Relevant bibliographies by topics / Agricultural Research Division

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Agricultural Research Division'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 4 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Agricultural Research Division"

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Jabara, Cathy. "Commentary: The United States, Agriculture, and the Doha Round of Negotiations." Global Economy Journal 5, no. 4 (December 7, 2005): 1850051. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1138.

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A commentary on Patrick Messerlin's article, "Agricultural Trade Liberalization." Cathy Jabara is the Division Chief of the Agriculture and Fishery Products Division at the U.S. International Trade Commission. She has been at the Commission for about 12 years, and previously served in positions at the Economic Research Service at the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the U.S. Treasury Department. She received her Ph.D. in Agricultural Economics at Purdue University. She is primarily involved in the research program at the Commission. Her responsibilities include analysis of the effects of trade agreements on the U.S. economy and industries.
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Window, Brian. "Up Close: Materials Science at the CSIRO Division of Applied Physics, Sydney, Australia." MRS Bulletin 14, no. 6 (June 1989): 32–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400062680.

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The Division of Applied Physics of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization performs research in the physical sciences to benefit Australian industry and also staffs the National Measurement Laboratory, underpinning the Australian measurement system. CSIRO is the major government-funded research organization in Australia, employing approximately 7,000 people, based in 30 divisions, and whose interests range from the agricultural and livestock areas through prospecting, mining, and manufacturing to information and communication technologies. The general mix of work in the divisions includes a proportion of basic science and a significant involvement in contract research with relevant Australian industries.The Division of Applied Physics is one of the oldest divisions and celebrates its 50th Jubilee in 1988. This year is also the 200th anniversary of European settlement in Australia and the 25th anniversary of the founding of the Australian Institute of Physics. It was a busy year for the laboratory!Materials science research in the Division developed from the needs of the standards research program, passed through a period of primarily basic research, and now concentrates on industrial research and the underlying basic research. Four areas which exemplify this progression toward applied research and development are described in this article.Thin film research started in the Division in the 1950s to produce optical coatings, driven by the requirements of a developing standards research program, and the needs of an astronomy program to study the surface of the sun spectroscopically.
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Pushpa Malkanthi, S. H. "Farmers’ Attitude Towards Organic Agriculture: A Case of Rural Sri Lanka." Contemporary Agriculture 69, no. 1-2 (June 1, 2020): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/contagri-2020-0003.

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SummaryOrganic agriculture has the potential to reduce the negative impacts of conventional agricultural practices and enhance rural economic development. Since research on Sri Lankan farmers’ attitude towards organic agriculture has been rare, this research aims to explore the farmers’ viewpoint on organic agriculture. Two main rural districts were purposely selected for this investigation since these districts have a high potential for organic agriculture. Two Divisional Secretariat (DS) divisions from each district and 75 farmers from the farming community of each DS division were randomly selected to form a sample of 300 farmers. Data were collected from July 2017 to April 2018 and analyzed using descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression. The results revealed that a majority of the farmers (74%) were well-aware of organic agriculture and agricultural extension programs, while training was the primary information source in both districts. As per the mean analysis, the farmers had a positive attitude towards health-related and environmental protection aspects. However, they had a negative attitude towards the complexity of organic agriculture and unavailability of a suitable market for organic products. Results of the binary logistic regression revealed that the education level of the farmers significantly affect their attitude towards organic agriculture. The availability of traditional knowledge and technology relevant to organic agriculture, favorable climatic condition, and some government support were the main potentials, while labor intensiveness was the main challenge. Thus, creating better marketing facilities for organic products, providing the required amenities for producing organic food, processing, and value addition will promote organic agriculture among more farmers, supporting sustainable development.
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HOU, Man-Ping, and Jin-Min HAO. "Research on strategic agricultural division and layout of the Huang-huai-hai Plain." Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture 18, no. 3 (May 18, 2010): 595–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1011.2010.00595.

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Hendajany, Nenny, and Deden Rizal. "REGIONAL TYPOLOGY APPROACH IN EDUCATION QUALITY IN WEST JAVA BASED ON AGRICULTURAL AND NON-AGRICULTURAL ECONOMIC STRUCTURE." International Journal of Business Review (The Jobs Review) 2, no. 2 (December 19, 2019): 105–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/tjr.v2i2.20463.

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West Java is the province in Indonesia with the highest population and has a location close to the capital. However, the condition of education in West Java is generally still low. This is estimated because there are imbalances between districts / cities. The research objective is to get a clear picture of the condition of education in West Java by using secondary data issued by the Central Statistics Agency. The research method uses descriptive analysis, with analysis tools of regional typology. The division of regional typologies from the two indicators produces four regional terms, namely developed regions, developed regions constrained, potential areas to develop, and disadvantaged areas. Based on the indicators of education quality and life expectancy in 2017, from 27 municipal districts in West Java there were 33.3% in developed regions, 18.52% in developed regions were constrained, 7.4% in potential developing regions, and 40.74 % in disadvantaged areas. Bandung and Bekasi regencies are included in developed regions. While the cities of Banjar and Tasikmalaya include potential developing regions. Regional division with three indicators, namely the average length of school, Location Quation, and life expectancy. This division produces three filled quadrants. Quadrant I has 29.6%, quadrant III has 18.5%, and the remaining 51.9% is in quadrant IV. The results of this regional typology show that there are imbalances in education and public health.
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Rutkevych, Volodymyr. "EXPERIMENTAL RESOURCE STAND RESEARCH OF THE GOLDEN DIVISION DISTRIBUTOR." ENGINEERING, ENERGY, TRANSPORT AIC, no. 3(106) (November 29, 2019): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2520-6168-2019-3-10.

