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Journal articles on the topic 'Agonistic behaviour'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Waas, Joseph R. "Intraspecific Variation in Social Repertoires: Evidence From Cave- and Burrow-Dwelling Little Blue Penguins." Behaviour 115, no. 1-2 (1990): 63–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853990x00293.

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Abstract1. Breeding habitat variation in little blue penguin agonistic behaviour is correlated with environmental heterogeneity. 2. Cave-dwellers nested in tight colonial aggregations and had no physical barriers between nest sites. Burrow-dwellers nested as solitary pairs or in loose aggregations and were physically isolated from one another. 3. Cave-dwellers had significantly higher agonistic interaction rates than burrow-dwellers. 4. Cave-dwellers used a total of 22 distinct agonistic behaviours with 54 variations. Burrow-dwellers used a total of 13 agonistic behaviours with 29 variations. Variations on base behaviour were primarily the result of differences in vocal accompaniment. 5. Both cave- and burrow-dwellers used growl, low bray, medium bray, full bray, aggressive bark and aggressive yell vocalizations during agonistic behaviour. Only burrow-dwellers used a hiss vocalization. 6. Despite variation between cave- and burrow-dweller repertoires, many agonistic behaviours were very similar in form (posture, duration, movement, presence or absence of vocal components) and/or context (distance from the opponent when performing the behaviour, proportion of interactions involving the behaviour). 7. Repertoires from both habitats could be divided into three discrete categories: defensive behaviour, offensive behaviour, and overt aggression. For each habitat, the defensive behaviour category could be divided into stationary and distance increasing behaviour; the offensive behaviour category could be divided into stationary, distance reducing, and contact behaviour; and the overt aggression category could be divided into distance reducing and contact behaviour. 8. Cave-dwellers used twice as many defensive behaviours, twice as many offensive behaviours, and the same number of overtly aggressive behaviours as burrow-dwellers. 9. In both habitats, defensive behaviour was used most when the opponent was nearby ( < 1 m to 1-2 m), whereas stationary offensive behaviour was performed most when opponents were further away (2-3 m to > 3 m). Distance reducing behaviour (both offensive and overt) was performed most at middle interaction distances (1-2 m to 2-3 m) in both habitats. 10. Males were involved in a higher proportion of agonistic interactions than females in both habitats. 11. Burrow-dwellers used the overt behaviour Attack significantly more than cave-dwellers and also used the most dangerous fighting method more commonly than cave-dwellers. Burrow-dwellers also bit and fought significantly longer than cave-dwellers. 12. An egg transfer experiment (i.e. between cave and burrow colonies) indicated that chicks may not be genetically bound to the use of a habitat-specific repertoire of agonistic behaviours. 13. Four possible mechanisms are suggested for the origin of variation between habitats: (1) genetic influences; (2) phenotypic modulation; (3) experience; and (4) circumstantial influences. 14. Plastic agonistic behaviour may allow immediate and potentially adaptive phenotypic change in response to environmental heterogeneity. The large cave repertoire may reduce the chances of any one interaction ending with overt aggression. The smaller burrow-dweller repertoire may be sufficient to defend the physically enclosed burrow nest sites.

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Brillet, Ch. "Behavioural cues in sex recognition by two species of nocturnal lizards: Eublepharis macularius and Paroedura pictus." Amphibia-Reptilia 14, no. 1 (1993): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853893x00200.

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AbstractAlthough several senses are used in agonistic and sexual behaviours by Eublepharis macularius and Paroedura pictus, different cues do not have the same relative value for males of the two species. Behavioural patterns observed in the presence of anesthetized conspecifics of both sexes differed considerably. The agonistic and sexual behaviours of E. macularius underwent progressive changes in reaction time and the frequency and duration of other behaviours. Aggressive behaviour eventually almost completely disappeared in P. pictus and was replaced by sexual behaviour, whatever the sex of the stimulus-animal ; the lizards then appeared to be incapable of distinguishing males from females. Agonistic behaviour of both species was sensitive to the immobility of the conspecific, although to different degrees. These data concur with observations carried out under more natural conditions; sex recognition criteria differ between the species. E. macularius relies primarily on chemical signals for sex recognition and sex-related behaviours. In P. pictus, which depends primarily on visual signals, conspecific posture and behaviour are the main factors responsible for both sexual and agonistic reactions.

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Reynierse, James H. "Agonistic Behaviour in Mongolian Gerbils." Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 29, no. 2 (2010): 175–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1971.tb01731.x.

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Shelverton, P. A., and C. G. Carter. "The Effect of Ration on Behaviour, Food Consumption and Growth in Juvenile Greenback Flounder (Rhombosolea Tapirina: Teleostei)." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 78, no. 4 (1998): 1307–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400044519.

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This study examined the relationships between food ration, intra- and interindividual variation in food consumption, observed behaviours and the growth of individual juvenile greenback flounder (Rhombosolea tapirina: Teleostei) held singly and in groups. Agonistic, feeding and neutral behavioural units were identified and described using video records and focal sampling. Agonistic behaviour, including nipping and pushing, were infrequent and accounted for <5% of behavioural units. The influence of food ration upon agonistic behaviour was investigated using three groups of six flounder offered either a low, medium or high food ration. The total number of agonistic behaviours recorded in each group did not differ significantly (P>0.05) suggesting food ration had little influence upon the total number of agonistic behaviours performed. Single flounder showed less intra- and less interindividual variation in day-to-day food consumption than in groups of six. Variation in food consumption increased with increasing food ration in single and in groups of flounder. Significant positive correlations between food consumption, intraindividual variation in food consumption and specific growth rate provided indirect evidence for the presence of feeding hierarchies. The small contribution made by agonistic behaviour to the total number of behaviours recorded for each group suggests exploitation competition, as opposed to interference competition, was the dominant competitive mechanism employed by juvenile greenback flounder.

