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Journal articles on the topic 'Abstention mechanisms'
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1
Maulana, Muhammad Alfian. "On the Cause of US’s Abstaining from Voting for UN Security Council Resolution 2728 (2024)." Journal of Islamic World and Politics 8, no. 2 (2024): 114–26. https://doi.org/10.18196/jiwp.v8i2.100.
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This study examined the rationale behind the United States (US) abstention from UN Security Council (UNSC) Resolution 2728, March 25, 2024, which called for a ceasefire in the Israel-Palestine conflict. This research used the Politics of Absence theory to explain the motives behind the abstention. The framework drew on Suzanne Dovi's Typology of Absence, which provides a foundation for understanding strategic objectives such as protection, protest, and partition, which explain state abstention in international voting. With a qualitative approach, this study found that the US decision was driven by the protection of national interests, dissatisfaction with the failure of the resolution to condemn Hamas, and an inclination to explore alternative conflict resolution mechanisms.
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Katz, Gabriel, and Ines Levin. "A General Model of Abstention Under Compulsory Voting." Political Science Research and Methods 6, no. 3 (2016): 489–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/psrm.2016.49.
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Invalid voting and absenteeism are alternative sources of abstention under compulsory voting. Previous research failed to systematically study the mechanisms behind each form of non-voting and the relationships between them. We develop an analytical framework and an empirical strategy to jointly examine invalid voting and absenteeism in Brazil, the world’s largest democracy with mandatory voting. Using Bayesian inferential methods and analyzing both individual and district-level data, we show that less educated and politically knowledgeable citizens are less likely to vote and, when they do, they are typically unable to successfully complete their ballot. Unlike absenteeism, invalid voting also has a political dimension reflecting voters’ disenchantment with elections and democratic performance. Both sources of abstention coexist and, together, undermine electoral participation.
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Chen, Kaiwen, Yueting Chen, Nick Koudas, and Xiaohui Yu. "Reliable Text-to-SQL with Adaptive Abstention." Proceedings of the ACM on Management of Data 3, no. 1 (2025): 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1145/3709719.
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Large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized natural language interfaces for databases, particularly in text-to-SQL conversion. However, current approaches often generate unreliable outputs when faced with ambiguity or insufficient context. We present Reliable Text-to-SQL (RTS), a novel framework that enhances query generation reliability by incorporating abstention and human-in-the-loop mechanisms. RTS focuses on the critical schema linking phase, which aims to identify the key database elements needed for generating SQL queries. It autonomously detects potential errors during the answer generation process and responds by either abstaining or engaging in user interaction. A vital component of RTS is the Branching Point Prediction (BPP) which utilizes statistical conformal techniques on the hidden layers of the LLM model for schema linking, providing probabilistic guarantees on schema linking accuracy. We validate our approach through comprehensive experiments on the BIRD benchmark, demonstrating significant improvements in robustness and reliability. Our findings highlight the potential of combining transparent-box LLMs with human-in-the-loop processes to create more robust natural language interfaces for databases. For the BIRD benchmark, our approach achieves near-perfect schema linking accuracy, autonomously involving a human when needed. Combined with query generation, we demonstrate that near-perfect schema linking and a small query generation model can almost match SOTA accuracy achieved with a model orders of magnitude larger than the one we use.
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Amirul Huda, Muhammad, and Zaimul Asroor. "PANDANGAN HUKUM ISLAM TERHADAP GOLPUT." MIZANUNA: Jurnal Hukum Ekonomi Syariah 2, no. 2 (2025): 84–107. https://doi.org/10.59166/mizanuna.v2i2.245.
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Indonesia has held elections for Presidential Elections, Legislative Elections, and Regional Head Elections directly. However, there is an attitude that does not support the election system, known as *G*olongan *P*utih (Golput). Among the reasons for those who decide to abstain are because they do not believe in (liberal) democratic mechanisms, religious fundamentalism, other political-ideological reasons, or do not believe that elections will bring change and improvement. This research aims to discuss how the law of abstention from the perspective of fiqh siyasah. The method used is descriptive qualitative by collecting the opinions of politicians and religious leaders. As a result, abstention for some of the reasons above is haram. The reason is because it shows their indifference to the fate of the country. More than that, Islamic law requires appointing leaders and considering the benefit of the country.
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Wilkens, Trine Levring, Zabrina Ziegler, Violetta Aru, et al. "1–2 Drinks Per Day Affect Lipoprotein Composition after 3 Weeks—Results from a Cross-Over Pilot Intervention Trial in Healthy Adults Using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance-Measured Lipoproteins and Apolipoproteins." Nutrients 14, no. 23 (2022): 5043. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14235043.
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Alcohol consumption ranging from 1–2 drinks/day associates with a lower risk of coronary heart disease in some studies. The underlying mechanisms are unclear. The Metabolic Imprints of Alcoholic Beverages (MetAl) trial aimed to explore the short-term effects of moderate alcohol consumption on cardiovascular biomarkers. A 2 × 3-week cross-over single-blinded intervention trial investigating the effect of 1–2 drinks/day (~12–24 g) compared with abstention on 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance-measured main lipoproteins and subfractions was performed in 26 healthy adults. Volunteers were classified as occasional or habitual drinkers based on their habitual alcohol intakes (<2 or ≥2 drinks/week). Compared with abstention, 1–2 drinks/day increased HDL2a-C (p = 0.004), HDL3-C (p = 0.008), and HDL non-significantly (p = 0.19). Total apoA1 and apoA1 in HDL and its subfractions increased (p < 0.05). Novel findings were a decreased apoB/apoA1 ratio (p = 0.02), and increased HDL2a phospholipid content (p = 0.04). In women alone, the results were similar but attenuated, and LDL-P decreased. Thus, changes in apoA1- and HDL-related biomarkers occur within weeks in moderate drinkers. Compared with abstention, 1–2 drinks/day increased total apoA1 more strongly than HDL-C and increased the cholesterol, apoA1, and phospholipid content of several HDL subfractions. Whether this provides a cardiovascular benefit requires further study. Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT03384147.
