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Journal articles on the topic 'Adrenal steroidogenic enzymes'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

Baranowski, Elizabeth S., Wiebke Arlt, and Jan Idkowiak. "Monogenic Disorders of Adrenal Steroidogenesis." Hormone Research in Paediatrics 89, no. 5 (2018): 292–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000488034.

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Disorders of adrenal steroidogenesis comprise autosomal recessive conditions affecting steroidogenic enzymes of the adrenal cortex. Those are located within the 3 major branches of the steroidogenic machinery involved in the production of mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens. This mini review describes the principles of adrenal steroidogenesis, including the newly appreciated 11-oxygenated androgen pathway. This is followed by a description of pathophysiology, biochemistry, and clinical implications of steroidogenic disorders, including mutations affecting cholesterol import and

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2

Ross, J. T., I. C. McMillen, F. Lok, A. G. Thiel, J. A. Owens, and C. L. Coulter. "Intrafetal Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Infusion Stimulates Adrenal Growth But Not Steroidogenesis in the Sheep Fetus during Late Gestation." Endocrinology 148, no. 11 (2007): 5424–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2006-1573.

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We investigated the effects of an intrafetal infusion of IGF-I on adrenal growth and expression of the adrenal steroidogenic and catecholamine-synthetic enzyme mRNAs in the sheep fetus during late gestation. Fetal sheep were infused for 10 d with either IGF-I (26 μg/kg·h; n = 14) or saline (n = 10) between 120 and 130 d gestation, and adrenal glands were collected for morphological analysis and determination of the mRNA expression of steroidogenic and catecholamine-synthetic enzymes. Fetal body weight was not altered by IGF-I infusion; however, adrenal weight was significantly increased by 145

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3

Melau, Cecilie, John Erik Nielsen, Hanne Frederiksen, et al. "Characterization of Human Adrenal Steroidogenesis During Fetal Development." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 104, no. 5 (2018): 1802–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2018-01759.

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Abstract Context The endocrine function of human fetal adrenals (HFAs) is activated already during first trimester, but adrenal steroidogenesis during fetal life is not well characterized. Objective This study aimed to investigate HFA steroidogenesis by analyzing adrenal glands from first and second trimesters. Design and Setting Male and female HFA from gestational weeks (GWs) 8 to 19 were examined, including a total of 101 samples from 83 fetuses. Main Outcome Measure(s) Expression level of steroidogenic genes and protein expression/localization were determined by quantitative PCR and immuno

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4

Parker, Keith L., and Bernard P. Schimmer. "Transcriptional regulation of the adrenal steroidogenic enzymes." Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism 4, no. 2 (1993): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1043-2760(05)80014-1.

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Lottrup, Grete, John E. Nielsen, Niels E. Skakkebæk, Anders Juul, and Ewa Rajpert-De Meyts. "Abundance of DLK1, differential expression of CYP11B1, CYP21A2 and MC2R, and lack of INSL3 distinguish testicular adrenal rest tumours from Leydig cell tumours." European Journal of Endocrinology 172, no. 4 (2015): 491–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje-14-0810.

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ObjectiveTesticular adrenal rest tumours (TARTs) are a common finding in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). These tumours constitute a diagnostic and management conundrum and may lead to infertility. TART cells share many functional and morphological similarities with Leydig cells (LCs), and masses consisting of such cells are occasionally misclassified as malignant testicular tumours, which may lead to erroneous orchiectomy in these patients.DesignIn this study, we aimed to investigate the potential of LC developmental markers and adrenal steroidogenic markers in the differen

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Couzinet, Beatrice, Geri Meduri, Maria G. Lecce, et al. "The Postmenopausal Ovary Is Not a Major Androgen-Producing Gland." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 86, no. 10 (2001): 5060–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jcem.86.10.7900.

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It is currently believed that the postmenopausal ovary remains a gonadotropin-driven, androgen-producing gland. However, the adrenal contribution to circulating androgen levels may explain some conflicting results previously reported. In addition, the steroidogenic potential and gonadotropin responsiveness of the postmenopausal ovary have not been recently reassessed. Plasma T, bioavailable T, free T, androstenedione (Adione), and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels were measured in postmenopausal or ovariectomized women with complete adrenal insufficiency, compared with women with intact ad

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Lundqvist, Johan. "Vitamin D as a regulator of steroidogenic enzymes." F1000Research 3 (July 8, 2014): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.4714.1.

