Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Adversative'

Orientador: Sebastião Carlos Leite Gonçalves<br>Banca: Mariangêla Rios de Oliveira<br>Banca: Gisele Cássia de Sousa<br>Resumo: O objetivo geral desse trabalho é investigar a mudança sintático-semântico-pragmática dos juntivos porém, contudo, todavia, entretanto e no entanto, conjuntamente, sob a perspectiva da gramaticalização, a fim de buscar a comprovação da hipótese de uma trajetória do tipo advérbio > conjunção, por meio de análises contextuais que expliquem o surgimento do uso conjuncional adversativo na história do português. Adotamos, nesse trabalho, a concepção mais clássica de gramaticalização, a qual, segundo Hopper e Traugott (2003), prevê que itens lexicais podem, em determinados contextos, passar a assumir funções gramaticais ou, se já gramaticalizados, continuar a desenvolver novas funções gramaticais. Esse processo envolve pragmatização crescente de significados (mudança semântica) e recategorização do item (mudança sintática). A investigação das mudanças pelas quais passaram os itens por nós analisados baseia-se em um corpus composto de textos históricos e textos do português contemporâneo, compreendendo os períodos arcaico (século XIII a XV), moderno (XVI e XVII) e contemporâneo (XVIII a XXI). Considerando fatores de ordem semântica, sintática e pragmática na recomposição da trajetória de gramaticalização de cada um dos itens, podemos atestar que seus funcionamentos adversativo e conjuncional emergiram em diferentes momentos da história do português, fato que, no português contemporâneo, os colocam em diferentes pontos em uma escala de gramaticalização, a saber: porém > todavia, contudo > entretanto > no entanto<br>Abstract: The aim of this dissertation is to investigate the syntactic, semantic, pragmatic change of the juntives porém, contudo, todavia, entretanto and no entanto under the perspective of grammaticalization in order to search for the evidence of the hypothesis of a trajectory of the kind adverb > conjunction through contextual analysis which can explain the origin of the adversative use as a conjunction in the history of Portuguese. We adopted, in this paper, the most classical concept of grammaticalization, which, according to Hopper and Traugott (2003), foresees that lexical items can, in some contexts, assume grammatical functions or continue to develop new ones. This process involves growing pragmatization of meanings (semantic change) and recategorization of the item (syntactic change). The investigation of the juntives changes analyzed in this paper is based on a corpus composed of historical texts and texts of contemporary Portuguese, which comprehends the archaic (century XIII to XV), modern (XVI and XVII) and contemporary (XVIII to XXI) periods. Considering the semantic, syntactic and pragmatic factors in the reconstruction of the trajectory of grammaticalization of each one of the juntives, we can attest that the adversative and conjunctional functioning emerged in different moments in the history of Portuguese, a fact that, in contemporary Portuguese, put them in different points on the grammaticalization scale, which is: porém > todavia, contudo > entretanto > no entanto<br>Mestre

Tendo em vista a problemática dos dicionários bilíngues de não apresentarem definição e contextualização de marcas gramaticais, decidimos realizar uma pesquisa que procurasse preencher as lacunas existentes na microestrutura dos dicionários bilíngues português-francês (PB-FR) e português-inglês (PB-ING), buscando apresentar um instrumento de apoio linguístico tanto a estudantes e pesquisadores quanto a professores e tradutores que trabalham com os ambos pares de línguas. Desse modo, a partir da observação e da análise de corpora paralelos, estudamos as conjunções mas, porém, contudo, todavia e entretanto do português brasileiro e suas traduções para o francês e o inglês com o intuito de elaborar verbetes bilíngues diferenciais (PB-FR e PB-ING) definidos e contextualizados conforme a proposta de Zavaglia (2004a, 2004b, 2004c, 2006, 2008). O trabalho teve como material principal um corpus paralelo constituído de cinco obras da literatura brasileira e suas respectivas traduções para o francês e o inglês. Outro material essencial para a realização da pesquisa foi o programa computacional WordSmith Tools, disponibilizado pela Área de Estudos Linguísticos, Literários e Tradutológicos em Francês (FFLCH/USP). A partir da união das fundamentações da Linguística de Corpus, da Linguística Enunciativa de Antoine Culioli, da Lexicografia e dos estudos tradutológicos, o resultado final deste trabalho consistiu na elaboração de 10 verbetes bilíngues diferenciais 5 português-francês e 5 português-inglês de cada unidade estudada, de modo que os verbetes relacionados ao francês passarão a integrar o Dicionário Relacional bilíngue (português-francês) DIRE (ZAVAGLIA, 2008), cujas bases nortearam o desenvolvimento deste trabalho.<br>Given the lack of definition and contextualization of grammatical items in bilingual dictionaries, we decided to carry out a research that tried to fill these gaps in the microstructure of Portuguese-French (BP-FR) and Portuguese-English (BP-ENG) bilingual dictionaries. The study aimed at providing a support tool for students, language researchers, teachers or translators who work with both pair of languages. Thus, from observation and analysis of parallel corpora, we studied the conjunctions mas, porém, contudo, entretanto and todavia of Brazilian Portuguese and their translations into French and English in order to elaborate differential bilingual entries, defined and contextualized according to the proposal by Zavaglia (2004a, 2004b, 2004c, 2006, 2008). The study was based on a parallel corpus composed of five Brazilian literary books and their translations into French and English. Another important material for the research was the computer program WordSmith Tools, provided by the Area of Linguistic, Literary and Translation Studies in French (FFLCH / USP). Based on the foundations of Corpus Linguistics, Antoine Culiolis Enunciative Linguistics, Lexicography and Translation Studies, this work consisted then in the elaboration of 10 differential bilingual entries 5 are Portuguese-French and 5 are Portuguese-English for each studied unit. The entries related to the French language will become part of the bilingual Dicionário Relacional (Portuguese-French) DIRE (ZAVAGLIA, 2008), which guided every step of this work.