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The article discusses and analyzes the operating conditions of a modern hydraulic drive. Despite the difficult operating conditions of modern agricultural machinery (difficult working conditions, frequent changes in the technological load on the working bodies, low quality of the working fluid, increased dust content and temperature fluctuations), the hydraulic drive is its main reliable element. The basis of hydraulic drives is hydraulic spool type devices, they remain the main components of a modern hydraulic drive, are able to increase energy, dynamic, cost characteristics and increase the reliability and durability of this drive. The advantages, disadvantages and directions of improvement of this drive are noted. The modern directions of development of the hydraulic drive aimed at increasing the reliability, durability and adaptability to changing the technological load on the working bodies are considered. A booth design is proposed that allows to investigate a resource study of the developed spool splitter of a forage stem feeder. As a result of the research at the initial stage, some shortcomings in the structural implementation of the developed spool of the flow divider at the time up to 2·104 cycles were revealed. After analyzing the operating conditions and making changes to the design of the stem feeder spacer spacer and retesting, the spacer spacer showed stable operation, with more than 6.6·105 load cycles.
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Ma, Fangrui, and Milford A. Hanna. "Biodiesel production: a review1Journal Series #12109, Agricultural Research Division, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Nebraska–Lincoln.1." Bioresource Technology 70, no. 1 (October 1999): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-8524(99)00025-5.

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Wolski, Oskar. "Digitalisation of Rural Areas and Agriculture in the EU Debate: How Far from What Research Says?" Wieś i Rolnictwo, no. 2 (183) (June 20, 2019): 7–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.53098/wir022019/01.

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Digitalisation of rural areas and agriculture is a vital thread in the EU debate now, at the time of developing the 2021–2027 programming perspective and defining the CAP goals. However, in this debate selected geographic and social factors influencing the process of digitalisation–according to the literature–do not seem to be taken into account. This leads to simplifications and generalisations of the rural reality. Given that satisfying different groups of stakeholders in different areas of Europe poses a big challenge to any of the EU policy, efforts to make them more effective should be stepped up. This paper is to serve that role. Its main aim was to discuss the gaps in the EU debate on digitalisation of rural areas and agriculture. The simplifications and generalisations present in the debate come down to the marginalisation of the role of place and people in the process. These in turn stem from perceiving the rural reality through the prism of binary division of rural society and economy. The former is seen to be constituted by farmers and non-farmers, while the latter by agricultural and non-agricultural functions of rural areas.
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Abdullah Al Mamun, Md, Syed Mahbubur Rahman, Md Nezam Uddin, Md Sultan-Ul-Islam, Khairul Arifin M. N., and Syed Mustafizur Rahman. "Rainfall And Drought Tendencies In Rajshahi Division, Bangladesh." GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY 14, no. 1 (April 5, 2021): 209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.24057/2071-9388-2020-124.

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Insufficient rainfall results in water shortage and eventually leads to drought. This research has investigated drought by utilizing standardize precipitation index in monthly mean rainfall data for 30 years from 1988 to 2017 in Rajshahi division, a region in the northwestern part of Bangladesh. Estimated indices have identified that the years 1992, 1994, 2006, and 2012 experienced moderate to severe droughts, and the year 2010 suffered from extreme drought. Non-parametric and linear trend analyses have shown that the number of draughts in the study area has been growing. The study area is thus judged as moving forward to experience more droughts from lack of water due to rainfall deficit, especially during monsoon. This region has already started to experience a shortage of rainwater, approximately 18%, in the monsoon season. This shortage is likely to affect the volume of surface water and thus the groundwater recharging, which would distort irrigation for agriculture in the region. This work would therefore assist in policy-making addressing the watering system of the region to ensure smooth agricultural production.
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Wallace, Claire, David Dunkerley, Brian Cheal, and Martyn Warren. "Young People and the Division of Labour in Farming Families." Sociological Review 42, no. 3 (August 1994): 501–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954x.1994.tb00099.x.

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The family farm has been identified as the main unit of agricultural production in Britain and it has been widely studied as an economic unit in agricultural research. However, it is also a social unit: one with a division of labour based upon gender and generation. Here we will consider a relatively unexplored area of agricultural production: the contribution of children to the family farm, based upon a quantitative survey of young people in a rural area and detailed qualitative interviews. The approach is to look at the farm family in terms of a ‘household work strategy’ although in the paper we argue that this should take into account the importance of moral obligation and patriarchal ideology. The importance of gender and generation are explored as intersecting factors in the division of labour.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Agricultural Research Division"

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Hu, Su-Lan, and 胡素蘭. "The Conflict of Sanchung Division, Taoyuan District Agricultural Research ＆ Extension Station: A Case Study of Governmental Crisis Management." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/39964713739414121614.

