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Bergstrand, Marcus, and Petra Frantz. "Stora Starka Män- Behandling och missbruk av anabola androgena steroider." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för pedagogik, psykologi och idrottsvetenskap, PPI, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-18315.
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Denna kvalitativa studie handlar om några behandlares upplevelser och erfarenheter kring vilka personer som hamnar i missbruk av anabola androgena steroider(AAS). Den belyser även vilken behanding som finns för problematiken. För att erhålla empiri används semistrukturerade intervjuer på fyra personer som arbetar med behandling av AAS. Resultatet visar att man kan kategorisera AAS-användare i tre olika grupper. När klienter kommer till behandling är det viktigt att man ser till helhetsbilden och att man ser varje individ för sig. Metoder som finns är terapi för det sjuka kroppsidealet, hjälp med träningsmissbruket, läkemedelsassisterad behandling samt annan psykosocial terapi. En intressant slutsats är att det finns hjälp att få vid AAS-missbruk, men tyvärr finns det inte resurser att hjälpa alla. Det finns fortfarande mycket kvar att lära inom ämnet och man behöver forska kring fler och bättre behandlingsmetoder som kan passa vid detta missbruk.
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Etterlid, Vanessa, and Linda Jolof. "Det är komplext… : En kvalitativ studie om hur patienter och behandlare ser på vad som leder till en individs bruk eller missbruk av anabola androgena steroider." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-33023.
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Syftet med föreliggande uppsats är att undersöka hur patienter och behandlare ser på vad som leder till ett bruk alternativt missbruk av anabola androgena steroider, AAS. Uppsatsen har en kvalitativ, fenomenografisk ansats. Ostrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med fem patienter och tre behandlare vid Beroendecentrum i Örebro. Materialet analyserades med hjälp av tematisk analys. Sju teman utkristalliserade sig som resultat; Samhälle, Uppväxt, Socialt umgänge, Psykologiska sårbarheter, Attityder, Kroppsbild och Övrigt. Det omfattande resultatet kan anses visa på en komplexitet i förklaringen till vad som leder till att en individ börjar bruka eller missbruka AAS.<br>This study aims to examine how patients and clinicians look at what leads to the use or abuse of anabolic androgenic steroids, AAS. The study uses a qualitative phenomenographic method. The research data was collected with unstructured interviews with five patients and three clinicians at Beroendecentrum in Örebro. The research data was analyzed through the use of a thematic analysis. The results were the seven themes that emerged; Society, Childhood, Social relations, Psychological vulnerabilities, Attitudes, Body image and Other. The extensive results can be looked upon as showing the complexity in the explanation of what leads to an individuals use or abuse of AAS.
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Klötz, Fia. "Anabolic Androgenic Steroids and Criminality." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Forensic Medicine, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-8508.
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<p>Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS) have been associated with adverse psychiatric effects, aggression and violent behaviour. The use of them has spread to a larger subpopulation, and the use has been connected to different risk behaviours, such as use of other illicit substances and carrying a gun. Case reports tell about a connection between AAS use and violent crimes, including homicide. The aim of this thesis is to investigate the proposed connection between AAS and crime, focusing on violent crimes, and to inquire into whether this proposed connection between AAS and criminality is affected by other risk factors for criminal behaviour.</p><p>The first two studies of this thesis investigated the registered criminality of individuals testing positively for AAS, with individuals testing negatively serving as control groups. In the two last studies individuals at a clinic for substance abuse treatment (Paper III) and in a prison (Paper IV) were asked about their use of AAS, and their history was assessed using the Addiction Severity Index.</p><p>The main finding of Paper I was the development of criminal patterns over time, with a clear increase of the proportion of violent crimes and weapons offences seen only among the pure AAS users. In Paper II an increased risk for weapons offences among AAS users was reported. In Paper III an increased risk of having been prosecuted for violent crimes and of having been physically abused was seen among the AAS users. In Paper IV, the main finding was the close resemblance of users and non users.</p><p>In summary, this thesis have concluded that the violence previously reported as connected to use of AAS can, to a large extent, be accounted for by other risk factors. There seems, however, to be a connection between use of AAS and a heavy, more planned form of criminality.</p>
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Lundgren, Marcus. "Anabola Androgena Steroider." Thesis, Umeå University, Basic training programme for Police Officers, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-30015.
