Relevant bibliographies by topics / Ammonium chlorides

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Ammonium chlorides'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 13 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Ammonium chlorides"

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Zabielska-Matejuk, J., E. Urbanik, and J. Pernak. "New bis-quaternary ammonium and bis-imidazolium chloride wood preservatives." Holzforschung 58, no. 3 (May 12, 2004): 292–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2004.045.

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Abstract Bis-quaternary ammonium and bis-imidazolium chlorides, the compounds containing in their structure two symmetrical quaternary nitrogen atoms, were prepared and tested on wood destroying and sapstaining fungi. The effect of the position of quaternary nitrogen atoms upon fungicidal and surface properties was analysed. The antifungal activity of new bis-quaternary ammonium and bis-imidazolium chlorides against Coniophora puteana (Schum.:Fr.)Kr., Trametes versicolor (L.:Fr.)Pilát and Aspergillus niger van Tieghem was much more pronounced than that of quaternary ammonium chlorides. The results confirm the correlation between surface activity and fungicidal activity. The adsorption of bisimidazolium chloride onto pine wood was influenced by pH of applied solutions and the initial solution concentration. With increasing pH of ammonium solution, the adsorption was much greater than in neutral or acidic solutions. Cation structure of the quaternary ammonium chloride exerted a strong influence on quantity of wood-adsorbed chemicals and resistance to water leaching.
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Koishina, G. M., E. E. Zholdasbay, M. B. Kurmanseitov, E. B. Tazhiev, and A. A. Argyn. "Study on the behavior of zinc and associated metal-impurities in the process of chlorinating roasting of dross." Kompleksnoe Ispolʹzovanie Mineralʹnogo syrʹâ/Complex Use of Mineral Resources/Mineraldik Shikisattardy Keshendi Paidalanu 318, no. 3 (September 12, 2021): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.31643/2021/6445.30.

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In this work the issue of processing of dross with preliminary separation of the metal part from the oxide one is reviewed. Based on a comparative analysis of the results of known works it is shown that this approach can be quite effective if a technology is developed for the separate processing of the oxide part to obtain a commercial product. The authors of this work proposed carrying out chlorinating roasting under oxidizing conditions with various chlorine-containing reagents as one of the effective ways of processing the oxide part of the dross. Based on the thermodynamic analysis of the reactions of interaction between the components of the oxide part of the dross and calcium and ammonium chlorides, the principal possibility of obtaining pure zinc oxide, suitable for use as mineral additives in animal feed has been shown. As a result of thermodynamic calculations of the reactions of interaction of impurity metals with calcium chloride and ammonium chloride, the values of Gibbs free energy and reaction rate constants were determined in the temperature range 973 and 1373 K. It has been established that under the conditions of roasting the oxide part of the dross with both calcium chloride and ammonium chloride, a high degree of sublimation of impurity metals from the dross in the form of their chlorides into dust is achieved. It has been shown that roasting the oxide part of the dross using ammonium chloride is more efficient than with calcium chloride.
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Kostag, Marc, Tim Liebert, Omar A. El Seoud, and Thomas Heinze. "Efficient Cellulose Solvent: Quaternary Ammonium Chlorides." Macromolecular Rapid Communications 34, no. 19 (September 9, 2013): 1580–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/marc.201300497.

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Pernak, Juliusz, Jadwiga Zabielska-Matejuk, and Edmund Urbanik. "New Quaternary Ammonium Chlorides - Wood Preservatives." Holzforschung 52, no. 3 (January 1998): 249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hfsg.1998.52.3.249.

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Nowak, Łukasz, Magdalena Regel-Rosocka, Barbara Marszałkowska, and Maciej Wiśniewski. "Removal of Zn(II) from chloride acidic solutions with hydrophobic quaternary salts." Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 12, no. 3 (January 1, 2010): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10026-010-0028-8.