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碩士
國立暨南國際大學
公共行政與政策學系
94
Some areas of Sanchung Division, had been occupied by the people illegally, were claimed to be returned by the Government of Taipei County in 1992. The people protested and refused the claim because they identitied a former non scripta understanding with the Governement was existed which permitted them to live there. Thus the conflict between the Government and those people formed a crisis to the civil servants, especially in the period of just dissolved the Martial Law and few rules of the democratic game were built. The authour studies this conflict from the perspective of crisis management. Firstly, the background of the conflict is analysised as the pre-crisis period. Secondly, the processes of the conflict are the crisis perid, and then the resolutions of the conflict are as the post-crisis period. In this thesis the authour does not only analysis that conflict, but also gives some suggestions, from the theories of crisis management, to the Governements when they face the crisises.
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Books on the topic "Agricultural Research Division"

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Research Division Conference on Farming Systems Research (1986 Maseru, Lesotho). Research Division Conference on Farming Systems Research: Proceedings, Lesotho Sun, 9/10 June, 1986. [Maseru] Kingdom of Lesotho: The Division, Ministry of Agriculture, 1986.

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Robinson, Robert A. Agricultural research: Refocusing priorities to meet current concerns : statement of Robert A. Robinson, Associate Director, Food and Agriculture Issues, Resources, Community and Economic Development Division, testimony before the Subcommittee on Agricultural Research, Conservation, Forestry, and General Legislation, Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry, United States Senate. [Washington, D.C.]: The Office, 1993.

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1944-, Fothringham Henry, ed. Scottish gold and silver work. Stevenage: Strong Oak Press, 1991.

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United States. Agricultural Research Service. Facilities Construction Management Division. Major facilities construction manual. [Washington, D.C.]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Facilities Construction Management Division, 1989.

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ZHurina, Lyudmila. Agricultural meteorolog. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/14563.

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Theoretical aspects of influence of hydrometeorological factors on growth, development and efficiency of crops are stated. The essence of the hydrometeorological phenomena, dangerous to agricultural production, and ways of protection against them is shown. Climate assessment methods from positions of the general and private agroclimatic division into districts on the basis of meso - and microclimatic researches are considered. Examples of agroclimatic justification of agrotechnical and agromeliorative receptions in agricultural production are given. In the present, the third, the edition the section on global climate change of Earth and scenarios of possible ecological consequences for agriculture of Russia is submitted. The question of use of geographic information systems in agricultural production is considered. The geography of examples of private agroclimatic division into districts is expanded. Questions and tasks to heads are processed and added. It is intended for students of agricultural higher education institutions, it can also be used when studying the courses "Agricultural Meteorology" and "Agroklimatologiya" in other highest and average educational institutions.
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Robinson, Robert A. Farm loans: Information on the status of USDA's portfolio : statement for the record by Robert A. Robinson, Director, Food and Agriculture Issues, Resources, Community, and Economic Development Division, before the Subcommittee on Forestry, Resource Conservation, and Research, Committee on Agriculture, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1997.

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F, Larson Olaf, ed. Opening windows onto hidden lives: Women, country life, and early rural sociological research. University Park, Pa: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2010.

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Conference on Farming Systems Research (1986 Lesotho). Research Division Conference on Farming Systems Research: Proceedings, Lesotho Sun, 9/10 June, 1986. [Lesotho]: Lesotho Sun, 1986.

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Planning Division/ARPT Seminar on Adaptive Research Data, Planning, and Policy (1990 Siavonga, Zambia). Report on Planning Division/ARPT Seminar on Adaptive Research Data, Planning, and Policy, 14-16 November 1990, Kariba Inn Siavonga. [Lusaka?]: Ministry of Agriculture, Planning Division, 1991.

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Holding, Christine. On-farm diagnostic trials in Gilgil and Kinangop Divisions. [Nairobi] Kenya: FINNIDA in cooperation with the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, Forest Dept., 1995.

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Book chapters on the topic "Agricultural Research Division"

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Shi, Chunlei, and Bo Peng. "Research on Key Technology of Grid Cell Division Method in Rural Community." In Computer and Computing Technologies in Agriculture IX, 612–18. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48357-3_59.

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Scott, Allen J. "Geography and the Division of Labour." In Geography and Economy. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199284306.003.0005.

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The concept of the division of labour in production has a long genealogy stretching back to the seventeenth century and before, and it recurs repeatedly in the writings of economists and other social theorists down to the present time. In economics, the concept plays a major role in studies of industrial organization, productivity, and trade. In sociology, it has been of major significance as the linchpin of the distinction Wrst proposed by Durkheim (1893) between mechanical and organic solidarity in society. More recently, sociologists have also made considerable use of the concept in studies of the ways in which the division of labour is intertwined with phenomena like race, class, and gender (e.g. Mies 1998; Waldinger and Bozorgmehr 1996). Over the last couple of decades, geographers, too, have made numerous forays into questions of the division of labour and much research has been accomplished on how it ramifies with various kinds of spatial and locational outcomes (Massey 1984; Sayer and Walker 1992). In brief, the concept is of much importance in a wide range of investigations of social structure and dynamics, and it appears to be enjoying something of a renaissance at the present time as social scientists discover or rediscover how profoundly it ramifies with all aspects of modern life. For geographers, the division of labour has special interest and meaning because, in its role as a mechanism of economic and social differentiation, it is also a fundamental factor in moulding the economic landscape. A peasant society with only weakly developed divisions of labour is not likely to evince much in the way of spatial differentiation except as a function of dissimilarities from place to place in agricultural potentials (themselves related to such variables as soil, climate, and topography). By contrast, economically advanced societies with deep and wide divisions of labour, as in the case of the United States today, exhibit enormous degrees of spatial variation. With the passage of time, moreover, less and less of this variation seems to bear any relationship whatever to underlying conditions of physical geography.
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Holliday, Vance T. "Soil Surveys and Archaeology." In Soils in Archaeological Research. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195149654.003.0007.

