Relevant bibliographies by topics / Ammonium chlorure

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
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Academic literature on the topic 'Ammonium chlorure'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 7 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Ammonium chlorure"

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Renaudin, J. M., B. Sbinné, and F. De Blay. "Asthme professionnel dû ammoniums quaternaires : analyse de 16 cas démontrés par test de provocation bronchique positif au chlorure de didécyl diméthyl ammonium." Revue des Maladies Respiratoires 30 (January 2013): A39—A40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmr.2012.10.125.

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Renaudin, J. M., B. Sbinné, and F. De Blay. "Asthme professionnel dû aux ammoniums quaternaires : analyse de 16 cas démontrés par test de provocation bronchique positif au chlorure de didécyl diméthyl ammonium." Revue Française d'Allergologie 52, no. 3 (April 2012): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reval.2012.02.122.

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Moore, Nathan, Shelir Ebrahimi, Yanping Zhu, Chengjin Wang, Ron Hofmann, and Susan Andrews. "A comparison of sodium sulfite, ammonium chloride, and ascorbic acid for quenching chlorine prior to disinfection byproduct analysis." Water Supply 21, no. 5 (March 2, 2021): 2313–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2021.059.

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Abstract This study compared 3 commonly used quenching agents for dechlorinating samples prior to disinfection byproduct (DBP) analysis under typical drinking water sampling conditions for a representative suite of chlorination byproducts. Ascorbic acid and sodium sulfite quenched the residual free chlorine to below detection within 5 seconds. Ammonium chloride did not quench the chlorine to below detection with up to a 70% molar excess, which agrees with published ammonium chloride-chlorine chemistry. With respect to the DBPs, ascorbic acid worked well for the trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids, except for dibromoiodomethane, which exhibited 2.6–28% error when using ascorbic acid compared to non-quenched control samples. Sodium sulfite also worked well for the trihalomethanes (and performed similarly to ascorbic acid for dibromoiodomethane) and was the best performing quenching agent for MX and the inorganic DBPs, but contributed to the decay of several emerging DBPs, including several halonitromethanes and haloacetamides. Ammonium chloride led to considerable errors for many DBPs, including 27–31% errors in chloroform concentrations after 24 hours of storage. This work shows that ascorbic acid is suitable for many of the organic DBPs analyzed by gas chromatography-electron capture detection and that sodium sulfite may be used for simultaneous chlorite, chlorate, and bromate analysis.
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Limpo, J. L., A. Luis, and M. C. Cristina. "Hydrolysis of cupric chloride in aqueous ammoniacal ammonium chloride solutions." Revista de Metalurgia 31, no. 3 (June 30, 1995): 150–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/revmetalm.1995.v31.i3.961.

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Wang, Rui Xiang, Mo Tang Tang, Jing He, and Sheng Hai Yang. "Thermodynamics of Pb(II) Complex Equilibrium in Pb(II)-NH3-NH4CI-H2O System." Advanced Materials Research 402 (November 2011): 397–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.402.397.

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Thermodynamics of Pb(II) complex equilibrium in Pb(II)-NH3-NH4Cl-H2O system were studied using the double equilibrium method. Varying the concentration of ammonia and ammonium chloride, respectively, in range of 0~5mol/L, the equilibrium concentration of all the species in the system are calculated, and thermodynamic diagram are plotted. The dissolution laws of Pb(II) in the system are revealed and the high dissolution fields of Pb(II) are found. The solubility of lead increase with the ammonium chloride concentration increasing, and the highest solubility reaches 0.29mol/L, whereas the concentration of lead always remains 0 in pure ammonia solution. Add ammonium chloride to the solution and maintain its concentration constant, the concentration of lead decreases with ammonia concentration increasing.
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Hughes, R. J., J. Nair, and G. Ho. "The toxicity of ammonia/ammonium to the vermifiltration wastewater treatment process." Water Science and Technology 58, no. 6 (October 1, 2008): 1215–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.478.