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Removal of Zn(II) from chloride acidic solutions with hydrophobic quaternary salts The equilibrium of zinc(II) extraction from hydrochloric acid solutions with phosphonium and ammonium quaternary salts and their application as carriers in polymer inclusion membranes were studied. The most efficient was the extraction of zinc with the use of chlorides and bromide of ammonium and phosphonium salt (more than 90%). Quaternary ammonium and phosphonium chlorides and bromide are efficient extractants of zinc(II) from hydrochloric acid solutions. Two-fold molar excess of extractant over Zn(II) is necessary for efficient extraction (100%). Solvent extraction power of the extractants studied decreases with increasing hydrophobicity of the anion in the following sequence: QPCl > QPBr > QPBis > QACl > QABF4 > QPBF4 > QPPF6 > QPNtf2. A solution of 1 M H2 SO4 is chosen as the best stripping phase from the technological and economical point of view. Transport across polymeric inclusion membrane enables concentration of the stripping solution; however it takes a very long time.
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Green, Rebecca A., and John F. Hartwig. "Nickel-Catalyzed Amination of Aryl Chlorides with Ammonia or Ammonium Salts." Angewandte Chemie 127, no. 12 (February 25, 2015): 3839–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.201500404.

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Green, Rebecca A., and John F. Hartwig. "Nickel-Catalyzed Amination of Aryl Chlorides with Ammonia or Ammonium Salts." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 54, no. 12 (February 25, 2015): 3768–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201500404.

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Różycka-Roszak, Bożenna. "Micellization of some amphiphilic quaternary ammonium chlorides." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 140, no. 2 (December 1990): 538–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9797(90)90374-w.

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Lubkowski, J., and J. Blazejowski. "Crystal lattice energy of ammonium and methanaminium chlorides." Journal of Thermal Analysis 36, no. 6 (September 1990): 2009–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01914117.

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Kuehny, Jeff S., Wen Chy Chang, and Patricia Branch. "Influence of Plant Growth Regulators on Postharvest Quality of Zantesdeschia and Preplant Treatment for Preventing Erwinia Infection." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 597d—597. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.597d.

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Zantesdeschia has been grown for cut-flower production for many years, but more recently it has been grown as a containerized plant. Problems with height control and disease, however, have limited Zantesdeschia production in warmer climates. Our objectives were to evaluate paclobutrazol and uniconazole on control of plant growth of three Zantesdeschia species and evaluate four preplant treatments for preventing Erwinia infection on rhizomes. Paclobutrazol at 1 mg a.i. gave the best control of flower height, foliage height, and plant width. After 20 d in a postharvest chamber, plants drenched with paclobuturazol at 2 mg a.i. and uniconazole at 6 mg a.i. were still suitable plants, plants drenched at 3 and 4 mg a.i. paclobutrazol remained short, and plants drenched at 2 and 4 mg a.i.uniconazole became tall and weak, with flower stems breaking over. Rhizomes were dipped in dimethylbenzyl ammonium chlorides, sodium hypochlorite, 4% formaldehyde, or streptomycin. Streptomycin provided the best control against Erwinia infection followed by formaldehyde. Dimethylbenzyl ammonium chlorides and sodium chloride provided the poorest protection.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ammonium chlorides"

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Gudgel, Katherine Ann. "Growth of ammonium chloride dendrites." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/289878.

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The ammonium chloride-water system has been used extensively as a transparent metal analog to model solidification in binary metal alloys. In this work, the growth rate and morphology of NH₄Cl dendrites grown from aqueous solutions were studied. Since an accurate knowledge of the materials parameters is essential to predicting the growth behavior, the equilibrium segregation coefficient was measured and a detailed analysis of the other NH₄Cl-H₂O materials properties cited in the literature was conducted. Isothermal experiments on bulk NH₄Cl-H₂O samples confirmed that the previously reported discontinuity in the growth rate as function of undercooling and associated transition from <100> oriented slowly growing dendrites to rapidly growing <111> dendrites are not artifacts of the sample geometry. Directional solidification experiments conducted to study the dendrite growth morphology revealed oscillations in both the growth rate and orientation. Results from these studies show that both the undercooling at which the <100> to <111> transition occurs and the peak velocity vary with composition. However, the observed shifts toward smaller apparent undercoolings and the narrowing of the oscillations at higher drive velocities result from changes in the local composition caused by the velocity and orientation dependencies of the partition coefficient. The oscillatory behavior of the <111> dendrites can be predicted using the residual <100> compositional field and the applied temperature gradient. By using an anisotropic segregation coefficient, the slow and fast growth rates can be separately modeled as a function of undercooling using the standard dendrite growth equations. While the transition to the <111> morphology can be attributed to the anisotropy in the k-value, several modifications need to be made to the existing dendritic growth models in order to describe the critical transition. Due to the complex relationships between the non-equilibrium segregation coefficient, composition, and growth rate, some of these modeling efforts have been left to future researchers. In addition to the inclusion of the overall anisotropy, our experiments indicate that the long-range compositional and thermal field effects must be incorporated into the dendrite growth models to explain the difference in growth rates of <111> Primary branches when <111> or <100> side-branches are present.
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Lavigne, André. "Oxydations cupro-catalysees des amines aliphatiques : etudes mecanistiques et applications synthetiques." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066470.