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Soil survey and mapping is one of the most fundamental and best-known applications of pedology. The preparation of soil maps began in the 19th century (Yaalon, 1997), but systematic county-based soil surveys began in the 20th century in the United States (Simonson, 1987, p. 3). The production of soil maps based on systematic soil surveys has been one of the primary driving forces in pedologic research in both academic and governmental settings in the United States and worldwide through much of the 20th century (Simonson, 1987, 1997; Yaalon and Berkowicz, 1997). For example, soil survey and mapping has been a primary function of the USDA since 1899 (Simonson, 1987, p. 3; Soil Survey Division Staff, 1993, p. 11). Soil maps have been prepared for a variety of uses at scales ranging from a few hectares to those of continental and global magnitude. Published soil surveys contain a wealth of data on landscapes as well as soils, but are generally an underused (and likely misunderstood) resource in geoarchaeology, probably because of their agricultural and land-use orientation. This chapter presents a discussion of what soil surveys are (and are not) and potential as well as realized applications in archaeology. Much of the discussion focuses on the county soil surveys published by the USDA because they are so widely available, although applications of other kinds and scales of soil maps that have been applied in archaeology or that have archaeological applications also are discussed. Many countries in the world have national soil surveys whose primary mission is the mapping and inventorying of the nation’s soil resource. In the United States, soil survey is a cooperative venture of federal agencies, state agencies (including the Agricultural Experiment Stations), and local agencies, coordinated by the National Cooperative Soil Survey (Soil Survey Division Staff, 1993, p. 11). The principal federal agency involved in soil survey is the National Resource Conservation Service (NRCS; formerly the Soil Conservation Service, SCS) of the USDA. The mapping of soils by the NRCS/USDA is probably the agency’s best-known activity. Its many published county soil surveys are its most widely known and widely used product.
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Schrum, Ethan. "Founding the University of California at Irvine." In The Instrumental University, 183–214. Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501736643.003.0007.

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Chapter 6 shows how the University of California at Irvine, planned under Kerr’s guidance, exemplified the instrumental university in its attempt to install perhaps the most pervasive high modern social science program ever attempted on an American campus. UC Irvine’s planners designed it to be a new kind of land-grant institution, in which social sciences replaced the agricultural sciences. Kerr and his colleagues placed tremendous expectations on interdisciplinary social science for leading humanity to a brighter future. This chapter tells how three related UC Irvine units—the Division of Social Sciences, the Graduate School of Administration, and the Public Policy Research Organization (PPRO)—attempted and failed to realize these expectations.
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Murray, Peter, and Maria Feeney. "The institutionalisation of Irish social research." In Church, State and Social Science in Ireland. Manchester University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526100788.003.0005.

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Chapter 5 returns the focus to the social sciences. The injection of resources into Ireland’s scientific research infrastructure at the end of the 1950s created two new social science research producers – the Rural Economy Division of An Foras Taluntais and the Economic Research Institute. In the former rural sociology took a recognised place alongside a variety of other agriculture-relevant disciplines. In the latter the distinction between the economic and the social was a blurred and indistinct one. During the first half 1960s the unenclosed field of social research was to be the subject of a series of proposals from actors located within the Catholic social movement to a variety of government departments for the creation of research centres or institutes. This chapter details these proposals and the fate of consistent refusal with which they met. Empirical social research in Ireland was funded and organised in a manner that effectively excluded the participation of any Catholic social movement actor without a university base when the government approved the transformation of the Economic Research Institute into the Economic and Social Research Institute. This approval for a central social research organisation was crucially linked to the project of extending the scope of government programming to encompass social development as well as economic expansion.
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Chu, C. Y. Cyrus. "Population Dynamics in the Very Long Run." In Population Dynamics. Oxford University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195121582.003.0020.