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This study was undertaken to assess the toxicity of ammonia/ammonium to key species within the vermifiltration process. The key species, the earthworm Eisenia fetida, was subjected to a series of tests in solid phase mesocosms and full-scale units. The solid phase tests showed a relatively low toxicity to ammonium with ammonium chloride having an LC50 for ammonium of 1.49 g/kg. Ammonium sulfate did not show an effect on mortality at 2 g/kg ammonium. The full-scale units showed that ammonia hydroxide can change the pH and concentration of ammonia in wastewater and while it caused some mortality to the worms its overall affect on system functioning was minimal with no significant difference in terms of worm survival found between treatments. The affect on nitrifying bacteria was also minimal with no linear trend shown with ammonia concentration.
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Fogaça, Lara Alexandre, Laura Bereczki, Vladimir M. Petruševski, Berta Barta-Holló, Fernanda Paiva Franguelli, Miklós Mohai, Kende Attila Béres, Istvan E. Sajó, Imre Miklós Szilágyi, and Laszlo Kotai. "A Quasi-Intramolecular Solid-Phase Redox Reaction of Ammonia Ligands and Perchlorate Anion in Diamminesilver(I) Perchlorate." Inorganics 9, no. 5 (May 9, 2021): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inorganics9050038.

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The reaction of ammoniacal AgNO3 solution (or aq. solution of [Ag(NH3)2]NO3) with aq. NaClO4 resulted in [Ag(NH3)2]ClO4 (compound 1). Detailed spectroscopic (correlation analysis, IR, Raman, and UV) analyses were performed on [Ag(NH3)2]ClO4. The temperature and enthalpy of phase change for compound 1 were determined to be 225.7 K and 103.04 kJ/mol, respectively. We found the thermal decomposition of [Ag(NH3)2]ClO4 involves a solid-phase quasi-intramolecular redox reaction between the perchlorate anion and ammonia ligand, resulting in lower valence chlorine oxyacid (chlorite, chlorate) components. We did not detect thermal ammonia loss during the formation of AgClO4. However, a redox reaction between the ammonia and perchlorate ion resulted in intermediates containing chlorate/chlorite, which disproportionated (either in the solid phase or in aqueous solutions after the dissolution of these decomposition intermediates in water) into AgCl and silver perchlorate. We propose that the solid phase AgCl-AgClO4 mixture eutectically melts, and the resulting AgClO4 decomposes in this melt into AgCl and O2. Thus, the final product of decomposition is AgCl, N2, and H2O. The intermediate (chlorite, chlorate) phases were identified by IR, XPS, and titrimetric methods.
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Rodriguez Rodriguez, Nerea, Lukas Gijsemans, Jakob Bussé, Joris Roosen, Mehmet Ali Recai Önal, Victoria Masaguer Torres, Álvaro Manjón Fernández, Peter Tom Jones, and Koen Binnemans. "Selective Removal of Zinc from BOF Sludge by Leaching with Mixtures of Ammonia and Ammonium Carbonate." Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy 6, no. 4 (November 9, 2020): 680–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40831-020-00305-3.

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Abstract The zinc content of basic oxygen furnace (BOF) sludges is too high for direct recycling into the blast furnace via the sinter plant, as excessive zinc concentrations are detrimental for the refractory lining of the blast furnace. However, by partial and selective removal of zinc from the BOF sludge, the residual sludge can be used as a secondary iron resource in the blast furnace. In this paper, BOF sludge was leached with aqueous ammonia, aqueous solutions of ammonium salts (chloride, carbonate, and sulfate), and aqueous mixtures of ammonia and ammonium salt. The mixtures of ammonia and ammonium salt could leach more zinc with respect to either the aqueous ammonia or the aqueous ammonium salt solution. The ammonia–ammonium carbonate (AAC) mixture was selected as the most suitable lixiviant due to the high zinc leaching efficiency in combination with a high selectivity towards iron; furthermore, this combination does not introduce unwanted chloride or sulfate impurities in the residue. The leaching process was optimized in terms of the liquid-to-solid ratio, total ammonia concentration, ammonium:ammonia molar ratio, temperature, and leaching time. The co-dissolved iron was precipitated as a hydroxide after oxidation of ferrous to ferric ions by an air stream, without co-precipitation of zinc, while the dissolved zinc could be easily recovered as zinc sulfide by precipitation with ammonium sulfide. The (almost) closed-loop process was successfully up-scaled from 10 mL to 1 L scale. Graphical Abstract
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Dong, Yu Wei, Jing Zhi Miao, and An Hui Chen. "Research on Immobilized Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria by Sodium Alginate." Applied Mechanics and Materials 618 (August 2014): 283–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.618.283.