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Preparation de nitriles a partir d'amines primaires et d'alpha -aminoacides. Les acides amines monosubstutitues rch(nh::(2))co::(2)h donnent le nitrile rcn, alors que les acides amines disubstitues rr'c(nh::(2))co::(2)h conduisent a l'azine rr'c=n-n=cr'r. Les mecanismes proposes font intervenir le cuivre (iii), forme in situ a partir du cuivre (i) et de l'oxygene
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Grigonis, Aidas. "Benzalkonio ir metenamino analogų antimikrobinio aktyvumo nustatymas in vitro ir jo priklausomybė nuo aerozolio dalelių krūvio." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2007. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2007~D_20070214_152534-59492.

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Antibacterial effectiveness in vitro of the original quaternary ammonium compounds that were synthesized in the Laboratory of Biologically active substances was determined and the dependence of this activity upon chemical structure of the compound was established. Also generalisations have been made concerning the regularity of this dependency, the effectiveness of the compounds was compared to benzalkonium chloride, their advantages and disadvantages were discussed. Acute toxicity of the most effective compound was established and compared to that of benzalkonium chloride. It was found that these compounds showed good antibacterial activity against Gr+ and Gr- bacteria and low toxicity, thus this original data was summarized in the patent Nr. 4712. For the first time it was found that upon disintegration of quaternary methenamonium compounds new quaternary ammonium compounds, aldehydes and ammonia are produced. The first two of the three show further antimicrobic activity. Using quaternary ammonium salts and cholrhexydine a biocide for disinfection was created. The created biocide was tested for effectiveness when used for disinfection of air in the premises, horizontal and vertical surfaces. The compound was used in the form of aerosols and electro-aerosols. The research data showed that strong concentrations of Dezinfektas IV are necessary (up to 30%), but small amount of the solution per volume is enough (20-30 ml/m3). Ten times higher concentration is needed for... [to full text]
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Yang, Jeongwoo. "Fate and effect of alkyl benzyl dimethyl ammonium chloride in mixed aerobic and nitrifying cultures." Thesis, Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19871.

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Thesis (M. S.)--Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008.
Committee Chair: Spyros G. Pavlostathis; Committee Member: Ching-Hua Huang; Committee Member: John A. Pierson.
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Wills, Peter. "Novel biocidal formulation." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/novel-biocidal-formulation(776ed624-6717-496f-9b31-ad2edce8e24b).html.