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In the last chapter we reviewed the role of population in early economic development. In that ancient period, mortality was significantly affected by exogenous shocks such as famines, epidemics, floods, droughts, and various other direct or indirect environmental uncertainties, and parents’ preferences for children were by and large checked by natural constraints. Not until the last three centuries have human beings been able to make significant progress in hygiene and medical knowledge, progress which has facilitated the recent sharp increase in human population. In the twentieth century, the life expectancy of human beings in many areas of the world has more than doubled compared to the numbers two hundred years ago. Moreover, advanced radar facilities have been able to forecast extreme weather conditions, satellites are able to detect the locations of natural resources accurately, advanced agricultural technology makes barren land cultivable, and computers have also made possible many complex jobs. All these technological advances have increased the welfare of human beings and appear to have pushed back the exogenous constraints we face. As I mentioned in chapter 13, with the support of a sufficiently large population size, the division of labor becomes ever finer, and more and more labor can be devoted to the research and development sector, which in turn facilitates the various technological advances. These advanced technologies are endogenously determined by entrepreneurs, in sharp contrast to the situation in ancient times when the existing technology constituted the natural exogenous limit to population growth. As Romer (1990) pointed out, since knowledge has the nonrivalry property, the societal production technology (which embodies the available knowledge frontier) may naturally have the property of increasing returns with respect to physical resource inputs. As a result, the natural-resource carrying capacity constraint becomes relatively inessential. Then it seems that infinite economic growth can be compatible with any size of population without ever being restricted by exogenous checks. Some environmental economists have challenged the above optimistic prediction. They argue that economic development in fact has gradually damaged the environment and eventually will hurt the economy. Those challenges, however, have never been serious enough to fully counter the above-mentioned infinite-growth argument.
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Polishchuk, Rostyslav. "THE DEVELOPMENT OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS IN PARALLEL WITH THE FORMS OF AXIAL PRODUCTIVITY OF SOCIETY." In Integration of traditional and innovative scientific researches: global trends and regional aspect. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-001-8-3-4.

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This article describes the hypothesis that sport originated and developed with forms of axial performance. It is noted that the physical education tradition was formed and modernized according to the axial principles of development of each era. What determines the transition of society from one level of development to another? Among the many reasons, the most important are socio-cultural revolutions, such as agricultural, industrial and scientific information. That is, it is progress, certain evolutionary steps that affect the development of society as a whole. We propose to consider the concept of axial time for each era (a combination of axial and wave approaches), ie the axial principle and the impact of human civilization on the formation and formation of physical education and sports culture. D. Bell considers the "axial principle" of the division of civilization "axis of production" and the knowledge used. For example, for industrial society such a criterion is the use of machines for the production of goods, and for post-industrial - scientific and primarily theoretical knowledge (which is a strategic resource, the axial principle of society). According to our concept, the whole historical process can be divided into large stages. The change of each of them is a change of the basic qualitative characteristics of the corresponding step of the historical process. The concept of the principle of axial productivity is not only production, but also the formation of a new worldview, which can be such a basis that describes the great qualitative steps in the development of world history. The revolution in the worldview is an integral part of the historical process. With its help there are profound qualitative changes in socio-cultural life, in political and economic relations, the public consciousness changes. In these periods, socio-cultural relations, on the one hand, are approaching the leading productive forces, and on the other hand, they themselves create a new level, which gives impetus to generate new worldview principles. Worldview trends were the guiding factor first in the formation and then the transformation of the system of physical education, physical culture and sports. Each stage of such development was permeated with the spirit of the corresponding cultural and historical epoch. It is emphasized that compared to the sport of the last century, the sport of the XXI century will develop much faster and more powerfully, and its main task will be to take care of leisure and human health in the economic globalization of the information society.
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"Both opponents and proponents of food irradiation have been sources of misinformation or valid information presented in a misleading way (20). As described by a leading British consumer representative: “ The battle to get irradiation of food accepted as a beneficial food processing technique has been waged for some 30 years. It is an interesting case of warring factions glaring at each other across a gulf of incomprehension” ( ). In this book an attempt will be made to provide factual data as a basis for a more rational approach to these controversies. The seminar jointly held by IOCU (International Organization of Consumer Unions) and ICGFI (International Con­ sultative Group on Food Irradiation) in 1993 (22) has raised hopes that this gulf of incomprehension can be narrowed, perhaps even closed. There is voluminous scientific literature on food irradiation, but it is not easy to come by because contributions have come from so many disciplines. Relevant reports have been published in journals of food technology, nutrition, microbiol­ ogy, analytical chemistry, food chemistry, radiation chemistry, radiation physics, toxicology, health physics, and other fields. There is only one scientific journal devoted exclusively to food irradiation research: Shokuhin-Shosha (Food Irradia­ tion, Japan), published by the Japanese Research Association for Food Irradiation since 1965; articles are in Japanese, with English abstracts. In order to facilitate access to this literature a computerized irradiation information database called IRREFCO (Irradiation Reference Collection) has been installed at the National Agricultural Library in the United States. It is initially aimed at making available the research contract reports generated in programs sponsored by the U. S. Army and U. S. Atomic Energy Commission in the 1950s and 1960s. Those reports are not accessible through ordinary library services. A selected annotated bibliogra­ phy is offered since 1993 (23). A bibliography on food irradiation has been prepared since 1955 by the Federal Research Center for Nutrition, Karlsruhe, Germany; it now contains over 10,000 documents. The whole database is pro­ cessed and stored on computer, and is also available in printed form. In recent years one issue of the printed bibliography has been published annually, each with 300-600 references (24). In the following chapters only a small fraction of these documents can be mentioned. The author endeavors to quote primarily those studies that will guide the reader to key issues, to review articles, and to other works showing a path to the remaining literature. Useful documentation of developments in food irradiation research can be found in three newsletters. Food Irradiation Quarterly International Newsletter (Saclay) was published in English and French by the European Information Center for Food Irradiation, Saclay, France, from 1960 to 1971. The International Project in the Field of Food Irradiation issued Food Irradiation Information (Karlsruhe) from 1972 until 1982. The Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, has Published Food Irradiation Newsletter (Vienna) since 1976." In Safety of Irradiated Foods, 24–26. CRC Press, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482273168-18.