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Minzer, Simona, Ricardo Arturo Losno, and Rosa Casas. "The Effect of Alcohol on Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Is There New Information?" Nutrients 12, no. 4 (2020): 912. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12040912.
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The effects of alcohol on cardiovascular health are heterogeneous and vary according to consumption dose and pattern. These effects have classically been described as having a J-shaped curve, in which low-to-moderate consumption is associated with less risk than lifetime abstention, and heavy drinkers show the highest risk. Nonetheless, the beneficial effects of alcohol have been questioned due to the difficulties in establishing a safe drinking threshold. This review focuses on the association between alcohol consumption and cardiovascular risk factors and the underlying mechanisms of damage, with review of the literature from the last 10 years.
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Svolik, Milan W. "Voting Against Autocracy." World Politics 75, no. 4 (2023): 647–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/wp.2023.a908772.
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abstract: When and how do voters punish politicians for subverting democracy? To investigate the role of the public in democratic backsliding, I develop a conceptual framework that differentiates among three mechanisms: vote switching, backlash, and disengagement. The first mechanism entails defection by voters from a candidate who undermines democracy to one who does not; the latter two mechanisms entail transitions between voting and abstention. I estimate the magnitude of each mechanism by combining evidence from a series of original survey experiments, traditional surveys, and a quasi-experiment afforded by the rerun of the 2019 Istanbul mayoral election, in which the governing party, akp, attempted to overturn the result of an election that it had lost. I find that although vote switching and backlash contributed to the akp's eventual defeat the most, each of the three mechanisms served as a democratic check in some subset of the Istanbul electorate. Persuasion, mobilization, and even demobilization are all viable tools for curbing the authoritarian tendencies of elected politicians.
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Scussel, Fernanda, and Maribel Carvalho Suarez. "Consumer grief: understanding how consumers deal with the loss of extraordinary experiences." Cadernos EBAPE.BR 20, no. 3 (2022): 339–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1679-395120210046x.
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Abstract Despite the interest in the role of consumption in the bereavement process, the concept of consumer grief and the process consumers experience when grieving remain undertheorized. This article aims to conceptualize consumer grief considering the disruption brought by the COVID-19 pandemic and the need to understand how consumers respond to this scenario, understanding the mechanisms consumers create to deal with loss. In view of the importance of extraordinary experiences due to their embodied, social, and transformational power, in this netnographic study, we explore marathon runners’ loss of an extraordinary experience. Consumers deal with the loss of an experience through a process composed of five mechanisms mediated by social media, which enable consumers to reverse, reframe, and reestablish the experience. The mechanisms of refutation, despair, abstention-compensation, transgression, and acceptance show how consumers behave in different moments of grief, allowing them to build their trajectories in the grieving process, individually and collectively. As a contribution, we expand the literature on consumer grief by focusing on the specific concept of consumer grief, explaining the processes consumers go through when they deal with the loss of an experience. Additionally, we present a collective perspective on the grieving process, shifting the analysis of the grief of an individual or a family unit to the socialization of grief.
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William, Bowmann. "INTERNATIONAL ENFORCEMENT AND EVOLUTION OF THE UN INTERNATIONAL LAW AFTER THE INVASION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN UKRAINE." Juris Gradibus 1 (April 7, 2025): 1–51. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15167631.
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<strong>Abstract</strong>: The present paper is concentrated on the events that have to do with the evolving escalation of the situation of war in Ukraine. The invasion of the Russian Federation in the Ukraine territory as well as the mechanisms of evolution of the international law are few of the main points of analysis of the present work. The history of Russia especially in the Security Council of the UN and its involvement in Ukraine as well as the international enforcement mechanisms and their general ineffectiveness, as we will see in similar topics of the past, are arguments of continuous discuss. Security Council’s role as well as that of International Court of Justice, and of the International Criminal Court are arguments related to the ineffectiveness of international law. Interesting are also the expressions of structure and practice of the UN Security Council. The step by step recommendations and especially of the positions of vote and veto in the Security Council as also the abstention of obligations are positions of discussion and a new ways of enforcement structures for the next years.
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Zeitzmann, Sebastian. "Towards an Ever More Differentiated Union? – Exit Strategies from Differentiated Integration." Zeitschrift für europarechtliche Studien 25, no. 4 (2022): 859–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/1435-439x-2022-4-859.
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In the past 25 years, differentiated policies and mechanisms of differentiated decision-making have rapidly gained prominence and relevance on EU level. It is not only well-known EU policies such as the euro currency or the Schengen area of borderless travel which fall within the scope of EU activity in which not all Member States participate in. Rather, also lesser known instruments exist, such as constructive abstention in Common Foreign and Security Policy, the enhanced cooperation procedure, or Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO). A rapidly less homogenous circle of EU members and either the unwillingness or the unpreparedness on part of some of them to fully participate - if at all - in certain EU activity has resulted in an ever more differentiated EU. Is the Union destined to become one of ‘bits and pieces’? Or is there a solution to the conundrum of the incompatibility of simultaneously enlarging and deepening the EU, an incompatibility which has been one of the driving factors behind differentiations? In other words: Do strategies exist to eventually truly create the ever closer Union of fully integrated Member States?