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Khatiwada, Sunil, and Mukesh K. Chalise. "Agnostic Interaction between Rhesus Monkey and Human at Swayambhu and Pashupati Area, Nepal." Nepalese Journal of Zoology 3, no. 1 (2015): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njz.v3i1.30870.

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The study was designed using Scan Sampling and Ad libitum recording to investigate the interaction between Rhesus monkey and Humans in Pashupatinath Temple Area and Swayambhunath Stupa Area for a total of 250 hours (8 hours per day; from 9:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m.). Interactions at Swayambhu were occurring high in midday (1p.m. to 2 p.m.) and at Pashupati interactions were occurring high in morning (10 a.m. to 11 a.m.) and evening (4 p.m. to 5 p.m.). Monkey interacted more for the context of food while humans interacted for recreation purpose. Biting was observed only in Swayambhu area. Agonistic behaviour by human was 44% at Pashupati and 34.7% at Swayambhu and Agonistic monkey behaviour was 23.1% at Swayambhu while 22.4% at Pashupati. Living in commensalism with human agonistic behaviour of monkey was high in response to human behaviour rather than through its initiation and also monkeys’ have devised passive behavior strategy during presence of food. Threat shown by monkey at both places tends to increase in absence of food. Female monkey individuals residing in Swayambhu initiate more encounters (58%) than of Pashupati (28%) area while the overall encounter was accounted for male individual. Female monkey individuals were likely to start an encounter at Swayambhu preferring agonistic behaviour during encounter than male individuals while at Pashupati male monkey individual were likely to prefer agonistic behaviour.

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Solomon-Lane, Tessa K., Madelyne C. Willis, Devaleena S. Pradhan, and Matthew S. Grober. "Female, but not male, agonistic behaviour is associated with male reproductive success in stable bluebanded goby (Lythrypnus dalli) hierarchies." Behaviour 151, no. 10 (2014): 1367–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003188.

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In many social species, there are important connections between social behaviour and reproduction that provide critical insights into the evolution of sociality. In this study, we describe associations between agonistic behaviour and male reproductive success in stable social groups of bluebanded gobies (Lythrypnus dalli). This highly social, sex-changing species forms linear hierarchies of a dominant male and multiple subordinate females. Males reproduce with each female in the harem and care for the eggs. Since aggression tends to be associated with reduced reproduction in social hierarchies, we hypothesized that males in groups with high rates of aggression would fertilise fewer eggs. We also hypothesized that a male’s agonistic behaviour would be associated with his reproductive success. Dominants often exert substantial control over their harem, including control over subordinate reproduction. To address these hypotheses, we quantified egg laying/fertilisation over 13 days and observed agonistic behaviour. We show that there was a significant, negative association between male reproductive success and the total rate agonistic interactions by a group. While no male behaviours were associated with the quantity of eggs fertilised, female agonistic behaviour may be central to male reproductive success. We identified a set of models approximating male reproductive success that included three female behaviours: aggression by the highest-ranking female and approaches by the lowest-ranking female were negatively associated with the quantity of eggs fertilised by males in their groups, but the efficiency with which the middle-ranking female displaced others was positively associated with this measure. These data provide a first step in elucidating the behavioural mechanisms that are associated with L. dalli reproductive success.

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Pereira, Michael E., and Peter M. Kappeler. "Divergent Systems of Agonistic Behaviour in Lemurid Primates." Behaviour 134, no. 3-4 (1997): 225–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853997x00467.

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AbstractTwo semifree-ranging groups of ringtailed lemurs (Lemur catta) and two co-ranging groups of redfronted lemurs (Eulemur fulvus rufus) were studied across a two-year period to characterise and contrast the adult agonistic behaviour these primates exhibit within groups. Temporal analyses of behavioural data distinguished agonistic from non-agonistic behaviour and aggressive from submissive behaviour. The ringtailed lemurs employed a diverse repertoire of behavioural elements to communicate agonistic intent. More than 50% of these elements were signals and nearly 50% of signals were submissive. The agonistic repertoire of the redfronted lemurs, by contrast, was relatively unelaborated: less than 40% of agonistic behaviour in this species comprised signals and less than 20% of signals were submissive. These structural differences underlay marked species differences in agonistic interaction and relationship. All pairs of ringtailed lemurs maintained dominance relations resembling those seen in many anthropoid primates: subordinates consistently signalled submissively to dominant partners, often in the absence of aggression. Dominance relations among members of each sex were seasonally unstable and not always transitive (hierarchical) during periods of stability, however. Redfronted lemurs, by contrast, did not maintain dominance relations, failing to respond agonistically to most aggression received (52% of interactions) and responding with aggression on many other occasions (12%). Even applying relaxed criteria, few adult redfronted dyads (14%) showed consistent asymmetries in agonistic relations and several never exhibited any asymmetry. Lacking dominance, E. f rufus relied heavily on alternate behavioural mechanisms to moderate social conflict as frequent and intense as that seen in study groups of ringtailed lemurs. These included a great inclination not to respond agonistically to aggression, a distinctive behavioural proposal to limit or terminate dyadic conflict (Look away), post-conflict reconciliation, and relatively frequent third-party aggression. The existence of such divergent systems of agonistic behaviour in partially sympatric, closely related and generally similar prosimian primates offers important opportunities for comparative study of the ecology, development, and evolution of mammalian social systems. Future research may reveal ecophysiological factors that promote the use of dominance behaviour among like-sexed ringtailed lemurs and show how the relative absence of dominance relates to other major elements of redfronted lemur biology, including 'special relationships' of variable duration between adult males and females.

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Dunham, David W., and Radu Cornel Guiasu. "Agonistic Interactions in Male Form Ii Cambarus Robustus Girard, 1852 Crayfish (Decapoda, Cambaridae) and a Comparison Between Male Form i aNd Form Ii Intra-Form Contests." Crustaceana 70, no. 6 (1997): 720–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854097x00159.