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During the last decades, the outlook on vitamin D has widened, from being a vitamin solely involved in bone metabolism and calcium homeostasis, to being a multifunctional hormone known to affect a broad range of physiological processes. The aim of this review is to summarize the research on vitamin D as a regulator of steroidogenic enzymes. Steroid hormones exert a wide range of physiological responses, including functions in the immune system, protein and carbohydrate metabolism, water and salt balance, reproductive system and development of sexual characteristics. The balance of sex hormones

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8

Saito, Ryuta, Natsuko Terasaki, Makoto Yamazaki, Naoya Masutomi, Naohisa Tsutsui, and Masahiro Okamoto. "Estimation of the Mechanism of Adrenal Action of Endocrine-Disrupting Compounds Using a Computational Model of Adrenal Steroidogenesis in NCI-H295R Cells." Journal of Toxicology 2016 (2016): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4041827.

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Adrenal toxicity is one of the major concerns in drug development. To quantitatively understand the effect of endocrine-active compounds on adrenal steroidogenesis and to assess the human adrenal toxicity of novel pharmaceutical drugs, we developed a mathematical model of steroidogenesis in human adrenocortical carcinoma NCI-H295R cells. The model includes cellular proliferation, intracellular cholesterol translocation, diffusional transport of steroids, and metabolic pathways of adrenal steroidogenesis, which serially involve steroidogenic proteins and enzymes such as StAR, CYP11A1, CYP17A1,

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9

Provencher, P. H., Y. Tremblay, B. Belanger, and A. Belanger. "Studies of adrenal steroidogenic enzymes in guinea pigs." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 262, no. 6 (1992): E869—E874. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1992.262.6.e869.

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In the present study we found that 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 4-ene-5-ene-isomerase (3 beta-HSD), 17-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase (P-450c17), and 21-hydroxylase (P-450c21) activities in a suspension of cells from guinea pig zona reticularis (RE) were 10- to 15-fold less than those measured in cells from zona fasciculata-glomerulosa (FG). Whereas the secretion of cortisol and C-19 steroids was remarkably increased during treatment of FG cells with adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), no response could be detected when using cells from zona RE. By contrast, the measurement of a series of

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10

Suda, Noriko, Hirotaka Shibata, Isao Kurihara, et al. "Coactivation of SF-1-Mediated Transcription of Steroidogenic Enzymes by Ubc9 and PIAS1." Endocrinology 152, no. 6 (2011): 2266–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2010-1232.

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Steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1) is a nuclear orphan receptor, which is essential for adrenal development and regulation of steroidogenic enzyme expression. SF-1 is posttranslationally modified by small ubiquitin-related modifier-1 (SUMO-1), thus mostly resulting in attenuation of transcription. We investigated the role of sumoylation enzymes, Ubc9 and protein inhibitors of activated STAT1 (PIAS1), in SF-1-mediated transcription of steroidogenic enzyme genes in the adrenal cortex. Coimmunoprecipitation assays showed that both Ubc9 and PIAS1 interacted with SF-1. Transient transfection assays in a

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11

Provencher, P. H., Y. Tremblay, and A. Bélanger. "Effects of C19 steroids on adrenal steroidogenic enzyme activities and their mRNA levels in guinea-pig fasciculata-glomerulosa cells in primary culture." Journal of Endocrinology 132, no. 2 (1992): 269–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1320269.

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ABSTRACT The present study examined the effects of steroids on steroidogenic enzyme activity in adrenal glands. Guinea-pig fasciculata-glomerulosa (FG) cells maintained in primary culture were exposed to steroids for 48 h. Although the treatment with androstenedione alone had no effect on 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 4-ene-5-ene-isomerase (3β-HSD), 17-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase activities, there was inhibition of 11-hydroxylase and 21-hydroxylase activities. When FG cells were exposed to 10 nmol ACTH/l for the last 24 h of incubation, ACTH alone had no effect on steroidogenic enzymes but,

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Meimaridou, E., M. Goldsworthy, V. Chortis, et al. "NNT is a key regulator of adrenal redox homeostasis and steroidogenesis in male mice." Journal of Endocrinology 236, no. 1 (2018): 13–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/joe-16-0638.