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Braun, Daniela, and Markus Tausendpfund. "Electoral Behaviour in a European Union under Stress." Politics and Governance 8, no. 1 (2020): 28–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/pag.v8i1.2510.
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Is electoral behaviour affected by the current challenges of the EU and, if it is, through which channels and mechanisms? This study offers a cross-national analysis together with a broad understanding of both the crisis phenomenon and electoral behaviour. To investigate this research question appropriately, we first distinguish at the most general level between the two main behavioural alternatives at play when it comes to electoral behaviour, namely abstention and vote choice. Second, and no less important, we differentiate between the mechanisms that mediate the relationship between the ‘EU under stress’ and electoral behaviour, namely egocentric and sociotropic economic voting motivations. Drawing on data from the European Election Study 2014, our article provides important insights into the study of electoral behaviour in an EU under stress. First, we are able to show that the multiple crises that have hit the EU have the potential to determine both turnout and the decision to vote for a Eurosceptic party. Second, different mechanisms are in play for each of the two behavioural alternatives: Turnout is clearly related to egocentric determinants and thus depends on individuals’ personal exposure to the financial crisis. Conversely, the decision to vote for a Eurosceptic party is based on a different mechanism. Voters—without necessarily being personally affected by the crisis—have a higher propensity to vote for a Eurosceptic party if they perceive their country to be threatened by such an EU under stress. These findings add to a better understanding of the EU’s multi-level democracy.
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Sholtz, Janae. "Bataille and Deleuze's Peculiar Askesis: Techniques of Transgression, Meditation and Dramatisation." Deleuze and Guattari Studies 14, no. 2 (2020): 198–228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/dlgs.2020.0399.
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This article explores the ethical imperative to dramatise in the work of Georges Bataille and Gilles Deleuze, two of the most radical thinkers in twentieth-century philosophy, as a peculiar kind of askesis. Whereas askesis is often associated with asceticism or self-denial, in the sense of self-regulation and abstention, Bataille and Deleuze advocate training the self towards intensification of the liminal and extreme (disruption rather than composure), which can rather be understood as a denial of self – its dissolution or laceration. Few attempts have been made to compare their work, even though both share a commitment to resisting the closures that bind our desires and inhibit our full participation in and confrontation with the ebbs and flows of an impersonal, immanent life. Through careful consideration and comparison of their work, I argue that both offer important methods for engendering modalities of ecstatic being characterised by sensitivity to immanence, which have important ramifications for our ability to address phenomena of ethical indifference and resist the constrictions of social control mechanisms that decimate our political imaginations and inhibit our resolve to invent a different future. In the final sections, I interrogate the differences in their invocation of affect and art.
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Krauss, Scott, David E. Stallknecht, Richard D. Slemons, et al. "The enigma of the apparent disappearance of Eurasian highly pathogenic H5 clade 2.3.4.4 influenza A viruses in North American waterfowl." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 32 (2016): 9033–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1608853113.
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One of the major unresolved questions in influenza A virus (IAV) ecology is exemplified by the apparent disappearance of highly pathogenic (HP) H5N1, H5N2, and H5N8 (H5Nx) viruses containing the Eurasian hemagglutinin 2.3.4.4 clade from wild bird populations in North America. The introduction of Eurasian lineage HP H5 clade 2.3.4.4 H5N8 IAV and subsequent reassortment with low-pathogenic H?N2 and H?N1 North American wild bird-origin IAVs in late 2014 resulted in widespread HP H5Nx IAV infections and outbreaks in poultry and wild birds across two-thirds of North America starting in November 2014 and continuing through June 2015. Although the stamping out strategies adopted by the poultry industry and animal health authorities in Canada and the United States—which included culling, quarantining, increased biosecurity, and abstention from vaccine use—were successful in eradicating the HP H5Nx viruses from poultry, these activities do not explain the apparent disappearance of these viruses from migratory waterfowl. Here we examine current and historical aquatic bird IAV surveillance and outbreaks of HP H5Nx in poultry in the United States and Canada, providing additional evidence of unresolved mechanisms that restrict the emergence and perpetuation of HP avian influenza viruses in these natural reservoirs.
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Miller, Sara, and David Almeida. "LONGITUDINAL CHANGES IN ALCOHOL USE ACROSS 20 YEARS: A DAILY DIARY STUDY." Innovation in Aging 8, Supplement_1 (2024): 1056–57. https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igae098.3398.
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Abstract Longitudinal studies often identify declines in alcohol consumption with aging. However, drinking trajectories may vary across alcohol use indicators and person-level characteristics. The current study utilized three bursts of daily diary surveys from the National Study of Daily Experiences to examine changes in alcohol consumption across 20 years among a sample of adults aged 24 to 81. Participants (N=1,429; Mage=49.9) completed 2+ bursts of 8-day telephone diary interviews. Outcome measures included burst-level abstaining, drinking frequency, frequency of exceeding guidelines of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (1+/2+ drinks for females/males), and average drinking quantity (i.e., number of drinks on drinking days). Moderating variables included baseline age, biological sex (1=Male), education (1=Less than high school to 5=Graduate school), and perceived physical health (1=Poor to 5=Excellent). Multilevel linear and logistic regression analyses revealed that alcohol use quantity declined over time, while frequency of drinking, frequency of exceeding guidelines, and likelihood of alcohol abstention were stable, adjusting for baseline sociodemographic, health behavior, psychosocial, and health characteristics. There were also individual differences in drinking trajectories. Older age was associated with drinking more frequently and consuming fewer drinks per occasion at baseline as well as stronger declines in most alcohol use indicators across time. Furthermore, graduate education was linked with increasing drinking frequency, while male sex and poorer physical health were associated with stronger declines in drinking quantity. Future studies should evaluate mechanisms of age-related declines in alcohol use and examine contributing factors of individual differences in alcohol use trajectories across adulthood.
