Academic literature on the topic 'Ages 2-6'
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Journal articles on the topic "Ages 2-6"
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Poets, Christian F. "Breathing Patterns and Heart Rates at Ages 6 Weeks and 2 Years." Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 145, no. 12 (December 1, 1991): 1393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.1991.02160120061020.
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Ford, C., D. Ward, and M. White. "Television viewing associated with adverse dietary outcomes in children ages 2-6." Obesity Reviews 13, no. 12 (September 10, 2012): 1139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789x.2012.01028.x.
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Homaira, Nusrat, Nancy Briggs, Ju-Lee Oei, Lisa Hilder, Barbara Bajuk, Adam Jaffe, and Saad B. Omer. "Association of Age at First Severe Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease With Subsequent Risk of Severe Asthma: A Population-Based Cohort Study." Journal of Infectious Diseases 220, no. 4 (December 4, 2018): 550–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiy671.
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Abstract Objective In a population-based cohort study, we determined the association between the age at first severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) disease and subsequent asthma. Methods Incidence rates and rate ratios of the first asthma-associated hospitalization after 2 years of age in children hospitalized for RSV disease at <3 months, 3 to <6 months, 6 to <12 months, and 12–24 months of age were calculated. Results The incidence of asthma-associated hospitalization per 1000 child-years among children hospitalized for RSV disease at <3 months of age was 0.5 (95% confidence interval [CI], .2–.7); at 3 to <6 months of age, 0.9 (95% CI,.5–1.3); at 6 to <12 months of age, 2.0 (95% CI, 1.4–2.7); and at 12–24 months of age, 1.7 (95% CI, 1.0–2.5). The rate ratio of hospitalization for asthma was 2–7-fold greater among children hospitalized for RSV disease at ages ≥6 months than that among those hospitalized for RSV disease at ages 0 to <6 months. Conclusions Although the burden of RSV disease is highest in children aged <6 months, the burden of subsequent asthma is higher in children who develop RSV disease at ages ≥6 months.
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GRANT, D. B., D. B. DUNGER, and E. C. BURNS. "Long-term treatment with diazoxide in childhood hyperinsulinism." Acta Endocrinologica 113, no. 4_Suppl (December 1986): S340—S345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/acta.0.112s340.
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Abstract This paper reviews the outcome in 12 children with hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia who first developed symptoms between the ages of 2 and 8 months and who were treated with diazoxide (5 - 20 mg/kg/day) for 2-13 years. Two cases required subtotal pancreatectomy at the ages of 5 and 10 years because of recurrent hypoglycaemia and one girl with severe retardation died at the age of 6 years while still on diazoxide therapy. Two patients aged 3.5 and 9 years are still on treatment and in 7 cases diazoxide was discontinued between the ages of 2.5 and 14 years, indicating that spontaneous remission can be expected in a high proportion of children with post-neonatal hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia. Of the 9 children who started diazoxide within 3 months of the onset of symptoms, 5 are of normal intelligence and 4 are moderately retarded (IQs 63-71). In 3 children diazoxide was started 8 months to 3 years after the onset of symptoms; two are retarded (IQs 60-70) and the third was severely retarded and died aged 6 years.
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Setyantoko, Maranthika, Widiastuti Widiastuti, and Hernawan Hernawan. "The Game-Based ABC Running Exercise Model for Children Ages 6-12 Years." Budapest International Research and Critics in Linguistics and Education (BirLE) Journal 2, no. 3 (August 4, 2019): 506–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/birle.v2i3.422.
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The aim of this study is to produce the game-based ABC running exercise model for children ages 6-12 years by testing the effectiveness of increasing the speed of 30 meters short distance running in athletes aged 6-12 years. The research method used in this study is the research and development method of Borg and Gall by using 10 stages. The research subjects in this study are at the age of 6-12 years of athletic at the athletic club in the Special Region of Yogyakarta. The study begins with a data analysis of requirements, planning, product making, testing, revision and final products. The model feasibility test presents 3 experts consisting of 2 athletic lecturers and 1 national athletic trainer. The effectiveness test model uses a 30 meters speed parameter test involving 40 athletes aged 6-12 years consisting of 2 athletic clubs in Yogyakarta Province. Increasing the running speed of 30 meters shows the significance of t-count = 45.64, db = 19 and p-value = 0.00 < 0.05, for the average N-gain of 56.30, which means that the category of interpretation is "quite effective”. This means that there are significant differences in the 30 meters run speed of athletes before and after being given a training model. It can be concluded that the game-based ABC running exercise model developed is effective enough to increase the running speed of 30 meters in athlete’s ages 6-12 years.
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Mehta, Nirali, R. G. Bhatt, Hetal Vora, and Bharat Parmar. "Comparison of midupper arm circumference and weight-for-height z score for assessing acute malnutrition in children aged 6-60 months: an analytical study." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 6, no. 2 (February 23, 2019): 522. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20190525.
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Background: In clinical settings, wasting in childhood has primarily been assessed with the use of a weight-for-height z score (WHZ), and in community settings, it has been assessed via the mid upper arm circumference (MUAC) with a cutoff <115mm for severe wasting and 115-125mm for moderate wasting. Our recent experience indicates that many wasted children were not identified when these cutoffs for MUAC were used.Methods: Authors determined the cutoffs for MUAC to detect wasting in Indian children aged 6-60 mo. A secondary analysis was carried out on data from 1446 children aged 6-59 mo. The area under the receiver operating curve was used to indicate the most appropriate choice for cutoffs that related MUAC with WHZ. The MUAC measurement of each subject was taken using standard technique. Following the World Health Organization (WHO) age and sex-specific cut-off points, nutritional status of children was determined.Results: The mean±SD age for the entire group was 19.8±13.6 mo, MUAC was 132±13mm, and 45% of subjects were girls. Age-stratified analyses revealed that, for ages 6-24 mo, MUAC cutoffs were <120mm for a WHZ <-3 and <125mm for a WHZ <-2 with a sensitivity of 68.3% and 64.7%, respectively, and a specificity of 82.6% and 83.4%, respectively; for ages 25-60 mo, MUAC cutoffs were <135mm for a WHZ <-3 and <140mm for a WHZ <-2 with a sensitivity of 63.7% and 65.4%, respectively, and a specificity of 81.6% and 78.3%, respectively.Conclusions: The respective cutoffs for MUAC to better capture the vulnerability and risk of severe (WHZ <-3) and moderate (WHZ <-2) wasting would be <120 and <125mm for ages 6-24 mo, <135 and <140mm for ages 37-60 mo.
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Kim, Jae Hyun, Young Ah Lee, Youn-Hee Lim, Kyunghoon Lee, Bung-Nyun Kim, Johanna Inhyang Kim, Yun-Chul Hong, Sei Won Yang, Junghan Song, and Choong Ho Shin. "Changes in Adrenal Androgens and Steroidogenic Enzyme Activities From Ages 2, 4, to 6 Years: A Prospective Cohort Study." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 105, no. 10 (August 4, 2020): 3265–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgaa498.