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Nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase, NNT, is a ubiquitous protein of the inner mitochondrial membrane with a key role in mitochondrial redox balance. NNT produces high concentrations of NADPH for detoxification of reactive oxygen species by glutathione and thioredoxin pathways. In humans, NNT dysfunction leads to an adrenal-specific disorder, glucocorticoid deficiency. Certain substrains of C57BL/6 mice contain a spontaneously occurring inactivating Nnt mutation and display glucocorticoid deficiency along with glucose intolerance and reduced insulin secretion. To understand the underlying

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13

Tetsi Nomigni, Milène, Sophie Ouzounian, Alice Benoit, et al. "Steroidogenic enzyme profile in an androgen-secreting adrenocortical oncocytoma associated with hirsustism." Endocrine Connections 4, no. 2 (2015): 117–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/ec-15-0014.

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Hirsutism induced by hyperandrogenism can be associated with polycystic ovary syndrome, 21-hydroxylase (OH) deficiency or androgen-secreting tumors, including ovarian and adrenal tumors. Adrenal androgen-secreting tumors are frequently malignant. Adrenal oncocytomas represent rare causes of hyperandrogenism. The aim of the study was to investigate steroidogenic enzyme expression and steroid secretion in an androgen-secreting adrenal oncocytoma in a young woman presenting with hirsutism. Hyperandrogenism was diagnosed on the basis of elevated plasma Δ4-androstenedione and testosterone levels. P

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14

Schimmer, Bernard P. "The 1994 Upjohn Award Lecture. Molecular and genetic approaches to the study of signal transduction in the adrenal cortex." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 73, no. 8 (1995): 1097–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y95-157.

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This review highlights contributions from my laboratory in which the sites and mechanisms of action of the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in the adrenal cortex have been explored. Early studies showing that ACTH stimulates adrenal steroidogenesis by interacting with specific receptors at the cell surface are summarized. Next, the development of a strategy of genetic analysis to define the signalling events that follow ACTH interaction with its receptor is described. This strategy involved the isolation and characterization of mutant adrenal cell lines harboring specific defects in the ACTH

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15

Khorram, Naseem M., Thomas R. Magee, Chen Wang, Mina Desai, Michael Ross, and Omid Khorram. "Maternal Undernutrition Programs Offspring Adrenal Expression of Steroidogenic Enzymes." Reproductive Sciences 18, no. 10 (2011): 931–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1933719111404613.

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16

Shigematsu, Kazuto, Takehiro Nakagaki, Naohiro Yamaguchi, Kioko Kawai, Hideki Sakai, and Osamu Takahara. "Analysis of mRNA expression for steroidogenic enzymes in the remaining adrenal cortices attached to adrenocortical adenomas." European Journal of Endocrinology 158, no. 6 (2008): 867–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje-07-0626.

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Design and methodsWe have recently demonstrated that the adrenal cortices attached to aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA) contained microscopic subcapsular micronodules suggestive of active aldosterone production. In this study, we used in situ hybridization to investigate the mRNA expression of steroidogenic enzymes in the adrenal cortices attached to cortisol-producing adenoma (CPA) and clinically silent adenoma (non-functioning adenoma; NFA), in addition to APA.ResultsMicroscopic subcapsular micronodules, which were several hundreds of micrometers in size and spheroid in shape, were observe

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Shibata, Hirotaka, Hiromichi Suzuki, Tadashi Ogishima, Yuzuru Ishimura, and Takao Saruta. "Significance of steroidogenic enzymes in the pathogenesis of adrenal tumour." Acta Endocrinologica 128, no. 3 (1993): 235–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.1280235.

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We examined both activities and amounts of steroidogenic cytochrome P-450s at the posttranslational protein level and steroid contents in the adrenocortical adenoma from patients with primary aldosteronism and Cushing's syndrome. Aldosterone synthase cytochrome P-450 (human P-450aldo) was detected in the tumour portion of aldosterone-producing adenoma, but not in the normal control adrenals, at the protein level. Neither the activities nor the amounts of other P-450s in the tumour portion of aldosterone-producing adenoma were significantly different from those in the non-tumour portion in the

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18

Kelly, Sinead N., T. Joseph McKenna, and Leonie S. Young. "Coregulatory protein–orphan nuclear receptor interactions in the human adrenal cortex." Journal of Endocrinology 186, no. 1 (2005): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.1.06005.