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AbstractAn analysis of intra-form agonistic contests between size-matched male Form II (non-breeding form) Cambarus robustus Girard, 1852 crayfish revealed that the winners and losers of these contests differed in the numbers and types of initiation behaviours used. The (eventual) winners, which initiated significantly more fights overall, used mostly the aggressive Claws Raised and Lunge initiation behaviours, whereas the (eventual) losers, which also initiated most of the very first fights of the overall agonistic contests, used mostly the tentative Ambivalent Contact behaviour. Thus, initiation behaviours can be used as good predictors of status for males of this species. The Lunge behaviour is a strong indicator of the eventual dominant status of male crayfish, during agonistic contests. There was a significant, negative correlation between the relative frequency of the Lunge initiation behaviours used by the winners and the total time spent fighting. A comparison between the male Form II and Form I (breeding form) intra-form contests, in this species, and an analysis of the differences and similarities between these two types of contests, indicated that male form is an important variable in the agonistic interactions of cambarid crayfish.

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Oyama, Taiga, Yuto Momohara, Hirona Yano, Michiya Kamio, Naoyuki Fujiyama, and Toshiki Nagayama. "Sex recognition and agonistic strategies of male and female crayfish." Behaviour 157, no. 6 (2020): 575–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-bja10014.

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Abstract Intraspecific communication is essential for agonistic and mating behaviours. Agonistic strategy of males must change according to the sex of opponents and that of females is also dependent on their physiological state as to whether they are brooding or not. We have analysed here the agonistic encounters between pairs of male and female crayfish in various combinations to reveal the interaction between agonistic and mating behaviours. After male crayfish became dominant, they aggressively chased subordinate males with attacks, while they did not attack female opponents. Furthermore, the agonistic behaviour of males changed depending on whether females were ovigerous or not. On the other hand, two females showed intense combats despite being ovigerous or not. Crayfish discriminated the sex of opponents via chemical signals in the urine. However, the dominant and subordinate social order of crayfish had no effect on selecting mating partners.

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Ferron, Jean. "How do population density and food supply influence social behaviour in the snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus)?" Canadian Journal of Zoology 71, no. 6 (1993): 1084–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z93-147.

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The influence of population density and food on the social behaviour of the snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus) was studied in an outdoor enclosure. The year was divided into two periods: the nonbreeding season (October to March) and the breeding season (April to August). During each period, data on social interactions were recorded for groups of 4, 6, 8, and 10 animals, with three different sets of animals for each group size. Agonistic behaviour characterized social encounters between hares year-round. During the nonbreeding season, there was a significant correlation between agonistic behaviour and group size for females only. During the breeding season, the rate of interaction was lower and agonistic behaviour was significantly and negatively correlated with group size for males only. Two-way ANOVA of total agonistic behaviour revealed that group size and sex interacted significantly only during the nonbreeding season. The different categories of agonistic behaviour (aggression, threat, and taking the place of another animal) were also analysed separately. The distribution of aggression within each of the experimental groups indicated that the two top-ranking animals were generally males and that they initiated most of the aggressive encounters. Another experiment with restricted food availability was conducted to study the impact of limited resources on agonistic behaviour. Hares were significantly more aggressive when food was restricted than when food was available ad libitum. It thus appears that food availability has a stronger influence on social behaviour than does hare density.

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Rowe, RJ. "Agnostic Behavior in Final-Instar Larvae of the Damselfly Neosticta-Fraseri (Odonata, Isostictidae)." Australian Journal of Zoology 42, no. 6 (1994): 733. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9940733.

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Larval agonistic displays are reported from an isostictid damselfly, Neosticta fraseri. Twenty major displays were distinguished. Display motor patterns showed a general similarity with those recognised in larval Coenagrionidae (a family regarded on adult characters as being closely allied to the Isostictidae). The agonistic behaviour repertoire of N. fraseri is contrasted with published information on coenagrionid larvae and also with the behaviours of Diphlebia euphoeoides (Amphipterygidae), a superficially similar larva occurring in the same habitat. The use of larval agonistic display characters in phylogenetic analysis is discussed.

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Boileau, Anik, Marianne Farish, Simon P. Turner, and Irene Camerlink. "Infrared thermography of agonistic behaviour in pigs." Physiology & Behavior 210 (October 2019): 112637. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112637.

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Mitchell, Paul J. "ANTIDEPRESSANT DRUG EFFECTS ON RODENT AGONISTIC BEHAVIOUR." Behavioural Pharmacology 10, SUPPLEMENT 1 (1999): S62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008877-199908001-00158.

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Goddard, M. E., and R. G. Beilharz. "Individual variation in agonistic behaviour in dogs." Animal Behaviour 33, no. 4 (1985): 1338–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-3472(85)80195-0.

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Fontoura, Luisa, Mauricio Cantor, Guilherme O. Longo, Mariana G. Bender, Roberta M. Bonaldo, and Sergio R. Floeter. "The macroecology of reef fish agonistic behaviour." Ecography 43, no. 9 (2020): 1278–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ecog.05079.

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Knol, B. W., and S. T. Egberink‐Alink. "Androgens, progestagens and agonistic behaviour: A review." Veterinary Quarterly 11, no. 2 (1989): 94–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01652176.1989.9694205.

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Moyers, Sahnzi C., Kara B. Kosarski, James S. Adelman, and Dana M. Hawley. "Interactions between social behaviour and the acute phase immune response in house finches." Behaviour 152, no. 15 (2015): 2039–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003312.