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Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria were immobilized by sodium alginate. Immobilized conditions and ammonium removal ability of immobilized cells were researched. The results showed that the optimal immobilized conditions were: 4.5% sodium alginate with 2.0% calcium chloride, 2000 immobilized balls, 1000mL immobilized medium, pH 8, 30°C, 110r/min. Immobilized ammonia-oxidizing bacteria were recycled six times under the optimal immobilized conditions. Immobilized ammonia-oxidizing bacteria at the optimal conditions had better ammonium removal ability than non-immobilized ammonia-oxidizing and were good for preservation. Removal rate of ammonia nitrogen of immobilized ammonia-oxidizing bacteria reached 89.51%.
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Ushida, K., and Y. Kojima. "Effect of defaunation and refaunation of the rumen on cellulolytic activity in vitro with or without ammonia supplementation." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 71, no. 3 (September 1, 1991): 913–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas91-108.

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The effect of defaunation and refaunation of the rumen on cellulose digestion in vitro was examined with special reference to ammonia supply. Digestion of cellulose by DF and RF rumen populations was measured using a simple in vitro batch system with or without ammonia supplementation. Ammonia was supplied to the cultures either as ammonium sulfate or ammonium chloride solution. Cellulose digestion was increased by the presence of either protozoa or ammonia. The protozoal effect was evident in the absence of ammonia supplementation and the ammonia effect was evident in the absence of protozoa. The form of the ammonia supplement did not affect cellulose digestibility. Key words: Protozoa, ammonia, cellulose digestion
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ammonium chlorure"

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Pansu, Robert. "Photochimie dans les membranes synthétiques de chlorure de Di-Octadecyl, Di-méthyl Ammonium DODAC." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376172522.

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Quentin, Fabienne. "Caractérisation et régulation de protéines de transport membranaire du néphron distal impliquées dans la régulation de l'état acide-base et du bilan du chlorure de sodium par le rein." Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066069.

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Pansu, Robert. "Photochimie dans les membranes synthétiques de chlorure de di-octadecyl, di-méthyl ammonium (DODAC) : la vésicule de DODAC, mythe ou réalité ?" Paris 11, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA112122.

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Nous avons étudié le DODAC (Chlorure de Di-Octadecyi, Di-methyl Ammonium) en vue d'application en photochimie. L'organisation de surfactants en vésicules leur attribue des propriétés spécifiques:- La micro-compartimentation a été mise à profit pour séparer un compartiment oxydant et un compartiment réducteur. - Le champ électrique membranaire permet de favoriser et d'orienter une séparation de charges photoinduite. Dans une première partie, nous avons montré, par diffusion quasi­ élastique de la lumière (QELS), la stabilité des préparations à faible force ionique, et mesuré le rayon des vésicules: 80+8nm. La présence d'un volume interne a été contrôlée par chromatographie et par l'existence d'une réponse aux chocs osmotiques. Le système a été exploité pour montrer l'existence, suggérée par le calcul théorique, à faible force ionique, d'un champ électrique membranaire de contact. Pour cela nous avons utilisé la neutralisation, par un réducteur hydrosoluble, du cation de l'anthracène produit au centre de la membrane, par photoionisation biphotonique. Le réducteur neutralise les cations, seulement s'il est présent dans la phase aqueuse externe. Cela montre la localisation sélective des cations sur la surface extérieure des vésicules et l'existence d'un champ membranaire de contact, à condition que les vésicules ne soient pas minoritaires dans l'échantillon. Or nous avons montré par QELS que les vésicules peuvent être détruites par les ultrasons puis régénérées, avec leur rayon d'origine, par recuit. Les fragments produits sont cinétiquement stables. Dans la deuxième partie, nous avons déterminé en RPE, par l'étude de l'incorporation de sondes chargées, le pourcentage de vésicules dans les échantillons et le potentiel transmembranaire. L'incorporation est mesurée par une réduction sélective de la population externe. La localisation membranaire et la perméabilité de 9 nitroxydes et de deux réducteurs ont été mesurées. Les mesures de surface et de volume intérieurs indiquent que seul 16% du DODAC est sous forme de vésicules. Le retraitement quantitatif des résultats publiés par d'autres auteurs montre que, dans tous les cas, la majorité de l'échantillon est effectivement constituée de fragments de membrane. Le potentiel transmembranaire a été mesuré : il est de l'ordre d'une dizaine de millivolts. Un modèle qui rend compte de la coexistence d'une population, très bien organisée, de vésicules monodisperses de 80nm de rayon et d'un mélange hétérogène de fragments membranaires métastables est proposé.
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Guillot, Benjamin. "Etude de procédés de préparation de surface avant nitruration - fiabilité du procédé." Thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ENAM0068/document.