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The capacity of the adrenal to produce steroids is controlled in part through the transcriptional regulation of steroid enzymes. The orphan nuclear receptor steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1) is central to the transcriptional regulation of all steroid hydroxylase enzymes, whereas nur77 can preferentially regulate steroid enzyme genes relevant to cortisol production. We hypothesised that, in the presence of secretagogues, SF-1 and nur77 may differentially interact with coregulatory proteins in the human adrenal cortex. Both coregulatory proteins, steroid receptor coactivator (SRC-1) and silencing me

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LeHoux, J. G., J. I. Mason, and L. Ducharme. "In vivo effects of adrenocorticotropin on hamster adrenal steroidogenic enzymes." Endocrinology 131, no. 4 (1992): 1874–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/endo.131.4.1327721.

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20

SASANO, HIRONOBU. "Localization of Steroidogenic Enzymes in Adrenal Cortex and Its Disorders." Endocrine Journal 41, no. 5 (1994): 471–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1507/endocrj.41.471.

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21

Provencher, P. H., A. Bélanger, and J. Fiet. "Effects of RU 486 on adrenal steroidogenesis in the guinea-pig." Journal of Endocrinology 130, no. 1 (1991): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1300071.

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ABSTRACT Recent reports have shown that RU 486, a synthetic glucocorticoid and progestin antagonist, has direct effects on tissues secreting steroids. In order to characterize the effects of RU 486 on steroidogenesis further, guinea-pig fasciculata-glomerulosa (FG) cells in primary culture were treated for 48 h with RU 486. RU 486 caused an alteration of basal as well as ACTH-stimulated steroid secretion. Corticosterone and cortisol secretion decreased by 50% while the secretion of 17-hydroxyprogesterone and C19 steroids were increased. The activity of steroidogenic enzymes was measured using

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22

Kim, Jae Hyun, Young Ah Lee, Youn-Hee Lim, et al. "Changes in Adrenal Androgens and Steroidogenic Enzyme Activities From Ages 2, 4, to 6 Years: A Prospective Cohort Study." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 105, no. 10 (2020): 3265–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgaa498.

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Abstract Context The levels of adrenal androgens are increased through the action of steroidogenic enzymes with morphological changes in the adrenal zona reticularis. Objective We investigated longitudinal changes in androgen levels and steroidogenic enzyme activities during early childhood. Design and Participants From a prospective children’s cohort, the Environment and Development of Children cohort, 114 boys and 86 girls with available blood samples from ages 2, 4, and 6 years were included. Outcome Measurements Serum concentrations of adrenal androgens using liquid chromatography-tandem m

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Ramanjaneya, Manjunath, Emmanouil Karteris, Jing Chen, et al. "QRFP induces aldosterone production via PKC and T-type calcium channel-mediated pathways in human adrenocortical cells: evidence for a novel role of GPR103." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 305, no. 9 (2013): E1049—E1058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00191.2013.

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Hormonal regulation of adrenal function occurs primarily through activation of GPCRs. GPCRs are central to many of the body's endocrine and neurotransmitter pathways. Recently, it was shown that activation of GPR103 by its ligand QRFP induced feeding, locomotor activity, and metabolic rate, and QRFP is bioactive in adipose tissue of obese individuals. Given that the adrenal gland is a pivotal organ for energy balance and homeostasis, we hypothesized that GPR103 and QRFP are involved in steroidogenic responses. Using qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry, we mapped both GPR103 and QRFP in human feta

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Lee, Tim C., Walter L. Miller, and Richard J. Auchus. "Medroxyprogesterone Acetate and Dexamethasone Are Competitive Inhibitors of Different Human Steroidogenic Enzymes1." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 84, no. 6 (1999): 2104–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jcem.84.6.5646.

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Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), a widely used progestin, can suppress the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis but can also directly inhibit gonadal steroidogenesis; the success of MPA as a treatment for gonadotropin-independent sexual precocity derives from its direct action on steroidogenic tissues. Dexamethasone, a widely used glucocorticoid, can suppress the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, but its potential effect directly on the adrenal is unclear. Previous reports suggested that these two drugs may act on the initial steps in the rodent steroidogenic pathway; therefore, we investi

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Riester, Anna, Ariadni Spyroglou, Adi Neufeld-Cohen, Alon Chen, and Felix Beuschlein. "Urocortin-dependent effects on adrenal morphology, growth, and expression of steroidogenic enzymes in vivo." Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 48, no. 2 (2012): 159–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/jme-11-0144.