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Abstract Context The levels of adrenal androgens are increased through the action of steroidogenic enzymes with morphological changes in the adrenal zona reticularis. Objective We investigated longitudinal changes in androgen levels and steroidogenic enzyme activities during early childhood. Design and Participants From a prospective children’s cohort, the Environment and Development of Children cohort, 114 boys and 86 girls with available blood samples from ages 2, 4, and 6 years were included. Outcome Measurements Serum concentrations of adrenal androgens using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and steroidogenic enzyme activity calculated by the precursor/product ratio. Results During ages 2 to 4 years, 17,20-lyase and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) sulfotransferase activities increased (P < 0.01 for both in boys). During ages 4 to 6 years, 17,20-lyase activity persistently increased, but 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) and 17β-HSD activities decreased (P < 0.01 for all). Serum DHEA sulfate (DHEA-S) levels persistently increased from 2, 4, to 6 years, and DHEA, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, and androstenedione levels increased during ages 4 to 6 years (P < 0.01 for all). Serum DHEA-S levels during early childhood were associated with body mass index z-scores (P = 0.001 in only boys). Conclusion This study supports in vivo human evidence of increased 17,20-lyase and DHEA sulfotransferase activities and decreased 3β-HSD activity during early childhood.
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Lotan, Roni, Ithamar Ganmore, Abigail Livny, Nofar Itzhaki, Mark Waserman, Shahar Shelly, Moran Zacharia, et al. "Effect of Advanced Glycation End Products on Cognition in Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: Results from a Pilot Clinical Trial." Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 82, no. 4 (August 17, 2021): 1785–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jad-210131.
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Background: Dietary advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) are linked to cognitive decline. However, clinical trials have not tested the effect of AGEs on cognition in older adults. Objective: The aim of the current pilot trial was to examine the feasibility of an intervention to reduce dietary AGEs on cognition and on cerebral blood flow (CBF). Methods: The design is a pilot randomized controlled trial of dietary AGEs reduction in older adults with type 2 diabetes. Seventy-five participants were randomized to two arms. The control arm received standard of care (SOC) guidelines for good glycemic control; the intervention arm, in addition to SOC guidelines, were instructed to reduce their dietary AGEs intake. Global cognition and CBF were assessed at baseline and after 6 months of intervention. Results: At baseline, we found a reverse association between AGEs and cognitive functioning, possibly reflecting the long-term toxicity of AGEs on the brain. There was a significant improvement in global cognition at 6 months in both the intervention and SOC groups which was more prominent in participants with mild cognitive impairment. We also found that at baseline, higher AGEs were associated with increased CBF in the left inferior parietal cortex; however, 6 months of the AGEs lowering intervention did not affect CBF levels, despite lowering AGEs exposure in blood. Conclusion: The current pilot trial focused on the feasibility and methodology of intervening through diet to reduce AGEs in older adults with type 2 diabetes. Our results suggest that participants with mild cognitive impairment may benefit from an intensive dietary intervention.
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Anugrahana, Andri. "Penyusunan Album Keterampilan Hidup Sehari-Hari Untuk Anak Usia 2 - 6 Tahun Berdasar Pada Metode Montessori." Scholaria: Jurnal Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan 9, no. 2 (May 23, 2019): 122–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.24246/j.js.2019.v9.i2.p122-131.
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This study aims to describe the process of developing a teaching book for daily life skills for children ages 2 - 6 years based on Montessori method. This research uses research and development method, intending to (1) find out the procedure for developing daily life skill albums for children ages 2 - 6 years based on Montessori method and (2) describe the quality of the album. The research and development is modified from ten stages of Sugiyono and Borg and Gall, into five stages: 1) potential problems, 2) product design, 3) product validation by experts, 4) test instruments, and 5) limited trials. The result from expert validation for the purpose and method scored 3.75, considered in ‘good’ category. The content aspect scords 3, in ‘average’ category. The content aspect scored 3.5, in ‘good’ category. Overall, the result of expert validation showed the score of 3,4, and was considered as ‘good’.
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Patel, Mitesh K., Mei-Miau Mu, and Kathleen B. Franklin. "Cetirizine 5mg Provides Effective Relief of Worst Seasonal Allergy Symptoms in Children Ages 2-6 Years." Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 141, no. 2 (February 2018): AB68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2017.12.217.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Ages 2-6"
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Do, Kim. "Dental Health of Physically Abused Children Ages 2-6 Years Old." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1561979023201129.
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Kirlew, Amber. "How play supports the development of the whole child : implications for parents of children ages 2 to 6." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2009. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/1281.
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This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucf.edu/Systems/DigitalInitiatives/DigitalCollections/InternetDistributionConsentAgreementForm.pdf You may also contact the project coordinator, Kerri Bottorff, at kerri.bottorff@ucf.edu for more information.Bachelors
Education
Early Childhood Education
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Drury, Rachel C. "The effects of Kodály-based music intervention on the language development of children in Primary 1 and Primary 2 (ages 4-6)." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.636486.
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Ozer, Ahmet. "Increased Bacterial Adherence and Decreased Bacterial Clearance in Urinary Tract Infections with Diabetes Mellitus." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1376406476.
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Formighieri, Mariana de Siqueira Bastos. "Afetividade e funções executivas em idosos: estudo normativo com Wisconsin Card Sorting Test e Pfister." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59137/tde-15112007-234211/.