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In this modern age, society has become much more aware of the danger bacteria can have on people's health. Personal and household antimicrobial formulations are commonly used within the home to lower the levels of harmful bacteria such as E. Coli, Salmonella and Pseudomonas. The active which kills the bacteria within the formulation is described as a biocide. This research looks at the often neglected potential of cationic polyelectrolyte as a biocide, firstly within solution and secondly in creating an antimicrobial surface. The solution properties and antimicrobial activity for a range of commercially available cationic polyelectrolytes (polymeric quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC) and biguanides) of differing molecular weights were investigated. All polyelectrolytes were observed to have some level of antimicrobial activity. The second phase of this research investigated polyelectrolyte/surfactant/water mixture of similar charge (cationic). Two QAC surfactants were investigated: Alkyl (C12 70%; C14 30%) dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (BAC) and Didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDQ). At a critical concentration, these mixtures segregatively phase separate into a surfactant rich upper phase and polyelectrolyte rich lower phase. This phase separation phenomenon was investigated in respect of surfactant and polyelectrolyte type as well as polyelectrolyte molecular weight. Surfactant type was observed to be the dominant factor in determining the onset of phase separation and by mixing different ratios of surfactants the ability to tune this phase separation concentration was shown. Dilute solutions of these mixtures well below their respective phase separation concentration were then deposited onto glass substrates via a drop cast or inkjet printer method. The surfactant/polyelectrolyte film composites left after drop evaporation ranged from an amorphous film to nodular like structures. The ability to order/structure actives onto a surface could alter active adhesion and surface roughness properties of the film. This change in surface property could consequently affect antimicrobial performance.
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Dorreyatim, Mohammad. "Cyclic Polarization of AA 3102 in Corrosive Electrolytes Containing Sodium Chloride and Ammonium Sulfate." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2016. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc955069/.

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Corrosion of all aluminum microchannel heat exchangers present a challenge in automotive and heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) industries. Reproducibility of Salt Water Acetic Acid Test (SWAAT) has been questioned and a need to new corrosion tests with better reproducibility has risen. Cyclic polarization, that is an electrochemical test, was explored for its suitability for the assessment of AA 3102 tube material that is currently a popular aluminum alloy used in manufacturing of heat exchanger. Corrosive electrolytes containing 3.5 % sodium chloride with 0.5 % ammonium sulfate (high chloride) or 0.5 % sodium chloride with 3.5 % ammonium sulfate (high sulfate) at their pH or acidic (pH=4) were used to measure corrosion potential (Ecorr), protection potential (Epp), pitting potential (Epit), Tafel constants (βa and βc), corrosion rate (mpy). Corrosive electrolyte used in SWAAT test (4.2% Sea Salt at pH 2.9) was also used to compare corrosion resistance of AA 3102 in SWAAT electrolyte compared to the other electrolytes used in this research. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe and document sample surface corrosion damage after each electrochemical test on all samples. Results of the cyclic polarization tests indicated that SWAAT electrolytes was the most aggressive electrolyte resulting in highest corrosion rates compared to all other electrolytes used in this investigation. SEM results indicated AA 3102 alloy exhibited higher pitting tendency in electrolytes with high sodium chloride whereas high sulfate electrolytes cause appearance of uniform corrosion surface damage on this alloy. Both high sulfate and SWAAT electrolytes showed intergranular corrosion but high chloride electrolyte showed severe pitting of AA 3102. Mohammad Navid Dorreyatim- Cyclic Polarization of AA 3102 in Corrosive Electrolytes Containing Sodium Chloride and Ammonium Sulfate. Master of Science (Mechanical and Energy Engineering), December 2016, 98 pp., references, 31 titles.
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Svensson, David. "Synthesis and characterisation of polyelectrolytes based on polymers of diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride and poly(styrene-co-butadiene)." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-82344.

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In printed electronics there are many polyelectrolytes to choose from. While polyelectrolytes such as polystyrene sulfonic acid can fulfill many ofthe desired functionalities of a semiconductor, there is a need for other polyelectrolytes with other functionalities, such as functionality at low airhumidity and better cross-linking possibilities, while still functioning as a good semiconductor.Within this thesis, there is a description of general polyelectrolytes, as well as various usages.The synthesis and characterization of new polyelectrolytes that have been developed, based upon diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride (DADMAC)and a derivative of polystyrene sulfonic acid (PSSH) is described.The study and experimental testing of the polymers as polyelectrolytes under different conditions is described.
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Duggirala, Ravi Kumar. "Double diffusive convection during solidification of ammonium chloride - water (NH4CL-H20) mixture in a trapezoidal cavity." FIU Digital Commons, 2004. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3095.