Denna studie undersöker hur adversativa och deskriptiva betydelserelation markeras i satser och hur manuella och icke manuella signaler används för att markera dess betydelserelationer i det svenska teckenspråket. Olika områden i denna studie belyses för att de har betydelse för markering av adversativa och deskriptiva betydelserelationer och kan påverka för hur vi markerar tecken och icke-manuella signaler i teckenspråkssatser: teckenrummet, icke manuella signaler och ordföljd som kan variera. Det visar att det är både tecken och icke-manuella signaler som markerar de två betydelserelationerna beroende på kontexten i teckenspråkstexter. När man använder markörer för betydelserelationer så används tecknen i sina grundformer. Det kan också finnas några teckenvarianter på ett tecken. Tydliga markörer med icke-manuella signaler för betydelserelationer är blickriktning, upphöjda eller nerdragna ögonbryn och ögon som är uppspärrade eller kisande. Placering av tecken i teckenrummet kan betraktas som en markör.<br>This study examines how adversative and descriptive semantic relations is marked in sentences and how signs and non-manual signals are used to mark these important relations in Swedish Sign Language. Different areas of this study are highlighted because they are significant and may influence how we select sign and non-manual signals in sentences of sign language: sign space, non-manual signals and word sequence that can vary. It is shown that both sign and non-manual signals that mark the two semantic relationships depend on the context of the sign language text. When one uses markers for semantic relations, the signs are being used in its basics forms. There can also be phonological variants of one sign. Clear markers with the non-manual signals for meaning relationships are eye gaze, raised or furrowed eyebrows, and eyes that are widened or squinting. Placement of signs in the space can be regarded as a marker.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-08-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:48:53Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 botaro_tc_me_sjrp.pdf: 1084587 bytes, checksum: 76a4e5cff103562c9d84c33e0c99790a (MD5)<br>Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)<br>O objetivo deste trabalho é, a partir de uma abordagem pancrônica, estudar o funcionamento sintático-semântico-pragmático das construções adversativas do português – porém, no entanto, entretanto, contudo, todavia e só que – durante os séculos XIX e XX. Analisamos o processo de evolução dessas construções, juntamente com o processo evolutivo dos itens adversativos que fazem parte delas, tendo como parâmetro a trajetória do item prototípico mas. Essa análise tem como propósito verificar se realmente há uma tendência típica de mudança, no domínio das adversativas, em que os itens seguem de um uso predominantemente textual para um uso predominantemente interativo. Não se trata, portanto, de investigar a constituição adversativa dos itens, mas de caracterizar essas construções adversativas, instáveis por natureza, à luz de sua evolução enquanto articuladoras do texto, isto é, queremos focalizar apenas um pequeno quadro desse processo maior de mudança envolvendo os juntores adversativos. Para isso, nos baseamos em pressupostos teóricos da gramaticalização, inter-relacionados a alguns aspectos teóricos relevantes sobre junção, como hierarquia sintática e relações semânticas. Seguindo Hopper e Traugott (1993) e Heine (2003), definimos Gramaticalizçaão como um processo de mudança linguística unidirecional e gradual que focaliza o surgimento de formas e construções gramaticais, o modo como elas são usadas e o modo como elas moldam a língua. Também nos baseamos em pontos teóricos da perspectiva textual-interativa que serviram de base para explicar o funcionamento mais interacional de algumas das construções analisadas, uma vez que, segundo Jubran (2006), a perspectiva textual-interativa tem como foco de investigação a construção textual, tida como produto da interação social, juntamente com os fatores enunciativos. Com isso, essa...<br>This study aims at investigating, from a panchronic approach, the syntactic-semantic-pragmatic behavior of adversative constructions from the Portuguese Language – porém, no entanto, entretanto, contudo, todavia and só que (conjunctions that express the same idea as however, yet, nevertheless, but and although) – during the XIX and XX centuries. We have analyzed the evolutive process of such constructions along with the evolutive process of the adversative items that belong to them, based on the trajectory of the prototypical item “mas” (but). This analysis aims at verifying whether there really is a typical tendency for changes in the domain of adversatives, where the items change from a mainly textual usage to a mainly interactive usage. Therefore, the aim is not to investigate the adversative constitution of the items, but to characterize these adversative constructions, which are naturally unstable, in accordance with their evolution as textual articulators. In other words, we want to focus only a small part of this great process of change involving the adversative conjunctions. In order to do so, we relied upon theoretical assumptions of grammaticalization interrelated with some relevant theoretical aspects regarding junction, such as syntactic hierarchy and semantic relations. According to Hopper and Traugott (1993) and Heine (2003), we have defined Grammaticalization as a one-way gradual process of linguistic change that focuses on the appearance of grammatical forms and constructions, the way they are used and the way they mold language. We also considered theoretical points of textual-interactive perspective that worked as a basis to explain the interactional behavior of some constructions analyzed. According to Jubran (2006), the textualinteractive perspective aims at investigating textual construction, considered a product of social interaction along with... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Sanderléia Roberta Longhin-Thomazi<br>Banca: Erotilde Goreti Pezatti<br>Banca: Angélica T. Carmo Rodrigues<br>Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho é, a partir de uma abordagem pancrônica, estudar o funcionamento sintático-semântico-pragmático das construções adversativas do português - porém, no entanto, entretanto, contudo, todavia e só que - durante os séculos XIX e XX. Analisamos o processo de evolução dessas construções, juntamente com o processo evolutivo dos itens adversativos que fazem parte delas, tendo como parâmetro a trajetória do item prototípico mas. Essa análise tem como propósito verificar se realmente há uma tendência típica de mudança, no domínio das adversativas, em que os itens seguem de um uso predominantemente textual para um uso predominantemente interativo. Não se trata, portanto, de investigar a constituição adversativa dos itens, mas de caracterizar essas construções adversativas, instáveis por natureza, à luz de sua evolução enquanto articuladoras do texto, isto é, queremos focalizar apenas um pequeno quadro desse processo maior de mudança envolvendo os juntores adversativos. Para isso, nos baseamos em pressupostos teóricos da gramaticalização, inter-relacionados a alguns aspectos teóricos relevantes sobre junção, como hierarquia sintática e relações semânticas. Seguindo Hopper e Traugott (1993) e Heine (2003), definimos Gramaticalizçaão como um processo de mudança linguística unidirecional e gradual que focaliza o surgimento de formas e construções gramaticais, o modo como elas são usadas e o modo como elas moldam a língua. Também nos baseamos em pontos teóricos da perspectiva textual-interativa que serviram de base para explicar o funcionamento mais interacional de algumas das construções analisadas, uma vez que, segundo Jubran (2006), a perspectiva textual-interativa tem como foco de investigação a construção textual, tida como produto da interação social, juntamente com os fatores enunciativos. Com isso, essa... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)<br>Abstract: This study aims at investigating, from a panchronic approach, the syntactic-semantic-pragmatic behavior of adversative constructions from the Portuguese Language - porém, no entanto, entretanto, contudo, todavia and só que (conjunctions that express the same idea as however, yet, nevertheless, but and although) - during the XIX and XX centuries. We have analyzed the evolutive process of such constructions along with the evolutive process of the adversative items that belong to them, based on the trajectory of the prototypical item "mas" (but). This analysis aims at verifying whether there really is a typical tendency for changes in the domain of adversatives, where the items change from a mainly textual usage to a mainly interactive usage. Therefore, the aim is not to investigate the adversative constitution of the items, but to characterize these adversative constructions, which are naturally unstable, in accordance with their evolution as textual articulators. In other words, we want to focus only a small part of this great process of change involving the adversative conjunctions. In order to do so, we relied upon theoretical assumptions of grammaticalization interrelated with some relevant theoretical aspects regarding junction, such as syntactic hierarchy and semantic relations. According to Hopper and Traugott (1993) and Heine (2003), we have defined Grammaticalization as a one-way gradual process of linguistic change that focuses on the appearance of grammatical forms and constructions, the way they are used and the way they mold language. We also considered theoretical points of textual-interactive perspective that worked as a basis to explain the interactional behavior of some constructions analyzed. According to Jubran (2006), the textualinteractive perspective aims at investigating textual construction, considered a product of social interaction along with... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)<br>Mestre