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BASTOS-FORMIGHIERI, M. S. Afetividade e funções executivas em idosos: estudo normativo com Wisconsin Card Sorting Test e Pfister. 2007. 143 f. Dissertação (Mestrado). Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 2007. A avaliação psicológica no Brasil tem recebido grandes estímulos para seu desenvolvimento, advindos das necessidades práticas, bem como das diretrizes atuais do Conselho Federal de Psicologia, buscando-se parâmetros técnicos adequados às características da população brasileira. Paralelamente, o significativo crescimento dos idosos no mundo e também no Brasil tem justificado investimentos científicos voltados à investigação das características psicológicas do envelhecimento, muitas vezes recorrendo aos recursos da avaliação psicológica como estratégia de acesso informativo. Dentro desta realidade, o presente estudo objetivou desenvolver padrões normativos do desempenho de idosos para o Teste de Pirâmides Coloridas de Pfister e para o Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), almejando também conhecer características da afetividade e das funções executivas na velhice. Foram estudados 100 voluntários de 60 a 75 anos de idade, distribuídos entre os sexos, com bom estado geral de saúde e ausência de comprometimentos físicos e psíquicos severos, avaliados por triagem médica prévia, bem como por entrevista inicial sobre histórico de vida. Os instrumentos psicológicos foram aplicados individualmente, conforme seus respectivos padrões técnicos, e na seguinte sequência: entrevista, Teste de Pfister e WCST, respeitando-se os cuidados éticos devidos nesses processos de avaliação psicológica. Os resultados foram estruturados de modo a caracterizar os padrões de desempenho (normas) dos idosos avaliados, pretendendo-se ainda conhecer marcas do processo do envelhecimento (cognitivas e afetivas) por meio das técnicas de avaliação psicológica presentemente utilizadas. Buscou-se também avaliar possível influência da variável sexo sobre os resultados nas técnicas psicológicas aplicadas, bem como comparar estes dados com as normas para adultos, no caso do Teste de Pfister, e para idosos norte-americanos, no caso do WCST, até o momento disponíveis para estas técnicas, não específicas para idosos brasileiros. Para tanto, foram realizadas análises estatísticas apropriadas aos dados (paramétricas e não paramétricas), utilizando-se nível de significância menor ou igual a 0,05. Por fim, procurou-se estudar eventual relação entre indicadores técnicos do Teste de Pfister e resultados no WCST dos idosos, almejando-se identificar possibilidades informativas sobre o funcionamento executivo nestas duas estratégias avaliativas. Foram encontradas algumas correlações entre Pfister e WCST, especialmente nas seguintes variáveis do Teste de Pfister: modos de execução e de colocação, aspecto formal, frequência e síndrome cromáticas. Os resultados foram interpretados à luz de pressupostos trazidos pela literatura científica da área, procurando-se contemplar peculiaridades do contexto sócio-cultural brasileiro na busca de compreensão sobre a dinâmica psíquica das vivências afetivas e do funcionamento executivo na velhice. Pode-se concluir pela preservação da dinâmica afetiva dos idosos avaliados, bem como por especificidades em seu padrão de funcionamento executivo, caracterizando peculiaridades de desempenho destes indivíduos nas técnicas psicológicas utilizadas, justificando a elaboração de seus atuais padrões normativos.BASTOS-FORMIGHIERI, M. S. Affectivity and executive functions in elderly: estudo normativo com Wisconsin Card Sorting Test e Pfister. 2007. 143 f. Dissertação (Mestrado). Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 2007. The development of psychological assessment has been greatly stimulated in Brazil in view of practical requirements and of the current guidelines of the Federal Council of Psychology, with a search for appropriate technical parameters for the Brazilian population. In parallel, the significant increase in the number of elderly individuals in the world and also in Brazil has justified scientific investments aiming at the investigation of the psychological characteristics of aging, often based on the resources of psychological assessment as a strategy of informative access. Within this reality, the objective of the present study was to develop normative standards regarding the performance of elderly persons in the Pfister Color Pyramid Test and in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), also in order to determine the characteristics of affectivity and of executive functions during old age. The study was conducted on 100 volunteers of both sexes aged 60 to 75 years, in good general condition and free of severe physical and psychic impairment. The subjects were first submitted to medical screening and to an initial interview about their life history. The psychological instruments were applied individually according to their respective technical standards and in the following sequence: interview, Pfister Test and WCST, following the ethical principles related to these processes of psychological evaluation. The results were structured in such a way as to characterize the performance patterns (norms) of the elderly subjects evaluated and to determine cognitive and affective aspects of the aging process by means of currently used techniques of psychological evaluation. The possible influence of the sex variable on the results of the psychological techniques applied was also determined and the data were compared to the norms for adults in the case of the Pfister Test and to the norms for North American elderly subjects in the case of the WCST, which are available thus far for these techniques, that are not specific for the Brazilian elderly population. Data were analyzed statistically by parametric and non-parametric tests, as appropriate, with the level of significance set at < 0.05. Finally a possible relationship between the technical indicators of the Pfister test and the results of the WCST for this elderly population was studied, especially regarding the following variables of the Pfister Test: modes of execution and placement, formal aspect, frequency, and chromatic syndrome. The results were interpreted in the light of the assumptions proposed by the scientific literature in the area, with an attempt to contemplate the peculiarities of the Brazilian sociocultural context in order to understand the psychic dynamics of affective experience and of executive functioning in old age. We may conclude that the affective dynamics of the elderly persons evaluated is preserved and that their pattern of executive functioning has specific characteristics, characterizing peculiarities of the performance of these idnividuals in the psychological techniques used, justifying the elaboration of their current normative standards.
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Dean, Penelope. "Delivery without discipline architecture in the age of design /." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1779835461&sid=6&Fmt=2&clientId=48051&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Arai, Milton Hideaki. "Papel da atividade física regular realizada durante vários anos na função imune do idoso." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5144/tde-14102014-093413/.
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A proposta principal deste estudo foi de avaliar o efeito da prática regular de atividade física por longos anos na imunossenescência, isto é, nas alterações que o sistema imune sofre com o envelhecimento. Para tal, comparou-se os resultados dos exames imunológicos de 20 idosos praticantes de corrida (idade média = 67 anos) aos de 20 idosos sedentários (idade média = 66 anos) e 10 jovens sedentários (idade média = 26 anos). Os idosos corredores eram praticantes da modalidade em média nos últimos 23 anos e vinham percorrendo uma distância semanal média de 39 quilômetros. O consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO2 max) deles foi 52% maior do que o dos idosos sedentários, atingindo valores similares aos dos jovens. Os parâmetros imunológicos analisados foram: contagem de linfócitos e seus subtipos, resposta proliferativa dos linfócitos T a mitógenos, atividade citotóxica das células natural killer e produção de citocinas (interleucinas 2, 3, 4, 6, 10 e 12). A dosagem das mesmas citocinas no soro também foi realizada, porém somente nos dois grupos de idosos. Os idosos corredores apresentaram resposta proliferativa dos linfócitos T a OKT-3 e produção de interleucina-2 significativamente maiores do que as dos idosos sedentários. Eles apresentaram também uma produção de interleucina-3 significativamente menor do que a dos seus pares sedentários. Por outro lado, não apresentaram diferença significativa destes parâmetros em relação aos jovens. Os níveis séricos das interleucinas 3, 6 e 12 dos idosos corredores foram significativamente menores do que os dos idosos sedentários. A influência da prática de atividade física regular sobre os níveis séricos do hormônio de crescimento, da testosterona e da dehidroepiandrosterona sulfato (DHEAS), que sofrem redução com o envelhecimento (\"endocrinossenescência\"), também foi estudada. Não houve diferença significativa entre os níveis séricos destes hormônios anabólicos dos idosos corredores e dos idosos sedentários. O efeito da atividade física regular sobre a beta-endorfina também foi avaliado. Os idosos corredores não apresentaram diferença significativa nos níveis séricos deste neuropeptídeo em relação aos idosos sedentários. Em virtude do possível envolvimento do sistema endócrino na imunossenescência, avaliou-se a correlação entre os hormônios anabólicos e as citocinas. Não se constatou correlação relevante entre eles, especialmente entre a DHEAS e a interleucina-6. Os resultados indicam que a prática regular de atividade física por longos anos tem o potencial de desacelerar a imunossenescênciaThe main objective of this study was to assess the effect of regular practice of physical activity on immunosenescence, that is, the changes that occur when the immune system is affected by aging. The results of immune tests conducted on 20 elderly runners (mean age = 67 years) were compared to those of 20 elderly sedentary individuals (mean age = 66 years) and to those of 10 young sedentary individuals (mean age = 26 years). On average, the elderly runners had practiced this activity for the last 23 years, running a mean weekly distance of 39 kilometers. Their maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 max) was 52% higher than that of sedentary elderly group, and similar to that of the group of younger individuals. The immune parameters studied were: lymphocyte and lymphocyte subtype counts, the proliferative response of T-lymphocytes to mitogens, cytotoxic activity of natural killer cells and production of cytokines (interleukins 2, 3, 4, 6, 10 and 12). The same cytokines were measured in serum, but only in the two groups of elderly people. Elderly runners presented a significantly higher proliferative response of T-lymphocytes to OKT-3 as well as interleukin-2 production than the sedentary group. The production of interleukin-3 was also significantly lower in the group of runners. On the other hand, the results of these parameters did not differ significantly from those of young subjects. Serum levels of interleukins 3, 6, and 12 were significantly lower in elderly runners than in sedentary individuals. The impact of regular physical activity on serum levels of growth hormone, testosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), which are affected by aging (\"endocrinosenescence\"), was also studied. The serum levels of these anabolic hormones did not differ significantly between the groups of elderly runners and the elderly sedentary individuals. When the impact of regular physical activity on beta-endorphin was studied, again no significant difference in the serum levels of this neuropeptide was found between the two elderly groups. Owing to the possible involvement of the endocrine system in immunosenescence, the correlation between anabolic hormones and cytokines was assessed. No relevant correlation was found, especially between DHEAS and interleukin-6. The results indicate that the regular practice of physical activity for several years may delay immunosenescence
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Dang, Chinh Van Maldonado Yolanda M. Selwyn Beatrice J. "Body mass index of Vietnamese children ages 6--15 years old." 2008. http://proquest.umi.com.www5.sph.uth.tmc.edu:2048/pqdweb?did=1490085331&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=92&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health, 2008.Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 69-02, Section: B, page: 0911. Includes bibliographical references.