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<p>Doping bland professionella idrottare är ett välkänt faktum sen många år tillbaka och många anser att det började i östtyskland då just detta land har många och svårslagna rekord inom olika prestations idrotter.Men hur ser samhället på personer som dopar sig i form av ett moderniserat samhälle som ställe större krav på individen att se framgångsrik ut och att hålla ett attraktivt och till utseende frisk och vältränad kropp.Skall man anse att det är ok så länge en person inte lider bieffekter av det utåt sett utan att det bara är personens kropp som lider inombord men utåt sett ser väldigt frisk ut.En stor del av Steroidanvändarna brukar det manliga könshormonet testosteron i avsevärt högre doser än det normala, många gånger upp till 100dubbla. Testosteron som i höga doser får kroppen att utveckla symptomer så som acne, vätskeansamlingar.Jag har valt att leta på internet efter information om hur man kan få tag i olika preparat samt hur man skall gå till väga för att komma vidare med själva användandet av steroider. Internet är ett väldigt öppet forum för brukarna och det diskuteras väldigt öppet om råd vad gällande preparat samt hur själva användandet skall ske. Den fakta jag fått fram tyder på att doping är väldigt utspritt och att det är väldigt vanligt på gymmen runt om i städerna i Sverige och att det är väldigt enkelt att få tag på för den som vill och har tillgång till internet.</p>
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Spence, John Cochrane. "Anabolic-androgenic steroids, a series of meta-analyses." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0019/NQ44811.pdf.
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Holčapek, František. "Analýza trhu s androgenními anabolickými steroidy." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-198407.
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This thesis deals with the black market of enhancing drugs with a particular focus on androgenic anabolic steroids (AAS). Medical studies agree that these substances in the form and quantity abused by athletes to improve performance are damaging the body and therefore author is looking for recommendations for economic policy on how to reduce rate of this abuse. The study of economic literature (especially the Becker's "Theory of rational addiction") shows that users of AAS are rational, often even more rational than users of other harmful substances, because they abuse these substances with long-term plan. The reason of this purposeful approach is that the desired "delight" is derived from hard-earned success unlike other drugs and therefore abuse of AAS is associated with discipline, calculation and hence a (limited ) rationality. Economists building on Becker 's theory point out to cases where this limitation is so significant that it justifies regulation. This thesis is based on the assumption (supported by studies) that prohibition or penalizing the users themselves are ineffective instruments and therefore is the author looking for alternative solution. The author believes that the main stimulators of demand for AAS are misleading media; benevolent government's approach towards bodybuilding competitions; and finally the prohibition leading to the formation of the black market which makes it impossible for (potential ) users to become optimally informed about health risks etc. This hypothesis is being tested in questionnaire survey distributed mainly through social networks. Finally, the author sets out recommendations for economic policy: that restrictive hand of the state should focus attention in the opposite direction than before i.e., the demand side and thereby subtly demotivate users themselves.
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Smith, Alyson. "Muscle dysmorphia in bodybuilders who use anabolic-androgenic steroids." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.432955.
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Tsutsui, Kimberly T. "Anabolic-androgenic steroid effects on acute & chronic nociception and morphine antinociception." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2010. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Spring2010/K_Tsutsui_041310.pdf.
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Appelqvist, Emma, and Lisa Karlsson. "Anabola Androgena Steroider & Identiteter." Thesis, University of Kalmar, School of Human Sciences, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hik:diva-244.
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<p>There is little knowledge about abuse of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) in Sweden. This</p><p>paper aims to explore, from a discourse psychological angle, how persons with experience of</p><p>anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) construct there identities.</p><p>The theory and method used as a frame for the paper is discursive psychology, depending on the</p><p>focus in the paper of human beings use of language in the construction of identities. For</p><p>collection of data interviews were made. The six respondents al had experience of use of AAS.</p><p>The interviews illustrated how users of AAS speak about AAS, and create there identity, in</p><p>relation to AAS. In the interpretation of data we used two different tools, used by discursive</p><p>psychologists, interpretative repertoires and subject positions. Though the interpretative</p><p>repertoires we were able to separate the ways the respondents construct there statements. Subject</p><p>positions made it possible for us to interpret where the respondents did place themselves in there</p><p>speech. Other perspectives, derived from literature on the subject AAS, was brought into the</p><p>analysis. Other perspectives provide us with assumptions and make it possible to separate themes</p><p>and discourses from the data.</p><p>Two discourses where separated from data, restrictive discourse and legal discourse. The</p><p>discourses contain three teams, use/abuse, physical risks and social risks. In the speech,</p><p>respondents, relate to these teams in order to construct there identities. The respondents construct</p><p>the speech in order to make use of AAS reasonable to them selves. The respondents construct the</p><p>speech in the direction towards a liberal discourse. They construct the use of AAS as reasonable</p><p>to them selves. The respondents make mostly difference between use and abuse of AAS and</p><p>don’t position them selves as abusers of AAS without reservations. A crucial component in the</p><p>construction of an identity as a user is the reduction of risks. The respondents reduce the risks</p><p>with AAS in different ways and make an identity as a user possible.</p><p>Key Words: Discourse, Discursive Psychology, AAS, Anabolic Androgenic Steroids, Identity.</p>
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Karlsson, Lina. "Anabola androgena steroider i Sverige." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för hälsa och samhälle (HS), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-25829.