This study unravels the connector patterns and mental activities that the Chinese learners of English as a Second Language (ESL) and native-English speakers display/perform upon the adoption of adversative, causal and temporal connectors while writing English argumentations, descriptions and narrations. It focuses on the ways in which the Chinese ESL learners’ thinking and connector production recursively interact in meaning-building processes. To elicit information of the writers’ mental processes, three English writing tasks with concurrent verbal reports were used as main elicitation tools. Chinese university students from Low, Mid and High proficiency levels and native-American-English users (Native) were asked to speak out their thoughts while writing English argumentations, descriptions and narrations. Data were also elicited from the retrospective verbal reports and following-up interviews which were conducted right after each writing and concurrent verbal report. Comparison of connector patterns in English texts produced by the Chinese and native-English writers suggests that the Chinese Mid and Low groups use significantly more connectors than the Native group while connector frequencies between the Chinese High and the Native group reveal no significant difference. It has been argued that the High-level students, being more linguistically skilled, can use connectors as well as other cohesive devices to form textual connections as their native-English-speaking counterparts. However, the Mid and Low-level writers, lacking abilities of manipulating other cohesive devices, tend to rely mainly on connectors. Moreover, comparison between the three Chinese groups indicates that the Mid uses significantly more connectors in English texts than the High and Low groups. The Mid group, on the one hand, is not linguistically mature enough to use various cohesive devices as skillfully as the High group, but, on the other hand, has more knowledge on the connector usage than the Low. When connectors were analyzed by category, it is found that the Chinese students use fewer adversative connectors in argumentations and narrations than the native-English writers. This pattern is found to have arisen from the Chinese students’ rigid textual development. ESL learners, due to their poor second language (L2) proficiency, cannot develop sophisticated argumentative and narrative structures. Instead of resorting to counter-arguments and reverse-order narration, they tend to simply list ideas. This could result in lower occurrences of adversative connectors in their argumentations and narrations. The data that are extracted from concurrent verbal reports reveal that the Chinese students use their first language (L1) for five mental activities: (1) initiation, (2) revision, (3) comment-making, (4) decision-making, and (5) monologue-conducting while using L2 for only two: initiation and revision. Examinations on the cognitive demand of the mental activities show that ESL learners rely more on their L1 to perform the cognitively more demanding activities such as comment-making, decision-making and monologue-conducting. Furthermore, the verbal data show that the L2 proficiency levels affect ESL writers’ mental activities in two ways. First, proficient ESL learners report larger linguistic units than the less proficient ones. Second, proficient ESL learners report higher proportions of cognitively more demanding activities than the less proficient ones. These two patterns are argued to result from the different working memory capacities of the proficient and less proficient ESL writers as well as the different ways of processing information in their working memory. Finally, a model of L2 writing process is developed to delineate how L2 proficiency, working memory and cognitive process interact and contribute to L2 writing process. Theoretically, this L2 model refines the L1 model and enriches the current understanding of the L2 writing process in three ways. First, mental activities are classified according to how much cognitive workload they demand. Such categorization is necessary because it explains ESL learners’ language choice while doing verbal reports and also explains the difficulties the learners encounter in L2 writing. Second, the L2 model separates the composing process as pre- and post-stage, which allows us to see how frequencies and types of mental activities differ in the two phases. Third, by including language choice, the L2 model addresses a wider interpretation of the mental activities in writing process. Pedagogically, the comprehensive and explanatory accounts of the connector patterns and mental activities address the problems that ESL learners have when using connectors in L2 writing. This will definitely facilitate the teaching of L2 writing.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:25:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3496.pdf: 1752989 bytes, checksum: 64dc301beb6f383c78434d208bd11d9a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-25<br>Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos<br>This paper focuses on the relations between the adversative and concessive notions that are conveyed by the conjunctions and, also, on the operations that are accomplished in the generation and in the constitutive process of the enunciations where we can find this marks. The research intents to observe how the enunciation construction and organization translate the intersubjective relations. In this way, the parlance is treated as an interaction mean and we aim to analyze its implications on the language teaching/learning process. In order to discuss this matter, we observe how students in different levels produce meaning in theirs texts. To do so, we chose theoretical proposals that we considered essential to enunciative studies, such as Theory of Enunciative Operations by Antoine Culioli, through which we intent to propose speculations around the notion concept. This author s work approaches the articulation between parlance and natural languages and, furthermore, between texts production and grammar, through the representation (the perception the subject has about himself and the world around him how he reads the world), referential (dialogue establishment through discursive materialization discursive-lexical-grammatical marks) and regulation (mediation process between interacting interlocutors) operations, which are presented as responsible for the dialogical process constitution. We emphasize, in this way, the importance to propose an enunciative grammar in the teaching process that can approach these operations. We believe that this perspective change is fundamental not only to researching purposes, but as well to teaching.<br>Esta pesquisa de mestrado versa sobre as relações que permeiam as noções adversativas e concessivas veiculadas pelas conjunções e sobre as operações efetuadas na geração e no processo constitutivo dos enunciados onde encontramos essas marcas. A pesquisa visa à observação de como a construção e a organização dos enunciados traduzem as relações intersubjetivas. Dessa maneira, trabalha com a linguagem como meio de interação e suas implicações no ensino/aprendizagem de língua. A fim de discutir esta questão, observamos como os alunos de diferentes níveis de ensino produzem significações em seus textos. Para tanto, como suporte teórico, recorremos a textos que consideramos essenciais aos estudos enunciativos filiados à Teoria das Operações Enunciativas proposta pelo linguista francês Antoine Culioli, por meio dos quais pretendemos levantar reflexões envolvendo o conceito de noção. O trabalho deste estudioso aborda a tese de articulação entre linguagem e línguas naturais e, por sua vez, de articulação entre produção de texto e gramática por meio de operações de representação (percepção que o sujeito tem de si mesmo e do mundo como ele lê o mundo), referenciação (instauração do diálogo pela materialização discursiva marcas léxico-gramatico-discursivas) e regulação (processo de mediação entre os interlocutores em interação), apresentadas como as responsáveis pela constituição do processo dialógico. Ressaltamos, assim, a importância de se propor, para o ensino, uma gramática enunciativa, que se caracteriza por abordar essas operações. Acreditamos que essa mudança de perspectiva seja fundamental, não só para a pesquisa, mas também para o ensino.

Cette thèse se veut une contribution empirique et théorique à l’étude formelle du système verbal vietnamien. Elle se centre plus précisément autour de la problématique de l’inaccusativité et des alternances diathétiques dans cette langue. Elle se propose à cet effet d’examiner de plus près le rôle que joue le marqueur polyfonctionnel bị au sein des constructions à prédicat intransitif. Il sera montré que bị est compatible avec les verbes inaccusatifs et ne se combine avec les verbes inergatifs que si ces derniers sont inaccusativisés à l’aide de matériel lexical approprié. L’hypothèse défendue, qui s’inscrit dans le cadre du Programme Minimaliste de Chomsky (1995 et travaux subséquents), consiste à traiter ce morphème comme une catégorie semi-lexicale/semi-fonctionnelle et comme la tête d’une projection Applicative Haute, située immédiatement au-dessus du vP. Du point de vue sémantique, bị dénote une relation entre un individu et un événement. Il sera établi que bị peut être une tête de Phase ou une tête non-phasale. L’examen d’une sous-classe de prédicats statifs, ceux qui dénotent des états permanents, suggère une réévaluation du rôle de l’Aspect Lexical (Aktionsart) dans le calcul de l’inaccusativité. L’analyse avancée permet non seulement de rendre compte des phrases traditionnellement classées comme des constructions passives, mais aussi d’expliquer l’incompatibilité entre bị et les constructions moyennes. Il sera proposé que cette incompatibilité est due à l’absence d’une projection aspectuelle interne au vP, projection qui accueille dans son Spécificateur des Causateurs Involontaires. On soutiendra également que la marge du vP est exploitable à des fins discursives, ce qui renforce davantage le parallélisme entre CP et vP<br>This thesis constitutes an empirical and theoretical contribution to the formal study of the Vietnamese verbal system. More precisely, it concentrates on issues of unaccusativity and diathetical alternations in this language. To this end, it puts under close scrutiny the key role played by the polyfunctional marker bị within intransitive predicate constructions. It will be shown that bị is compatible with unaccusative verbs and can combine with unergative ones only if those verbs undergo unaccusativization when provided with suitable lexical material. The hypothesis put forward, which is couched within the framework of Chomsky’s The Minimalist Program (1995 et seq.), treats this morpheme as a semi-lexical/semi-functional category and as the head of a High Applicative projection, situated immediately above vP. From a semantic point of view, bị denotes a relationship between an individual and an eventuality. It will be established that bị can be a Phase-head or a non-phasal one. A closer inspection of a subclass of stative predicates, those which denote permanent states, suggests a reassessment of the role played by Inner Aspect (Aktionsart) in the calculus of unaccusativity. The analysis proposed not only accounts for sentences that are traditionally classified as passive constructions, but it also gives an explanation for the incompatibility between bị and some middle constructions. Furthermore, it will be put forward that this type of incompatibility is due to the absence of a vP-internal aspectual projection which hosts in its Specifier an Inadvertent/Unintentional Causer DP. It will also be claimed that the vP-edge is active for discursive purposes, which reinforces the parallelism between CP Phase and vP Phase