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Патель, А., and Р. Тіварі. "Critical analysis of international law failures in the Russian invasion of Ukraine: implications for global security." Law and Safety 94, no. 3 (2024): 46–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.32631/pb.2024.3.04.
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This paper offers a critical analysis of the structural deficiencies in international law that Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine revealed in 2022. The study reveals a significant failure of international legal mechanisms, in particular the United Nations, to effectively deter Russian aggression and prevent the escalation of violence. Despite numerous legal actions and international responses – including resolutions by the United Nations General Assembly, proceedings at the International Court of Justice and investigations by the International Criminal Court – these measures have failed to alter Russia’s conduct or prevent further deterioration of the situation in Ukraine. The study employs a normative juridical approach, analyzing the legality of Russia’s actions considering established international norms and principles. Through this methodology, the research uncovers how Russia’s justifications for its military intervention – based on self-defense, collective self-defense, and allegations of genocide – are legally flawed and inconsistent with international law. Moreover, the research reveals the broader implications of these violations, including the potential erosion of global legal norms and the setting of dangerous precedents that could undermine international peace and security. The findings of this research highlight the urgent need for reform within the international legal framework to address these deficiencies. The paper concludes by proposing specific reforms, such as expanding the abstention obligation in the United Nations Security Council and clarifying the legal basis for humanitarian intervention, to strengthen the enforcement of international law and better protect state sovereignty. These insights contribute to the ongoing discourse on the role of international law in conflict resolution and the maintenance of global security.
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Yi, Jianxin. "Nash implementation via mechanisms that allow for abstentions." Theory and Decision 91, no. 2 (2021): 279–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11238-020-09790-0.
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Tavakkoli, Mohammad, Abdulhamid Sabit, and Mohammad Mohaqiq. "Islamic behavioral mechanism for preserving the value of national currency in Islamic economy." Kom : casopis za religijske nauke 13, no. 2 (2024): 1–13. https://doi.org/10.5937/kom2402001t.
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In behavioral economics, the cultural factor of each country is highly significant. This capacity is particularly effective in Islamic countries for preserving the value of national currency. Islamic culture shapes the behavior of individuals in the Islamic community. Within Islamic beliefs and values, there are principles that encompass all components necessary for maintaining the value of national currency. Principles such as Imam Sadiq selling excess wheat during its scarcity in the market serve as guidance in times of currency shortages, helping to avoid currency price inflation. Additionally, principles that emphasize the pursuit of knowledge and learning encourage the adoption of the latest production technologies, and the value placed on work in life leads to increased economic activity and higher production levels. Furthermore, principles like asceticism and piety, as well as the desirability of the rewards in the afterlife, encourage abstention from certain foreign luxury goods and promote activities that foster the economic well-being of the Islamic community. From this amalgamation, a framework can be constructed that contributes to the preservation of the national currency's value within an Islamic economy.
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Safkaur, Terianus L. "The Analysis of The Youth Political Perception of 2019 General Elections in Jayapura City." International Journal of Social Service and Research 2, no. 11 (2022): 983–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.46799/ijssr.v2i11.163.
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Community participation in politics is an important indicator in measuring whether a country is democratic or not. The higher level of community participation results in the transparency of democracy. However, towards the 2019 elections, the absent of people in giving their voice was dominant in Indonesia. The apathetic groups who decided not to vote in elections have a variety of reasons. One of the reason is the distrust of the electoral system. Refers to the 2019 elections in the city of Jayapura, there was a tendency for some young people not to vote. In fact, elections are an important instrument in selecting leaders through democratic mechanisms. The two main objectives to be achieved through this research are first to find out the perspective of young people to view the general election. This is related to the understanding of the election as well as their hopes for the election and their political references if they decide to vote or not vote (abstentions). Second, this study aims to examine the models of youth participation in the election. Furthermore, this research will contribute to the gap of knowledge and studies related to youth their participation in general election, especially in the city of Jayapura. The city of Jayapura will become an important place of this case study because it’s social and political dynamics in analyzing youth perceptions.
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Jones, Matthew I., Antonio D. Sirianni, and Feng Fu. "Polarization, abstention, and the median voter theorem." Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 9, no. 1 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41599-022-01056-0.
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AbstractThe median voter theorem has long been the default model of voter behavior and candidate choice. While contemporary work on the distribution of political opinion has emphasized polarization and an increasing gap between the “left” and the “right” in democracies, the median voter theorem presents a model of anti-polarization: competing candidates move to the center of the ideological distribution to maximize vote share, regardless of the underlying ideological distribution of voters. These anti-polar results, however, largely depend on the “singled-peakedness” of voter preferences, an assumption that is rapidly losing relevance in the age of polarization. This article presents a model of voter choice that examines three potential mechanisms that can undermine this finding: a relative cost of voting that deters voters who are sufficiently indifferent to both candidates, ideologically motivated third-party alternatives that attract extreme voters, and a bimodal distribution of voter ideology. Under reasonable sets of conditions and empirically observed voter opinion distributions, these mechanisms can be sufficient to cause strategically minded candidates to fail to converge to the center, or to even become more polarized than their electorate.
