paul Delaney. „Temporary Workers in Canada: A Multifaceted Program“. International Migration Review 20, Nr. 4 (Dezember 1986): 929–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791838602000410.
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This article highlights important developments in the character of temporary worker flows to Canada between 1973 and 1985 through the use of unpublished data and new measures for analyzing this data. The number of employment authorizations are converted to person years to indicate the overall labor market impact of temporary worker flows and this measure is employed in an analysis of unpublished data from Employment and Immigration Canada. The analysis reveals that a significant and growing proportion of employment authorizations are exempted from governmental procedures which link the admission of temporary workers to the Canadian labor market. In many cases, these exempt documents are being authorized for social and humanitarian programs (e.g., refugee claimants, in-Canada immigrant claimants). As a result, the actual “labor recruitment” component of these authorizations is considerably less than interpreted from published statistics of employment authorizations. The policy implications of these findings are discussed.
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Черепанов, Даниил, Daniil Cherepanov, Александр Ермаков und Aleksandr Ermakov. „Market analysis of mobile accommodation facilities for autotourists“. Services in Russia and abroad 8, Nr. 7 (10.12.2014): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/7479.
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The article deals with various options for mobile homes: from motorhomes and caravans for cars to mobile home facilities. Mobile homes, buildings or temporary structures may be in the form of mobile or portable containers, prefabricated structures of modules or panels, as well as structural elements and flexible transformable structures. These mobile homes are used as a means of placing the sleeper on holiday, accommodation and living in nature, including at the camp. It was found that for seasonal and temporary sleeper accommodation the most rational choice is a home, having mobility. Mobile homes are distinguished by features such as destination, shipping method, or the autonomy of delivery, the method of assembly, materials, equipment, type of plan and others. The main advantage of mobile homes is the ability to inexpensively change the place of their dislocation. Mobile homes for temporary accommodation of sleepers are also preferred because they relate to non-capital building structures and do not require special permits for their construction. This makes the development of caravanning, event tourism and cultural events more effective and less costly. Transformable modular structures have the ability to obtain the necessary level of comfort in residence with minimal time spent and negative impact on the environment.
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Focarelli, Dario, und Fabio Panetta. „Are Mergers Beneficial to Consumers? Evidence from the Market for Bank Deposits“. American Economic Review 93, Nr. 4 (01.08.2003): 1152–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/000282803769206241.
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The general conclusion of the empirical literature is that in-market consolidation generates adverse price changes, harming consumers. Previous studies, however, look only at the short-run pricing impact of consolidation, ignoring effects that take longer to materialize. Using a database that includes detailed information on the deposit rates of individual banks in local markets for different categories of depositors, we investigate the long-run price effects of mergers. We find strong evidence that, although consolidation does generate adverse price changes, these are temporary. In the long run, efficiency gains dominate over the market power effect, leading to more favorable prices for consumers.
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Ma, Jiangming, und Xiankang Luo. „Optimal Liquidation Behaviour Analysis for Stochastic Linear and Nonlinear Systems of Self-Exciting Model with Decay“. Complexity 2021 (01.09.2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8553689.
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When the market environment changes, we extend the self-exciting price impact model and further analysis of investors’ liquidation behaviour. It is assumed that the model is accompanied by an exponential decay factor when the temporary impact and its coefficient are linear and nonlinear. Using the optimal control method, we obtain that the optimal liquidation behaviours satisfy the second-order nonlinear ODEs with variable coefficients in the case of linear and nonlinear temporary impact. Next, we solve the ODEs and get the form of the investors’ optimal liquidation behaviour in four cases. Furthermore, we prove the decreasing properties of the optimal liquidation behaviour under the linear temporary impact. Through numerical simulation, we further explain the influence of the changed parameters ρ , a , b , x , and α on the investors’ liquidation strategy X t in twelve scenarios. Some interesting properties have been found.
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Chari, Anusha, Peter Blair Henry und Diego Sasson. „Capital Market Integration and Wages“. American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics 4, Nr. 2 (01.04.2012): 102–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mac.4.2.102.