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:41:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Janaina da Silva Augusto.pdf: 1246191 bytes, checksum: 37384b735f35dd5c75fabad75bfa901e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-02<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>The aim of this work is to compare adversative constructions and concessive constructions which occur in editorials. This paper is based on the theory of functional grammar, which postulates the conjunction of syntactic, semantic and pragmatic factors in the analysis of linguistic use. Taking these aspects into consideration, it intends to investigate possible reasons which motivate the use of one construction instead of the other in particular contexts. The results reached show that, on one hand, there are areas of overlap between adversative constructions and concessive constructions for the fact that they display relation of preference (GARCÍA, 1994). On the other hand, there are areas of contrast between these constructions due to the fact that each of them plays a particular role in certain contexts, which is resulted from the specific functions fulfilled by a concessive element, as margin (LONGACRE, 2007), satellite (DIK, 1989; MATTHIESSEN & THOMPSON, 1988), enhancement (HALLIDAY, 2004), guidepost (CHAFE, 1984, apud DECAT, 1993), background (GIVÓN, 1990) and theme (GARCÍA, 1994). In the analysis, it was observed that most of the differences between the constructions in discussion are related to the fact that specifically the concessive element, as margin or satellite, can present mechanism of anticipation, displaying particular effects<br>O objetivo desta dissertação é comparar as construções adversativas e as construções concessivas presentes em editoriais. Baseia-se, aqui, na teoria funcionalista da linguagem, segundo a qual, na análise linguística, deve haver a integração dos componentes sintático, semântico e pragmático. Levando-se isso em consideração, pretende-se investigar, entre outros aspectos, as possíveis motivações para o uso de uma das construções em estudo em vez de outra em certos contextos. Os resultados alcançados mostram que, por um lado, há pontos de contato entre as construções adversativas e as construções concessivas porque elas se incluem na lei da preferência (GARCÍA, 1994). Por outro lado, há pontos de contraste entre essas construções devido ao fato de que cada uma delas desempenha um papel específico em certos contextos, o que é decorrente da condição particular de margem (LONGACRE, 2007), satélite (DIK, 1989; MATTHIESSEN & THOMPSON, 1988), realce (HALLIDAY, 2004), guia (CHAFE, 1984, apud DECAT, 1993), fundo (GIVÓN, 1990) e tema (GARCÍA, 1994) das adverbiais concessivas. Na análise empreendida, observou-se que muitas das diferenças entre as construções em estudo estão relacionadas ao fato de que o segmento concessivo, como margem ou satélite, pode apresentar mecanismo de antecipação, sendo produzidos efeitos de sentido particulares

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:46:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Renata Margarido.pdf: 1076677 bytes, checksum: 75639920a0f89708e97922729c784108 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-24<br>Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo<br>The aim of this work is to compare adversative constructions and concessive constructions which occur in editorials. This paper is based on the theory of functional grammar, which postulates the conjunction of syntactic, semantic and pragmatic factors in the analysis of linguistic use. Taking these aspects into consideration, it intends to investigate possible reasons which motivate the use of one construction instead of the other in particular contexts. The results reached show that, on one hand, there are areas of overlap between adversative constructions and concessive constructions for the fact that they display relation of preference (GARCÍA, 1994). On the other hand, there are areas of contrast between these constructions due to the fact that each of them plays a particular role in certain contexts, which is resulted from the specific functions fulfilled by a concessive element, as margin (LONGACRE, 2007), satellite (DIK, 1989; MATTHIESSEN & THOMPSON, 1988), enhancement (HALLIDAY, 2004), guidepost (CHAFE, 1984, apud DECAT, 1993), background (GIVÓN, 1990) and theme (GARCÍA, 1994). In the analysis, it was observed that most of the differences between the constructions in discussion are related to the fact that specifically the concessive element, as margin or satellite, can present mechanism of anticipation, displaying particular effects.<br>O objetivo desta dissertação é comparar as construções adversativas e as construções concessivas presentes em editoriais. Baseia-se, aqui, na teoria funcionalista da linguagem, segundo a qual, na análise linguística, deve haver a integração dos componentes sintático, semântico e pragmático. Levando-se isso em consideração, pretende-se investigar, entre outros aspectos, as possíveis motivações para o uso de uma das construções em estudo em vez de outra em certos contextos. Os resultados alcançados mostram que, por um lado, há pontos de contato entre as construções adversativas e as construções concessivas porque elas se incluem na lei da preferência (GARCÍA, 1994). Por outro lado, há pontos de contraste entre essas construções devido ao fato de que cada uma delas desempenha um papel específico em certos contextos, o que é decorrente da condição particular de margem (LONGACRE, 2007), satélite (DIK, 1989; MATTHIESSEN & THOMPSON, 1988), realce (HALLIDAY, 2004), guia (CHAFE, 1984, apud DECAT, 1993), fundo (GIVÓN, 1990) e tema (GARCÍA, 1994) das adverbiais concessivas. Na análise empreendida, observou-se que muitas das diferenças entre as construções em estudo estão relacionadas ao fato de que o segmento concessivo, como margem ou satélite, pode apresentar mecanismo de antecipação, sendo produzidos efeitos de sentido particulares.

This research went through the historical track of the Portuguese negative conjunctions mas, però and porem and the Catalan negative conjunctions mes and però, both from the XIII to the XVI centuries. In chapter 1, it was presented the history of both the Portuguese and the Catalan negative conjunctions. In this first part, the negativeness concept was analyzed through the study of traditional grammars. Later on, a brief review of the Portuguese negative conjunctions mas, però and porem and the Catalans mes and però was made, retaking their track from Latin to archaic Portuguese and Catalan. At this moment, it is listed the main processes by which they went through and the hypotheses that there are in the literature to explain them. In chapter 2, this research goals and methods are presented. In this chapter it is presented both the Portuguese and Catalan corpus, the way the data is collected, and the analysis proposal. The chapter 3 was reserved to the data description. The organized data are presented in a way that one is able to make a qualitative and quantitative analysis. In this analysis, the following aspects were observed: frequency; semantic values; syntactic joints level; syntactic position; sentence type and negative element accompaniment. In chapter 4, the pre-established hypotheses were reviewed, basing in results obtained by the data description, new considerations relationed with syntax aspects were proposed, comparation between Portuguese and Catalan items was made and new possible investigations were pointed. Finally, at the conclusion, the research results about the items mas, però and porém from the Portuguese and mes and però from the Catalan were reviewed.<br>Esta pesquisa investigou a trajetória histórica das formas adversativas mas, però e porém do português e mes e però do catalão do séc. XIII ao XVI. No capitulo 1 foi apresentada a historia das adversativas do português e do catalão. Na primeira parte, analisou-se o conceito de adversatividade, através da consulta a gramáticas tradicionais. Em seguida, traçou-se um breve histórico das formas adversativas mas, però e porém do português e mes e però do catalão, retomando-se sua trajetória desde o latim ate o português e o catalão arcaicos. Nessa etapa foram listados os principais processos por que passaram as formas e as hipóteses presentes na literatura para explicá-los. No capitulo 2, foram apresentados os objetivos e o método desta pesquisa. Nesse capitulo foi apresentado o corpus do português e do catalão, a forma de coleta de dados e a proposta de analise. O capitulo 3 foi reservado a descrição dos dados. Foram apresentados os dados tabulados, de forma a se estabelecer uma analise quantitativa e qualitativa. Nessa analise levaram-se em conta os seguintes aspectos: freqüência; valores semânticos; nível de articulação sintática; posição sintática; tipo de oração e acompanhamento de elemento adversativo. No capitulo 4, reviram-se as hipóteses pré-estabelecidas, com base nos resultados obtidos com a descrição de dados, propuseram-se novas considerações referentes a aspectos sintáticos, estabeleceu-se comparação entre os itens do português e do catalão e enumeraram-se possíveis novas investigações a partir desta pesquisa. Finalmente, na conclusão, reviram-se os resultados desta pesquisa sobre os itens mas, però e porém do português e mes e però do catalão.