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The effect of the initial concentration of ammonium chloride (sub eutectic: C < 19.8 wt. % and eutectic Ce= 19.8 wt. %) and boundary temperatures (Tcold = -30 0C to -10 0C) on the solidification process is examined. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) is used in this study to measure the velocity fields in the melt during the solidification process. The distributions of temperatures at discrete locations in the solution and the boundary walls were measured. This study focuses on the solidification of an ammonium chloride-water (NH4Cl- H2O) solution in a trapezoidal cavity with one and two inclined cooling walls. The thermosolutal convective flow strongly influenced the rate of freezing. An increase in thermal driving force increased the rate of freezing. Increased initial concentration retarded the freezing process and primarily affected the structure of the solid and mush regions. The results of this study will contribute in understanding the phenomena and bridge the gap between the engineering aspect and physics background for the dynamics of solid phase formation during castings, ingots, and polymerization.
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Oh, Seung Dae. "Metagenomic and metatranscriptomic investigation of microorganisms exposed to benzalkonium chloride disinfectants." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/52928.

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Benzalkonium chlorides (BACs) are widely used, broad-spectrum disinfectants and frequently detected in the environment, even at toxic levels for life. Since such disinfectants can induce broad resistance capabilities, BACs may fuel the emergence of antibiotic resistance in the environment. A substantial body of literature has reported that exposure to BACs causes antibiotic resistance; yet, other studies suggest that the resistance linkage is rare, unsystematic, and/or clinically insignificant. Accordingly, whether or not disinfectant exposure mediates antibiotic resistance and, if so, what molecular mechanisms underlie the resistance link remains to be clearly elucidated. Further, understanding how microbial communities degrade BACs is important not only for alleviating the possible occurrence of antibiotic resistance but also reducing the potential risks to environmental and public health. An integrated strategy that combines metagenomics, metatranscriptomics, genetics, and traditional culture-dependent approaches was employed to provide novel insights into these issues. The integrative approach showed that a microbial community exposed to BACs can acquire antibiotic resistance through two mechanisms: i) horizontal transfer of previously uncharacterized efflux pump genes conferring resistance to BACs and antibiotics, which were encoded on a conjugative plasmid and co-selected together upon BACs and ii) selective enrichment of intrinsically multi-drug resistant organisms. Further, a microbial community adapts to BAC exposure via a variety of mechanisms, including selective enrichment of BAC-degrading species and amino acid substitutions and horizontal transfer of genes related to BAC resistance and degradation. The metatranscriptomic data suggests that the BAC-adapted microbial community metabolized BACs by cooperative interactions among its members. More specifically, Pseudomonas nitroreducens cleaved (i.e., dealkylated) BACs, metabolized the alkyl chain (the dealkylated product of BACs), and released benzyldimethylamine (the other product of BACs), which was further metabolized by other community members (e.g., Pseudomonas putida). Collectively, this study demonstrates the role of BACs in promoting antibiotic resistance and advances current understanding of a microbial community degrading BACs. The results of this work have important implications for (appropriate) usage of disinfectants and for assessing, predicting, and optimizing biological engineering processes treating BAC-bearing waste streams.
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Galbraith, S. D. "The response of potassium chloride (KCl), ammonium nitrate (AN) solutions and emulsion explosives to plate impact loading." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.599271.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the dynamic properties of potassium chloride, AN solutions and a commercial emulsion explosive and to understand their response in terms of shock theory and material properties. A plate impact facility was used to shock the KCl, subjecting it to a uni-axial strain state for the duration of the measurements. Stress and strain histories were recorded using piezo-resistive gauges. KCl is an ionic crystal which, when subject to shocks above 2.2 GPa, has a martensitic phase transformation. The stress histories were explained in terms of the shock and release waves. A novel technique was used to record the reverse phase transformation and to calculate the hysteresis. The assumption that a uni-axial strain state exists behind a phase transformation was verified, for the first time, experimentally. Two techniques were demonstrated that reduce and quantify the piezo-electric response of KCl. Conclusions from this investigation were analysed by two different types of computational simulation. Using a similar methodology to the KCl work a technique has been developed to determine experimentally the Hugoniot of liquids up to pressures of 10 GPa. The Hugoniots of a variety of AN solutions of different strengths and temperatures were recorded. The results were shown to agree with the predictions of two simple equations of state. The technique developed for AN solutions was applied to a commercial emulsion explosive (based on an AN solution) and the Hugoniot determined. The explosive was sensitised by adding quantities of glass micro-balloons and the pressures which induced the first stages of reaction for a given sensitisation were deduced.
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Books on the topic "Ammonium chlorides"

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Vleminckx, C. Genotoxic effects of Glycidyl-Trimethyl-Ammonium chloride. Bruxelles: Institut d'Hygiene et d'Epidemiologie, Ministere de la Sante Publique et de l'Environnement, 1987.