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For three years after the typical emerging economy opens its stock market to inflows of foreign capital, the average annual growth rate of the real wage in the manufacturing sector increases by a factor of three. No such increase occurs in a control group of countries that do not liberalize. The temporary increase in wage growth drives up the level of the average worker's annual compensation by US $487—an increase equal to nearly one-fifth of their annual pre-liberalization salary. Overall, the results suggest that trade in capital may have a larger impact on wages than trade in goods. (JEL E25, E44, F16, F43, G18, O16)
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Chung, Dae-Hun. „The Duality of Organizational Status and Temporary Employment: The Impact of Evaluated Status and Categorical Status on Temporary Employment in Korean Universities“. Institute of Management and Economy Research 14, Nr. 3 (30.09.2023): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.32599/apjb.14.3.202309.89.
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Purpose - This paper discusses an impact of status on organization’s temporary employment. Status not only offers various opportunities for organization but also places constrains on organization. In this perspective, we propose that organization’s temporary employment will differ depending on the status.
Design/methodology/approach - We predict that organization’s evaluated status has a U-shaped relationship with temporary employment because organizational social insecurity varies by the status. Moreover, we predict that organization’s categorical status has a positive effect on temporary employment since organizational legitimacy varies with the status and that the effect will be enhanced by an organizational niche. To verify these predictions, we examined a regression analysis using panel data of temporary employment in Korean universities.
Findings - The results of regression analysis show that there is a U-shaped relationship between universities’ evaluated status and temporary employment. This implies that the middle status university is likely to minimize temporary employment because of conformity pressures. In addition, the results show that university’s categorical status has a positive effect on temporary employment and the effect is enhanced by university’s market concentration. This suggests that the categorical status has a strong impact on specialist university.
Research implications or Originality - This paper contributes the development of temporary employment theory by applying duality of organizational status and identifies the organizational determinants of temporary employment in Korean universities.
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Sumarni, Teti, und Prima Vandayani. „Utilization of E-WoM strategy and WhatsApp group texting in building trust and shopper intention to conventional business sectors during the coronavirus pandemic“. Linguistics and Culture Review 6 (30.01.2022): 731–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/lingcure.v6ns1.2149.
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Indonesia is a country with the largest female population in Asia, 51% of whom are housewives. The consumer behavior of housewives in Indonesia is mostly like shopping at traditional markets, unfortunately, since the COVID-19 outbreak, they cannot shop as often as possible to the market for reasons. safety and temporary closure of markets to reduce crowd levels in traditional markets, as a result of which traders and consumers cannot interact and transact. There are social media activists in Bandung city who try to both traders and consumers of traditional markets by utilizing chat group Apps such as Whatsapp group for promoting and trading traditional market. Opinion leaders are used as positive spreaders of traditional market products, this business is free for traders, payments are made directly to merchants via bank transfers and use of delivery services by couriers who are victims of COVID-19 dismissal, sales traffic is quite high but no one has tested the impact increase in consumer behavior and product trust.
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Molina, Oscar, und Alejandro Godino. „Scars that Never Heal: Dualisation and Youth Employment Policies in Spain from the Great Recession to the Corona Crisis“. SOCIOLOGIA DEL LAVORO, Nr. 159 (April 2021): 111–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/sl2021-159006.
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This article analyses the evolution of the dual labour market in Spain in the post-crisis and provides a first assessment of the labour market impact of the Covid-19 crisis. With the only exception of reducing the distance between the regulation of temporary and permanent contracts, the reforms introduced during the great re-cession and the post-crisis period have not only failed to reduce inequalities in the labour market, but have amplified some of them in interaction with austerity policies. Policies targeting young workers have delivered limited success in improving the position of the most disadvantaged, and more generally, to reduce dualisation as temporary employment remains very high whilst employment conditions of younger groups have deteriorated and become more widespread among those with higher educational attainment.
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Malla, PhD, Dalip Kumar. „Road Access under Thirty Two Bridge Constructions in Karnali Highway: An Analysis of Socio-economic Impact in Community“. Social Science, Humanities and Sustainability Research 4, Nr. 3 (19.05.2023): p48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/sshsr.v4n3p48.