El autor analiza el nuevo ordenamiento procesal penal, edificado, como” modelo acusatorio, garantizador y de tendencia adversativa”, analiza además las variables por las que resulta  que sin persecución, defensa y fallo, entendidas como funciones diferenciadas y a cargo de un correspondiente sujeto procesal, sea imposible predicar la existencia de un proceso justo, debido y legal, propio de un régimen democrático y republicano al servicio de los ciudadanos.

Submitted by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-12-03T13:42:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Antonio Vianez da Costa.pdf: 1722992 bytes, checksum: 895b8772158affc0afbc0abb355870b5 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-12-03T13:44:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Antonio Vianez da Costa.pdf: 1722992 bytes, checksum: 895b8772158affc0afbc0abb355870b5 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-12-03T13:47:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Antonio Vianez da Costa.pdf: 1722992 bytes, checksum: 895b8772158affc0afbc0abb355870b5 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-03T13:47:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Antonio Vianez da Costa.pdf: 1722992 bytes, checksum: 895b8772158affc0afbc0abb355870b5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-22<br>FAPEAM - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas<br>This dissertation, investigates the use of operators but and although in students’ argumentative texts of the 3rd grade of high school. This study aims to examine the route of these textual articulators as well as their deployment adversative and concessive values expressed by them. For this reason, there is a research with qualitative approach, nature documentary and modality based on content analysis, grounded on Linguistic Functionalism, with the help of Textual Linguistic and Semantic Argumentative. The results showed a balance in the number of occurrences (thirty-nine but and forty although), in the corpus. In construction also with negative inference, there were imminence cases (nineteen but and fifteen although). On the other hand, was evidenced a discrepancy in the number of occurrences of the contrast, three occurrences to but and twenty-five to although. But as argumentative semantic values there was something similar: eight occurrences to butSN and twenty-seven to butPA. It was found that the meaning of the operators researched on this analysis, besides the meaning made by syntactic and semantic aspects, put to communicative necessity of writer/reader. So, if the intention is the thriller strategy, (but) is chosen to adversarial reasoning, by the anticipation strategy, (although) is elected as concessive reasoning<br>Nesta dissertação, investiga-se o uso dos operadores mas e embora nos textos argumentativos de discentes da 3ª série do Ensino Médio. Este estudo objetiva examinar a trajetória desses dois articuladores textuais, bem como o desdobramento dos valores adversativos e concessivos que expressam. Para isso, tem-se uma pesquisa com abordagem qualitativa, natureza documental e modalidade pautada a análise de conteúdo, fundamentada no Funcionalismo Linguístico, com auxílio da Linguística Textual e da Semântica Argumentativa. Os resultados obtidos mostraram equilíbrio no número de ocorrências (trinta e nove mas e quarenta embora), no corpus. Também, na construção com negação de inferência, houve proximidade de casos (dezenove mas e quinze embora). Por outro lado, evidenciou-se uma discrepância no número de ocorrências do contraste, com três ocorrências para mas e vinte e cinco para embora. Com os valores semântico-argumentativos de mas, teve-se algo semelhante: oito ocorrências para masSN e vinte e sete para masPA. Na análise empreendida, verificou-se que o sentido dos operadores pesquisados, além dos significados construídos pelos aspectos sintáticos e semânticos, atrela-se à necessidade comunicativa do escritor/leitor. Assim, se a intenção é a estratégia do suspense, opta-se pelo raciocínio adversativo (mas), se pela estratégia de antecipação, elege-se o raciocínio concessivo (embora)

En els últims anys, la representació i l'anàlisi de la factualitat dels esdeveniments esmentats en un text ha experimentat un creixent interès en l'àmbit de la lingüística de corpus i en el processament del llenguatge natural. En aquest àmbit, el projecte FactBank per a l'anglès (Saurí i Pustejovsky, 2009) és un clar referent, per la qual cosa és a la base de la majoria dels treballs posteriors. La recerca desenvolupada en aquesta tesi pretén contribuir al panorama de l'anotació de la factualitat per a l'espanyol, llengua en la qual s'ha treballat molt poc en aquest camp. L'objectiu és estudiar la factualitat de les oracions adversatives, concessives i condicionals de l'espanyol i formalitzar regles que permetin determinar els valors factuals per a ser implementades en un anotador automàtic basat en coneixement lingüístic. En aquest sentit cal remarcar que el nostre treball s'emmarca dins del projecte TAGFACT (2018), la fi del qual és crear una eina automàtica d'anotació de la factualitat a partir de l'anàlisi de textos periodístics en espanyol. Cal esmentar també que, seguint la tendència en l'anotació de la factualitat, l’entenem com el compromís, per part del parlant, respecte a la veracitat d'una situació. A l'hora d’especificar aquest compromís, ens hem basat en l'anàlisi dels valors expressats pels temps verbals en si mateixos i en els connectors. Segons la bibliografia sobre el tema, els valors factuals dels temps verbals són, en general, bastants estables, o bé perquè alguns s'associen a un únic valor o bé perquè uns altres poden associar-se a més d'un valor, però pot establir-se el més freqüent. Cenyint-nos a les oracions objecte d'estudi, els resultats obtinguts en aquesta recerca ens indiquen que, sobretot en les oracions subordinades (pròtasis), alguns temps varien el valor per defecte, per la qual cosa, en aquests casos, és crucial el paper dels connectors. En aquest sentit, l'anàlisi revela una escala de complexitat en la qual les oracions adversatives són les que menys problemàtica presenten i les condicionals les que més. Això es deu al fet que, en les oracions adversatives, els temps verbals, excepte en un cas, mantenen els valors factuals per defecte. En canvi, en les oracions condicionals s'ha observat una variació interessant tant en les subordinades (o pròtasis) com en les principals (o apòdosis). En el cas de les concessives, la complexitat és mitjana, ja que d'entre tots els temps que presenten les pròtasis, cinc d’aquests temps expressen més d'un valor factual. Aquests resultats ens han permès formular una sèrie de regles específiques per a aquests tres tipus d'oracions susceptibles de ser implementades en l'anotador automàtic de TAGFACT i que previsiblement milloraran la precisió de l'anotació.<br>En los últimos años, la representación y el análisis de la factualidad de los eventos mencionados en un texto ha experimentado un creciente interés en el ámbito de la lingüística de corpus y en el procesamiento del lenguaje natural. En este ámbito, el proyecto FactBank para el inglés (Saurí y Pustejovsky, 2009) es un claro referente, por lo que la mayoría de los trabajos posteriores se basan en su propuesta de anotación. La presente investigación pretende contribuir al panorama de la anotación de la factualidad para el español, lengua en la que se ha trabajado muy poco en este campo. El objetivo es estudiar la factualidad de las oraciones adversativas, concesivas y condicionales del español y formalizar reglas que permitan determinar los valores factuales para ser implementadas en un anotador automático basado en conocimiento lingüístico. En este sentido cabe remarcar que nuestro trabajo se enmarca dentro del proyecto TAGFACT (2018), cuyo fin es crear una herramienta automática de anotación de la factualidad a partir del análisis de textos periodísticos en español. Cabe mencionar también que, siguiendo la tendencia en la anotación de la factualidad, entendemos esta como el compromiso, por parte del hablante, respecto a la veracidad de una situación. A la hora de especificar este compromiso, nos hemos basado en el análisis de los valores expresados por los tiempos verbales en sí mismos y en los conectores. Según la bibliografía sobre el tema, los valores factuales de los tiempos verbales son, en general, bastantes estables, o bien porque algunos se asocian a un único valor o bien porque otros pueden asociarse a más de un valor, pero puede establecerse el más frecuente. Ciñéndonos a las oraciones objeto de estudio, los resultados obtenidos en esta investigación nos indican que, sobre todo en las oraciones subordinadas (prótasis), algunos tiempos varían el valor por defecto, por lo que, en estos casos, es crucial el papel de los conectores. En este sentido, el análisis revela una escala de complejidad en la que las oraciones adversativas son las que menos problemática presentan y las condicionales las que más. Esto se debe a que, en las oraciones adversativas, los tiempos verbales, salvo en un caso, mantienen los valores factuales por defecto. En cambio, en las oraciones condicionales se ha observado una variación interesante tanto en las subordinadas (o prótasis) como en las principales (o apódosis). En el caso de las concesivas, la complejidad es media, ya que de entre todos los tiempos que presentan las prótasis, cinco de estos tiempos expresan más de un valor factual. Estos resultados nos han permitido formular una serie de reglas específicas para estos tres tipos de oraciones susceptibles de ser implementadas en el anotador automático de TAGFACT y que previsiblemente van a mejorar la precisión de la anotación.<br>In recent years, the representation and analysis of the factuality of events mentioned in a text has experienced an increasing interest in the field of corpus linguistics and natural language processing. In this field, the FactBank project for English (Saurí and Pustejovsky, 2009) is a reference, and most of the subsequent works are based on its annotation proposal. The present research aims to contribute to the panorama of factuality annotation for Spanish, a language in which very little work has been done in this field. The aim is to study the factuality of Spanish adversative, concessive and conditional sentences and to formalise rules for determining the factuality values to be implemented in an automatic annotator based on linguistic knowledge. In this sense, it is worth mentioning that our work is part of the TAGFACT project (2018), which aims to create an automatic factuality annotation tool based on the analysis of journalistic texts in Spanish. It is also worth mentioning that, following the trend in factuality annotation, we understand factuality as the speaker's commitment to the veracity of a situation. In determining this commitment, we have based ourselves on the analysis of the values expressed by the verb tenses themselves and by the connectors. According to the literature on the subject, the factual values of verb tenses are, in general, fairly stable, either because some are associated with a single value or because others can be associated with more than one value, but the most frequent one can be established. Sticking to the sentences under study, the results obtained in this research indicate that, especially in subordinate clauses (protasis), some tenses vary the default value, so that, in these cases, the role of connectors is crucial. In this respect, the analysis reveals a scale of complexity in which adversative sentences are the least problematic and conditional sentences the most problematic. This is because, in adversative sentences, the verb tenses, except in one case, maintain the factual values by default. On the other hand, in conditional sentences, an interesting variation has been observed in both subordinate (or protasis) and main (or apodosis) sentences. In the case of the concessive sentences, the complexity is medium, since of all the tenses in the protasis, five of them express more than one factual value. These results have allowed us to formulate a series of specific rules for these three types of sentences which can be implemented in the TAGFACT automatic annotator and which are expected to improve annotation accuracy.