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In social organisms, immune-mediated behavioural changes (sickness behaviours) can both influence and respond to social dynamics. We tested whether social status in house finches (Haemorhous mexicanus) modulates the acute phase response or aggressive interactions with flockmates. We treated subordinate or dominant finches within captive flocks with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to stimulate an acute phase response (APR), and quantified mass loss, activity, foraging behaviours, and agonistic interactions. Subordinate finches lost more mass than dominants in response to LPS, but social status did not influence the expression of sickness behaviours (activity and foraging) upon LPS injection. LPS-injected subordinate birds experienced reduced aggression from mid-ranking but not dominant flockmates, indicating status-mediated effects of sickness behaviour on agonistic interactions. Our results suggest that social status in house finches influences one component of the APR (mass loss) and can interact with the APR to modulate intraspecific agonistic interactions in ways likely relevant for disease transmission.

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Shahzad, Fakhar, Jianguo Du, Imran Khan, et al. "Perceived Threat of COVID-19 Contagion and Frontline Paramedics’ Agonistic Behaviour: Employing a Stressor–Strain–Outcome Perspective." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 14 (2020): 5102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145102.

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Historically, infectious diseases have been the leading cause of human psychosomatic strain and death tolls. This research investigated the recent threat of COVID-19 contagion, especially its impact among frontline paramedics treating patients with COVID-19, and their perception of self-infection, which ultimately increases their agonistic behaviour. Based on the stressor–strain–outcome paradigm, a research model was proposed and investigated using survey-based data through a structured questionnaire. The results found that the perceived threat of COVID-19 contagion (emotional and cognitive threat) was positively correlated with physiological anxiety, depression, and emotional exhaustion, which led toward agonistic behaviour. Further, perceived social support was a key moderator that negatively affected the relationships between agonistic behaviour and physiological anxiety, depression, and emotional exhaustion. These findings significantly contributed to the current literature concerning COVID-19 and pandemic-related effects on human behaviour. This study also theorized the concept of human agonistic behaviour, which has key implications for future researchers.

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Dempster, E. R. "The Social Behaviour of Captive Northern Quolls, Dasyurus hallucatus." Australian Mammalogy 18, no. 1 (1995): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am95027.

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Thirty-one staged interactions between male-male, female-female and male-female pairs of captive Dasyurus hallucatus were video recorded. No contact-promoting behaviour such as huddling or allogrooming was observed. Animals performed solitary exploration of the test arena, were inactive, performed olfactory investigation and scent-marking, watched or reacted to the opponent with agonistic behaviour. Two threat postures were identified: a "straight threat" was positively correlated with submissive behaviour and indicated a defensive motivation. A "shuffle threat" was associated with aggressive behaviour and indicated an offensive motivation. Hissing vocalizations were associated with threatening behaviour, particularly straight threatening. Sniffing vocalizations were associated with agonistic behaviour. Squawks were always associated with attacking and fighting. Behaviour differed significantly among encounter types. Males performed more agonistic behaviour and less exploratory behaviour than females in same-sex encounters. In male-female encounters, females displayed more submissive and less sniff/marking behaviour than males. D. hallucatus conform to observations that most dasyurid species are solitary and asocial.

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Slavík, Ondřej, Pavel Horký, and Marie Wackermannová. "How does agonistic behaviour differ in albino and pigmented fish?" PeerJ 4 (April 18, 2016): e1937. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1937.

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In addition to hypopigmentation of the skin and red iris colouration, albino animals also display distinct physiological and behavioural alterations. However, information on the social interactions of albino animals is rare and has mostly been limited to specially bred strains of albino rodents and animals from unique environments in caves. Differentiating between the effects of albinism and domestication on behaviour in rodents can be difficult, and social behaviour in cave fish changes according to species-specific adaptations to conditions of permanent darkness. The agonistic behaviours of albino offspring of pigmented parents have yet to be described. In this study, we observed agonistic behaviour in albino and pigmented juvenileSilurus glaniscatfish. We found that the total number of aggressive interactions was lower in albinos than in pigmented catfish. The distance between conspecifics was also analysed, and albinos showed a tendency towards greater separation from their same-coloured conspecifics compared with pigmented catfish. These results demonstrate that albinism can be associated with lower aggressiveness and with reduced shoaling behaviour preference, as demonstrated by a tendency towards greater separation of albinos from conspecifics.

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Wilhelm, P., and U. Ganslosser. "Sequential orgaqisation of social behaviour in captive adult and juvenile Macropus rufus (Marsupialia: Macropodidae)." Australian Mammalogy 12, no. 1 (1989): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am89001.

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The behavioural repertoire of Macropus rufus in captivity is described in comparison with data from literature. Most behavioural elements observed do not differ from those of free-ranging populations. Some new elements of agonistic and sexual behaviour are described. The sequential organisation of adult social behaviour allows a distinction between the functional categories of agonistic, friendly and sexual behaviour as well as a series of transitional elements. In sexual behaviour, low-intensity sexual checking can be distinguished from high-intensity courting and mating behaviour. In agonistic contexts a distinction between elements of ritualised and unritualised fighting is possible on the basis of sequences, with fixed sequences of behaviour patterns in ritualised fighting. Young M. rufus show nearly all behaviour patterns of adults, though frequently out of context. Their behavioural repertoire is not organised into different functional categories. Playfighting as well as running-play are not restricted to the mother-young dyad.

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Sokołowicz, Zofia, Magdalena Dykiel, Jadwiga Topczewska, Józefa Krawczyk, and Anna Augustyńska-Prejsnar. "The Effect of the Type of Non-Caged Housing System, Genotype and Age on the Behaviour of Laying Hens." Animals 10, no. 12 (2020): 2450. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10122450.