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The ground conditions of Nepal, road transport is not possible in all places. Without roads, development cannot accelerate and economic and social changes cannot occur. Construction of bridges to connect roads has become a very important issue. After the bridge is built on the road, the access of road transport to the settlements in those remote places becomes easier. It plays a role in making the daily life of the people living in that place easier as well as including the contribution of women in economic development. The bridge construction program is anticipating limited adverse impacts of land acquisition and resettlement confined to the area near the bridge works. Based on experience, adverse social impacts are likely to be temporary during the project work, such as temporary land leasing for the contractor operations. Access to the Bridge helps the beneficiaries. The construction provides a bridge, which provides for communities to access all weather. The bridge has accessibility, reducing travel time and improving access to economic centers and social services, whereas the community is easy for their livestock. They can easily market their agricultural products on the market. The impact of these bridges would increase the internal and external tourism market as well as assist those provinces. It is believed that after the construction of the bridge, the standard of living of the citizens living in that place will improve and the agricultural products produced by them will find the market easily. By saving time on the one hand and helping, in financial gain, on the other hand, the bridges constructed here will have a positive impact on the lives of the people.
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Khan, B. Zorina. „The Impact of War on Resource Allocation: “Creative Destruction,” Patenting, and the American Civil War“. Journal of Interdisciplinary History 46, Nr. 3 (November 2015): 315–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jinh_a_00867.
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The large exogenous shock to labor and capital markets, aggregate demand, the distribution of expenditures, and the rate and direction of technological innovation that war often causes can lead to substantial changes in the allocation of resources. Empirical evidence reveals a significant misallocation of resources during the American Civil War, as a result of reduced geographical mobility, greater incentives for individuals with high opportunity cost to switch into the market for military technologies, and decreased financial returns to inventors. However, the rapid economic recovery that ensued after the end of the war suggests that the misallocation was only temporary, not long inhibiting the capacity for future technological progress.
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Ziersch, Anna, Moira Walsh, Clemence Due und Alex Reilly. „Temporary Refugee and Migration Visas in Australia: An Occupational Health and Safety Hazard“. International Journal of Health Services 51, Nr. 4 (28.01.2021): 531–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020731420980688.
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Employment and work-related exploitation and discrimination are important social determinants of health. However, little is known about the experiences of people on temporary visas in Australia, particularly those on refugee visas. This article reports on a study of people living on temporary visas in South Australia and their experiences of workforce exploitation and discrimination and impacts on health. Interviews were conducted with 30 people: 11 on non-refugee temporary visas and 19 on refugee temporary visas. Data was analyzed thematically. Analysis identified experiences of exploitation and discrimination in the Australian labor market that included difficulties securing work, underpayment, overwork, and hazardous workplaces. These experiences had negative health effects, particularly on mental health. None had made a formal complaint about their treatment, citing the precarity of their visas, difficulties finding an alternative job, and lack of knowledge about what to do. The impacts were especially evident for refugees who were also grappling with pre-settlement trauma and ongoing uncertainties about their future protection. Overall, these findings of discrimination and exploitation in the workplace and subsequent ill health highlight the pervasive impact of neoliberal agendas and stress the need for industrial, immigration, and welfare reform to protect workers on temporary visas.
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Filomena, Mattia, und Matteo Picchio. „Are temporary jobs stepping stones or dead ends? A systematic review of the literature“. International Journal of Manpower 43, Nr. 9 (09.08.2022): 60–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijm-02-2022-0064.
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PurposeThis study aims to investigate the heterogeneous results about the impact of temporary jobs on subsequent labour market performances and to provide policymakers with further information on the effects of temporary contracts under particular circumstances.Design/methodology/approachThe authors present a quantitative systematic review on the debate about the “stepping stone vs dead end” hypothesis related to the causal effect of temporary jobs on future labour market performances.FindingsAmong 78 observations from 64 articles, 32% support the hypothesis according to which temporary contracts are a port of entry into stable employment positions, 23% report ambiguous or mixed findings and the remaining 45% provide evidence in favour of the dead end hypothesis. The results from meta-regressions suggest that the stepping stone effect is more likely to emerge when self-selectivity issues are dealt with. The studies focussing on temporary work agency jobs and casual/seasonal jobs support more easily the dead end hypothesis. Finally, in more recent years and when the unemployment rate is larger, the dead end hypothesis is more likely to prevail.Originality/valueAlthough many studies have been published on this issue, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, there are no recent analytic economic surveys on the “stepping stone vs dead end” debate. The main contribution of this article is to fill this gap.