nÃo hÃ<br>Investiga o custo de processamento de sentenÃas coordenadas e de sentenÃas subordinadas em um grupo de estudantes do 9 ano do Ensino Fundamental (EF). Em Engelkamp e Rummer (2002) e Rummer, Engelkamp e Konieczny (2003), observou-se que o processamento de sentenÃas subordinadas à menos custoso do que o de sentenÃas coordenadas em tarefas de memorizaÃÃo. Os resultados de Rummer, Engelkamp e Konieczny (2003) tambÃm sugeriram que o deslocamento da sentenÃa subordinada interfere nos custos de processamento. Tais achados entram em confronto com impressÃes do autor derivadas do exercÃcio da prÃtica docente de ensino de conjunÃÃes subordinadas ao 9 ano do EF, o que culminou para a proposiÃÃo desta pesquisa. Foram elaborados experimentos cuja previsÃo era a de que os estudantes teriam mais dificuldade de ler sentenÃas subordinadas, uma dificuldade decorrente do pouco conhecimento da relaÃÃo lÃgica veiculada pelas conjunÃÃes. Dada a variabilidade das relaÃÃes lÃgicas e o escasso tempo de execuÃÃo desta pesquisa, foram investigadas aqui apenas as relaÃÃes de oposiÃÃo e concessÃo. Para tanto, foram propostos trÃs experimentos de rastreamento ocular. O primeiro investigou o custo de processamento de leitura da estrutura subordinada deslocada; o segundo comparou o custo de processamento de leitura de sentenÃas coordenadas e subordinadas; e o terceiro observou o peso de quatro diferentes conjunÃÃes em oraÃÃes coordenadas. Foram produzidos 24 itens experimentais, compostos de condiÃÃes, que contemplavam em conjunto os trÃs experimentos supracitados: quatro oraÃÃes subordinadas, sendo duas sem e duas com deslocamento, que faziam uso das conjunÃÃes âemboraâ e âainda queâ; quatro oraÃÃes coordenadas, que faziam uso das conjunÃÃes âentretantoâ, âmasâ, âno entantoâ e âeâ. Seguia-se a todas as frases uma pergunta de controle de atenÃÃo. Participaram dos experimentos 42 estudantes do 9 ano do EF e 40 adultos leitores proficientes. As medidas observadas foram o tempo total de leitura nas sentenÃas completas e o tempo de primeira leitura na sentenÃa/perÃodo completo. Para o experimento 1 (deslocamento da subordinada), na medida de primeira leitura, encontrou-se uma interaÃÃo entre grupo e deslocamento (F = 4,06, p = 0.04), alÃm de efeito principal para deslocamento (p < 0.001), mas nÃo houve efeito de grupo. Para a medida de tempo total, foi encontrado apenas efeito principal de grupo (p < 0.001). Para o estudo do processamento da coordenaÃÃo e subordinaÃÃo (experimento 2), foram encontrados efeitos principais de grupo para a primeira leitura e o tempo total de leitura (p = 0.04 e p < 0.001). E no estudo das conjunÃÃes coordenativas, observou-se diferenÃa significativa para cada conjunÃÃo na primeira leitura (p = 0.006), mas nÃo no tempo total de leitura. Houve diferenÃa significativa no tempo total de leitura para o grupo (p < 0.001). Os resultados sugerem que o grupo de estudantes là de modo diferente e mais lentamente do que o grupo de adultos, mas essa medida nÃo à sensÃvel Ãs sentenÃas coordenadas e subordinadas. Jà o deslocamento da subordinada para a posiÃÃo inicial da sentenÃa gera maior custo de processamento para os estudantes, sugerindo que a aprendizagem escolar deste tema tem relevÃncia para o encapsulamento da informaÃÃo do perÃodo subordinado. Para o estudo das conjunÃÃes, observou-se que a primeira leitura à sensÃvel ao tamanho da conjunÃÃo, pois a conjunÃÃo âeâ tem um tempo de processamento mais rÃpido no tempo total de leitura, diferenciando-se da conjunÃÃo âmasâ, que apresenta relaÃÃo adversativa explÃcita dada sua frequÃncia de uso.<br>Investigates if the cost of the processing of coordinate clauses is higher than the cost of the processing of subordinate clauses in a group of 9th grade students. In Engelkamp and Rummer (2002) and Rummer, Engelkamp and Konieczny (2003), it was observed that the processing of subordinate clauses is less costly than the coordinate ones in tasks of memorization, as suggested that the displacement of the subordinate clause influences the costs of the processing. Such results were confronted with the exercise of teaching subordinate conjunctions to 9th graders, which ended up with the proposal of this research. The expectation is that the students would have more difficulties in reading subordinate clauses due to the lack of knowledge of the logical relation served by the conjunction. Given the variability of the logical relations and the lack of time for the execution of this research, we could investigate only the relations of opposition and concession. To do so, three experiments of eye tracking were developed: (i) the first one investigated the cost of reading processing of subordinate clause displacement; (ii) the second one compared the reading process of coordinate and subordinate clauses; (iii) and the third one observed the importance of four different conjunctions in coordinate clauses. Twenty-four experimental items, made up of conditions, were created, which contemplated, all together, the three experiments listed above: four subordinate clauses, two without and two with displacement, which used the conjunctions âemboraâ (although) and âainda queâ (even if); four coordinate clauses, which used the conjunctions âentretantoâ (however), âmasâ (but), âno entantoâ (yet) and âeâ (and). A question of control of attention followed all clauses. Forty-two 9th graders and forty proficient adult readers participated in the experiment. The observed measurements were the total time of reading of the complete clauses, and the time of the first reading in the complete sentence/clause. For experiment one (subordinate displacement), measuring the first reading, an interaction between group and displacement was found (F=4,06, p = 0.04), besides the main effect for displacement (p<0.001), but group effect was not observed. For total time measurement, only main group effect was found (p<0.001). For the study of the processing of the coordinate and subordinate clauses (experiment two), main group effects were found for the first reading and the total reading time (p=0.04 e p<0.001). In the study of coordinate conjunctions, we observed an important difference for each conjunction in the first reading (p=0.006), but not in the total time of reading. There was significant difference in the total time of reading for the group (p<0.001). The results suggest that the group of students read in a different way and more slowly than the adult group, but this measurement is nor sensitive to coordinate and subordinate clauses. However, the displacement of the subordinate clause to the front position of the sentence generates a higher cost of processing for the students, suggesting that the school learning of this topic is relevant for the coating of the information in the subordinate clause. For the study of the conjunctions, it was observed that the first reading is sensitive to the length of the conjunction, because the conjunction âeâ (and) has a time of processing faster in the total time of the reading, which is quite different from the conjunction âmasâ (but), which shows clear adversative relationship given its frequency of use.