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La nitruration gazeuse de pièces en acier de construction est un procédé thermochimique permettant de générer un gradient de propriétés mécaniques à la surface des pièces par diffusion d’atomes d’azote. Les pièces traitées présentent un fort gradient de contraintes résiduelles et de dureté, optimales pour les applications de transmission de puissance utilisées dans les domaines de l’aéronautique ou l’automobile de compétition. L’enrichissement en azote est issu de la décomposition catalytique de l’ammoniac à la surface des pièces en acier. Cependant, le procédé reste extrêmement sensible à l’état de surface des pièces, qui inclue les caractéristiques géométriques, mécaniques mais également chimique, pouvant inhiber les propriétés de décomposition catalytique ainsi que la diffusion de l’azote. Cette désactivation peut avoir différentes origines, comme l’adsorption d’un élément poison de la réaction ou l’encrassement de la surface des pièces. Le phénomène de désactivation catalytique est étudié depuis quelques dizaines d’années. Cependant, peu de publications sont disponibles au sujet de son application dans le cas particulier de la nitruration d’aciers de construction. Comprendre l’inhibition de la nitruration permettrait d’améliorer la fiabilité industrielle de ce procédé. Afin de répondre à cette demande, une démarche expérimentale, basée sur des études de cas industriels et sur une étude bibliographique, a été mis en place. Une étude de pollution issue de résidus d’huile de coupe, de dépôt de carbone et d’empoisonnement au soufre est proposée. De plus, une démarche expérimentale visant à déterminer l’impact de pollutions mécaniques (état mécanique initial) sur le procédé de nitruration est proposée. Des analyses thermogravimétriques couplées à des observations et à la détermination des propriétés mécaniques générées par nitruration permettent d’approfondir la compréhension de ces phénomènes de désactivation des surfaces nitrurées. Suite à cette étude, la capacité d’activation de surface de trois éléments de préparation in-situ, que sont l’oxydation, l’urée et le chlorure d’ammonium, a été déterminé sur les pollutions précédemment étudiées
The gaseous nitriding of steel parts is a thermochemical process that generates a mechanical properties gradient at the surface by nitrogen diffusion. The treated parts indicate an important residual stress and hardness gradient, optimized for power transmission applications used in aeronautics and motor sports. The increase of nitrogen concentration is due to the catalytic decomposition of ammonia at the iron-based surface of parts. However, the process is extremely sensitive to the surface state of parts that includes geometrical, mechanical but also chemical properties. This state can inhibit the catalytic decomposition properties and the nitrogen diffusion. This deactivation can have different origins, such as the adsorption of a poisoning element or the fouling of the surface of the parts. The catalytic deactivation phenomenon is studied since decades. However, few publications are available in the case of its application in the specific case of the gaseous nitriding of steel. A better understanding of the nitriding inhibition would improve the reliability of this industrial process. In order to answer this demand, an experimental approach, based on industrial case and bibliographical study, is proposed. A pollution study obtained from machining oil residues, carbon deposit, or sulfur poisoning is proposed. Moreover, an experimental approach, aiming to determine the impact of initial mechanical properties on the nitriding process is proposed. Thermogravimetric analyses coupled to observations and mechanical properties analyses enable to develop the knowledge of the nitrided surfaces deactivation processes. After this study, the surface activation capacity of three in-situ processes, namely oxidation, urea and ammonium chloride, over the previously studied contaminations is determined
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Mihailovic, Martine. "Étude expérimentale par microscopie électronique, optique et viscoélasticité d'une transition de phases dans un cristal liquide lyotrope." Paris 11, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA112285.