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Raddatz, A. E. Preparation of ammonium paratungstate from a sodium tungstate-sodium chloride phase. Avondale, MD: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1988.

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United States. Bureau of Mines. Preparation of Ammonium Paratungstate From A Sodium Tungstate-Sodium Chloride Phase. S.l: s.n, 1988.

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Työterveyslaitos and Teknillinen Korkeakoulu. Faculty of Process Engineering and Material Science., eds. Occupational skin diseases from epoxy compounds: Epoxy resin compounds, epoxy acrylates, and 2,3-epoxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride. Helsinki: Institute of Occupational Health, 1991.

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Jones, E. A. The determination, by flow-injection analysis, of fluoride, chloride, phospate, ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate. Randburg, South Africa: Council for Mineral Technology, 1985.

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Kruse, C. James. Marine highway transport of toxic inhalation hazard materials. Washington, D.C: Transportation Research Board, 2012.

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W, Lorimer John, and Cohen-Adad Roger, eds. Alkali metal and ammonium chlorides in water and heavy water (binary systems). Oxford: Pergamon, 1991.

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Roger, Cohen-Adad, and Lorimer John W, eds. Alkali metal and ammonium chlorides in water and heavy water (binary systems). Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1991.

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(Editor), R. Cohen-Adad, and J. W. Lorimer (Editor), eds. Alkali Metal and Ammonium Chlorides in Water and Heavy Water (Binary Systems) (IUPAC Solubility Data Series). Pergamon, 1991.

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(Editor), R. Cohen-Adad, and J. W. Lorimer (Editor), eds. Alkali Metal and Ammonium Chlorides in Water and Heavy Water (Binary Systems) (IUPAC Solubility Data Series). Pergamon, 1991.

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Book chapters on the topic "Ammonium chlorides"

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Meyer, Gerd, Eduardo Garcia, and John D. Corbett. "The Ammonium Chloride Route to Anhydrous Rare Earth Chlorides-The Example of Ycl3." In Inorganic Syntheses, 146–50. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470132562.ch35.

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Pałkowski, Łukasz, Jerzy Błaszczyński, Jerzy Krysiński, Roman Słowiński, Andrzej Skrzypczak, Jan Błaszczak, Eugenia Gospodarek, and Joanna Wróblewska. "Application of Rough Set Theory to Prediction of Antimicrobial Activity of Bis-quaternary Ammonium Chlorides." In Rough Sets and Knowledge Technology, 107–16. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31900-6_14.

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Bährle-Rapp, Marina. "Ammonium Chloride." In Springer Lexikon Kosmetik und Körperpflege, 31. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71095-0_524.

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Lascelles, P. T., and D. Donaldson. "Ammonium Chloride Load Test." In Diagnostic Function Tests in Chemical Pathology, 3–4. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1846-7_2.

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Bährle-Rapp, Marina. "Benzyl Triethyl Ammonium Chloride." In Springer Lexikon Kosmetik und Körperpflege, 63. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71095-0_1107.

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Bährle-Rapp, Marina. "PEG-5 Stearyl Ammonium Chloride." In Springer Lexikon Kosmetik und Körperpflege, 414. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71095-0_7710.

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Tseitlin, Michael, Valentina Raiko, and Aleksei Shestopalov. "Kinetics of Sodium Chloride Dissolution in Condensates Containing Ammonia and Ammonium Carbonates." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 882–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22365-6_88.

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Holze, Rudolf. "Ionic conductance of dimethyl dodecyl ammonium chloride." In Electrochemistry, 651. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49251-2_614.

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Dutrizac, J. E. "Ammonium jarosite formation in ferric chloride leaching processes." In EMC ’91: Non-Ferrous Metallurgy—Present and Future, 65–76. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3684-6_7.