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Urocortin (UCN) 1, 2, and 3 are members of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) family that display varying affinities to the CRF receptor 1 (CRFR1 (CRHR1)) and 2 (CRFR2 (CRHR2)). UCNs represent important modulators of stress responses and are involved in the control of anxiety and related disorders. In addition to the CNS, UCNs and CRFRs are highly expressed in several tissues including the adrenal gland, indicating the presence of UCN-dependent regulatory mechanisms in these peripheral organ systems. Using knockout (KO) mouse models lacking single or multipleUcngenes, we examined the pot

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SUZUKI, HIROMIGHI, HIROTAKA SHIBATA, TAKASHI TAKITA, et al. "Steroid Contents and Cortical Steroidogenic Enzymes in Non-Hyperfunctioning Adrenal Adenoma." Endocrine Journal 41, no. 3 (1994): 267–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1507/endocrj.41.267.

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27

Prevoo, Désirée, Pieter Swart, and Amanda C. Swart. "The influence of Sutherlandia frutescens on adrenal steroidogenic cytochrome P450 enzymes." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 118, no. 1 (2008): 118–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2008.03.019.

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Crawford, P. A., Y. Sadovsky, and J. Milbrandt. "Nuclear receptor steroidogenic factor 1 directs embryonic stem cells toward the steroidogenic lineage." Molecular and Cellular Biology 17, no. 7 (1997): 3997–4006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.17.7.3997.

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The orphan nuclear receptor steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1) is expressed in the adrenal gland and gonads and is an important regulator of the expression of cytochrome P-450 steroidogenic enzymes in cultured cells. Targeted disruption of the SF-1 gene in mice shows that it is a critical participant in the genetic program that promotes the development of urogenital mesoderm into the adrenal gland and gonads. To assess the ability of SF-1 to regulate this differentiation pathway, we ectopically expressed SF-1 in murine embryonic stem (ES) cells. We found that stable expression of SF-1 is sufficient

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Sewer, MB, and MR Waterman. "cAMP-dependent transcription of steroidogenic genes in the human adrenal cortex requires a dual-specificity phosphatase in addition to protein kinase A." Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 29, no. 1 (2002): 163–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/jme.0.0290163.

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Steroid hormone biosynthesis in the adrenal cortex is controlled by the peptide hormone adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), which acts to increase intracellular cAMP and results in the activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) and subsequent increase in steroidogenic gene transcription. Protein phosphorylation by PKA activates transcription of genes encoding steroidogenic enzymes; however the precise proteins which are phosphorylated remain to be determined. We have recently shown that phosphoprotein phosphatase (PP) activity is essential for cAMP-dependent transcription of the human CYP17 (

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Smeets, Evelien E. J. W., Paul N. Span, Antonius E. van Herwaarden, et al. "Molecular Characterization of Testicular Adrenal Rest Tumors in Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: Lesions With Both Adrenocortical and Leydig Cell Features." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 100, no. 3 (2015): E524—E530. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2014-2036.

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Context: Testicular adrenal rest tumors (TART) are one of the major long term complications in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Although several adrenal-like properties have been assigned to these benign lesions, the etiology has not been confirmed yet. Objective: The aim of this study was to describe TART in more detail by analyzing several (steroidogenic) characteristics that may be classified as adrenal cortex or Leydig cell specific. Methods: Gene expression analysis by qPCR was performed for 14 genes in TART tissue (n = 12) and compared with the expression in healthy control

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Sirianni, R., BR Carr, S. Ando, and WE Rainey. "Inhibition of Src tyrosine kinase stimulates adrenal androgen production." Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 30, no. 3 (2003): 287–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/jme.0.0300287.

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A unique characteristic of the primate adrenal is the ability to produce 19-carbon steroids, often called the adrenal androgens. Although it is clear that the major human adrenal androgens, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and DHEA sulfate (DHEA-S), are produced almost solely in the adrenal reticularis, the mechanisms regulating production are poorly understood. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that the Src family of tyrosine kinases are involved in the regulation of adrenal androgen production. The NCI-H295R human adrenal cell line and primary human adrenal cells in culture were used to study ad

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Hu, Liangbiao, Ana Monteiro, Heather Johnston, Peter King, and Peter J. O’Shaughnessy. "Expression of Cyp21a1 and Cyp11b1 in the fetal mouse testis." Reproduction 134, no. 4 (2007): 585–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-07-0133.