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Melia, Adrian, Paul Docherty und Steve Easton. „The impact of regulation on the seasoned equity offering decision“. Australian Journal of Management 45, Nr. 1 (10.05.2019): 94–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0312896219833724.
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The rarity of rights issues in the United States makes it difficult to examine the choice between alternative seasoned equity offering (SEO) methods in that market. In Australia, however, both rights issues and private placements are prevalent. We therefore use the Australian market to test whether regulation influences a firm’s choice between rights issues and private placements. When a firm decides to issue seasoned equity in Australia, regulation favours private placements if the issue is small or needs to be completed quickly. Consistent with regulations affecting the choice between SEO types, our empirical results provide evidence that firms in Australia are more likely to choose a private placement for small issues or when taking advantage of temporary periods of overvaluation. JEL Classification: G12, G14
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Zarifhonarvar, Ali. „A Survey on the Impact of Covid-19 on the Labor Market“. Journal of Social Sciences Research, Nr. 91 (13.01.2023): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/jssr.91.1.10.
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The consequences of the Covid-19 pandemic had numerous social, political, and economic consequences. However, many studies suggest the labor market is the most affected area compared to the others. This is because some of the workers were forced to quit due to the presence of the pandemic at their places of employment. This particular paper focuses on performing a comprehensive survey on the effects of Covid-19 on labor markets. It is well known that the Covid pandemic has led to widespread job losses and a decrease in labor force participation. The unemployment rate had risen significantly, and the number of people out of work increased by millions. The labor market was also being affected by decreased working hours and increased temporary layoffs. The literature on labor economics is divided into two distinct areas of the effect of the pandemic. On one side, there are papers conducted on the general impact of the pandemic on the labor market, including demand and supply of labor, unemployment, and the heterogeneous effect of Covid on different groups and ages. On the other side, some studies are related to the Covid specific topics which are new to the literature of labor economics, such as work from home, remote working, lockdowns, and social distancing. One other evolving part is the Post Covid era and the recovery phase.
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Krajewski, Piotr. „Oddziaływanie wydatków rządowych na rynek pracy“. Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician 2013, Nr. 1 (28.01.2013): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.59139/ws.2013.01.1.
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The article analyses the demand and supply effects of temporary increase in government spending on the labour market. The analysis was performed using a model of the new Keynesian economics. Estimates of model parameters were determined by the Bayes method. The simulations show that government spending greater impact on the labour market through demand effect than the supply side. Demand effect is stronger for both employment and wages.
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WEBER, MARIAN, GRANT HAUER und DAN FARR. „Economic-ecological evaluation of temporary biodiversity offsets in Alberta's boreal forest“. Environmental Conservation 42, Nr. 4 (01.07.2015): 315–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892915000181.
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SUMMARYTo conserve biodiversity on forest landscapes, it is necessary to understand how incentives in an offset market affect the dynamics of habitat loss and restoration. In this study, a model of firm behaviour in a temporary biodiversity offset market is developed to understand the impact of offset rules on the dynamics of land use and offset policy costs and benefits for Alberta's boreal forest. Policy treatments include eligibility rules for restoration versus avoided loss; time lags for crediting restoration benefits; and geographic trading restrictions. The analysis highlights the assumptions and trade-offs embedded in offset principles such as additionality. Restoration-based policies, which require biodiversity benefits to be established prior to development, are over 200 times more costly than policies that include avoided loss. Geographic trading restrictions result in a significant redistribution of policy costs and ecological risks between regions, with little impact on aggregate policy costs and benefits. Including avoided loss results in a decline in biodiversity intactness by 2% to 2.2% compared to a decline of 3.6% under a no-offset policy. Increasing time lags for crediting restoration to match ecological recovery trajectories reduces restoration effort when policies include both restoration and avoided loss.
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Fougère, Maxime, Simon Harvey und Bruno Rainville. „What Are the Economic and Labour Market Effects of an Income Tax Reduction Targeted at Older Workers?“ Economics Research International 2012 (05.07.2012): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/461597.