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Étude du mélange ternaire chlorure de decylammonium-nh(4)cl-eau. Par cryofracture, cryodecapage et microscopie électronique, observation des micelles de la phase nématique, puis de l'organisation de leurs centres de gravite dans des plans à la transition nématique-smectique; proposition d'un modelé de propagation de la surface de rupture. Au niveau macroscopique (microscopie optique, viscoélasticité), étude d'une instabilité en zig-zag d'une ligne de desinclinaison dans la phase lyotrope nématique, avec même variation thermique des constantes d'élasticité que pour un thermotrope, et de l'augmentation de la viscosité apparente de cisaillement pour laquelle on donne une interprétation purement lyotrope.
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Buchert, Pascale. "Polymerisation d'un monomere cationique, le chlorure de methacryloxyethyltrimethylammonium, en microemulsion inverse : formulation, caracterisation et comportement rheologique des microlatex formes." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988STR13106.

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Des poly (chlorure de methacryloyloethyltrimethylammonium) (madquat) solubilises dans des microgouttelettes d'eau dispersees dans une huile ont ete prepares par polymerisation en microemulsion inverse. Les microlatex formes presentent des comportements newtoniens sous cisaillement jusqu'a des fractions volumiques de 50% et rheo-fluidifiantes au dela
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Talbaoui, Ahmed. "Etude en microscopie électronique par cryofracture des systèmes chlorures et bromure de dodécylamine-eau." Rouen, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989ROUES006.

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Après une importante bibliographie concernant les phases lyotropes et les techniques cryogéniques en microscopie électronique, l'auteur expose les résultats de ses observations en cryofracture sur les systèmes du titre. Description de la transition lamellaire-nématique et comparaison aux modèles présentés par d'autres auteurs. Discussion de la validité de la technique de cryofracture pour ce type de systèmes
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Gudgel, Katherine Ann. "Growth of ammonium chloride dendrites." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/289878.

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The ammonium chloride-water system has been used extensively as a transparent metal analog to model solidification in binary metal alloys. In this work, the growth rate and morphology of NH₄Cl dendrites grown from aqueous solutions were studied. Since an accurate knowledge of the materials parameters is essential to predicting the growth behavior, the equilibrium segregation coefficient was measured and a detailed analysis of the other NH₄Cl-H₂O materials properties cited in the literature was conducted. Isothermal experiments on bulk NH₄Cl-H₂O samples confirmed that the previously reported discontinuity in the growth rate as function of undercooling and associated transition from <100> oriented slowly growing dendrites to rapidly growing <111> dendrites are not artifacts of the sample geometry. Directional solidification experiments conducted to study the dendrite growth morphology revealed oscillations in both the growth rate and orientation. Results from these studies show that both the undercooling at which the <100> to <111> transition occurs and the peak velocity vary with composition. However, the observed shifts toward smaller apparent undercoolings and the narrowing of the oscillations at higher drive velocities result from changes in the local composition caused by the velocity and orientation dependencies of the partition coefficient. The oscillatory behavior of the <111> dendrites can be predicted using the residual <100> compositional field and the applied temperature gradient. By using an anisotropic segregation coefficient, the slow and fast growth rates can be separately modeled as a function of undercooling using the standard dendrite growth equations. While the transition to the <111> morphology can be attributed to the anisotropy in the k-value, several modifications need to be made to the existing dendritic growth models in order to describe the critical transition. Due to the complex relationships between the non-equilibrium segregation coefficient, composition, and growth rate, some of these modeling efforts have been left to future researchers. In addition to the inclusion of the overall anisotropy, our experiments indicate that the long-range compositional and thermal field effects must be incorporated into the dendrite growth models to explain the difference in growth rates of <111> Primary branches when <111> or <100> side-branches are present.
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Lavigne, André. "Oxydations cupro-catalysees des amines aliphatiques : etudes mecanistiques et applications synthetiques." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066470.

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Preparation de nitriles a partir d'amines primaires et d'alpha -aminoacides. Les acides amines monosubstutitues rch(nh::(2))co::(2)h donnent le nitrile rcn, alors que les acides amines disubstitues rr'c(nh::(2))co::(2)h conduisent a l'azine rr'c=n-n=cr'r. Les mecanismes proposes font intervenir le cuivre (iii), forme in situ a partir du cuivre (i) et de l'oxygene
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Mejdi, Hechmi. "Synthèse et étude du comportement dans l'amidure de sodium des chlorures d'azoniaspiro(x,y)alcanes substitués." Lille 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LIL10133.