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"Production Micro-Processes Under high collectivism, determination of the division of labour within the productive unit and specification and management of the actual work pro-cesses were handled by the collectives, apparently in a rather democratic fashion. To some extent the collectives still discharge these functions, although now less through a collective democratic process and more by arrangement and supervision of contracts. How the collectives now arrive at a division of labour (on the basis of which to let contracts) is also an area for further research, although the general thrust of policies on planning and management would suggest a drift towards technocratic rather than participatory criteria and methods. Once the division of labour is determined and workers allocated within it, there are still the problems of managing and supervising the work process. Under high collectivism, this was handled by a combination of monitoring by elected local officials, direct mass participatory political processes (at work point meetings, for example), and continuous monitoring by other peasants working on the same job nearby (whose interest in maintaining certain stan-dards of work derived at least partly from the fact that their incomes depended - via the work point - on the economic performance of the collective as a whole). Now, management and supervision of the labour process is the responsibility of the contracting group or household. The peasants have lost control of the capacity to set work standards and monitor work performance for the collective as a whole; hence they have less control over its economic performance. Yet, if they still receive remuneration in work points, their incomes continue to depend on that performance. In this sense, they have been separated from the capacity to control some of the important forces which determine their livelihood. This is a key contradiction of the specialised and production contracting responsibility systems, which may have had something to do with their relatively rapid demise and the corresponding rise of 'con-tracting in a big way' to a predominant position. One major and still unresolved analytical problem revolves around the question of why Chinese peasants, who made high collectivism work satisfactorily for two decades, could abandon it so rapidly and utterly rather than embracing moderate reforms more fully. This analysis suggests that perhaps they preferred depending mainly on them-selves to a situation in which they depended on their neighbours but could not control or monitor them. Production Macro-Processes The state still plays a major role in agricultural planning. It is unclear whether the relationship between the lowest level of collective organisation - the team - and its superior units, and among its superior units, in the planning process has changed. Within the team, the method of implementing plans passed down from above now takes the form of regulation by contract with peasant producers. The scope of production planning and regulation has also been reduced, and restrictions on engaging in many sorts of sidelines have been lifted, so that the collectives and peasants have greater latitude to determine the nature of their production activities." In The Agrarian Question in Socialist Transitions, 122. Routledge, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203043493-11.

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Conference papers on the topic "Agricultural Research Division"

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Balakrishna, Abhijith, and Wilson Lawrence. "Numerical Study and Optimization of Air Flow and Thermal Behavior Inside a Typical Cold Room Loaded With Agricultural Produce." In ASME 2013 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2013-16439.

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This work is part of a research activity aiming to improve and optimize air flow and temperature distribution inside a refrigerated cold room. An improved flexible air duct design inside the cold room is studied for uniform air flow and minimum temperature gradient inside the cold room. The present study investigates on various flexible air duct designs inside the cold room to provide better thermal management to improve the shelf life of the produce. In this study, the most commonly used refrigerated cold room is considered with inlet and outlet sections placed in the front wall of the room. The numerical modeling of airflow was performed using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code Fluent and turbulence modeling with standard k–ε model.
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Podciborski, Tomasz. "A Method for Evaluating and Principles for Developing a Map of the Productive Potential of Agricultural Land." In Environmental Engineering. VGTU Technika, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2017.226.

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Crop production is a highly complex process. It requires comprehensive knowledge about natural phenomena and agronomic treatments that provide plans with optimal conditions for growth and development. Crop yield is influenced by a variety of environmental factors, including availability of water, temperature and light. The main anthropogenic element in crop production is the shape of the plot which is determined by the land division plan. Farmers also have to undertake the relevant measures to ensure the appropriate soil pH, soil structure, nutrient content and microbial activity. The main objective of this study was to develop a method and principles for evaluating the productive potential of agricultural land, and to compile a map presenting the productive potential of agricultural land. The main aim was achieved through detailed goals. Model evaluation indicators and criteria, the sources of information used in the evaluation process as well as the stages of and principles for developing a map of the productive potential of agricultural land were described. The results of an evaluation performed on a selected research site were presented in graphical form in the Conclusions section.
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Gangwar, Harish Kumar, and Avinash Kumar Agarwal. "Emission and Combustion Characteristics of Biodiesel (Jatropha Curcas) Blends in a Medium Duty IDI Transportation Engine." In ASME 2007 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2007-1684.