DANTAS, Antônio Ademilton Pinheiro. Estudo da movimentação ocular de alunos do 9º ano do ensino fundamental durante a leitura de sentenças coordenadas sindéticas adversativas e subordinadas adverbiais concessivas. 2016. 123f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras, Fortaleza (CE), 2016.<br>Submitted by Gustavo Daher (gdaherufc@hotmail.com) on 2017-05-26T15:39:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_aapdantas.pdf: 835786 bytes, checksum: 509e2d0fc3f2db5def0afd69b3f5f751 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-05-29T11:04:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_aapdantas.pdf: 835786 bytes, checksum: 509e2d0fc3f2db5def0afd69b3f5f751 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-29T11:04:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_aapdantas.pdf: 835786 bytes, checksum: 509e2d0fc3f2db5def0afd69b3f5f751 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016<br>Investigates if the cost of the processing of coordinate clauses is higher than the cost of the processing of subordinate clauses in a group of 9th grade students. In Engelkamp and Rummer (2002) and Rummer, Engelkamp and Konieczny (2003), it was observed that the processing of subordinate clauses is less costly than the coordinate ones in tasks of memorization, as suggested that the displacement of the subordinate clause influences the costs of the processing. Such results were confronted with the exercise of teaching subordinate conjunctions to 9th graders, which ended up with the proposal of this research. The expectation is that the students would have more difficulties in reading subordinate clauses due to the lack of knowledge of the logical relation served by the conjunction. Given the variability of the logical relations and the lack of time for the execution of this research, we could investigate only the relations of opposition and concession. To do so, three experiments of eye tracking were developed: (i) the first one investigated the cost of reading processing of subordinate clause displacement; (ii) the second one compared the reading process of coordinate and subordinate clauses; (iii) and the third one observed the importance of four different conjunctions in coordinate clauses. Twenty-four experimental items, made up of conditions, were created, which contemplated, all together, the three experiments listed above: four subordinate clauses, two without and two with displacement, which used the conjunctions “embora” (although) and “ainda que” (even if); four coordinate clauses, which used the conjunctions “entretanto” (however), “mas” (but), “no entanto” (yet) and “e” (and). A question of control of attention followed all clauses. Forty-two 9th graders and forty proficient adult readers participated in the experiment. The observed measurements were the total time of reading of the complete clauses, and the time of the first reading in the complete sentence/clause. For experiment one (subordinate displacement), measuring the first reading, an interaction between group and displacement was found (F=4,06, p = 0.04), besides the main effect for displacement (p<0.001), but group effect was not observed. For total time measurement, only main group effect was found (p<0.001). For the study of the processing of the coordinate and subordinate clauses (experiment two), main group effects were found for the first reading and the total reading time (p=0.04 e p<0.001). In the study of coordinate conjunctions, we observed an important difference for each conjunction in the first reading (p=0.006), but not in the total time of reading. There was significant difference in the total time of reading for the group (p<0.001). The results suggest that the group of students read in a different way and more slowly than the adult group, but this measurement is nor sensitive to coordinate and subordinate clauses. However, the displacement of the subordinate clause to the front position of the sentence generates a higher cost of processing for the students, suggesting that the school learning of this topic is relevant for the coating of the information in the subordinate clause. For the study of the conjunctions, it was observed that the first reading is sensitive to the length of the conjunction, because the conjunction “e” (and) has a time of processing faster in the total time of the reading, which is quite different from the conjunction “mas” (but), which shows clear adversative relationship given its frequency of use.<br>Investiga o custo de processamento de sentenças coordenadas e de sentenças subordinadas em um grupo de estudantes do 9º ano do Ensino Fundamental (EF). Em Engelkamp e Rummer (2002) e Rummer, Engelkamp e Konieczny (2003), observou-se que o processamento de sentenças subordinadas é menos custoso do que o de sentenças coordenadas em tarefas de memorização. Os resultados de Rummer, Engelkamp e Konieczny (2003) também sugeriram que o deslocamento da sentença subordinada interfere nos custos de processamento. Tais achados entram em confronto com impressões do autor derivadas do exercício da prática docente de ensino de conjunções subordinadas ao 9º ano do EF, o que culminou para a proposição desta pesquisa. Foram elaborados experimentos cuja previsão era a de que os estudantes teriam mais dificuldade de ler sentenças subordinadas, uma dificuldade decorrente do pouco conhecimento da relação lógica veiculada pelas conjunções. Dada a variabilidade das relações lógicas e o escasso tempo de execução desta pesquisa, foram investigadas aqui apenas as relações de oposição e concessão. Para tanto, foram propostos três experimentos de rastreamento ocular. O primeiro investigou o custo de processamento de leitura da estrutura subordinada deslocada; o segundo comparou o custo de processamento de leitura de sentenças coordenadas e subordinadas; e o terceiro observou o peso de quatro diferentes conjunções em orações coordenadas. Foram produzidos 24 itens experimentais, compostos de condições, que contemplavam em conjunto os três experimentos supracitados: quatro orações subordinadas, sendo duas sem e duas com deslocamento, que faziam uso das conjunções “embora” e “ainda que”; quatro orações coordenadas, que faziam uso das conjunções “entretanto”, “mas”, “no entanto” e “e”. Seguia-se a todas as frases uma pergunta de controle de atenção. Participaram dos experimentos 42 estudantes do 9º ano do EF e 40 adultos leitores proficientes. As medidas observadas foram o tempo total de leitura nas sentenças completas e o tempo de primeira leitura na sentença/período completo. Para o experimento 1 (deslocamento da subordinada), na medida de primeira leitura, encontrou-se uma interação entre grupo e deslocamento (F = 4,06, p = 0.04), além de efeito principal para deslocamento (p < 0.001), mas não houve efeito de grupo. Para a medida de tempo total, foi encontrado apenas efeito principal de grupo (p < 0.001). Para o estudo do processamento da coordenação e subordinação (experimento 2), foram encontrados efeitos principais de grupo para a primeira leitura e o tempo total de leitura (p = 0.04 e p < 0.001). E no estudo das conjunções coordenativas, observou-se diferença significativa para cada conjunção na primeira leitura (p = 0.006), mas não no tempo total de leitura. Houve diferença significativa no tempo total de leitura para o grupo (p < 0.001). Os resultados sugerem que o grupo de estudantes lê de modo diferente e mais lentamente do que o grupo de adultos, mas essa medida não é sensível às sentenças coordenadas e subordinadas. Já o deslocamento da subordinada para a posição inicial da sentença gera maior custo de processamento para os estudantes, sugerindo que a aprendizagem escolar deste tema tem relevância para o encapsulamento da informação do período subordinado. Para o estudo das conjunções, observou-se que a primeira leitura é sensível ao tamanho da conjunção, pois a conjunção “e” tem um tempo de processamento mais rápido no tempo total de leitura, diferenciando-se da conjunção “mas”, que apresenta relação adversativa explícita dada sua frequência de uso.