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This paper explores the economic and labour market effects of implementing a tax reduction targeted at older workers. The analysis is conducted with a life-cycle computable general equilibrium model calibrated on Canadian data. The analysis shows that implementing a permanent income tax reduction for workers aged 60 and over has only small macroeconomic effects because the labour supply increase of older workers is partly offset by a reduction in the labour supply at core ages. This induced effect also discourages savings and generates crowding out through private investment but has a favourable impact on lifetime economic welfare. The macroeconomic impact is much larger when the income tax reduction is temporary because workers no longer reduce their hours at core ages and there is no reduction in savings. However, since only current middle-aged and older workers benefit from the tax cut, a temporary income tax cut reduces intergenerational equity.
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Bjornlund, Henning. „Irrigators and the new policy paradigm – An Australian case study“. Water Policy 7, Nr. 6 (01.12.2005): 581–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2005.0035.
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The new water policy paradigm has been vigorously implemented and pursued in Australia since the early 1990s. This paper analyses how elements of this new paradigm have been adopted and perceived by irrigators within two different states of the Murray-Darling Basin in south eastern Australia and how these policies have had an impact on the lives and aspirations of farming families. The analyses are based on 700 telephone interviews with irrigators who have bought and sold water on the markets for temporary or permanent water as well as irrigators who have never traded. The analyses suggest that the impact and perception of the new policy instruments are not primarily delineated between buyers and sellers in the water market as could have been expected, but by the irrigators' position in the adjustment process, which determines how the irrigators are active in the water market.
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Fernández Puente, Adolfo C., und Nuria Sánchez-Sánchez. „Labor Market Precarity Shapes Perception of the Public Sector in the Eurozone“. SAGE Open 11, Nr. 3 (Juli 2021): 215824402110404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440211040415.
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This study analyses the impact of working in the public sector on job satisfaction in Europe (19) through the European Working Condition Survey (EWCS). A grouping of countries is proposed based on the perception of workers regarding the functioning of the labor market. Econometric estimates show that public sector workers, at an aggregate level, are more satisfied than those in the private sector. The highest job satisfaction corresponds to permanent contract public sector workers, followed by temporary contract public sector employees, the permanent contract private sector, and the temporary contract private sector workers. The results confirm that in those countries with a higher proportion of individuals who consider losing their job a probability, public sector job satisfaction is higher. In addition, those countries where the proportion of individuals with low confidence in finding a new job with similar characteristics to the one they have, public sector job satisfaction is also higher.
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Kassai, Mahsa, Jacob Kaspar, Ahmed Deif und Heather Smith. „Exploring farmers markets as a temporary cluster to improve local food economy“. British Food Journal 120, Nr. 8 (06.08.2018): 1844–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-03-2018-0169.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore how to improve the contribution of farmers markets (FMs) to the local food economy and improve their management through a new temporary clustering management approach. Design/methodology/approach The research encompasses 78 structured interviews with farmers’ market vendors in the central coast region of California. A descriptive statistical and exploratory analysis to capture and evaluate the extent of various clustering activities currently existing in FMs is presented. Findings Analysis suggested an existing clustering behavior in FMs with different degrees that would enhance the role of these markets in local food economy. The improved social capital and financial performance of these markets shown in this study outperformed other cluster metrics monitored. Furthermore, there were some positive relationships between knowledge sharing (as a cluster activity) and both integration and financial activities among FMs vendors, highlighting interesting dynamics generated by the temporary nature of these clusters. Research limitations/implications The study was based on an exploratory research design, investigating a selected number of vendors in the central coast region of California. The research does not claim to provide a comprehensive survey of all FMs. Practical implications The analysis resulted in recommendations to improve efficiency of FMs’ practices at both the management level and the strategic level. These recommendations will enhance the contribution of these markets to the local food economy. The results also expand the practical knowledge bodies of regional and local food business development. Finally, the study highlights the social role of FMs through showing social capital as one of the main clustering drivers. Originality/value This study contributes to theoretical knowledge concerning the impact of clusters on operation performance by exploring a new temporary proximity that can be added to the existing geographical and digital proximity enriching the clustering approaches debate. Furthermore, the analysis provides specific novel insights into potential operational improvements for current farmers’ market management to enhance their economic and social roles.
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Jadidzadeh, Ali, Mobin Mirzababaei und Apostolos Serletis. „Oil Prices and the Hydrocarbon Markets: A Review“. Energies 15, Nr. 17 (25.08.2022): 6192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15176192.