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Kostelka, Filip. "Understanding Voter Fatigue: Election Frequency and Electoral Abstention Approval." British Journal of Political Science 55 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1017/s0007123425000171.
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Abstract The existing literature shows that frequent elections depress electoral participation and contribute to the global decline in voter turnout. However, the causal mechanisms remain unclear. This paper investigates the sources of voter fatigue and hypothesizes that frequent elections make electoral abstention more acceptable to citizens. It tests the main hypothesis via an original pre-registered survey experiment fielded in five countries with a total sample size of 12,221 respondents. The results provide pioneering evidence on the psychological effects of election frequency. They confirm that high election frequency increases the social acceptability of electoral abstention and that this effect is proportional to the number of past elections. It can be equally observed among all major social groups, including politically engaged citizens and those who believe that voting is a civic duty. These findings hold major implications for our understanding of voter turnout and democratic institutional engineering.
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Loku, Dr Sc Afrim, and MSc Lindita Mehmeti. "Improving the quality and impact of employees." ILIRIA International Review 1, no. 2 (2011). http://dx.doi.org/10.21113/iir.v1i2.182.
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"Estimates for the management of public institutions are a ma-tter which calls for very serious approach. For these are done mo-re research and studies, most assessments are focused on the ma-nagement but also the causes that have driven the need for chan-ge, but little attention was paid to sources which influence the changes. From the research we've done it appears that a signifi-cant contribution in this issue is the evaluation for commitment and support by the management, the effects of these phenomena and the opening of recommendations and strategies that mana-gers in public institutions can use to ensure continuation of the work in their organizations/institutions, of which in turn, organi-zational competence enables. Abstention fluctuation in Kosovo and also presents a major problem for public institutions and that additional factor of weigh financial standing. They lead new prob-lems especially given that public institution in Kosovo have not yet developed adequate mechanisms to deal with these pheno-mena.Therefore, this study examines the management assessment in relation to changes in institutions and their impact on the pheno-menon of fluctuation and Abstention , their effects on health and educational institutions.
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Chen, W. W., L. Wang, A. J. Zhou, et al. "The benefits of intermittent fasting: A review of possible mechanisms on central neurological disorders." Acta Alimentaria, March 8, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/066.2022.00230.
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AbstractIntermittent fasting (IF) is a dietary strategy that involves alternating periods of abstention from calorie consumption with periods of ad libitum food intake and has been shown to have beneficial effects in many ways. Recent studies have shown that IF attenuates neurodegeneration and improves cognitive decline, enhances functional recovery after stroke as well as attenuates the pathological and clinical features of epilepsy in animal models. Furthermore, IF induced several molecular and cellular adaptations in neurons that overall enhanced cellular stress resistance, synaptic plasticity, and neurogenesis. In this review, the beneficial effects of IF on central neurological disorders are discussed. The information summarised in this review can be used to help contextualise existing research and better guide the development of future IF interventions.
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Haas, Elisa A., Mario J. A. Saad, Andrey Santos, et al. "A red wine intervention does not modify plasma trimethylamine N-oxide but is associated with broad shifts in the plasma metabolome and gut microbiota composition." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, October 7, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqac286.
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Abstract Background Gut microbiota profiles are closely related to cardiovascular diseases through mechanisms that include the reported deleterious effects of metabolites, such as trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), which have been studied as diagnostic and therapeutic targets. Moderate red wine (RW) consumption is reportedly cardioprotective, possibly by affecting the gut microbiota. Objective To investigate the effects of RW consumption on the gut microbiota, plasma TMAO, and the plasma metabolome in males with documented coronary artery disease (CAD) using a multiomics assessment in a crossover trial. Methods We conducted a randomized, crossover, controlled trial involving 42 males (average age, 60 years) with documented CAD comparing 3-week RW consumption (250 mL/day, 5 days/week) with an equal period of alcohol abstention, both preceded by a 2-week washout period. The gut microbiota was analyzed via 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing. Plasma TMAO was evaluated by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The plasma metabolome of 20 randomly selected participants was evaluated by ultra-high-performance LC-MS/MS. The effect of RW consumption was assessed by individual comparisons using paired tests during the abstention and RW periods. Results Plasma TMAO did not differ between RW intervention and alcohol abstention, and TMAO levels showed low intraindividual concordance over time, with an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.049 during the control period. After RW consumption, there was significant remodeling of the gut microbiota, with a difference in beta diversity and predominance of Parasutterella, Ruminococcaceae, several Bacteroides species and Prevotella. Plasma metabolomic analysis revealed significant changes in metabolites after RW consumption, consistent with improved redox homeostasis. Conclusions Modulation of the gut microbiota may contribute to the putative cardiovascular benefits of moderate RW consumption. The low intraindividual concordance of TMAO presents challenges regarding its role as a cardiovascular risk biomarker at the individual level. This study was registered at clinical trials.gov, NCT03232099.
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Rabie, Dina, Mohamed Rashwan, and Rania Miniesy. "Fasting and honesty: Experimental evidence from Egypt." Economic Inquiry, February 21, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ecin.13208.
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AbstractThis paper examines the effect of religious fasting on truth‐telling using a laboratory experiment in Egypt. While fasting‐induced religiosity may promote truth‐telling, the physiological and psychological changes during fasting, due to alimentary abstention and self‐control exertion, may reduce honesty, especially when fasting is augmented with effort. We examine this question by tracing individual truth‐telling decisions, in the absence and presence of additional effort, both before and during Ramadan. We find that neither effort nor fasting alone affects honesty, but exerting effort while fasting reduces honesty. We provide suggestive evidence on the mechanisms potentially driving this negative effect on honesty.