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Dans une première partie nous avons synthétisé des chlorures de 1-aryl-6-azonia (et de 6-aryl-5-azonia) spiro[5,5] ( et [4,5]) undécanes (et décanes). Les sels de benzyltrialkylammonium, une fois traités par des bases fortes, génèrent des ylures qui donnent principalement des réarrangements (2,3) type SOMMELET-HAUSER et (1,2) type STEVENS. Nous avons soumis aux mêmes conditions réactionnelles, les chlorures de 1-aryl-6-azoniaspiro[5,5]undécanes ; ces sels conduisent principalement aux 1-pipéridino-2-arylcyclopentanes résultant d'un réarrangement sigmatropique (1,2) hautement diastéréosélectif et à des amines éthyléniques provenant d'un mécanisme d'élimination d'HOFMANN. L'action de l'amidure de sodium sur les chlorures de 6-aryl-5-azoniaspiro[4,5]décanes donne suivant le substituant différents composés provenant de réactions de réarrangements, de bêta élimination et de «réduction». L'étude en résonance magnétique nucléaire des sels d'azoniaspiro[x,y]alcanes, montre que tous les protons sont différenciés, elle a permis de prévoir la structure de ces molécules
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Books on the topic "Ammonium chlorure"

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Vleminckx, C. Genotoxic effects of Glycidyl-Trimethyl-Ammonium chloride. Bruxelles: Institut d'Hygiene et d'Epidemiologie, Ministere de la Sante Publique et de l'Environnement, 1987.

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Raddatz, A. E. Preparation of ammonium paratungstate from a sodium tungstate-sodium chloride phase. Avondale, MD: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1988.

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United States. Bureau of Mines. Preparation of Ammonium Paratungstate From A Sodium Tungstate-Sodium Chloride Phase. S.l: s.n, 1988.

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Työterveyslaitos and Teknillinen Korkeakoulu. Faculty of Process Engineering and Material Science., eds. Occupational skin diseases from epoxy compounds: Epoxy resin compounds, epoxy acrylates, and 2,3-epoxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride. Helsinki: Institute of Occupational Health, 1991.

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Kruse, C. James. Marine highway transport of toxic inhalation hazard materials. Washington, D.C: Transportation Research Board, 2012.

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Jones, E. A. The determination, by flow-injection analysis, of fluoride, chloride, phospate, ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate. Randburg, South Africa: Council for Mineral Technology, 1985.

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Dechema. Dechema Corrosion Handbook: Aliphatic Ketones, Ammonium Salts, Atmosphere, Potassium Chloride. Vch Pub, 1991.

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The World Market for Ammonium Chloride: A 2004 Global Trade Perspective. Icon Group International, Inc., 2005.

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Parker, Philip M. The 2007 Import and Export Market for Ammonium Chloride in China. ICON Group International, Inc., 2006.

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Parker, Philip M. The World Market for Ammonium Chloride: A 2007 Global Trade Perspective. ICON Group International, Inc., 2006.

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Book chapters on the topic "Ammonium chlorure"

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Bährle-Rapp, Marina. "Ammonium Chloride." In Springer Lexikon Kosmetik und Körperpflege, 31. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71095-0_524.

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Lascelles, P. T., and D. Donaldson. "Ammonium Chloride Load Test." In Diagnostic Function Tests in Chemical Pathology, 3–4. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1846-7_2.

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Bährle-Rapp, Marina. "Benzyl Triethyl Ammonium Chloride." In Springer Lexikon Kosmetik und Körperpflege, 63. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71095-0_1107.

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Bährle-Rapp, Marina. "PEG-5 Stearyl Ammonium Chloride." In Springer Lexikon Kosmetik und Körperpflege, 414. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71095-0_7710.

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Tseitlin, Michael, Valentina Raiko, and Aleksei Shestopalov. "Kinetics of Sodium Chloride Dissolution in Condensates Containing Ammonia and Ammonium Carbonates." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 882–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22365-6_88.

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Holze, Rudolf. "Ionic conductance of dimethyl dodecyl ammonium chloride." In Electrochemistry, 651. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49251-2_614.

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Huaa, Xiaoming, Yongfei Zheng, Qian Xu, Xionggang Lu, Hongwei Cheng, Xingli Zou, Qiushi Song, Zhiqiang Ning, and Michael L. Free. "The Effect of Anodic Potential on Surface Layers of Chalcopyrite during Ammonia–Ammonium Chloride Leaching." In The Minerals, Metals & Materials Series, 1547–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95022-8_127.