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Vegetable oils, due to their agricultural origin, are able to reduce net carbon-di-oxide emissions to the atmosphere along with import substitution of petroleum products. However, several operational and durability problems in using straight vegetable oils as CI engine fuels are reported in the literature, which are because of their higher viscosity and low volatility compared to mineral diesel. In the present research, experiment were designed to study the effect of lowering Jatropha oil’s viscosity by transesterification and thereby eliminating adverse effects on combustion characteristics of the engine. In the present experimental research, Jatropha methyl ester is produced by transesterification of jatropha oil using methanol in presence of basic catalyst (Sodium hydroxide). Experimental investigations have been carried out to examine the combustion characteristics of in an indirect injection (IDI) transportation diesel engine running with diesel, biodiesel and its blends with diesel. Engine tests were performed at different engine loads ranging from no load to rated (100%) load at fixed engine speed (2000 rpm). A careful analysis of cylinder pressure rise, instantaneous heat release and cumulative heat release was carried out. All test fuels exhibited similar combustion stages as diesel however biodiesel and its blends showed earlier start of combustion and lower heat release during premixed combustion phase at all engine load. Maximum cylinder pressure reduces as the fraction of biodiesel increases in the blend and at higher engine loads, the crank angle position of peak cylinder pressure for biodiesel blends shifted away from top dead center. The maximum rate of pressure rise was found to be higher for diesel at higher engine loads however total combustion duration was higher for biodiesel blends.
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Marin, William E., Daniel P. Wiese, and Paul A. Erickson. "An Experimental Investigation of Hydrogen Fumigation in a Small Direct-Injection Diesel Engine During Part-Load Operation." In ASME 2011 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2011-60020.

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Hydrogen enrichment may offer enhanced performance of internal combustion engines. Hydrogen’s high specific energy, wide flammability limits, and high flame speed are all desirable traits that can potentially enhance combustion. However, hydrogen’s low energy density and its need to be produced from another energy source pose significant challenges for implementation. Hydrogen enrichment involves co-firing of hydrogen and another primary fuel. The hydrogen can be aspirated through the intake manifold via fumigation or injected at the port or cylinder with the primary fuel. The effect of hydrogen fumigation in diesel engines has been studied to some degree but is not fully understood. In this research, a single-cylinder four-stroke direct-injection diesel engine was modified for hydrogen fumigation and was instrumented to monitor combustion related performance parameters. This engine is representative of low-cost systems that are widely used in developing nations for agricultural and other low power applications. A factorial design of experiments was implemented to study the effects and interactions of hydrogen fumigation flow rate, injection timing, and diesel fuel flow rate on part-load engine performance. At relatively low energy fractions, hydrogen was found to have statistically insignificant effects on brake torque and indicated mean effective pressure, leading to modest decreases in brake thermal efficiency. Exhaust gas temperature increased with hydrogen enrichment. The coefficient of variance of indicated mean effective pressure decreased with hydrogen enrichment, and visible changes to the in-cylinder pressure trace were observed, particularly when injection timing was retarded. The results of this investigation show that for this specific configuration, hydrogen enrichment is not beneficial to the combustion process. The marginal improvements in coefficient of variance and changes of in-cylinder pressure cannot justify the decrease in thermal efficiency of the engine.
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Taha, Ahmed A., Tarek Abdel-Salam, and Madhu Vellakal. "Hydrogen, Biodiesel and Ethanol for Internal Combustion Engines: A Review Paper." In ASME 2015 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2015-1011.

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Alternative fuels research has been on going for well over many years at a number of institutions. Driven by oil price and consumption, engine emissions and climate change, along with the lack of sustainable fossil fuels, transportation sector has generated an interest in alternative, renewable sources of fuel for internal combustion engines. The focus has ranged from feed stock optimization to engine-out emissions, performance and durability. Biofuels for transportation sector, including alcohols (ethanol, methanol…etc.), biodiesel, and other liquid and gaseous fuels such as methane and hydrogen, have the potential to displace a considerable amount of petroleum-based fuels around the world. First generation biofuels are produced from sugars, starches, or vegetable oils. On the contrary, the second generation biofuels are produced from cellulosic materials, agricultural wastes, switch grasses and algae rather than sugar and starch. By not using food crops, second generation biofuel production is much more sustainable and has a lower impact on food production. Also known as advanced biofuels, the second-generation biofuels are still in the development stage. Combining higher energy yields, lower requirements for fertilizer and land, and the absence of competition with food, second generation biofuels, when available at prices equivalent to petroleum derived products, offer a truly sustainable alternative for transportation fuels. There are main four issues related to alternative fuels: production, transportation, storage, handling and usage. This paper presents a review of recent literature related to the alternative fuels usage and the impact of these fuels on fuel injection systems, and fuel atomization and sprays for both spark-ignition and compression-ignition engines. Effect of these renewable fuels on both internal flow and external flow characteristics of the fuel injector will be presented.
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Sharma, Ashish, Harindra J. S. Fernando, Jessica Hellmann, and Fei Chen. "Sensitivity of WRF Model to Urban Parameterizations, With Applications to Chicago Metropolitan Urban Heat Island." In ASME 2014 4th Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting collocated with the ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2014-21292.

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Chicago is one of the most populated cites of US. It is located next to a freshwater source, Lake Michigan, and surrounded by productive agricultural land and diverse natural habitats. This study explores the sensitivity of mesoscale urban heat island (UHI) simulations to urban parameterizations, focusing on the Chicago metropolitan area (CMA) and its environs. For this purpose, a series of climate downscaling experiments using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model at 1 km horizontal resolution. A typical summer hot day in Chicago was considered, which is imitative of a summer day in the late 21st century. This study utilizes National Land Cover Database (NLCD) 2006 classifications to test UHI sensitivity for CMA. Among different urban parameterization schemes, BEP+BEM best reproduces the urban surface temperatures in comparison to other urban schemes. Results show that UHI is more pronounced with BEP and BEP+BEM schemes due to explicit accounting of anthropogenic heat (AH). The study also investigates the effects of urbanization on regional climate by replacing Chicago metropolitan area by agricultural landscape, which yielded increased surface wind speeds due to reduced mechanical and thermal resistance.
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McKenzie, E. A., J. R. Etherton, J. R. Harris, D. M. Cantis, and T. J. Lutz. "NIOSH AutoROPS 3rd Generation Static Testing and Human Interaction Element." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-41330.