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Anabola androgena steroider (AAS) är en substans som påverkar kroppen bådefysiskt och psykiskt. Såväl innehav som bruk av AAS är brottsligt. Preparatet gerflertalet bieffekter som förutom brukaren även skadar andra individer ochsamhället i stort. För att förhindra att människor skadas och genomföra ettförebyggande preventionsarbete måste det finnas kunskap om fenomenet, därförgenomförs denna studie. Syftet är att få en överblick av dagens forskning rörandevem som använder anabola androgena steroider, varför de använder substansensamt i hur stor utsträckning det förekommer i Sverige. Genom en litteraturöversikthar resultatet visat att det är ett fåtal procent av den svenska befolkningen somanvänder AAS och de är framförallt unga individer, individer som har ett intresseför träning och tävling samt inom kriminella gäng. De flesta användare är mellan20 och 30 år och deras mål med att använda AAS är att bygga upp muskelmassansamt öka sin prestationsförmåga. Genom resultatet i studien kan brott rörandeAAS förklaras med hjälp av strainteorin och neutraliseringstekniker. Dessa teorierkan även förklara varför individerna begår brott.<br>An anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) is a substance that affects the body bothphysically and mentally. Both possession and use of AAS is a criminal act. Thesubstance causes several side effects; not only does it harm the patient, it alsoharms other individuals and the society as a whole. To prevent human injury andimplement prevention, there must be knowledge of the phenomenon, therefore,this study is conducted. The purpose is to get an overview of the current researchregarding who are using anabolic androgenic steroids, why the substance is usedand in what content the usage is spread in Sweden. A literature review hasdemonstrated that only a few percent of the population uses AAS and they aremostly young individuals, individuals who have an interest in training andcompetition or within criminal gangs. Most users are between 20 and 30 years andtheir goal in using AAS is to build muscle mass and increase their performance.The result of the study may explain crimes concerning AAS with help from theStrain theory and Techniques of neutralization. These theories may also explainwhy these individuals commit crimes.Keywords: Anabolic androgenic steroids, criminal users, side effects, the trainingcontext, propagation, young users.
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Thiblin, Ingemar. "Anabolic androgenic steroids and violence : a medicolegal and experimental study /." Stockholm, 1999. http://diss.kib.ki.se/1999/91-628-3495-9/.
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Kindlundh, Anna MS. "Epidemiological and neurobiological evidence for misuse of anabolic-androgenic steroids." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-2567.
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<p>Misuse of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS), is attributed to elite athletes and body builders. The attentive involvement of AAS in acts of violence seen in society has raised interest to evaluate the importance of social, psychological and neurobiological mechanisms that underlie the psychiatric states associated with onset of controlled misuse, its maintenance, and via abuse its transition to addiction. The objective of this thesis is to examine whether misuse of AAS shares mechanisms with epidemiological and neurobiological models of psychotropic substances. </p><p>Epidemiological studies through a survey conducted in Uppsala, Sweden, suggest that misuse of doping agents, specifically AAS, has extended also to include adolescent males taking these agents in order to improve muscle mass, enhance sports performance, become intoxicated, braver, and because it is fun to try. Intake of AAS is in a subgroup highly connected to misuse of psychotropic substances. The adolescent AAS profile is highlighted in a multivariate model positing the factors high immigrant status, perceived average/bad school achievement, truancy, average/low self-esteem, strength training, heavy alcohol consumption and use of prescription tranquillisers to be independently associated with lifetime misuse. </p><p>Neurobiological studies indicate that chronic treatment with supra-therapeutic doses of the AAS nandrolone, significantly affects dopamine receptor density in the male rat brain and the corresponding gene transcripts in the mesocorticolimbic and nigrostriatal dopamine systems, in brain areas of importance for hedonia, reward-related learning, incentives and motoric behaviours. Identical treatment regimen affects the density of serotonin receptors in regions regulating anxiety, aggression, cognitive functions, impulsivity and its associated loss of inhibitory control. These alterations may reflect aversive conditions that could be linked to severe alleostatic states of addiction following chronic continuous "binge" intoxications of addictive drugs.</p><p>Thus, the AAS profile of misuse shares similarities with mechanisms of psychotropic substances regarding psychological and social models of onset and maintenance and with respect to AAS-induced neurobiological changes in the brain. This trend is alarming, strengthening the need of prevention and treatment programs targeting the specific subgroups of misusers. </p>
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Hallberg, Mathias. "Anabolic Androgenic Steroids : Effects on Neuropeptide Systems in the Rat Brain." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-5745.