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Dutrizac, J. E. "Ammonium jarosite formation in ferric chloride leaching processes." In EMC ’91: Non-Ferrous Metallurgy—Present and Future, 65–76. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3684-6_7.

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Sōmiya, Shigeyuki, Kazuo Suzuki, and Masahiro Yoshimura. "Nitridation of Titanium and Zirconium Powders Mixed with Ammonium Chloride under High Temperature-High Pressure Ammonia." In Hydrothermal Reactions for Materials Science and Engineering, 458–61. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0743-0_79.

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Sōmiya, Shigeyuki, Kazuo Suzuki, and Masahiro Yoshimura. "Nitridation of Titanium and Zirconium Powders Mixed with Ammonium Chloride under High Temperature-High Pressure Ammonia." In Hydrothermal Reactions for Materials Science and Engineering, 462–70. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0743-0_80.

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Conference papers on the topic "Ammonium chlorure"

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Zhao, Guo-dong, and Qing Liuc. "Leaching of copper from tailings using ammonia/ammonium chloride solution and its dynamics." In 2010 International Conference on Chemistry and Chemical Engineering (ICCCE). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccceng.2010.5560449.

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Magirl, C. S., and Frank P. Incropera. "MULTIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF AN AQUEOUS AMMONIUM CHLORIDE SOLUTION." In International Heat Transfer Conference 10. Connecticut: Begellhouse, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/ihtc10.1640.

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Tu, Changqing, and Xinrong Wen. "Study on Spectrophotometric Determination of Trace Copper after Flotation Separation using Sodium Chloride-Ammonium Thiocyanate-Dodecyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride System." In 2015 3rd International Conference on Advances in Energy and Environmental Science. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icaees-15.2015.110.

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Ghenai, C., R. K. Duggirala, C. X. Lin, and M. A. Ebadian. "Characterization of Convection Patterns During the Solidification Process Using Particle Image Velocimetry." In ASME 2003 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2003-47241.

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This experimental study focused mainly on the solidification of a binary mixture of ammonium chloride and water (NH4Cl-H2O) in a differentially heated cavity. One vertical wall is cooled at temperature TC, and the opposite vertical wall is kept at constant temperature TH = +20°C. The effect on the solidification process of the initial concentration of ammonium chloride and cooling conditions is examined. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) is used for the visualization of the dynamic field during the solidification process. The temperature distribution at discrete locations in the solution and on the vertical cooling wall was monitored using thermocouples. The convection flow patterns, the ice thickness, and the temperature distribution were obtained for various initial concentrations of ammonium chloride ranging from 0wt% to 20wt% (sub-eutectic and near-eutectic growth). The convection patterns obtained for different initial concentrations showed significant differences. The results showed that the process of solidification is slower with an increase in the initial concentration levels of the binary solution. The ice growth rate was almost double at the bottom of the cavity.
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Ghenai, C., R. K. Duggirala, C. X. Lin, and M. A. Ebadian. "Experimental Investigation of Fluid Flow and Phase Moving Interface During the Solidification of Binary Mixture in Trapezoidal Cavity." In ASME 2004 Heat Transfer/Fluids Engineering Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht-fed2004-56404.

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This experimental study focuses on the solidification of a ammonium chloride-water (NH4Cl-H2O) solution in a trapezoidal cavity with one and two vertical cooling walls. The effect of the initial concentration of ammonium chloride (sub-eutectic: f < 19.8% and eutectic f = 19.8%, where f is the percentage in weight) and boundary temperatures (Tcold = −30°C to −10°C) on the solidification process is examined. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) is used in this study to measure the velocity fields in the melt during the solidification process. The temperatures distributions at discrete locations in the solution and the boundary walls were measured by 32 thermocouples. The convection flow patterns; the ice shape and thickness; the velocity of the moving liquid/solid interface; and the temperature distribution were obtained. The convection patterns obtained for different initial concentrations showed significant differences. The results showed that the process of solidification is slower with an increase in the initial concentration levels of the binary solution. The growth rate of the frozen layer, the velocity of the moving solid-liquid interface and the temperature in the melt was significantly reduced when increasing the initial concentration of ammonium chloride.
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Duggirala, R. K., P. Sirpal, C. X. Lin, and C. Ghenai. "Effect of Boundary Conditions and Initial Concentrations on the Solidification of Binary Mixture in Trapezoidal Cavity." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-61743.