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Soucha, Filip. "Hodnocení úrovně tělesné zdatnosti a základních pohybových dovedností u dětí na 1. stupni základní školy." Master's thesis, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-379220.
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Title: The Level of Physical Activity and Physical Fitness at Elementary School-Age Children Author: Bc. Filip Soucha Thesis supervizor: Mgr. Jakub Kokštejn, Ph.D. Objectives: To determine and compare the level of physical activity, physical fitness and the amount of subcutaneous fat at younger school children. Furthermore, the next goal is to find out the correlation between them. Methods: The research group consists of 3rd, 4th and 5th grade pupils (n=77). The Unifittest (6-60) was applied to deduce the level of physical fitness, the TGMD- 2 test was employed to find out the level of physical activity. In addition, somatic measurements, which are integral to the Unifittest (6-60), were utilized to discover the amount of subcutaneous fat. Results: 32% of children showed average results in the complex physical fitness due to test standard. The same percentage of children (34%) was above and below the average standard as well. 79% of children presented imbalanced performances in particular tests. The best results were seen in sit-up test on the contrary, the worst results were given in endurance shuttle run. The level of subcutaneous fat was above-average at 50% of children,. The results of physical activity level uncovered the below-average performances at the research group -70% of the children....
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Munia, Jan. "Úroveň tělesné zdatnosti a zjištění úrovně motoriky u dětí mladšího školního věku." Master's thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-365217.
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Name: The level of physical fitness and the detection of the motor skills level of primary school age children. Objectives: To find out the current level of physical fitness and basic motor skills of primary school age children. Methods: The main method of the research was an observation. The study included 54 children (8.9 ± 0.6 years old, 31 girls and 23 boys). For the evaluation of physical fitness, we used the Unifittest (6-60) and for the evaluation of motor skills was used the MABC-2 motor test. The Student's test and the Cohen's d effect size coefficient, were used for the evaluation of group differences. Results: In the MABC-2 motor skills test, 22 % of children achieved the result in a zone above the 84th percentile, 20 % of children were between 51-84th percentile, 50 % of children were in the range between 17-50th percentile, 4 % of children were between 6-15th percentile and another 4 % of children were in the range of <5 percentile. The results of the Unifittest test battery (6-60) showed us that 41 % of children were average, 20 % of children were below average, significantly below were 17 % of children, above average were 15 % of children and 7 % of children were well above average. Girls achieved significantly higher overall MABC-2 performance compared to boys (11.5 ± 2.7 vs 10.0 ±...
Books on the topic "Ages 2-6"
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Linda, Terry, ed. Homework helpers: Maths : ages 10-11, key stage 2, year 6. Harlow: Longman, 2000.
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Bultman, Scott. The Froebel Gifts 2000: The Building Gifts 2-6, ages 3 & up. 2nd ed. Grand Rapids, MI: [Kindergarten Messenger, 2000.
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ill, Kizer Fran, ed. Playing: A kid's curriculum : 1,001 activities for young children, ages 2-6. Glenview, IL: Good Year Books, 1993.
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The big book of happy: 500 games & activities for ages 2 to 6. New York: Metro Books, 2008.
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(Illustrator), Aline Heiser, ed. Gotta Have God 2: Ages 6-9. Legacy Press (CA), 2005.
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Moore, Jo Ellen. Never Bored Kid Book 2, Ages 6-7. Evan-Moor Educational Publishers, 2006.
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Edition, Sketchybook. Unicorn Coloring Book: For Kids Ages 2-6. Independently Published, 2020.
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Moore, Jo Ellen. Never Bored Kid Book 2, Ages 5-6. Evan-Moor Educational Publishers, 2006.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Ages 2-6"
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Illingworth, Garth, and Rychard Bouwens. "From Z > 6 to Z ∼ 2: Unearthing Galaxies at the Edge of the Dark Ages." In Astrophysics and Space Science Library, 619–38. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2862-5_52.
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Taylor, Nicholas. "Across Rainforests and Woodlands: A Systematic Reappraisal of the Lupemban Middle Stone Age in Central Africa." In Africa from MIS 6-2, 273–99. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7520-5_15.
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Carr, Andrew S., Brian M. Chase, and Alex Mackay. "Mid to Late Quaternary Landscape and Environmental Dynamics in the Middle Stone Age of Southern South Africa." In Africa from MIS 6-2, 23–47. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7520-5_2.
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Van Rompay, Lucas. "6. Epilogue." In Hebrew Bible / Old Testament. I: From the Beginnings to the Middle Ages (Until 1300). Part 2: The Middle Ages, 576–77. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.13109/9783666535079.576.
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Grossman, Avraham. "6. Joseph Kara (1050-1125)." In Hebrew Bible / Old Testament. I: From the Beginnings to the Middle Ages (Until 1300). Part 2: The Middle Ages, 346–56. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.13109/9783666535079.346.
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Froehlich, Karlfried. "6. The Great Masters: Albert, Thomas, Bonaventure." In Hebrew Bible / Old Testament. I: From the Beginnings to the Middle Ages (Until 1300). Part 2: The Middle Ages, 531–54. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.13109/9783666535079.531.