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In this paper, we review the literature that investigates the impact of oil price shocks on the selected hydrocarbon prices. First, we present the empirical studies that presume, due to the global nature of the crude oil market, that the world oil price is an exogenous determining variable to the evolution of the local hydrocarbon markets such as natural gas or natural gas liquids (NGLs). Then, we present recent empirical studies that have improved our understanding of the source of oil price changes. They treat the real price of oil as an endogenous variable, identify the causes underlying oil price shocks, and then evaluate the impact of structural supply and demand shocks on the other hydrocarbon prices. The first strand of studies does not represent a consensus on the relationship between crude oil and other hydrocarbon prices—some demonstrate stable and asymmetric relationships, and some find no relationship or a very weak relationship. The second strand of studies shows that oil supply-side shocks have a transitory and temporary impact while oil demand-side shocks have a persistent and permanent impact on other hydrocarbon prices. In addition, it shows that the structural shocks in the global crude oil market explain approximately 50% of the variation in the other hydrocarbon markets in the long run.
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P., Nagaraja. „The Mediation Impact of Contingent Workforce in the Connection between Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction“. International Journal of Multidisciplinary: Applied Business and Education Research 1, Nr. 1 (16.12.2020): 24–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.11594/ijmaber.01.01.06.
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Most recently there has been wonderful development in the market for a temporary, or contingent, labor power in the United States. The total labor market during 10 years amid somewhere in the range of 1986 and 1996 developed by 1.7 percent, in a similar period, work in contingent services became 10.3 percent. Among the technical, pro-fessional,and managerial category of contingent workforce, there is a rapid growth of payroll noticed. Contingence workforce continues to thrive in Asian countries too. India is no exceptional from this viewpoint hence this has made the purpose of the present research paper to contribute the brief and clear insights towards contingent workforce, organizational commitment, and job satisfaction. The present paper is an empirical evidence for the mediation effect of contingent workforce in the relationship between organizational commitment and job satisfaction. This is a survey-based research work carried out to explore the subject of temporary workforce in Indian context. A sample of 284 respondents were participated in the survey and the typical fining from the present study is contingent workforce fully mediates the relationship between organizational commitment and job satisfaction. Partial Least Square based Structural Equation Modelling was used to test the proposed hypotheses.
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Smith, Peter M., Caroline Cawley, Allison Williams und Cameron Mustard. „Male/Female Differences in the Impact of Caring for Elderly Relatives on Labor Market Attachment and Hours of Work: 1997–2015“. Journals of Gerontology: Series B 75, Nr. 3 (08.04.2019): 694–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbz026.
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Abstract Objectives Using representative samples of the Canadian labor market (N = 5,871,850), this study examined male/female differences in the impact of informal care on labor market attachment, and the extent to which differences in labor market participation and employment relationships explained these differences over a 19-year period. Methods We examined four outcomes related to labor market impacts associated with caring for elderly relatives: leaving the labor market, working part-time, taking time off work in the previous week, and the amount of time taken off from work. Regression models examined differences between men and women, and the extent to which gendered labor market roles accounted for these differences. Results We observed an increase in all labor market outcomes over the study period. Women were more likely than men to experience each outcome. Adjusting for labor market role variables did not change these estimates appreciably. After adjustment for differences in labor market roles women were 73% more likely to leave the labor market, more than 5 times more likely to work part-time, and twice as likely to take time off in the last week due to informal care. Further, for temporary absences to provide care, women took an average of 160 min more per week than men. Discussion Taken together, these results suggest an increasing impact of informal care on labor market participation in Canada between 1997 and 2005, and it remains gendered.
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Vorontsova, Tatiana. „The impact of convergent technologies on changing labor markets“. KANT 37, Nr. 4 (Dezember 2020): 240–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.24923/2222-243x.2020-37.52.
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The article analyzes the problems of the development of convergent technologies, which, on the one hand, make it possible to overcome the natural limitations of man and expand his capabilities, on the other hand, threaten humanity. The author identifies various research positions in assessing the prospects for NBIC convergence - from overtly alarmist to overly enthusiastic. A classification of possible results of technological innovations is proposed, in which changes in the natural world, the technical environment and the transformation of social relations and spiritual and moral values are highlighted. Trends in the labor market are noted such as job cuts due to automation, the polarization of the labor market for highly paid intellectual workers and cheap physical strength, the emergence of new professions that require special education in several areas, changes in the organization of labor by the type of network interaction, the emergence of new forms of employment - temporary, deprived of guarantees and infringing on social rights. The future labor market is characterized as fragmented and isolated. The conclusion is drawn about the need for a humanistic approach in assessing the prospects of technological development.