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Ugur-Cinar, Meral, and Tugce Ince. "What Leads to Voting Despite Intention to Abstain?: Emotions, Turnout, and Negative Campaigns in Turkish Elections." Review of Middle East Studies, October 8, 2024, 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rms.2024.5.
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Abstract This article sheds light on the factors that pave the way from voter abstention to voter turnout based on extensive research of tweets on national and local elections in Turkey. We find that the negative campaign strategy of the incumbent and the fact that the campaigning process has taken place on a very uneven playing field have triggered a set of emotions, primarily moral outrage and anger among the electorate, which have the power to change voting patterns in a significant way. The effect of negative campaigning on expressive voting was further enhanced by the pulling effect of the candidates and their public supporters and endorsements. We found that other, competing explanations of political outcomes are secondary to the mechanisms above.
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Nehama, Ilan, Taiki Todo, and Makoto Yokoo. "Manipulation-resistant false-name-proof facility location mechanisms for complex graphs." Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems 36, no. 1 (2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10458-021-09535-5.
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AbstractIn many real-life scenarios, a group of agents needs to agree on a common action, e.g., on a location for a public facility, while there is some consistency between their preferences, e.g., all preferences are derived from a common metric space. The facility location problem models such scenarios and it is a well-studied problem in social choice. We study mechanisms for facility location on unweighted undirected graphs that are resistant to manipulations (strategy-proof, abstention-proof, and false-name-proof) by both individuals and coalitions on one hand and anonymous and efficient (Pareto-optimal) on the other. We define a new family of graphs, $$ZV$$ ZV -line graphs, and show a general facility location mechanism for these graphs that satisfies all these desired properties. This mechanism can also be computed in polynomial time and it can equivalently be defined as the first Pareto-optimal location according to some predefined order. Our main result, the $$ZV$$ ZV -line graphs family and the mechanism we present for it, unifies all works in the literature of false-name-proof facility location on discrete graphs including the preliminary (unpublished) works we are aware of. In particular, we show mechanisms for all graphs of at most five vertices, discrete trees, bicliques, and clique tree graphs. Finally, we discuss some generalizations and limitations of our result for facility location problems on other structures: Weighted graphs, large discrete cycles, infinite graphs; and for facility location problems concerning infinite societies.
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Papp, Bendegúz. "An Analysis of ASEAN’s Cyclone Nargis 2008 Disaster Diplomacy." Asian International Studies Review, April 26, 2023, 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2667078x-bja10024.
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Abstract Cyclone Nargis in 2008 is remembered as one of the deadliest disasters of modern Southeast Asia. Myanmar suffered the greatest losses of the states in the region, with more than a hundred thousand deaths and millions affected. The present research examines the events of the storm in a disaster diplomacy context. The methodological framework of the study is the Complex Adaptive System, which is applied through four properties and three mechanisms. According to the results, Cyclone Nargis hit the region in a cold international environment, and its treatment ended with a (to some extent) successful regional diplomatic outcome after easing the initial abstention. Among the variables of the CAS method, nonlinearity and aggregation, as well as internal model and building blocks, determined regional cooperation. The present case study shows that an extremely severe natural disaster is capable of promoting regional cooperation despite the actual cold political environment.
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Bansal, Rishab, Reena Chandra, and Karan Lulla. "Understanding and Mitigating Strategies for Large Language Model (LLMs) Hallucinations in HR Chatbots." International Journal of Computational and Experimental Science and Engineering 11, no. 3 (2025). https://doi.org/10.22399/ijcesen.2471.
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Large language models are widely used in enterprise workflows, particularly in human resources and internal communication using chatbots. Although they provide efficiency and shorter turnaround times, their tendency to hallucinate—generating plausible but factually incorrect information—is a significant concern. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the problem statement and the solutions studied. It starts with defining and evaluating the causes and types of hallucinations particular to HR applications. The research also explores industry use cases and implements mitigating measures such as retrieval-augmented generation (RAG), confidence rating, abstention mechanisms, prompt engineering, domain-specific fine-tuning, and post-generation fact-checking. Using accessible empirical data, the research assesses the limitations, scalability, and effectiveness of various methods. Important research gaps are found, including the absence of HR-specific hallucination benchmarks, difficulties in uncertainty estimates, and the necessity of ongoing domain knowledge integration. Aiming to create reliable and grounded AI systems for HR and corporate support, the article ends by suggesting practical directions for future research and development.
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Perez, Hugo, Carlos Gracia-Lazaro, Fabio Dercole, and Yamir Moreno. "Cooperation in costly-access environments." New Journal of Physics, June 23, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/ac7b9d.
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Abstract Understanding cooperative behavior in biological and social systems constitutes a scientific challenge, being the object of intense research over the past decades. Many mechanisms have been proposed to explain the presence and persistence of cooperation in those systems, showing that there is no unique explanation, as different scenarios have different possible driving forces. In this paper, we propose a model to study situations in which voluntary participation involves an access cost to the cooperative interaction, besides the cost associated with cooperation. The proposed Costly-Access Prisoner's Dilemma, a symmetric donation game with voluntary and costly participation, breaks the symmetry between abstainers and participants of the Voluntary Prisoner's Dilemma. A mean-field approach shows that, in well-mixed populations, the dynamic always leads the system to abstention. However, depending on the return parameter, numerical simulations in structured populations display an alternating behavior between mono-strategic, multi-stable, and coexistence phases. This behavior is fully explained through a theoretical analysis of the strategic motifs, the transitions being determined by the change in stability of those motifs.