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Bemdt, Rainer. "6. Characteristics and Influence of the Victorine Exegesis." In Hebrew Bible / Old Testament. I: From the Beginnings to the Middle Ages (Until 1300). Part 2: The Middle Ages, 490–95. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.13109/9783666535079.490.
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Jarke, Juliane. "Mobile Age: Co-creating Digital Public Services with and for Older Citizens." In Public Administration and Information Technology, 53–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52873-7_4.
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Abstract This book describes and compares three co-creation projects that were conducted in two European cities as part of a larger EU-funded innovation project called Mobile Age. This chapter introduces Mobile Age and presents the project’s framework and methodology for co-creating digital public services. Part of the framework are seven streams of activity that need to be considered. These streams of activity are not sequential but run in parallel and inform each other: (1) governing and managing a co-creation process; (2) continuous recruitment and engagement of stakeholders; (3) co-creating a service concept; (4) working with (open) (government) data; (5) co-creating software; (6) evaluating the co-creation process and its results; and (7) exploiting and disseminating the co-created service. All three co-creation projects featured in this book are described along those streams of activity. In addition, for each project its specific problem focus, target audiences, value propositions and resources are provided.
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Eliava, Shalva, Vadim Gorozhanin, Oleg Shekhtman, Yuri Pilipenko, and Olga Kuchina. "Surgical Treatment of Unruptured Brain AVMs: Short- and Long-Term Results." In Acta Neurochirurgica Supplement, 87–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63453-7_13.
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AbstractUnruptured brain AVMs (bAVMs) remain a controversial subject for practicing neurosurgeons, especially in the light of ARUBA and other observational studies. This retrospective study aims to analyze our experience with unruptured bAVMs to see whether it is beneficial in the long-term and how it corresponds to large literature trials. The study comprised 160 adult patients with unruptured bAVMs surgically treated in Burdenko NMC (Moscow) in 2009–2017. Mean age: 33.4 ± 10лет. Clinical presentations were: seizures in 99 (61.9%), chronical headaches—49 (30.6%), ischemic symptoms—4 (2.5%), asymptomatic in 8 (5%) patients. Spetzler-Martin scale: I—18 pt. (11.3%), II—71 pt. (44.4%), III—60 pt. (37.5%), IV—11 pt. (6.8%). Good outcomes (mRS = 0–2) at discharge were achieved in 149 (93.1%), satisfactory (mRS—3)—9 (5.6%). Follow-up was complete for 97 (60.6%) patients, mean—59.3 (13–108 month). Excellent outcomes (mRS = 0–1) reached in 94.8%. For epilepsy patients, Engel I outcome was found in 50 (84.8%); for chronic headaches, 43 (66.1%) patients reported improvement. Postoperative visual field defects were followed in 22 of 55 (40%), complete recovery was reported in 6 (27%) and partial recovery in 8 (36%) patients. Overall, our results support the conclusion that surgery for low-grade bAVMs (S-M I–II) is a beneficial, low-risk option.
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"6 -2 9 ) ." In Bahrain Through The Ages, 103–4. Routledge, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203038017-35.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Ages 2-6"
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HUNGRIA, MARIANA, and ELEONORA CAVALCANTE ALBANO. "CV CO-OCCURRENCE IN THE ACQUISITION OF BRAZILIAN PORTUGUESE (BP) IN TWO CHILDREN BETWEEN THE AGES OF 0:6 TO 2:0." In XXIV Congresso de Iniciação Científica da UNICAMP - 2016. Campinas - SP, Brazil: Galoa, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.19146/pibic-2016-50680.
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Nye, Kevin S., M. Sean Esplin, and Kenneth L. Monson. "Umbilical Cord Artery Mechanical Properties in Pre-Term Neonates at Various Ages." In ASME 2012 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2012-80484.
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Premature and very low birthweight (VLBW) infants are susceptible to numerous injuries during, and after parturition. If these injuries are neurological in nature, they can result in long-term cognitive and motor skill deficiencies. Cerebral hemorrhaging is a disease that has disastrous consequences on preterm and VLBW infants, and the mechanism for this type of hemorrhaging is currently not known. Bleeding in the ventricle region of the brain is termed intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and occurs in 32% of infants with birth weights less than 1500 grams and born prior to 32 weeks gestation[1]; 75% of these will experience long-term neurological disabilities[2]. A lack of tissue structure of the cerebral vasculature in early stages of development is a possible underlying cause for such high occurrences of IVH[3,4,5]. Mechanical characterization of neonatal vasculature could show structural underdevelopment as the underlying cause of IVH and provide valuable insight into neonatal vascular development. We previously characterized the mechanical properties of whole umbilical cord arteries and found a correlation between vessel stiffness and gestational age[6]. Considerations of the helical structure of late term umbilical cord vessels prompted a revisit of the characterization of the vessels with altered testing methods. To negate the effects of the vessels’ tortuous structure on stiffness values, we tested axial and circumferential small strips of human umbilical cord artery at various gestational time.
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Hu, Jingwen, Zhigang Li, and Jinhuan Zhang. "Development and Preliminary Validation of a Parametric Pediatric Head Finite Element Model for Population-Based Impact Simulations." In ASME 2011 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2011-53166.
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Head injury is the leading cause of pediatric fatality and disability in the United States (1). Although finite element (FE) method has been widely used for investigating head injury under impact, there are only a few 3D pediatric head FE models available in the literature, including a 6-month-old child head model developed by Klinich et al (2), a newborn, a 6-month-old and a 3-year-old child head model developed by Roth et al. (3, 4, 5), and a 1.5-month-old infant head model developed by Coats et al (6). Each of these models only represents a head at a single age with single head geometry. Nowadays, population-based simulations are getting more and more attention. In population-based injury simulations, impact responses for not only an individual but also a group of people can be predicted, which takes into account variations among people thus providing more realistic predictions. However, a parametric pediatric head model capable of simulating head responses for different children at different ages is currently not available. Therefore, the objective of this study is to develop a fast and efficient method to build pediatric head FE models with different head geometries and skull thickness distributions. The method was demonstrated by morphing a 6-month-old infant head FE model into three newborn infant head FE models and by validating three morphed head models against limited cadaveric test data.
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Andrew, M., B. A. Paes, R. A. Milner, P. J. Powers, M. Johnston, and V. Castle. "THE POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE COAGULATION SYSTEM IN THE PREMATURE INFANT." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643606.
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A cohort study was performed to determine the postnatal development of the coagulation system in the “healthy” premature infant. Mothers were approached for consent and a total of 132 premature infants were entered into the study. The group consisted of 64 infants with gestational ages of 34-36 weeks (prem 1) and 68 infants whose gestational age was 33 weeks or less (prem 2). Demographic information and a 2 ml blood sample were obtained on days 1, 5, 30, 90, and 180. Plasma was fractionated and stored at −70°C for batch assaying of the following tests: screening tests, PT, APTT; factor assays (biologic (B)); fibrinogen, II, V, VII, VIII:C, IX, X, XI, XII, prekallikrein, high molecular weight kininogen, XIII (immunologic (I)); inhibitors (I), antithrombin III, aα2-antiplasmin, α2-macroglobulin, α-anti-trypsin, Cl esterase inhibitor, protein C, protein S, and the fibrinolytic system (B); plasminogen. We have previously reported an identical study for 118 full term infants. The large number of premature and full term infants studied at varying time points allowed us to determine the following: 1) coagulation tests vary with the gestational age and postnatal age of the infant; 2) each factor has a unique postnatal pattern of maturation; 3) near adult values are achieved by 6 months of age; 4) premature infants have a more rapid postnatal development of the coagulation system compared to the full term infant; and 5) the range of reference values for two age groups of premature infants has been established for each of the assays. These reference values will provide a basis for future investigation of specific hemorrhagic and thrombotic problems in the newborn infant.