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The solidification of binary mixture (NH4Cl–H2O) inside a trapezoidal cavity is investigated experimentally in this study. The experiments are carried out in a trapezoidal cavity measuring 65 mm × 130 mm × 150 mm with inclined angle of 69°. Solidification of ammonium chloride occurs on the left inclined copper wall held under constant heat rate condition while the other walls are maintained at adiabatic conditions. Particle image velocimetry was used in this study for visualization of the dynamic field during the solidification process. The temperatures of the solution inside the cavity and the boundary walls were measured by 32 thermocouples during the solidification process. Convective flow field, temperature distribution and frozen layer thickness were obtained for different initial concentrations of ammonium chloride varying from 0 to 19.8 % (sub-eutectic and near-eutectic growth) and various boundary conditions (Tcold = −30 °C to 0 °C). The results obtained in the course of study reveal that (1) the solidification rate is higher during initial stages of the solidification process, (2) the process of solidification is slower with increase in the initial concentration levels of the ammonium chloride and (3) the initial concentration play a significant role in the evolution of convection flow patterns.
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Mathew, Manjusha Elizabeth, Ishak Ahmad, Sabu Thomas, Rusli Daik, and Muhammad Kassim. "Synthesis and characterization of poly (benzyl trimethyl ammonium chloride) ionic polymer." In THE 2017 UKM FST POSTGRADUATE COLLOQUIUM: Proceedings of the University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Faculty of Science and Technology 2017 Postgraduate Colloquium. Author(s), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5028023.

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Osipov, A. R., A. D. Kiselev, R. I. Kraidenko, and V. A. Borisov. "A study on the interaction of manganese dioxide with ammonium chloride." In NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY: NANO-SciTech. AIP Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5122042.

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Wen, Xinrong, and Changqing Tu. "Study on Flotation Separation of Mercury (II) by sodium chloride- potassium iodide-octadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride system." In 2015 International Forum on Energy, Environment Science and Materials. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/ifeesm-15.2015.19.

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Kornhauser, Alan A. "Aqua-Ammonia as an Environmentally Acceptable Low Temperature Brine." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-62684.

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In many industrial processes, cooling with brines is preferable to cooling with an evaporating refrigerant. For medium and high temperatures (above about −35°C/−30°F), aqueous solutions of calcium chloride, sodium chloride, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and methanol have typically been used. For very low temperatures (down to about −80°C/-110°F) halocarbon refrigerants methylene chloride and trichloroethylene have generally been used. In recent years, both methylene chloride and trichloroethylene have come under increasingly strict regulation because of their toxicity. While many plants continue to use these brines, most are searching for alternates. This study was begun in response to the needs of a plant that was replacing methylene chloride with aqueous calcium chloride. The high viscosity of the calcium chloride brine caused design and operational problems. The above-mentioned brines, as well as aqua-ammonia, polydimethylsiloxane, and d-limonene, were compared for cost, toxicity, flammability, environmental safety, and energy efficiency. The energy efficiency comparison included comparisons of heat transfer coefficient, mass flow rate, volume flow rate, frictional pressure drop, inertial pressure drop, and pumping power. The comparisons indicated that aqua-ammonia was the best choice as a replacement for methylene chloride and trichloroethylene in some temperature ranges.
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Reports on the topic "Ammonium chlorure"

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Brockmann, J. E., D. A. Lucero, T. Romero, and G. Pentecost. Calibration of the On-Line Aerosol Monitor (OLAM) with ammonium chloride and sodium chloride aerosols. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10119574.

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Magirl, C. S., and F. P. Incropera. Flow and morphological conditions associated with the directional solidification of aqueous ammonium chloride. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6794124.

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Magirl, C. S., and F. P. Incropera. Flow and morphological conditions associated with the directional solidification of aqueous ammonium chloride. Annual performance report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10130109.

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none,. Final Report: Evaluation of Alternative Technologies for Ethylene, Caustic-Chlorine, Ethylene Oxide, Ammonia, and Terephthalic Acid. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1218630.

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