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Fetal Leydig cells and fetal adrenocortical cells may share a common progenitor cell. Both cell types show several similarities, particularly in relation to their primary steroidogenic function. Differences in steroid secretion are largely due to the expression of 21-hydroxylase (CYP21A1) and 11β-hydroxylase (CYP11B1) activity in the adrenal. To determine whether expression of these enzymes defines a clear difference between adrenocortical and Leydig cells, or is further evidence of a link between the cell types, we have measuredCyp21a1andCyp11b1expression and related enzyme activity in the fe

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Hierlihy, Andrée M., Gerard M. Cooke, Ivan H. A. Curran, Rekha Mehta, Litsa Karamanos, and Christopher A. Price. "Effects of ciprofibrate on testicular and adrenal steroidogenic enzymes in the rat." Reproductive Toxicology 22, no. 1 (2006): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2005.11.001.

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Suzuki, Takashi, Hironobu Sasano, Junji Takeyama, et al. "Developmental changes in steroidogenic enzymes in human postnatal adrenal cortex: immunohistochemical studies." Clinical Endocrinology 53, no. 6 (2000): 739–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2265.2000.01144.x.

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Ishimura, Kazunori, and Hisao Fujita. "Light and electron microscopic immunohistochemistry of the localization of adrenal steroidogenic enzymes." Microscopy Research and Technique 36, no. 6 (1997): 445–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0029(19970315)36:6<445::aid-jemt2>3.0.co;2-h.

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Mellon, Synthia H., and Christian F. Deschepper. "Neurosteroid biosynthesis: genes for adrenal steroidogenic enzymes are expressed in the brain." Brain Research 629, no. 2 (1993): 283–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(93)91332-m.

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Uschold-Schmidt, Nicole, Daniel Peterlik, Andrea M. Füchsl, and Stefan O. Reber. "HPA axis changes during the initial phase of psychosocial stressor exposure in male mice." Journal of Endocrinology 218, no. 2 (2013): 193–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/joe-13-0027.

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Chronic subordinate colony (CSC) housing for 19 days results in unaffected basal morning corticosterone (CORT) levels despite a pronounced increase in adrenal mass, likely mediated by an attenuation of adrenal corticotropin (ACTH) responsiveness. Given that the pronounced increase in basal morning plasma CORT levels returns to baseline as early as 48 h after the start of CSC, it is likely that the attenuated ACTH responsiveness develops already during this initial phase. This was tested in the present study. In line with previous findings, basal morning plasma CORT levels were elevated followi

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Wang, ZN, M. Bassett, and WE Rainey. "Liver receptor homologue-1 is expressed in the adrenal and can regulate transcription of 11 beta-hydroxylase." Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 27, no. 2 (2001): 255–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/jme.0.0270255.

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Liver receptor homologue-1 (LRH-1, designated NR5A2) is a mammalian homologue of Drosophila fushi tarazu factor (dFTZ-F1) and structurally belongs to the orphan nuclear receptor superfamily. LRH-1 can recognize the DNA sequence 5'-AAGGTCA-3', the canonical recognition motif for steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1). Herein, we hypothesized that LRH-1 might play a role in the regulation of human adrenal expression of steroidogenic enzymes. To test this hypothesis, LRH-1 expression in human adult and fetal adrenal glands was examined by RT-PCR analysis. The fetal and adult adrenal glands, as well as liv

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Wu, Yan-Wan, Constance L. Chik, Barry D. Albertson, W. Marston Linehan, and Richard A. Knazek. "Inhibitory effects of gossypol on adrenal function." Acta Endocrinologica 124, no. 6 (1991): 672–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.1240672.