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Kirschstein, W., U. Hoffmann, S. Simianer, E. Dempfle, C. Kortsik, and D. Heene. "INCREASED THROMBOTIC TENDENCY IN A FAMILY WITH HEREDITARY ANGIONEUROTIC EDEMA ( HANE )." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643048.
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Biochemical hallmark of HANE is a reduction of C1-inhibitor. We observed a family with type II disease ( non-functional protein ), in which 3 of 6 affected members had arterial thromboembolic events at young ages. For evaluation of alterations in the hemostatic system analysis included: fibrinogen, FVII, FVIII, FIX, FXI, FXII, prekallikrein PK, antithrombin III ATIII, protein C PC, α2 antiplasmin α2AP, cl α2 macroglobulin α2 MG, plasminogen activator inhibitor PAI, plasminogen PG, euglobulin clot lysis time ECLT and tissue plasminogen activator tPA at baseline and after venous occlusion. The results are shown in part in the table:There is evidence of nearly no response to venous occlusion in 2 and a diminished response in 1 out of 4 patients.We conclude, that the increased thrombotic tendency in this family is related to the increased potential of prephase coagulation factors and impaired fibrinolytic response to venous occlusion concomitantly with the reduction of the main inhibitor of the contact activation system.
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Zhu, Mengjia, Wade Adams, and Panagiotis Polygerinos. "Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Soft Relief Device for Typing Applications." In 2017 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dmd2017-3374.
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Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) affects roughly 3%–6% of the working population ages 18–64 [1]. This affliction is caused by applying stress on the median nerve that is routed through the carpal tunnel while it is at a positive or negative angle, greater than 15 degrees in either direction, to the human wrist [2]. The median nerve can become inflamed and swollen due to pressure from the palmar carpal ligament causing numbness, stiffness and in some cases severe pain. Tasks like typing can become nearly impossible when the median nerve is inflamed. A number of products on the market and research prototypes have been suggested that try to alleviate CTS strains, however, these designs are generally passive e.g. braces, splints, etc. Instead of actively trying to adjust the wrist angle, the general trend is to prop the wrist up with some sort of rigid ramp, similar to the bottom of a keyboard [3]. The goal of this work is to design a wearable, soft-actuated, robotic sleeve that will dynamically adjust the position of the wrist in real-time to a neutral angle to prevent or release CTS strains.
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Kakkar, S., E. Melissari, and V. V. Kakkar. "CONGENITAL SEVERE PROTEIN C DEFICIENCY IN ADULTS." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644304.
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We (Melissari et al, 1985, T.R. 29 [1985] 641) were the first to identify the occurrence of severe protein C deficiency in an adult with thrombophilia and undetectable protein C levels. This report documents our clinical and laboratory resuts of this patient and his family, as well as another 8 patients, in two more, unrelated families. In these unique families with members suffering from severe protein C deficiency (≤6%), no one had experienced neonatal purpura fulminans. Symptoms started mainly in their early twenties, except in 2 patients who first had symptoms at the ages of 11 and 13. The expression of the protein C deficiency was mainly recurrent superficial and deep iliofemoral vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. The protein C deficiency was also expressed as generalised peritonitis due to massive messenteric vein thrombosis, cavernus sinus, renal vein thrombosis and priapism. In one of these families, five members died of intra-abdominal thrombosis before the age of 40. A compensated diffuse intra- vascular coagulation syndrome was observed during massive thromboembolic attacks as evidenced by high levels of D-Dimer (≥5000ng/ml). The treatment of choice was heparin or urokinase (with the exception of one patient), followed by heparin and fresh frozen plasma. Long term prophylaxis was LMW heparin or low dose warfarin plus stromba. The one patient who did not respond to the thrombolytic treatment with urokinase was found to have in his plasma a high titre of inhibitor against urokinase and prourokinase. This patient responded to streptokinase treatment. D-Dimer levels in these patients in non-crisis state were raised and proportional to the degree of the protein C deficiency.
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Close, Natasha, Julia Dilley, and Janet Baseman. "Poison Center Reports of Cannabis Exposures among Children in Washington State, 2016." In 2020 Virtual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2021.01.000.20.
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Washington State began legal cannabis retail sales in 2014. Legalization of adult use cannabis and retail sales may result in more cannabis products in homes and opportunities for accidental exposures among young children. Consumption of cannabis by young children can result in significant adverse health effects. This study examined details of cannabis exposure events involving children under age 12 that were reported to the Washington State Poison Center (WAPC) during January – December 2016. Redacted charts were obtained from the WAPC “Toxicall” database. 50 eligible events were identified. Structured data were used to describe child age and gender and to obtain information about the involved products, route of administration, exposure setting, and clinical effects. Additional information about the exposure event was available in case notes; qualitative methods were used to develop themes and categorize the cases. Most exposure events (62%) were for children ages 0-2, and 26% were for ages 3-5. None of the exposures were reported as intentional. Of those where the source of the product could be determined (N=29) either a parent (n=20, 69%) or grandparent (n=6, 21%) was the most common source. Nearly all (94%) exposures occurred at the patient’s home and involved a single substance (90%). Of those that noted the type (N=13), 85% indicated that the cannabis was obtained for medical purposes. Most exposures were by ingestion (86%), and edibles were the most often reported form (52% of 41 cases with product specified). Nearly all edibles were brownies, cookies, and candies (96%). Baked goods were reported to be both homemade and purchased. Three cases were exposures to cannabidiol (CBD) among children being treated for seizures by their parents: one was the result of a therapeutic error, one an adverse reaction, and one an unintentional exposure. A single child was reported as exposed through breastmilk. Of those with known medical outcomes (N=33), nearly all caused no or minor clinical effects (78%), and nearly all had symptoms for less than 24 hours, most commonly lethargy and drowsiness (50%), but five children were hospitalized for non-critical care and one child with a history of seizures, who was given CBD oil containing THC, required intensive care and intubation. Risk for accidental exposures to cannabis among young children may be increasing as legal cannabis markets become more common. Although most exposures do not cause long-lasting harms, some children can experience significant harm requiring medical intervention. Caregivers of young children are advised to safely store cannabis products in the home so that they are out of reach of children, and to use caution and consult with a healthcare provider about use of cannabis products for medical treatment of a child or adult use while breastfeeding. Clinicians may play a role by screening for household cannabis use among parents and other caregivers, and advising about safe home practices. Continued regulatory approaches to limit exposure, such as limits on THC potency and single-serving packaging designs, may also be useful.