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Grönbladh, Alfhild. "Growth Hormone and Anabolic Androgenic Steroids : Effects on Neurochemistry and Cognition." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för farmaceutisk biovetenskap, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-206069.
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Growth hormone (GH) stimulates growth and metabolism but also displays profound effects on the central nervous system (CNS). GH affects neurogenesis and neuroprotection, and has been shown to counteract drug-induced apoptosis in the brain. Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS), mainly abused for their anabolic and performance-enhancing properties, can cause several adverse effects, such as cardiovascular complications, sterility, depression, and aggression. GH and AAS are both believed to interact with several signaling systems in the CNS. The aim of this thesis was to further investigate the impact of GH and AAS on neurochemistry and cognitive functions. Recombinant human GH (rhGH) and the steroid nandrolone decanoate (ND) were administered, separately and in combination with each other, to male rats. The results demonstrated that administration of GH improved spatial memory, assessed in a water maze test. Furthermore, GH induced alterations of the GABAB receptor mRNA expression, density, and functionality in the brain, for example in regions associated with cognition. GH also altered the mu opioid peptide (MOP) receptor, but not the delta opioid peptide (DOP) receptor functionality in the brain. Thus, some of the GH effects on cognition may involve effects on the GABAB receptors and MOP receptors. ND, on the contrary, seemed to induce impairments of memory and also altered the GABAB receptor mRNA expression in the brain. Furthermore, ND lowered the IGF-1 plasma concentrations and attenuated the IGF-1, IGF-2, and GHR mRNA expression in the pituitary. In addition, significant effects of GH and ND were found on plasma steroid concentrations, organ weight, as well as body weight. In conclusion, this thesis contributes with further knowledge on the cognitive and neurochemical consequences of GH and ND use. The findings regarding ND are worrying considering the common use of AAS among adolescents. GH improves memory functions and affects signaling systems in the brain associated with cognition, hence the hypothesis that GH can reverse drug-induced impairments is further strengthened.
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Karila, Tuomo. "Adverse effects of anabolic androgenic steroids on the cardiovascular, metabolic and reproductive systems of anabolic substance abusers." Helsinki : University of Helsinki, 2003. http://ethesis.helsinki.fi/julkaisut/laa/biola/vk/karila/.
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Steensland, Pia. "Anabolic Androgenic Steroids and the Brain : Studies of Neurochemical and Behavioural Changes Using an Animal Model." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2001. http://publications.uu.se/theses/91-554-5192-6/.
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Spence, John Cochrane. "Mood changes associated with anabolic-androgenic steroid use in male bodybuilders." Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=60580.
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The present study described the daily moods of male bodybuilders who self-administered large doses of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AS) through a full cycle of steroid use. Male bodybuilders (N = 13) who had been self-administering AS for 2.5 to 12 years served as subjects and participated in a 14 to 16 week experience sampling procedure wherein brief mood questionnaires were filled out twice daily.<br>Findings revealed that 11 of the 13 subjects experienced self-reported mood changes in association with AS use. In particular, 2 subjects (subjects 4 & 11) experienced quite dramatic changes in mood. It is concluded that there is much variability with regards to the psychological effects that humans may display in association with AS use.<br>Data are discussed in terms of the effects that AS use may have on mental health.
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Piefke, Stefan. "Differentielle Aktivierung androgenresponsibler Reportergene durch anabole und androgene Steroide." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2004. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=974659444.
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Stoll, Anna [Verfasser]. "Investigations on Phase I Metabolism of Anabolic Androgenic Steroids and Its Influenceability as Tool to Refine Steroid Detection and Evaluation / Anna Stoll." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1227926014/34.