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Abstract. Gossypol, an antifertility agent, has inhibitory actions on many membrane-associated enzymes, suggesting that this agent might have a generalized effect on cell membranes. This hypothesis was examined in the present study using membranes and dispersed cells prepared from human and rat adrenal glands. Four parameters were determined: microviscosity as measured by fluorescence polarization of human adrenal microsomal- and mitochondrial-enriched membranes, adrenal steroidogenic enzymes; and cAMP and cortisol responses to ACTH. It was found that gossypol increased the polarization consta

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Mueller, Matthias, Igor Cima, Mario Noti, et al. "The nuclear receptor LRH-1 critically regulates extra-adrenal glucocorticoid synthesis in the intestine." Journal of Experimental Medicine 203, no. 9 (2006): 2057–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20060357.

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The nuclear receptor liver receptor homologue-1 (LRH-1, NR5A2) is a crucial transcriptional regulator of many metabolic pathways. In addition, LRH-1 is expressed in intestinal crypt cells where it regulates the epithelial cell renewal and contributes to tumorigenesis through the induction of cell cycle proteins. We have recently identified the intestinal epithelium as an important extra-adrenal source of immunoregulatory glucocorticoids. We show here that LRH-1 promotes the expression of the steroidogenic enzymes and the synthesis of corticosterone in murine intestinal epithelial cells in vitr

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Myers, Dean A., Kimberly Hyatt, Malgorzata Mlynarczyk, Ian M. Bird, and Charles A. Ducsay. "Long-term hypoxia represses the expression of key genes regulating cortisol biosynthesis in the near-term ovine fetus." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 289, no. 6 (2005): R1707—R1714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00343.2005.

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Basal plasma ACTH1–39 concentrations are elevated in long-term hypoxic (LTH) fetal sheep. This study was designed to determine whether the expression of genes regulating cortisol biosynthesis was altered after LTH. Pregnant ewes were maintained at high altitude (3,820 m) from day 30 of gestation to near term, when the animals were transported to the laboratory. Reduced Po2 was maintained by nitrogen infusion through a maternal tracheal catheter. On days 137–141, fetal adrenal glands were collected from LTH and normoxic control fetuses. Real-time PCR was used to quantify mRNA for steroidogenic

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Xie, Xuemei, Xudong Wang, Gail J. Mick, et al. "Effect of n-3 and n-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Microsomal P450 Steroidogenic Enzyme Activities and In Vitro Cortisol Production in Adrenal Tissue From Yorkshire Boars." Endocrinology 157, no. 4 (2016): 1512–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2015-1831.

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AbstractDysregulation of adrenal glucocorticoid production is increasingly recognized to play a supportive role in the metabolic syndrome although the mechanism is ill defined. The adrenal cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, CYP17 and CYP21, are essential for glucocorticoid synthesis. The omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) may ameliorate metabolic syndrome, but it is unknown whether they have direct actions on adrenal CYP steroidogenic enzymes. The aim of this study was to determine whether PUFA modify adrenal glucocorticoid synthesis using isolated porcine microsomes. The enzym

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Wenzel, Jan, Nicole Grabinski, Cordula A. Knopp, et al. "Hypocretin/orexin increases the expression of steroidogenic enzymes in human adrenocortical NCI H295R cells." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 297, no. 5 (2009): R1601—R1609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.91034.2008.

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Hypocretins/orexins act through two receptor subtypes: OX1 and OX2. Outside the brain, orexin receptors are expressed in adrenal glands, where orexins stimulate the release of glucocorticoids. To further address the regulation of steroidogenesis, we analyzed the effect of orexins on the expression of steroidogenic enzymes in human adrenocortical National Cancer Institute (NCI) H295R cells by qPCR. In NCI H295R cells, OX2 receptors were highly expressed, as they were in human adrenal glands. After treatment of NCI H295R cells with orexin A for 12–24 h, the cortisol synthesis rate was significan

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Johnsen, Inga K., Marc Slawik, Igor Shapiro, et al. "Gonadectomy in mice of the inbred strain CE/J induces proliferation of sub-capsular adrenal cells expressing gonadal marker genes." Journal of Endocrinology 190, no. 1 (2006): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.1.06750.