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This study investigated the welfare of laying hens in different non-caged housing systems, namely a deep-litter barn system (BS), a free-range system (FRS) and an organic system (OS). The study was conducted on 270 hens of a native breed Green-legged Partridge (Z-11) and 270 Hy-Line Brown hybrids. Visual scans were performed to record behaviour of hens. Hens were housed in groups of 30 and observed over the course of one day at 20, 36 and 56 weeks of age. Dustbathing, scratching, wing stretching, wing flapping and preening were recorded as comfort behaviours. Pecking, fighting, threatening and chasing were recorded as agonistic behaviours. The percentage of run use was higher in native hens than in commercial hens (p < 0.05). The proportion of hens exhibiting comfort behaviours housed in the FRS and OS was similar but over twice as high as in the BS (p < 0.05). In the FRS and OS, the percentage of hens displaying comfort behaviours increased with age (p < 0.05). In all the production systems, the percentage of birds displaying comfort behaviours was higher in native breed hens than in commercial breeds (p < 0.05). In the BS, the higher proportion of hens displaying an agonistic behaviour was seen more in commercial breed than in the native breed hens (p < 0.05). The percentage of birds displaying an agonistic behaviour declined with hen age, both in commercial and native breed hens.

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Olukosi, O. A., O. C. Daniyan, and O. Matanmi. "Effects of feeder space allowance on agonistic behaviour and growth performance of broilers (short communication)." Archives Animal Breeding 45, no. 2 (2002): 205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-45-205-2002.

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Abstract. One hundred and thirty-two 4-weeks old unsexed Anak-2000 broiler strain were used to study the effect of feeder space allowance on agonistic behaviour and growth performance of broilers from weeks 4–8. The feeder space allowance were 2.4 cm/bird, 3.0 cm/bird and 3.6 cm/bird in groups I, II and III. The agonistic behaviour observed included head pecks, steps, pushes, threats and chase during feeding and "non-feeding" periods. There was a decrease in total agonistic behaviour as feeder space per bird increased from 2.4cm/bird to 3.6 cm/bird, both during feeding and non-feeding periods. There was a significant effect (p ≤ 0.05) of feeder space allowance on mean agonistic acts/bird/hour during feeding period being highest in G1 (7.8 acts/bird/hour), and lowest in G3 (4.5 acts/bird/hour). There was no significant effect (p > 0.05) of feeder space allowance on mean agonistic acts/bird/hour during non-feeding period. In G1 and G2, there was a significant effect (p ≤ 0.05) of period of observation on mean agonistic acts/bird/hour being highest in the feeding period and lowest in the non-feeding periods. In G3, there was no significant effect (p > 0.05) of period of day on mean agonistic acts/bird/hour and no significant effect of feeder space allowance on the growth performance parameters measured at p>0.05.

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Kurland, Albert A. "Ethopharmacology and Agonistic Behaviour in Animals and Humans." Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 177, no. 12 (1989): 761. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005053-198912000-00012.

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Almada, V. "Agonistic behaviour and sound production inGaidropsarus mediterraneus(Gadidae)." Journal of Fish Biology 49, no. 2 (1996): 363–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jfbi.1996.0162.

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Kessler, Sharon E., Ute Radespiel, Alida I. F. Hasiniaina, Leanne T. Nash, and Elke Zimmermann. "Does the grey mouse lemur use agonistic vocalisations to recognise kin?" Contributions to Zoology 87, no. 4 (2018): 261–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18759866-08704003.

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Frequent kin-biased coalitionary behaviour is a hallmark of mammalian social complexity. Furthermore, selection to understand complex social dynamics is believed to underlie the co-evolution of social complexity and large brains. Vocalisations have been shown to be an important mechanism with which large-brained mammals living in complex social groups recognise and recruit kin for coalitionary support during agonistic conflicts. We test whether kin recognition via agonistic calls occurs in a small-brained solitary foraging primate living in a dispersed social network, the grey mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus, Miller JF, 1777). As mouse lemurs are frequent models for ancestral solitary foraging mammals, this study examines whether kin recognition via agonistic calls could be the foundation from which more complex, kin-based coalitionary behaviour evolved. We test whether female wild mouse lemurs in Ankarafantsika National Park, Madagascar, react differently to agonistic calls from kin and nonkin and to calls from familiar and unfamiliar individuals during playback experiments. Subjects showed no significant differences in reactions to the different stimuli; thus they did not react differently based upon kinship or familiarity. Results suggest that this solitary foraging species does not use agonistic calls to recognise kin and monitor agonistic interactions involving kin, unlike several species of Old World monkeys and hyenas. Thus, kin recognition via agonistic calls may have evolved independently in these lineages in parallel with greater social complexity and frequent coalitionary behaviour.

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Zambre, Amod M., Akshay Khandekar, Rajesh Sanap, Clairissa O'Brien, Emilie C. Snell-Rood, and Maria Thaker. "Asymmetric interspecific competition drives shifts in signalling traits in fan-throated lizards." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 287, no. 1940 (2020): 20202141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.2141.

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Interspecific competition can occur when species are unable to distinguish between conspecific and heterospecific mates or competitors when they occur in sympatry. Selection in response to interspecific competition can lead to shifts in signalling traits—a process called agonistic character displacement. In two fan-throated lizard species— Sitana laticeps and Sarada darwini —females are morphologically indistinguishable and male agonistic signalling behaviour is similar. Consequently, in areas where these species overlap, males engage in interspecific aggressive interactions. To test whether interspecific male aggression between Si. laticeps and Sa. darwini results in agonistic character displacement, we quantified species recognition and signalling behaviour using staged encounter assays with both conspecifics and heterospecifics across sympatric and allopatric populations of both species. We found an asymmetric pattern, wherein males of Si. laticeps but not Sa. darwini showed differences in competitor recognition and agonistic signalling traits (morphology and behaviour) in sympatry compared with allopatry. This asymmetric shift in traits is probably due to differences in competitive abilities between species and can minimize competitive interactions in zones of sympatry. Overall, our results support agonistic character displacement, and highlight the role of asymmetric interspecific competition in driving shifts in social signals.

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Lammers, G. J., and W. G. P. Schouten. "Effects of pen size during rearing on later agonistic behaviour in piglets." Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 33, no. 3 (1985): 307–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/njas.v33i3.16846.