L’argument de cette thèse est le suivant : dans la rivalité, un agent peut tenter de satisfaire ses préférences aux dépens de celles des autres si cela permet de produire des bénéfices sociaux impossibles à produire autrement (et si ces comportements ne causent pas des torts trop grands). Développer cet argument équivaut à développer une éthique adversative, c’est-à-dire une formulation de la moralité dans des contextes comme une compétition sportive ou un procès. Cette éthique sera développée et appliquée aux comportements des agents économiques dans les marchés économiques. On répondra à deux questions. La première question porte sur le design de nos institutions sociales. On peut façonner une institution en ayant recours à un schème adversatif, c’est-à-dire un pattern d’interactions sociales remplissant sa fonction par une dynamique de rivalité. Quand est-il désirable d’avoir recours à ce type de schème? Il est désirable si le rapport entre sa fonctionnalité et ses torts est 1) acceptable et 2) comparativement préférable aux autres schèmes. Ces deux conditions forment un test (développé dans le premier chapitre). Le marché réussit ce test (deuxième chapitre). Dans un schème adversatif, on doit avoir la permission de se comporter de manière adversative. Mais cette permission ne s’applique pas à l’extérieur du schème ou à l’intérieur de schèmes non adversatifs incorporés (comme une entreprise dans un marché ou une équipe dans une compétition sportive). Superposées l’une à l’autre, ces deux limites créent une division tripartite ou une tripartition de la moralité applicable à un agent économique. Cette tripartition permet d’éviter certains problèmes du modèle de la primauté des actionnaires et de la théorie des parties prenantes (troisième chapitre). La deuxième question porte sur la moralité à l’échelle individuelle. Comment doit-on se comporter dans un schème adversatif? Il faut incarner l’idéal de la rivalité bénéfique, ce qui implique 1) de contenir ses comportements adversatifs à l’intérieur du schème, 2) d’en respecter les règles et 3) d’adopter des comportements permettant au schème de réussir le test (quatrième chapitre). Cet idéal évite certains problèmes avec l’idéal de la saine concurrence de Joseph Heath et l’idéal de la concurrence positive de Lynn Sharp Paine (cinquième chapitre).<br>The argument of my thesis can be summarised as follows: in the context of rivalry, an agent may attempt to satisfy his or her preferences at the expense of other agents’ preferences if this generates social benefits that could not be generated otherwise (without producing too much harm). This argument leads to an adversarial ethics, that is, a description of our moral obligations in contexts like a sport competition or a trial. This ethics will be developed and applied to the behavior of economic agents in the market. I will address two main questions. The first question focuses on the design of our social institutions. An adversarial scheme is a pattern of social interactions that fulfills its function through a dynamic of rivalry. Parts of our institutions can be modeled as adversarial schemes. When is it desirable to use these schemes? It is desirable if the balance between the scheme’s functionality and harms is 1) acceptable and 2) preferable by comparison with other schemes. These two conditions yield a test. The test is developed in the first chapter. The second chapter argues that the market passes this test. An agent must be allowed to adopt adversarial behaviors in an adversarial scheme. But this permission does not apply to his or her behavior outside the scheme or inside non-adversarial incorporated schemes (like a firm in the market or a team in sport competitions). These two criteria, once combined, yield a threefold distinction or a tripartition of the moral obligation of economic agents, which solves some of the problems with the shareholder primacy view and the stakeholder theory. The tripartition and its implications are presented in the third chapter. The second question focuses on our moral obligations at the personal level. How ought we to behave in an adversarial scheme? In the fourth chapter, I argue that we ought to adopt the ideal of beneficial rivalry, which implies that we ought to: 1) contain our adversarial behaviors inside the scheme, 2) respect the scheme’s rules and 3) adopt a behavior that will allow the scheme to pass the desirability test (developed in the first chapter). The fifth chapter argues that this ideal avoids some of the problems with Joseph Heath’s ideal of healthy competition and Lynn Sharp Paine’s ideal of positive competition.<br>Thèse réalisée en cotutelle avec l'Institut supérieur de philosophie, Université catholique de Louvain.

碩士<br>國立成功大學<br>外國語文學系<br>105<br>Adversativity means that a relationship between the preceding and following content contrasts with each other (Rudolph 1996), and, according to Halliday and Hasan (1999), adversativity primarily refers to things being contrary to expectation. The thesis primarily investigates two adversative adverbs in Taiwan Southern Min; that are, hoan2-to3-tng2-(lai5) 反倒轉(來) ‘contrarily’ and tian1-to3 顛倒 ‘contrarily’. Based on Jiao4yu4bu4 Tai2wan1 min3nan2yu3 chang2yong4ci2 ci2dian3 教育部臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 ‘A dictionary of frequently-used words in Taiwan Southern Min by the Ministry of Education’, hoan2-to3-tng2-(lai5) 反倒轉(來) ‘contrarily’ and tian1-to3 顛倒 ‘contrarily’ are near-synonyms, for both are equivalents of fan3-er2 反而 ‘contrarily’ in Mandarin Chinese. In order to further observe the two adverbs, the thesis compares and contrasts them from the perspective of syntactic features, semantic relations and functions in context. The thesis mainly focuses on analyzing written data of the two adverbs. With respect to syntax, the similarities between hoan2-to3-tng2-(lai5) 反倒轉(來) ‘contrarily’ and tian1-to3 顛倒 ‘contrarily’ are that they occupy the complementizer layer, and are evaluative mood adverbs when both are adversative adverbs. The syntactic differences between them are also investigated, and one of the differences is that hoan2-to3-tng2-(lai5) 反倒轉(來) ‘contrarily’ rarely appears in negative declarative clauses and interrogative clauses, but tian1-to3 顛倒 ‘contrarily’ does. Furthermore, semantic relations of the two adversative adverbs are investigated based on previous analyses by Lakoff (1971), Halliday and Hasan (1976), Rudolph (1996) and L. Chang (2011). In addition to adversative relations, the thesis also probes into the relation of non-adversative adverb hoan2-to3-tng2-(lai5) 反倒轉(來) ‘contrarily’, which is a linking adverb indicating the relation of semantic opposition. Last but not the least, when it comes to functions in context, we observe words that frequently co-occur with hoan2-to3-tng2-(lai5) 反倒轉(來) ‘contrarily’ and tian1-to3 顛倒 ‘contrarily’. Moreover, we observe that unlike tian1-to3 顛倒 ‘contrarily’, hoan2-to3-tng2-(lai5) 反倒轉(來) ‘contrarily’ can be adopted for connecting huge discourse chunks such as more complex sentences or paragraphs, and its functions are also discussed in the thesis. We hope the study can not only reveal the syntactic, semantic and pragmatic features of the two near-synonyms, but also find out the similarities and differences between them.