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Mouse models of adrenal tumorigenesis have the potential to give insights in the dysregulation of adrenal growth and differentiation. The inbred mouse strain CE/J has been reported to develop adrenal tumors upon gonadectomy (GDX) similar to mice with targeted deletions of the inhibin alpha subunit (Inh−/−). We performed a detailed morphological and molecular characterization of adrenal glands from CE/J mice 8–50 weeks of age to define the cellular origin of these tumors as well as the spatial and temporal expression of marker genes associated with tumor growth. In contrast to the induction of

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Shigematsu, Kazuto, Kioko Kawai, Junji Irie, et al. "Analysis of Unilateral Adrenal Hyperplasia with Primary Aldosteronism from the Aspect of Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Expression for Steroidogenic Enzymes: A Comparative Study with Adrenal Cortices Adhering to Aldosterone-Producing Adenoma." Endocrinology 147, no. 2 (2006): 999–1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2005-0765.

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Unilateral adrenal hyperplasia with primary aldosteronism is very rare and shows similar endocrine features to aldosterone-producing adenoma and bilateral adrenal hyperplasia. In this study, the mRNA expression of steroidogenic enzymes in unilateral adrenal hyperplasia was examined by in situ hybridization. We found subcapsular micronodules composed of spironolactone body-containing cells, which showed intense expression for 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 11β-hydroxylase, 18-hydroxylase, and 21-hydroxylase but not 17α-hydroxylase, indicating aldosterone production. This expression pattern wa

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Padua, Maria B., Tianyu Jiang, Deborah A. Morse, Shawna C. Fox, Heather M. Hatch, and Sergei G. Tevosian. "Combined Loss of the GATA4 and GATA6 Transcription Factors in Male Mice Disrupts Testicular Development and Confers Adrenal-Like Function in the Testes." Endocrinology 156, no. 5 (2015): 1873–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2014-1907.

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The roles of the GATA4 and GATA6 transcription factors in testis development were examined by simultaneously ablating Gata4 and Gata6 with Sf1Cre (Nr5a1Cre). The deletion of both genes resulted in a striking testicular phenotype. Embryonic Sf1Cre; Gata4flox/flox Gata6flox/flox (conditional double mutant) testes were smaller than control organs and contained irregular testis cords and fewer gonocytes. Gene expression analysis revealed significant down-regulation of Dmrt1 and Mvh. Surprisingly, Amh expression was strongly up-regulated and remained high beyond postnatal day 7, when it is normally

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Yazawa, Takashi, Yoshitaka Imamichi, Toshio Sekiguchi, et al. "Transcriptional Regulation of Ovarian Steroidogenic Genes: Recent Findings Obtained from Stem Cell-Derived Steroidogenic Cells." BioMed Research International 2019 (April 1, 2019): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8973076.

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Ovaries represent one of the primary steroidogenic organs, producing estrogen and progesterone under the regulation of gonadotropins during the estrous cycle. Gonadotropins fluctuate the expression of various steroidogenesis-related genes, such as those encoding steroidogenic enzymes, cholesterol deliverer, and electronic transporter. Steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1)/adrenal 4-binding protein (Ad4BP)/NR5A1 and liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1) play important roles in these phenomena via transcriptional regulation. With the aid of cAMP, SF-1/Ad4BP and LRH-1 can induce the differentiation of stem ce

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de Medeiros, Sebastião Freitas, Raymond Joseph Rodgers, and Robert John Norman. "Adipocyte and steroidogenic cell cross-talk in polycystic ovary syndrome." Human Reproduction Update 27, no. 4 (2021): 771–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmab004.

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Abstract BACKGROUND Metabolic and endocrine alterations in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affect adipose tissue mass and distribution. PCOS is characterised by hyperandrogenism, obesity and adipocyte dysfunction. Hyperandrogenism in PCOS drives dysfunctional adipocyte secretion of potentially harmful adipocytokines. Glucocorticoids and sex-steroids modulate adipocyte development and function. For their part, adipocyte products interact with adrenal and ovarian steroidogenic cells. Currently, the relationship between adipocyte and steroidogenic cells is not clear, and for these rea

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Simpson, Evan R., and Michael R. Waterman. "Regulation of the Synthesis of Steroidogenic Enzymes in Adrenal Cortical Cells by ACTH." Annual Review of Physiology 50, no. 1 (1988): 427–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ph.50.030188.002235.

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WENG, Qiang, Yumiko TANAKA, Hiroyuki TANIYAMA, et al. "Immunolocalization of Steroidogenic Enzymes in Equine Fetal Adrenal Glands During Mid-Late Gestation." Journal of Reproduction and Development 53, no. 5 (2007): 1093–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1262/jrd.18159.

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