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Srinivasan, Shuba, Peter T. L. Popkowski Leszczyc und Frank M. Bass. „Market share response and competitive interaction: The impact of temporary, evolving and structural changes in prices“. International Journal of Research in Marketing 17, Nr. 4 (Dezember 2000): 281–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-8116(00)00023-9.
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Tunn, Vivian S. C., Richard Fokker, Koen A. Luijkx, Silke A. M. De Jong und Jan P. L. Schoormans. „Making Ours Mine: Increasing Consumer Acceptance of Access-Based PSS through Temporary Product Customisation“. Sustainability 11, Nr. 1 (08.01.2019): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11010274.
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Access-based product-service systems (AB-PSS) have the potential to lower environmental impacts. Currently, a lack of consumer acceptance and, consequently, low adoption levels of AB-PSS are challenges preventing the realisation of their sustainability potential. This study proposes temporary product customisation to lower barriers for the acceptance of AB-PSS. We investigated whether customisation through modifying the appearance of an easily changeable attribute of a typical product, and thereby changing the product personality, could improve consumer acceptance while limiting the impact on sustainability. To explore this, a 3 × 1 between-group design experiment was conducted with consumers who are familiar with offerings similar to the AB-PSS we tested. The results indicate that respondents have a strong preference, as is widely recognised, for typical products in an AB-PSS. Infusing meaning and intangible value into accessed products through customisation can simultaneously lead to wider acceptance in the market and individual consumers’ satisfaction. Our findings confirm that consumer acceptance increases if a product fulfils intangible needs along with functionality needs. The results can be used to think about new ways in which product design can enhance the diffusion of AB-PSS in the consumer market.
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Banerjee, Rupa, Philip Kelly, Ethel Tungohan, Petronila Cleto, Conely de Leon, Mila Garcia, Marco Luciano, Cynthia Palmaria und Chris Sorio. „From “Migrant” to “Citizen”: Labor Market Integration of Former Live-In Caregivers in Canada“. ILR Review 71, Nr. 4 (12.02.2018): 908–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019793918758301.
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This study examines the impact of attaining permanent resident status on the employment integration of migrant caregivers in Canada. The authors use survey data from 631 caregivers who arrived as migrants under a temporary foreign worker program before transitioning to permanent residency, as well as data from 47 focus group discussions. The authors find that although most caregivers do switch out of caregiving work over time, they often remain within a few, lower-skilled occupations. Postsecondary education acquired before migration has no impact on occupational mobility. Caregivers’ lack of financial stability and the stigmatization of their employment experience often constrain their labor market options; moreover, an emotional bond and sense of obligation toward employers often hinder their ability to move out into other occupations, even after receiving legal permanent resident status. From the empirical results, the authors provide theoretical insights into the complex relationship between immigration patterns and labor markets.
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Kalinowska-Sufinowicz, Baha, und Magdalena Knapińska. „YOUTH AND COVID-19 IN CHOSEN EUROPEAN UNION LABOUR MARKETS: FROM JUNK JOBS TO UNEMPLOYMENT“. Polityka Społeczna 577, Nr. 4 (30.04.2022): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.8734.
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The main purpose of the paper is to consider the impact of Covid-19 pandemic on the situation of youth in chosen countries of the European Union in the years 2009–2021. The study area includes four countries: Poland, Germany, Spain and France. The structure of the paper is following. At first, the concepts of precarity and labour market theories are presented. Then the statistical analysis of the situation of young people in Polish, German, Spanish and French labour markets is conducted to assess the economic position of youth in the labour market in the aspect of unemployment and to scrutinise temporary and precarious employment among youth. The principal research interest includes the impact of the pandemic on the situation of youth in the labour market. The conclusion is presented at the end of the paper. The article uses the methods of descriptive statistics and simple statistical measures describing the dynamics of studied phenomena. Main conclusion of the paper is that the labour market in the pandemic era has become hugely challenging for youth. They often work in crisis-sensitive sectors and workplaces. As a result, young people experience increased job insecurity, relatively higher unemployment rate and worse economic conditions compared to total population in the labour market. Due to the results of our analysis implementing the dual education system at the macro level is the strongly recommended solution for improving the situation of youth in the labour market.