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Huaa, Xiaoming, Yongfei Zheng, Qian Xu, Xionggang Lu, Hongwei Cheng, Xingli Zou, Qiushi Song, Zhiqiang Ning, and Michael L. Free. "The Effect of Anodic Potential on Surface Layers of Chalcopyrite during Ammonia–Ammonium Chloride Leaching." In The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series, 1547–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95022-8_127.

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Conference papers on the topic "Ammonium chlorides"

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Schofield, Keith. "Alkali Control for Gas Turbines by a Combined Hot Gas Clean-Up Approach." In ASME Turbo Expo 2009: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2009-60254.

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Gas turbines require very clean fuels if they are to avoid high temperature corrosion due to alkali sulfates and chlorides. Indications are that the alkali (sodium and potassium) salt levels need to be well below parts per million by volume in the hot gases and probably no more than 50 parts per billion by volume (0.01 mg/m3) for maintenance free operation. Moreover, it is the alkali that is the dominant factor and the actual concentrations of sulfur or chlorine are of minor relevance. Recently, numerous studies have shown that by using inexpensive absorbent type clay materials such as kaolin, bentonite, emathlite, or even bauxite and boehmite that these can reduce the alkali content very significantly (≥ 90%) in the hot gases. Coupled now to a final polishing method to remove the remainder, a new viable two step approach appears technically and economically feasible. This polishing method involves adding traces of either ammonium paramolybdate or ammonium metatungstate, both of which are water soluble, as a dilute aerosol into the hot gases. The ratio of molybdenum, or tungsten, to alkali needs to be in a ratio of about two to one on an atomic basis. This modifies the deposition process and alkali polymolybdate or polytungstate bronzes are preferentially produced. These are low melting point molecules that are benign and create with any remaining alkali a protective coating on the blades. They are thermodynamically more stable and rank above the sulfates and chlorides for formation. Also, being added in quantities of only parts per million or less there are no repercussions on NOX emissions or performance and remain cost effective at these levels. This coupling of the two complimentary approaches now appears feasible for final developmental testing to permit the use of alternate fuels without a need for cool-down cleaning cycles.
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Zhao, Guo-dong, and Qing Liuc. "Leaching of copper from tailings using ammonia/ammonium chloride solution and its dynamics." In 2010 International Conference on Chemistry and Chemical Engineering (ICCCE). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccceng.2010.5560449.

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Magirl, C. S., and Frank P. Incropera. "MULTIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF AN AQUEOUS AMMONIUM CHLORIDE SOLUTION." In International Heat Transfer Conference 10. Connecticut: Begellhouse, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/ihtc10.1640.

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Tu, Changqing, and Xinrong Wen. "Study on Spectrophotometric Determination of Trace Copper after Flotation Separation using Sodium Chloride-Ammonium Thiocyanate-Dodecyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride System." In 2015 3rd International Conference on Advances in Energy and Environmental Science. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icaees-15.2015.110.

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Ghenai, C., R. K. Duggirala, C. X. Lin, and M. A. Ebadian. "Characterization of Convection Patterns During the Solidification Process Using Particle Image Velocimetry." In ASME 2003 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2003-47241.

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This experimental study focused mainly on the solidification of a binary mixture of ammonium chloride and water (NH4Cl-H2O) in a differentially heated cavity. One vertical wall is cooled at temperature TC, and the opposite vertical wall is kept at constant temperature TH = +20°C. The effect on the solidification process of the initial concentration of ammonium chloride and cooling conditions is examined. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) is used for the visualization of the dynamic field during the solidification process. The temperature distribution at discrete locations in the solution and on the vertical cooling wall was monitored using thermocouples. The convection flow patterns, the ice thickness, and the temperature distribution were obtained for various initial concentrations of ammonium chloride ranging from 0wt% to 20wt% (sub-eutectic and near-eutectic growth). The convection patterns obtained for different initial concentrations showed significant differences. The results showed that the process of solidification is slower with an increase in the initial concentration levels of the binary solution. The ice growth rate was almost double at the bottom of the cavity.
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Ghenai, C., R. K. Duggirala, C. X. Lin, and M. A. Ebadian. "Experimental Investigation of Fluid Flow and Phase Moving Interface During the Solidification of Binary Mixture in Trapezoidal Cavity." In ASME 2004 Heat Transfer/Fluids Engineering Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht-fed2004-56404.