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To address the need for rollover protective structures (ROPS) on farm tractors that are easily adapted to low overhead clearance situations, the Division of Safety Research (DSR), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), developed an automatically deploying, telescoping ROPS (AutoROPS). The NIOSH AutoROPS at the present is in the third generation design and static testing phase, and the first phase of human subject (human operator) testing and manufacturing. The static testing is based on the SAE J2194 standard for testing ROPS for agricultural tractor use. The nature of the NIOSH AutoROPS is to be in a retracted position until an overturn is determined to be imminent. It is during the deployment time period that potential safety hazards exist that are not present in a traditional fixed ROPS and not addressed in the standards. Human interaction is a key ingredient in refining the design to be both functional and desirable while considering possible hazards. Feedback from farmers who have operated a tractor with the NIOSH AutoROPS installed and in the ready state will enhance the design and acceptability. NIOSH’s goal is to reduce the number of fatal agricultural overturns by increasing the percentage of tractors with ROPS and seatbelts which operate in low clearance environments. This design has met laboratory static testing criteria of the SAE J2194 standard for ROPS on agricultural tractors. Field evaluation of the AutoROPS use by poultry farmers (N=32) in eastern West Virginia showed favorable results and a preference for wanting to purchase and use the NIOSH AutoROPS compared with a currently available manually foldable ROPS. This paper discusses the overall performance of the NIOSH AutoROPS as subjected to the SAE J2194 standard and human interaction/feedback of operating an agricultural tractor with this added safety device.
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McKenzie, E. A., and J. R. Etherton. "NIOSH AutoROPS Latch and Release Mechanism: Second Generation." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-32458.

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Approximately 132 agricultural tractor overturn fatalities occur per year (Myers and Snyder, 1993). The use of rollover protective structures on farm tractors (ROPS), along with operator seat belt use, is the best known method for preventing these fatalities. One impediment to universal ROPS use, however, is low clearance situations, such as orchards and animal confinement buildings. To address the need for ROPS that are easily adapted to low clearance situations, the Division of Safety Research (DSR), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), developed a prototype automatically deploying, telescoping ROPS (AutoROPS). The NIOSH AutoROPS consists of two subsystems. The first is a retractable ROPS that is normally mounted to the tractor axle and latched in its lowered position for day-to-day use. The second subsystem is a sensor that monitors the operating angle and rate of roll on two axes of the tractor. If an overturn condition is detected by the sensor, the retracted ROPS will deploy and lock in the full upright position before ground contact. This paper discusses the second generation design of the latch and release mechanism (LRM) for the NIOSH AutoROPS and recommends key areas for future surveillance and design research to best facilitate reduction in farm rollover fatalities.
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9

Gordillo, Gerardo, and Maria C. Mendez. "Rice Husk Gasification Using N2 and Air-Steam for Partial Oxidation." In ASME 2012 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2012 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting and the ASME 2012 10th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2012-58386.

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The concern for the reduction of the environmental impact caused by greenhouse emissions (CO2) from fossil fuel combustion processes is growing around the world. This has increased research on new energy technologies to produce clean fuels. One of them is the use of biomass as feedstock in gasification processes. The rice agriculture industry around the world produces a great amount of rice husk wastes (RHW) which show the potential for water, soil, and air pollution (including global warming by way of potent greenhouse emissions such as CH4) since waste handling system and structures for storage and treatment frequently are not appropriate. However, the concentration of the rice husk in industrial units makes this low Btu feedstock a viable source for locally based thermal gasification. The current paper presents results on both HRW adiabatic gasification modeling using air-steam blends for partial oxidation and pyrolysis kinetic model to determine, by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), the RHW activation energy (E). The Chemical Equilibrium with Applications program (CEA), developed by NASA, was used to estimate the effect of both the equivalence ratio (ER) and the steam to fuel ratio (S:F) on adiabatic temperature, gas quality (gas composition and energy density), and energy recovery of an unlimited number of species (∼150). The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was carried out using N2 as carrier gas and under different heating rates (β: 10, 20, 40, and 50 °C/min). Furthermore, the activation energy (E) was estimated based in the results from TGA and using the isoconversional method (i.e., free-model). In general, for the range of parameters studied (0.2 < S:F < 0.8 and 1.5 < Φ < 6), the results from equilibrium adiabatic modeling (CEA) showed that increased ER and (S:F) ratios increase the production of H2 and CO2 but decrease the production of CO. Equilibrium temperature decreases with increased ER until ER = 3.0 whereas at ER > 3.0, the effect of ER on equilibrium temperature is negligible. Also, the activation energy average value, estimated from the kinetics model, results to be 233 kJ/kmol.
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