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Gawałko, Monika, Melissa E. Middeldorp, Arnela Saljic, et al. "Diet and risk of atrial fibrillation: a systematic review." European Heart Journal, September 17, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehae551.
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Abstract Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most prevalent sustained cardiac arrhythmia. Comprehensive modification of established AF risk factors combined with dietary interventions and breaking deleterious habits has been shown to reduce AF burden and recurrence. Numerous AF risk factors, such as diabetes, obesity or hypertension can be partially related to dietary and lifestyle choices. Therefore, dietary interventions may have potential as a therapeutic approach in AF. Based on available data, current guidelines recommend alcohol abstinence or reduction to decrease AF symptoms, burden, and progression, and do not indicate the need for caffeine abstention to prevent AF episodes (unless it is a trigger for AF symptoms). Uncertainty persists regarding harms or benefits of other dietary factors including chocolate, fish, salt, polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, and micronutrients. This article provides a systematic review of the association between AF and both dietary patterns and components. Additionally, it discusses potentially related mechanisms and introduces different strategies to assess patients’ nutrition patterns, including mobile health solutions and diet indices. Finally, it highlights the gaps in knowledge requiring future investigation.
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McWhirter, Laura, Heather Smyth, Ingrid Hoeritzauer, Anna Couturier, Jon Stone, and Alan J. Carson. "What is brain fog?" Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, December 6, 2022, jnnp—2022–329683. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2022-329683.
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BackgroundThe term ‘brain fog’ is increasingly used colloquially to describe difficulties in the cognitive realm. But what is brain fog? What sort of experiences do people talk about when they talk about brain fog? And, in turn, what might this tell us about potential underlying pathophysiological mechanisms? This study examined first-person descriptions in order to better understand the phenomenology of brain fog.MethodsPosts containing ‘brain fog’ were scraped from the social media platform Reddit, using python, over a week in October 2021. We examined descriptions of brain fog, themes of containing subreddits (topic-specific discussion forums), and causal attributions.Results1663 posts containing ‘brain fog’ were identified, 717 meeting inclusion criteria. 141 first person phenomenological descriptions depicted forgetfulness (51), difficulty concentrating (43), dissociative phenomena (34), cognitive ‘slowness’ and excessive effort (26), communication difficulties (22), ‘fuzziness’ or pressure (10) and fatigue (9). 50% (363/717) posts were in subreddits concerned with illness and disease: including COVID-19 (87), psychiatric, neurodevelopmental, autoimmune and functional disorders. 134 posts were in subreddits about drug use or discontinuation, and 44 in subreddits about abstention from masturbation. 570 posts included the poster’s causal attribution, the most frequent attribution being long COVID in 60/570 (10%).Conclusions‘Brain fog’ is used on Reddit to describe heterogeneous experiences, including of dissociation, fatigue, forgetfulness and excessive cognitive effort, and in association with a range of illnesses, drugs and behaviours. Encouraging detailed description of these experiences will help us better understand pathophysiological mechanisms underlying cognitive symptoms in health and disease.
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Correia, Tiago, Marine Buissonnière, and Martin McKee. "The Pandemic Agreement: What's Next?" International Journal of Health Planning and Management, May 29, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1002/hpm.70000.
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ABSTRACTThe COVID‐19 pandemic exposed critical weaknesses in global health governance, prompting the development of the WHO Pandemic Agreement, formally adopted by the World Health Assembly in May 2025. This landmark Agreement seeks to address the shortcomings of the 2005 International Health Regulations by establishing legally binding commitments to enhance pandemic preparedness, equity, and international solidarity. However, the negotiation process revealed deep geopolitical divisions, raising concerns about the Agreement's legitimacy and enforceability. Key provisions include improved surveillance, data sharing, protection for healthcare workers, and equitable access to medical countermeasures. Nevertheless, its effectiveness may be compromised by vague language, unresolved issues, and the absence or abstention of influential states. Implementation is further challenged by political fragmentation, sovereignty concerns, and disparities in national capacities. The Agreement's success will depend on sustained political will, robust accountability mechanisms, and meaningful national adoption. Ongoing debates over the definition of ‘pandemic’ and the WHO's limited enforcement powers underscore the tension between multilateral cooperation and national sovereignty. While the Agreement represents a significant step forward, it is not a panacea. Its promise lies in its potential to catalyse coordinated global action, but only if supported by genuine commitment and adaptive governance. As the world faces future health threats, the Pandemic Agreement must evolve into a practical tool for resilience, equity, and collective security.
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-, Shilpa J. "Exploring Couvade Syndrome: the Surprising Symptoms of Sympathetic Pregnancy." International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research 6, no. 2 (2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2024.v06i02.16654.