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Oktaviana, Nur Fatma, and Suparno. "Children at An Early Age: Motor Development of Breastfed and Formula-fed Children Aged 2-6 Years." In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Current Issues in Education (ICCIE 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iccie-18.2019.62.
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Bluemel, Trevor S., Michael Q. Sanderson, Jacob R. Jensen, Andrew R. Garrett, Melissa M. Alegre, Richard A. Robison, and Kim L. O'Neill. "Abstract 4613: Serum levels of antioxidants in college aged, elderly, and cancer patients." In Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL. American Association for Cancer Research, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2011-4613.
Full textReports on the topic "Ages 2-6"
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Amzeri, Achmad, B. S. DARYONO, and M. SYAFII. GENOTYPE BY ENVIRONMENT AND STABILITY ANALYSES OF DRYLAND MAIZE HYBRIDS. SABRAO Journal of Breeding and Genetics, September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21107/amzeri.2020.2.
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The phenotypic analysis of new candidate varieties at multiple locations could provide information on the stability of their genotypes. We evaluated the stability of 11 maize hybrid candidates in five districts in East Java Province, Indonesia. Maize hybrids with high yield potential and early maturity traits derived from a diallel cross were planted in a randomized complete block design with two checks (Srikandi Kuning and BISI-2) as a single factor with four replicates. The observed traits were grain yield per hectare and harvest age. The effects of environment, genotype, and genotype × environment interaction on yield were highly significant (P < 0.01). KTM-1, KTM-2, KTM-4, KTM-5, and KTM-6 showed higher average grain yield per hectare than the checks (Srikandi Kuning = 8.49 ton ha−1 and BISI-2 = 7.32 ton ha−1) at five different locations. The average harvest age of 11 candidates was less than 100 days. KTM-4 and KTM-5 had production yields that were higher than the average yield of all genotypes in all environments (Yi > 7.78 tons ha−1) and were considered stable on the basis of three stability parameters, i.e., Finlay–Wilkinson, Eberhart–Russell, and additive main effect multiplicative interaction (AMMI). KTM-2 had the highest yield among all tested genotypes (9.33 ton ha−1) and was considered as stable on the basis of AMMI but not on the basis of Finlay–Wilkinson and Eberhart–Russell. KTM-1 performed well only in Pamekasan, whereas KTM-6 performed well only in Sampang. Thus, these two genotypes could be targeted for these specific locations.
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Lazdane, Gunta, Dace Rezeberga, Ieva Briedite, Elizabete Pumpure, Ieva Pitkevica, Darja Mihailova, and Marta Laura Gravina. Sexual and reproductive health in the time of COVID-19 in Latvia, qualitative research interviews and focus group discussions, 2020 (in Latvian). Rīga Stradiņš University, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25143/fk2/lxku5a.
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Qualitative research is focused on the influence of COVID-19 pandemic and restriction measures on sexual and reproductive health in Latvia. Results of the anonymous online survey (I-SHARE) of 1173 people living in Latvia age 18 and over were used as a background in finalization the interview and the focus group discussion protocols ensuring better understanding of the influencing factors. Protocols included 9 parts (0.Introduction. 1. COVID-19 general influence, 2. SRH, 3. Communication with health professionals, 4.Access to SRH services, 5.Communication with population incl. three target groups 5.1. Pregnant women, 5.2. People with suspected STIs, 5.3.Women, who require abortion, 6. HIV/COVID-19, 7. External support, 8. Conclusions and recommendations. Data include audiorecords in Latvian of: 1) 11 semi-structures interviews with policy makers including representatives from governmental and non-governmental organizations involved in sexual and reproductive health, information and health service provision. 2) 12 focus group discussions with pregnant women (1), women in postpartum period (3) and their partners (3), people living with HIV (1), health care providers involved in maternal health care and emergency health care for women (4) (2021-02-18) Subject: Medicine, Health and Life Sciences Keywords: Sexual and reproductive health, COVID-19, access to services, Latvia
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McDonagh, Marian, Andrea C. Skelly, Amy Hermesch, Ellen Tilden, Erika D. Brodt, Tracy Dana, Shaun Ramirez, et al. Cervical Ripening in the Outpatient Setting. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer238.
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Objectives. To assess the comparative effectiveness and potential harms of cervical ripening in the outpatient setting (vs. inpatient, vs. other outpatient intervention) and of fetal surveillance when a prostaglandin is used for cervical ripening. Data sources. Electronic databases (Ovid® MEDLINE®, Embase®, CINAHL®, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews) to July 2020; reference lists; and a Federal Register notice. Review methods. Using predefined criteria and dual review, we selected randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cohort studies of cervical ripening comparing prostaglandins and mechanical methods in outpatient versus inpatient settings; one outpatient method versus another (including placebo or expectant management); and different methods/protocols for fetal surveillance in cervical ripening using prostaglandins. When data from similar study designs, populations, and outcomes were available, random effects using profile likelihood meta-analyses were conducted. Inconsistency (using I2) and small sample size bias (publication bias, if ≥10 studies) were assessed. Strength of evidence (SOE) was assessed. All review methods followed Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Evidence-based Practice Center methods guidance. Results. We included 30 RCTs and 10 cohort studies (73% fair quality) involving 9,618 women. The evidence is most applicable to women aged 25 to 30 years with singleton, vertex presentation and low-risk pregnancies. No studies on fetal surveillance were found. The frequency of cesarean delivery (2 RCTs, 4 cohort studies) or suspected neonatal sepsis (2 RCTs) was not significantly different using outpatient versus inpatient dinoprostone for cervical ripening (SOE: low). In comparisons of outpatient versus inpatient single-balloon catheters (3 RCTs, 2 cohort studies), differences between groups on cesarean delivery, birth trauma (e.g., cephalohematoma), and uterine infection were small and not statistically significant (SOE: low), and while shoulder dystocia occurred less frequently in the outpatient group (1 RCT; 3% vs. 11%), the difference was not statistically significant (SOE: low). In comparing outpatient catheters and inpatient dinoprostone (1 double-balloon and 1 single-balloon RCT), the difference between groups for both cesarean delivery and postpartum hemorrhage was small and not statistically significant (SOE: low). Evidence on other outcomes in these comparisons and for misoprostol, double-balloon catheters, and hygroscopic dilators was insufficient to draw conclusions. In head to head comparisons in the outpatient setting, the frequency of cesarean delivery was not significantly different between 2.5 mg and 5 mg dinoprostone gel, or latex and silicone single-balloon catheters (1 RCT each, SOE: low). Differences between prostaglandins and placebo for cervical ripening were small and not significantly different for cesarean delivery (12 RCTs), shoulder dystocia (3 RCTs), or uterine infection (7 RCTs) (SOE: low). These findings did not change according to the specific prostaglandin, route of administration, study quality, or gestational age. Small, nonsignificant differences in the frequency of cesarean delivery (6 RCTs) and uterine infection (3 RCTs) were also found between dinoprostone and either membrane sweeping or expectant management (SOE: low). These findings did not change according to the specific prostaglandin or study quality. Evidence on other comparisons (e.g., single-balloon catheter vs. dinoprostone) or other outcomes was insufficient. For all comparisons, there was insufficient evidence on other important outcomes such as perinatal mortality and time from admission to vaginal birth. Limitations of the evidence include the quantity, quality, and sample sizes of trials for specific interventions, particularly rare harm outcomes. Conclusions. In women with low-risk pregnancies, the risk of cesarean delivery and fetal, neonatal, or maternal harms using either dinoprostone or single-balloon catheters was not significantly different for cervical ripening in the outpatient versus inpatient setting, and similar when compared with placebo, expectant management, or membrane sweeping in the outpatient setting. This evidence is low strength, and future studies are needed to confirm these findings.