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Agonistic behaviour during experimental social encounters between 2 unfamiliar pigs was studied in 10-week-old pigs reared in pens of 3.5 msuperscript 2 or 6.7 msuperscript 2. In 3.5 msuperscript 2 pens, pigs which became dominant in the experimental social encounters exhibited more abnormal agonistic behaviour than pigs reared in 6.7 msuperscript 2 pens. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

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Paton, D., and P. G. Caryl. "Communication By Agonistic Displays." Behaviour 98, no. 1-4 (1986): 213–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853986x00973.

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Abstract1. Great skuas Stercorarius skua use a range of displays in agonistic interactions in the club areas of their breeding colonies. We examine whether these displays allow reliable prediction of the signaller's future behaviour. 2. Skuas were studied on Noss, Fair Isle and Hoy over 3 seasons. Data from 5 colony-year samples were analysed separately. For each interaction, the display used, the signaller's action after displaying, and the receiver's response, were recorded. 3. Attack could be predicted less well than escape. However, variations between samples were so great that neither the absolute nor the relative probabilities of attack or escape could be reliably estimated from the display. 4. The bird that initiated the interaction was more likely to attack or stay, and less likely to escape, than its rival, but the relative probability of attack or escape after different displays was consistent, for birds in the two roles, within a sample. 5. By correlating the responses of the receiver with information about the signaller's future behaviour encoded in its display, it is possible to find whether this information is transferred in the interaction. There was variation between samples in the pattern of correlations, and no consistent evidence of information transfer could be found. 6. The data are discussed in the light of CARYL'S (1979) earlier discussion of models from games theory. The results show that a test of consistency is crucial for any hypothesis about the message carried by a particular display. They indicate that skua displays do not communicate intention in these interactions.

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Taylor, Eric B. "Variability in Agonistic Behaviour and Salinity Tolerance between and within Two Populations of Juvenile Chinook Salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, with Contrasting Life Histories." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 47, no. 11 (1990): 2172–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f90-242.

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Agonistic behaviour and salinity tolerance were investigated in eight families of chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, from two populations in the Nanaimo River, British Columbia. From emergence to 3 mo, there were small differences in agonistic behaviour among families within populations, but "First Lake" chinook had strikingly higher levels of agonistic behaviour than salmon from the "lower Nanaimo" population. Lower Nanaimo chinook were larger, lost less weight, and had higher survival after 24 h in 20 ppt and 30 ppt seawater than First Lake salmon. Within populations, families of larger than average size tended to perform better in seawater than families of smaller size. At a common body size, salinity tolerance was similar in salmon from the two populations, but significant differences among families within populations suggest that families may differ in factors other than size that influence salinity tolerance. It was concluded that the greater agonistic behaviour of First Lake chinook has a genetic basic and is related to their longer period of territorial stream residence before seaward migration. By contrast, the two populations exhibited only small differences in salinity tolerance, but significant interfamily variation illustrates the importance of considering family effects in studies of interpopulation differentiation.

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Senar, J. C. "Agonistic Communication in Social Species: What Is Communicated?" Behaviour 112, no. 3-4 (1990): 270–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853990x00239.

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AbstractRelationships between displays used in agonistic encounters, the next behaviour of the reactor, and the actor's subsequent response, are analysed in captive siskins (Carduelis spinus). A three-way independence test showed that the different displays are associated with different replys. Factorial Analysis of Correspondences showed that 76% of the variability in the displays could be explained by variation in the tolerance of the actor to the presence of conspecifics: certain displays led to submissive or non-aggressive responses by the reactor which led to non-aggressive behaviours by the actor, whereas others frequently provoqued an attack, which usually led to a retaliatory attack by the actor. The degree of caution in the response appears to be the other factor that modulates the reactor's subsequent response. This degree of caution appears to be directly related to the relative dominance status of the contestants. These results support the view that in highly social species the aim of agonistic displays is not necessarily to drive opponents away, since this may be costly for both contestants. Agonistic communication in these situations should not be seen as an "auction" to determine who will obtain the resource, but as a warning, in which the actor gives information on how tolerant it is to the close presence of the conspecific and what behaviours it will allow. Depending on its status and behaviour, the second bird may be tolerated, but if it behaves in a "dangerous" way, the actor would attack.

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Briffa, Mark, and Sarah M. Lane. "The role of skill in animal contests: a neglected component of fighting ability." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1863 (2017): 20171596. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.1596.

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What attributes make some individuals more likely to win a fight than others? A range of morphological and physiological traits have been studied intensely but far less focus has been placed on the actual agonistic behaviours used. Current studies of agonistic behaviour focus on contest duration and the vigour of fighting. It also seems obvious that individuals that fight more skilfully should have a greater chance of winning a fight. Here, we discuss the meaning of skill in animal fights. As the activities of each opponent can be disrupted by the behaviour of their rival, we differentiate among ability, technique and skill itself. In addition to efficient, accurate and sometimes precise movement, skilful fighting also requires rapid decision-making, so that appropriate tactics and strategies are selected. We consider how these different components of skill could be acquired, through genes, experiences of play-fighting and of real fights. Skilful fighting can enhance resource holding potential (RHP) by allowing for sustained vigour, by inflicting greater costs on opponents and by minimizing the chance of damage. Therefore, we argue that skill is a neglected but important component of RHP that could be readily studied to provide new insights into the evolution of agonistic behaviour.

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Rowe, R. J. "Agonistic behaviour in final-instar larvae of Agriocnemis pygmaea (Odonata : Coenagrionidae)." Australian Journal of Zoology 50, no. 2 (2002): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo01024.

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Larval agonistic displays are reported from Agriocnemis pygmaea, a small coenagrionid damselfly. Twenty-five major displays were distinguished. The behavioural repertoire of A. pygmaea is broadly consistent with published information on other coenagrionid larvae. The 'abdomen lift' behaviour, largely restricted to smaller instars of other examined species, occurs with some frequency in final-instar A. pygmaea. The use of larval agonistic display characters in phylogenetic analysis is discussed.