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Serrano-Arcos, M. Mar, Juan Carlos Pérez-Mesa und Raquel Sánchez-Fernández. „Product-country image and crises in the Spanish horticultural sector: Classification and impact on the market“. Economía Agraria y Recursos Naturales 18, Nr. 1 (28.06.2018): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.7201/earn.2018.01.05.
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<p>This research provides a conceptual framework to analyse the concept of ‘crisis’ and its multiple origins in the Spanish horticultural sector, the largest horticultural exporter in Europe. For this purpose, this study provides a typology of crises and a classification according to their nature, reasons, and temporary impact. Consequently, this research reviews and chronologically classifies the harmful campaigns that have originated several of those crises. Additionally, the impact on the perceived product-country image is analysed through an empirical research based on the results of a survey of consumers in several European countries.</p>
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Ruhs, Martin, und Jonathan Wadsworth. „The Impact of Acquiring Unrestricted Work Authorization on Romanian and Bulgarian Migrants in the United Kingdom“. ILR Review 71, Nr. 4 (10.10.2017): 823–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019793917735100.
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When Romania and Bulgaria (the so-called A2 countries) joined the European Union in 2007, the United Kingdom imposed temporary restrictions on the employment and welfare entitlements of A2 citizens that lasted until January 1, 2014. This article analyzes the impact of the removal of these restrictions on the labor market outcomes and use of welfare benefits of A2 migrants. Applying difference-in-difference analysis to data from the UK’s Labour Force Survey, the results suggest that acquiring unrestricted work authorization had a significant negative impact on the incidence of self-employment among A2 migrants but there are no discernible effects on other labor market outcomes or on their receipt of a range of welfare benefits. The article offers potential explanations for these results.
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Karabchuk, Tatiana. „Job Instability and Fertility Intentions of Young Adults in Europe: Does Labor Market Legislation Matter?“ ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 688, Nr. 1 (März 2020): 225–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716220910419.
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Total birth rates have fallen dramatically in many European countries during the last 40 years. Job and income instability caused by labor market polarization are significant drivers of declining birth rates because employment certainty and stability are crucial to childbirth planning among young adults. This article investigates the impact of job instability on the fertility intentions of young adults in Europe, focusing on employment protection legislation (EPL) in European countries. I use data from twenty-seven countries that participated in the European Social Survey in 2004 and 2010 to show that job instability measured as temporary employment, informal work, and unemployment decreases fertility intentions among European youth regardless of the EPL in the country. Unemployed young adults tend to plan less for having their first child in the countries with high EPL. Contrary to the hypotheses, multilevel modeling showed that young people in temporary or informal employment in countries with low EPL show decreases in their fertility intentions.
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Verma, SaunJuhi. „State labor sponsorship: The role of nation state regulation in undermining migrant employment standards“. Journal of Industrial Relations 62, Nr. 2 (25.12.2019): 304–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022185619886616.
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Temporary worker programs are on the rise both across the globe and particularly within the United States. Established research focuses upon the impact of immigration policies as well as outcomes for migrant communities within the labor market. In contrast, my work draws attention to the population of citizen-workers who participate in cyclical migration patterns within transnational labor markets. My multi-site ethnography, consisting of 109 interviews with US guest workers, oil industry employers, and Indian labor brokers, evaluates the impact of temporary worker programs on migration patterns from India to the Middle East to the United States. (In this article, I use the counter-naming of the Middle East as Southwest Asia and North Africa (SWANA). I avoid use of colonial terminology such as Middle East to refer to the countries in the region of North Africa and West Asia. The language is archaic and perpetuates the historic referencing of Europe as the central geographic reference point.). In particular, the study evaluated a multi-country migrant recruitment chain to address the question: How does the non-citizen visa situate migrants as global labor within the transnational economy? Findings identify that non-citizen visa pathway is a contemporary mode of governance through which labor is traded among third parties. The article outlines the complicity of nation-state regulation in shaping limited economic outcomes for migrants within cyclical multi-country labor markets.