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This study describes the pivotal developmental phase of pregnancy and impending parenthood, highlighting the distinct experiences encountered by both expectant mothers and fathers. Couvade syndrome, informally termed sympathetic pregnancy, emerges in soon-to-be fathers who display symptoms mirroring those of their pregnant partners. Despite being often trivialized, Couvade syndrome can provoke distress in men, exhibiting symptoms such as gastrointestinal issues, psychological strain, and behavioral modifications. Although not formally acknowledged as a medical condition, its widespread occurrence underscores the necessity for deeper explorations into its causative factors. The term "couvade" originates from the French "couvee," signifying incubation or nurturing, coined by anthropologist Edward Burnett Tylor in 1865. Across diverse cultures, Couvade syndrome has piqued interest due to its intriguing resemblance to pregnancy symptoms in men. The proposed rationales for this occurrence encompass psychological, physiological, and societal dimensions, encompassing anxiety, hormonal shifts, and gender roles. Several predisposing factors, including socioeconomic status, first-time parenthood, emotional stressors, and cultural background, may heighten susceptibility to Couvade syndrome. Manifestations range from physical discomforts to emotional turmoil and behavioral alterations, reflecting a multifaceted reaction to the imminent fatherhood journey. While no standardized treatment protocol exists for Couvade syndrome, coping mechanisms such as stress management, regular physical activity, wholesome nutrition, and abstention from substances like alcohol and drugs are recommended. Additionally, alternative modalities such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), yoga, and pharmacotherapy may offer relief from symptoms. Couvade syndrome typically dissipates postpartum as fathers shift their focus to the newborn. Despite its transient nature, further research is imperative to deepen comprehension and extend support to expectant fathers during this distinctive transition to parenthood.
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Bonaccio, M., A. Di Castelnuovo, S. Costanzo, et al. "Combined healthy lifestyle factors and risk of all-cause and cardiovascular first hospitalization." European Journal of Public Health 29, Supplement_4 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckz185.474.
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Abstract Background We aimed to explore the association of combined healthy lifestyles with risk of first hospitalization for all-cause, cardiovascular disease (CVD), ischemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke in a southern Italian population-based cohort. We also investigated several biological mechanisms possibly on the pathway between lifestyles and health outcomes. Methods Longitudinal analysis on 23,161 men and women (aged≥35 y) recruited in the Moli-sani Study (2005-2010). We defined 4 healthy lifestyle factors as abstention from smoking; high adherence to Mediterranean diet; physical activity; absence of abdominal obesity. First hospital admissions for any and CVD-related causes were recorded by direct linkage with hospital discharge form registry. Hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence interval (95%CI) were calculated by multivariable Cox-regression. Results Over a median follow up of 7.2 y, we ascertained a total of 9,482 hospitalizations, 3,556 CVD, 939 IHD and 589 stroke-related hospital admissions. Adherence to all four healthy lifestyles, compared with none or 1, was associated with lower risk of hospitalization for any cause (HR = 0.82; 0.74-0.90), CVD (HR = 0.81;0.69-0.95) and IHD (HR = 0.63; 0.44-0.90) and, to a less extent, with stroke hospitalizations. Inflammatory biomarkers (e.g. C-reactive protein) were likely to partly explain the association between lifestyles and all-cause (14%) or CVD (15%) hospitalizations, while inflammation played a leading role towards risk of IHD (30%) and stroke-related hospital admissions (21%). Conclusions The impact of combined 4 healthy lifestyles on first hospitalization risk was considerable. Inflammatory biomarkers explained a large proportion of this association. Key messages Improvements to lifestyle reduce the risk of hospitalizations in a general adult population. Achieving a greater number of healthy behaviours has the potential to reduce the burden of hospitalizations and the associated healthcare costs.
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Aloutmani, B., N. Ismaili, and N. El Ouafi. "Therapeutic inertia in the management of hypertension by moroccan general practitioners." European Heart Journal 44, Supplement_2 (2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehad655.2343.
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Abstract Background Hypertension is an important and remediable risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Therapeutic inertia has been identified as one of the main factors associated with poor blood pressure control. Purpose This study aims to evaluate predictive factors of therapeutic inertia in the management of hypertension among moroccan general practitioners. Methods We conducted a descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study, from October 2021 to January 2022, involving moroccan general practitioners using a standardized, anonymous questionnaire, covering numerous areas; their socio-demographic characteristics, assessment of hypertension knowledge, reasons not to intensify therapy and clinical scenarios. A univariate analysis was performed using the Chi-square test for the comparison of percentages. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was also applied to study variables possibly associated with therapeutic inertia. Results A total of 130 physicians participated in our study. The majority of the practitioners were female (62.3%). The average age was 38.61 years (±13,95). The percentage of physicians who had practiced for 5 years or less was 51.5% vs. 48,5% having practiced for more than 5 years. The median number of patients seen per day was estimated at 30 patients with an interquartile range of [15, 50]. The average medical visit time was estimated at 11,88 ± 7,03 minutes. The overall frequency of therapeutic inertia among general practitioners was estimated at 78,5% CI 95% [70,4-85,2]. Furthermore, the two main reasons for therapeutic abstention reported by physicians were: the importance of improving patient compliance, lifestyle and dietary measures before intensifying treatment (81,5%), in addition to the fact that the office blood pressure does not reflect the patient's "true" BP and didn’t need any further ambulatory monitoring (43,8%). Multivariable regression showed that when the patient is diabetic, the general practitioners tend to be 4 times more ‘therapeutically inert’ [OR 4.42 (95% CI 1.2–7.23)]. A patient’s history of ischemic stroke was also positively associated with TI [OR 1.53 (95% CI 1.23–4.23)]. Conclusion This study revealed a significant frequency of therapeutic inertia in primary care. A good understanding of the determinants of this phenomenon will lead to better management of hypertension and therefore better blood pressure control. According to our study, a history of diabetes or stroke was positively associated with inertia, even though this would normally require exhaustive BP control. Thus, the development of operational and consensual definitions based on empirical data and the exploration of the intimate mechanisms underlying this inertia is of crucial importance.Table 1