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Brien, Matthew L., Grahame J. Webb, Jeffrey W. Lang, and Keith A. Christian. "Intra- and interspecific agonistic behaviour in hatchling Australian freshwater crocodiles (Crocodylus johnstoni) and saltwater crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus)." Australian Journal of Zoology 61, no. 3 (2013): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo13035.

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We examined agonistic behaviour in hatchling Australian freshwater crocodiles (Crocodylus johnstoni) at 2 weeks, 13 weeks, and 50 weeks after hatching, and between C. johnstoni and saltwater crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) at 40–50 weeks of age. Among C. johnstoni, agonistic interactions (15–23 s duration) were well established by two weeks old and typically involved two and occasionally three individuals, mostly between 17 : 00 and 24 : 00 hours in open-water areas of enclosures. A range of discrete postures, non-contact and contact movements are described. The head is rarely targeted in contact movements with C. johnstoni because they exhibit a unique ‘head raised high’ posture, and engage in ‘push downs’. In contrast with C. porosus of a similar age, agonistic interactions between C. johnstoni were conducted with relatively low intensity and showed limited ontogenetic change; there was also no evidence of a dominance hierarchy among hatchlings by 50 weeks of age, when the frequency of agonistic interactions was lowest. Agonistic interactions between C. johnstoni and C. porosus at 40–50 weeks of age were mostly low level, with no real exclusion or dominance observed. However, smaller individuals of both species moved slowly out of the way when a larger individual of either species approached. When medium- or high-level interspecific interactions did occur, it was between similar-sized individuals, and each displayed species-specific behaviours that appeared difficult for contestants to interpret: there was no clear winner or loser. The nature of agonistic interactions between the two species suggests that dominance may be governed more strongly by size rather than by species-specific aggressiveness.

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Gillingham, James C., and Gordon W. Schuett. "Male-male agonistic behaviour of the copperhead, Agkistrodon contortrix." Amphibia-Reptilia 10, no. 3 (1989): 243–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853889x00412.

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AbstractMale-male agonistic behaviour of Agkistrodon contortrix was studied in the laboratory. Contests occurred during the periods of mating (Feb.-Apr. and Aug.-Oct.). Thirteen staged dyadic trials were run and larger males (mass/length ratio) were scored as winners in 11 of the 13 trials. Evidence for dominant-subordinate relationships in this species was obtained. Nine agonistic acts were coded from direct observations and from films. Seven of the acts were used in sequential analyses of intra- and inter-individual transitions. Numerous transitions were significant in both intra- and inter-individual analyses. Sequences greater than two events were detected in 3 of 4 males in the intra-individual analysis. Males that won contests exhibited certain acts significantly more frequently than males that lost, but there was no significant difference in the mean durations of like acts. Larger (mass/length ratio) males were always successful in defending a mate during courtship and in deposing smaller males from potential mates. Males introduced to pairs in copula exhibited few courtship or agonistic acts toward the pair, and in no case did introduced males depose smaller males.

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Santos, L. C., C. E. R. D. Alencar, F. A. M. Freire, and A. C. Luchiari. "Agonistic interactions in the male fiddler crab Uca leptodactyla Rathbun, 1898 at varying densities." Crustaceana 88, no. 6 (2015): 625–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685403-00003443.

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In this study we tested the effect of population density on agonistic interactions in male Uca leptodactyla Rathbun, 1898. We recorded the crab’s behaviour in pairs or in groups of five animals composed of conspecifics and heterospecifics living in the same area (sympatric) and distinct areas (allopatric) of the mangrove forest. Allopatric conspecific crabs showed higher approaching and signalling than those in other conditions. The higher the crab density, the lower the interaction intensity between animals. Low-level agonistic signals were mainly displayed in high density (groups), while claw touch mainly occurred in pairs. Allopatric conspecifics showed the more intense agonistic interactions. Therefore, Uca seems to decrease energy investment in unnecessary fights against sympatric and conspecific crabs. Population density is a major factor driving agonistic behaviour mainly when conspecific animals are kept together. This may occur due to the increased competition for the same resources.

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Erlinge, Sam. "Agonistic Behaviour and Dominance in Stoats (Mustela erminea L.)." Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 44, no. 4 (2010): 375–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1977.tb01002.x.

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Almada, V. C., M. C. P. Amorim, E. Pereira, F. Almada, R. Matos, and R. Godinho. "Agonistic behaviour and sound production in Gaidropsarus mediterraneus, (Gadidae)." Journal of Fish Biology 49, no. 2 (1996): 363–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1996.tb00031.x.

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Eusebi, P. G., O. Cortés, C. Carleos, S. Dunner, and J. Cañon. "Detection of selection signatures for agonistic behaviour in cattle." Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics 135, no. 3 (2018): 170–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jbg.12325.

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Ladich, Friedrich. "Agonistic behaviour and significance of sounds in vocalizing fish." Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology 29, no. 1-4 (1997): 87–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10236249709379002.

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Henglmuller, S. M., and F. Ladichm. "Development of agonistic behaviour and vocalization in croaking gouramis." Journal of Fish Biology 54, no. 2 (1999): 380–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1999.tb00837.x.

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Nitzsche, Rainar O. M. "Courtship, Mating and Agonistic Behaviour inPisaura mirabilis(Clerck, 1757)*." Arachnology 15, no. 4 (2011): 93–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.13156/arac.2011.15.4.93.

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Mos, J., B. Olivier, and A. M. van der Poel. "Modulatory actions of benzodiazepine receptor ligands on agonistic behaviour." Physiology & Behavior 41, no. 3 (1987): 265–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9384(87)90363-5.

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Blank, David, and Weikang Yang. "Object-horning in goitered gazelle: Agonistic or marking behaviour?" Behavioural Processes 103 (March 2014): 165–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2013.12.005.