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HEFNER, Robert. IHSAN ETHICS AND POLITICAL REVITALIZATION Appreciating Muqtedar Khan’s Islam and Good Governance. IIIT, October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47816/01.001.20.
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Ours is an age of pervasive political turbulence, and the scale of the challenge requires new thinking on politics as well as public ethics for our world. In Western countries, the specter of Islamophobia, alt-right populism, along with racialized violence has shaken public confidence in long-secure assumptions rooted in democracy, diversity, and citizenship. The tragic denouement of so many of the Arab uprisings together with the ascendance of apocalyptic extremists like Daesh and Boko Haram have caused an even greater sense of alarm in large parts of the Muslim-majority world. It is against this backdrop that M.A. Muqtedar Khan has written a book of breathtaking range and ethical beauty. The author explores the history and sociology of the Muslim world, both classic and contemporary. He does so, however, not merely to chronicle the phases of its development, but to explore just why the message of compassion, mercy, and ethical beauty so prominent in the Quran and Sunna of the Prophet came over time to be displaced by a narrow legalism that emphasized jurisprudence, punishment, and social control. In the modern era, Western Orientalists and Islamists alike have pushed the juridification and interpretive reification of Islamic ethical traditions even further. Each group has asserted that the essence of Islam lies in jurisprudence (fiqh), and both have tended to imagine this legal heritage on the model of Western positive law, according to which law is authorized, codified, and enforced by a leviathan state. “Reification of Shariah and equating of Islam and Shariah has a rather emaciating effect on Islam,” Khan rightly argues. It leads its proponents to overlook “the depth and heights of Islamic faith, mysticism, philosophy or even emotions such as divine love (Muhabba)” (13). As the sociologist of Islamic law, Sami Zubaida, has similarly observed, in all these developments one sees evidence, not of a traditionalist reassertion of Muslim values, but a “triumph of Western models” of religion and state (Zubaida 2003:135). To counteract these impoverishing trends, Khan presents a far-reaching analysis that “seeks to move away from the now failed vision of Islamic states without demanding radical secularization” (2). He does so by positioning himself squarely within the ethical and mystical legacy of the Qur’an and traditions of the Prophet. As the book’s title makes clear, the key to this effort of religious recovery is “the cosmology of Ihsan and the worldview of Al-Tasawwuf, the science of Islamic mysticism” (1-2). For Islamist activists whose models of Islam have more to do with contemporary identity politics than a deep reading of Islamic traditions, Khan’s foregrounding of Ihsan may seem unfamiliar or baffling. But one of the many achievements of this book is the skill with which it plumbs the depth of scripture, classical commentaries, and tasawwuf practices to recover and confirm the ethic that lies at their heart. “The Quran promises that God is with those who do beautiful things,” the author reminds us (Khan 2019:1). The concept of Ihsan appears 191 times in 175 verses in the Quran (110). The concept is given its richest elaboration, Khan explains, in the famous hadith of the Angel Gabriel. This tradition recounts that when Gabriel appeared before the Prophet he asked, “What is Ihsan?” Both Gabriel’s question and the Prophet’s response make clear that Ihsan is an ideal at the center of the Qur’an and Sunna of the Prophet, and that it enjoins “perfection, goodness, to better, to do beautiful things and to do righteous deeds” (3). It is this cosmological ethic that Khan argues must be restored and implemented “to develop a political philosophy … that emphasizes love over law” (2). In its expansive exploration of Islamic ethics and civilization, Khan’s Islam and Good Governance will remind some readers of the late Shahab Ahmed’s remarkable book, What is Islam? The Importance of Being Islamic (Ahmed 2016). Both are works of impressive range and spiritual depth. But whereas Ahmed stood in the humanities wing of Islamic studies, Khan is an intellectual polymath who moves easily across the Islamic sciences, social theory, and comparative politics. He brings the full weight of his effort to conclusion with policy recommendations for how “to combine Sufism with political theory” (6), and to do so in a way that recommends specific “Islamic principles that encourage good governance, and politics in pursuit of goodness” (8).
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Oza, Shardul, and Jacobus Cilliers. What Did Children Do During School Closures? Insights from a Parent Survey in Tanzania. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-ri_2021/027.
Full textAbstract:
In this Insight Note, we report results of a phone survey that the RISE Tanzania Research team conducted with 2,240 parents (or alternate primary care-givers) of primary school children following the school closures in Tanzania. After the first case of COVID-19 was confirmed in Tanzania on 16 March 2020, the government ordered all primary schools closed the following day. Schools remained closed until 29 June 2020. Policymakers and other education stakeholders were concerned that the closures would lead to significant learning loss if children did not receive educational support or engagement at home. To help stem learning loss, the government promoted radio, TV, and internet-based learning content to parents of school-age children. The primary aims of the survey were to understand how children and families responded to the school closures, the education related activities they engaged in, and their strategies to send children back to school. The survey also measures households’ engagement with remote learning content over the period of school closures. We supplement the findings of the parent survey with insights from interviews with Ward Education Officers about their activities during the school closures. The survey sample is comprised of primary care-givers (in most cases, parents) of students enrolled in Grades 3 and 4 during the 2020 school year. The survey builds on an existing panel of students assessed in 2019 and 2020 in a nationally representative sample of schools.4 The parent surveys were conducted using Computer Assisted Telephonic Interviewing (CATI) over a two-week period in early September 2020, roughly two months after the re-opening of primary schools. We report the following key findings from this survey: *Almost all (more than 99 percent) of children in our sample were back in school two months after schools re-opened. The vast majority of parents believed it was either safe or extremely safe for their children to return to school. *Only 6 percent of households reported that their children listened to radio lessons during the school closures; and a similar fraction (5.5 percent) tuned into TV lessons over the same period. Less than 1 percent of those surveyed accessed educational programmes on the internet. Households with access to radio or TV reported higher usage. *Approximately 1 in 3 (36 percent) children worked on the family farm during the closures, with most children working either 2 or 3 days a week. Male children were 6.2 percentage points likelier to work on the family farm than female children. *Households have limited access to education materials for their child. While more than 9 out of 10 households have an exercise book, far fewer had access to textbooks (35 percent) or own reading books (31 percent). *One in four parents (24 percent) read a book to their child in the last week.