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This experimental study focuses on the solidification of a ammonium chloride-water (NH4Cl-H2O) solution in a trapezoidal cavity with one and two vertical cooling walls. The effect of the initial concentration of ammonium chloride (sub-eutectic: f < 19.8% and eutectic f = 19.8%, where f is the percentage in weight) and boundary temperatures (Tcold = −30°C to −10°C) on the solidification process is examined. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) is used in this study to measure the velocity fields in the melt during the solidification process. The temperatures distributions at discrete locations in the solution and the boundary walls were measured by 32 thermocouples. The convection flow patterns; the ice shape and thickness; the velocity of the moving liquid/solid interface; and the temperature distribution were obtained. The convection patterns obtained for different initial concentrations showed significant differences. The results showed that the process of solidification is slower with an increase in the initial concentration levels of the binary solution. The growth rate of the frozen layer, the velocity of the moving solid-liquid interface and the temperature in the melt was significantly reduced when increasing the initial concentration of ammonium chloride.
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Duggirala, R. K., P. Sirpal, C. X. Lin, and C. Ghenai. "Effect of Boundary Conditions and Initial Concentrations on the Solidification of Binary Mixture in Trapezoidal Cavity." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-61743.

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The solidification of binary mixture (NH4Cl–H2O) inside a trapezoidal cavity is investigated experimentally in this study. The experiments are carried out in a trapezoidal cavity measuring 65 mm × 130 mm × 150 mm with inclined angle of 69°. Solidification of ammonium chloride occurs on the left inclined copper wall held under constant heat rate condition while the other walls are maintained at adiabatic conditions. Particle image velocimetry was used in this study for visualization of the dynamic field during the solidification process. The temperatures of the solution inside the cavity and the boundary walls were measured by 32 thermocouples during the solidification process. Convective flow field, temperature distribution and frozen layer thickness were obtained for different initial concentrations of ammonium chloride varying from 0 to 19.8 % (sub-eutectic and near-eutectic growth) and various boundary conditions (Tcold = −30 °C to 0 °C). The results obtained in the course of study reveal that (1) the solidification rate is higher during initial stages of the solidification process, (2) the process of solidification is slower with increase in the initial concentration levels of the ammonium chloride and (3) the initial concentration play a significant role in the evolution of convection flow patterns.
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Mathew, Manjusha Elizabeth, Ishak Ahmad, Sabu Thomas, Rusli Daik, and Muhammad Kassim. "Synthesis and characterization of poly (benzyl trimethyl ammonium chloride) ionic polymer." In THE 2017 UKM FST POSTGRADUATE COLLOQUIUM: Proceedings of the University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Faculty of Science and Technology 2017 Postgraduate Colloquium. Author(s), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5028023.

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Osipov, A. R., A. D. Kiselev, R. I. Kraidenko, and V. A. Borisov. "A study on the interaction of manganese dioxide with ammonium chloride." In NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY: NANO-SciTech. AIP Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5122042.

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Wen, Xinrong, and Changqing Tu. "Study on Flotation Separation of Mercury (II) by sodium chloride- potassium iodide-octadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride system." In 2015 International Forum on Energy, Environment Science and Materials. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/ifeesm-15.2015.19.

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Reports on the topic "Ammonium chlorides"

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Brockmann, J. E., D. A. Lucero, T. Romero, and G. Pentecost. Calibration of the On-Line Aerosol Monitor (OLAM) with ammonium chloride and sodium chloride aerosols. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10119574.

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Magirl, C. S., and F. P. Incropera. Flow and morphological conditions associated with the directional solidification of aqueous ammonium chloride. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6794124.

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Magirl, C. S., and F. P. Incropera. Flow and morphological conditions associated with the directional solidification of aqueous ammonium chloride. Annual performance report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10130109.

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none,. Final Report: Evaluation of Alternative Technologies for Ethylene, Caustic-Chlorine, Ethylene Oxide, Ammonia, and Terephthalic Acid. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1218630.

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