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Gabor, Caitlin R., and Robert G. Jaeger. "Resource quality affects the agonistic behaviour of territorial salamanders." Animal Behaviour 49, no. 1 (1995): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-3472(95)80155-3.

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Smith, Kirby R., Carol Scarpaci, Brett M. Louden, and Nicholas M. Otway. "Does the grey nurse shark (Carcharias taurus) exhibit agonistic pectoral fin depression? A stereo-video photogrammetric assessment off eastern Australia." Pacific Conservation Biology 22, no. 1 (2016): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc15024.

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Underwater stereo-video photogrammetry was used to document the pectoral fin positions of various life-history stages of the critically endangered east Australian population of the grey nurse shark (Carcharias taurus) during normal swimming behaviour at multiple aggregation sites. A wide range in pectoral fin positions was recorded with dihedral pectoral fin angles ranging from –25 to 88°. Pectoral fin angles varied significantly among sites and this was attributed to the differing navigational and energetic requirements of the sharks. There was no significant relationship between pectoral fin angles and distances separating the shark and scuba diver. The wide range in pectoral fin angles, interactive use of the fins during swimming, low-energy behaviours of the sharks at aggregation sites and absence of ‘fight’ response agonistic behaviour indicated that the species does not exhibit agonistic pectoral fin depression. Reports of agonistic pectoral fin depression in the grey nurse shark obtained with visual estimates should be treated as preliminary observations requiring further testing using accurate sampling methods such as stereo photogrammetry. It is important that diver compliance with existing management guidelines that prohibit divers from chasing or harassing grey nurse sharks and blocking cave and gutter entrances is maintained.

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Valença-Silva, G., FG Maciel, RL Zaganini, AS Lucindo, S. Caramaschi, and HMG de Paula. "Reporting social behaviours of mixed-species troops formed by Callithrix jacchus and Callithrix penicillata (Primate, Callitrichidae)." Brazilian Journal of Biology 74, no. 3 (2014): 607–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/bjb.2014.0091.

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In New World primates, mixed-species troops have been reported. Here, we analysed the performance of affiliative and agonistic behaviours of Callithrix jacchus and Callithrix penicillata living in mixed groups. For this purpose, we recorded the interaction of the individuals from two groups located in Bauru city, in the state of São Paulo (Brazil). Our data show that in both groups, affiliative behaviours appeared more frequently than agonistic ones. We concluded that there is cohesion inside the mixed-species troops observed. We suggest that a deeper knowledge about the social behaviour of mixed-species troop species certainly may be useful in projects linked with the management of the impact caused by them.

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Veselovskaya, E. V. "Залежність етологічних реакцій щурів із підлеглою поведінкою від типу партнера у тесті «перегородка»". Visnyk of Dnipropetrovsk University. Biology, medicine 1, № 2 (2010): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/021022.

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The dynamics of the reactions of rats with submissive type of behaviour to known or unknown part-ners has been investigated under modelling of sensory contact in a «partition» test under the conditions of agonistic collisions. Testing the rats with submissive type of behaviour testifies to the fact that after the series of agonistic collisions the rats demonstrate increasing fear of a known partner-aggressor, but they keep the interest in an unknown partner in a «partition» test.

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SCHEFFLER, K., E. STAMER, I. TRAULSEN, and J. KRIETER. "Estimation of genetic parameters for agonistic behaviour of pigs at different ages." Journal of Agricultural Science 154, no. 4 (2016): 732–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859616000010.

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SUMMARYThe mixing of pigs unacquainted with each other in commercial pig production is a standard procedure which leads to agonistic interactions with a wide range of individual pig behaviour. Hence, the aims of the present study were to assess the heritabilities of agonistic behaviour and to estimate correlations between three different age groups (weaned pigs n = 1111, growing pigs n = 446 and breeding gilts n = 279). The behavioural observation analysis included a period of 17 h directly after mixing as weaned pigs, growing pigs and breeding gilts (220 days of age) whereby the following agonistic traits were observed: number of fights (NF), duration of fights (DF), initiated fights (IF), received fights (RF), fights won (FW) and fights lost (FL). The behaviour of the weaned and growing pigs was significantly influenced by cross-fostering, their weight at mixing and litter attributes. Cross-fostered animals showed fewer agonistic interactions as weaned pigs and as growing pigs than non-cross-fostered animals. The influence of weight revealed that heavier pigs had a higher NF score at weaning and as growing pigs. The random litter effect explained up to 0·08 of the total variance in weaned and 0·04 in growing pigs, whereby this could partly be explained by litter size. Pigs from larger litters tended to have more agonistic interactions. The heritabilities of the recorded traits were at a low to medium level but similar between the age groups. There were high correlations between NF and all other traits in weaned pigs. The trait IF showed that the more fights a pig initiated, the more it won. This was also found for growing pigs and breeding gilts. The relationships between the age groups provided no uniform trend. The phenotypic correlations were low and the genetic correlations varied widely, partly due to the small sample size.

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Edmonds, Elizabeth, and Mark Briffa. "Weak rappers rock more: hermit crabs assess their own agonistic behaviour." Biology Letters 12, no. 1 (2016): 20150884. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2015.0884.

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Fighting animals use a variety of information sources to make strategic decisions. A neglected potential source of information is an individual's own performance during a fight. Surprisingly, this possibility has yet to be incorporated into the large body of theory concerning the evolution of aggressive behaviour. Here, by experimentally dampening the impact of their shell rapping behaviour, we test for the possibility that attacking hermit crabs monitor their own fight performance. Attackers with dampened raps did not show a reduction in the number of raps used. By contrast, they showed an increased frequency of a less intense agonistic behaviour, shell rocking. This change in behaviour, in attackers that are forced to rap weakly, indicates that they assess their own agonistic behaviour.

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