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Petersson, Anna. "Characteristics and Consequences of Use of Anabolic Androgenic Steroids in Poly Substance Abuse." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Rättsmedicin, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-9261.
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The use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) has been associated with use of illegal or unprescribed prescription drugs, as well as different adverse psychiatric effects, such as ma-nia, psychosis and hostility. Further, there is an association between use of AAS and other different risk behaviours, including carrying guns and reckless driving. Taken together, these data suggest that there is a group of AAS users that are not elite athletes, but rather young men at risk for psychiatric illness and criminality, and who use AAS primarily for their aes-thetic effects and possibly for their psychoactive effects. The aim of this thesis is to investi-gate further the connection between use of AAS and use of other drugs, and to investigate whether the proposed side effects of AAS cause an increase in morbidity and mortality. The first study (Paper I) investigates morbidity and mortality in persons testing positive for AAS compared to persons testing negative for AAS at a doping laboratory. Paper II of this thesis studies the presence of psychoactive drugs in diseased men who tested positive for AAS upon autopsy and whether there is any difference between deceased users of AAS and deceased users of heroin or amphetamine (control group). The third article (Paper III) dis-cusses a surprising finding in paper I of increased seizures NOS in users of AAS. Paper IV and V are interview studies from an out-patient substance abuse clinic. The main findings in Paper I was that the majority of deceased users of AAS were also positive for other drugs and/or alcohol on autopsy, and that users of AAS more often than the control group had died from intentional death (suicide or homicide). The main finding of Paper II was that users of AAS were severely at risk for premature death compared to both the control group and the general population. Paper III concluded that the high prevalence of Convulsion NOS in users of AAS most likely was the result of concomitant substance abuse and withdrawal from such use. Paper IV concluded that twelve percent of the patients at the substance abuse clinic had used AAS for at least one cycle. Users of AAS had a higher risk of having been convicted of a violent offence, and users of AAS more often reported having been physically abused. In Paper V, long-terme users of AAS were found to have an increased risk for developing depression in connection with cessation of AAS use. AAS was also re-ported to be used in preparation for crime. In summary, this thesis concludes that there is a solid association between use of AAS and use of other psychotropic drugs in certain subpopulations, and that users of AAS are at risk for premature death due to unnatural causes that may be secondary to use of AAS.
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Ebrahim, F. A. "Anabolic-androgenic steroids : knowledge, attitudes, ethical dilemmas and review for primary care physicians." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/3234.
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Cazorla, Saravia Patrick Sebastian, and Elías Reneé Pereyra. "Is it the creatine or the anabolic androgenic steroids? Need for assessing the steroids role in testicular cancer." Cancer Research, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/575993.
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Nyberg, Caroline, and Julia Arnesson. "Inställning till anabola androgena steroider : En undersökning om unga killar, som tränar på gym, och deras inställning till anabola androgena steroider." Thesis, University of Kalmar, School of Human Sciences, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hik:diva-2516.
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<p>This is a study about gym training young men (age 18-20) and their attitude against anabolic androgenic steroids, AAS. In our study we examine if the muscular ideal in our society have any effect on young men and the young men’s attitude against their body and their training. We want to find out what attitude gym training young men have against AAS, and also what has had the influence to this attitude.</p><p> The study contains six qualitative performed interviews with young men who are training at the gym, which are based on relevant information about their training habits, nutritional supplement, influence, the muscular ideal, the gym culture and medias effect on young men when it comes to body ideals. </p><p> The young men’s attitudes is connected and compared to prior research about gym-training young men and what affects them to have a certain attitude against AAS, body and training. In our study we also use a theory by Giddens about social interaction and the late modern society we live in. </p><p> The conclusions of the result and analysis is that young men who trains at the gym for the purpose of getting bigger and in relation to the training takes nutritional supplements, have a more liberal attitude against AAS compared to those young men who doesn’t. Media, friends, equals at the gym and the gym culture are all factors that affect young men in their positive attitude in opposition to AAS.</p>
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Joubert, Hercules Eli. "What is the role of shame for male anabolic androgenic steroid users?" Thesis, University of Leicester, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/28833.
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Men’s concerns about body image are increasingly paralleled by a growth in the use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) (Wright & Grogan, 2000) with motivations for such use including enhanced confidence. AAS users are likely to self-objectify their bodies, which might manifest as persistent body surveillance involving constant monitoring and comparison against “internalised standard(s) of attractiveness with a focus on how one’s body looks rather than how it feels or functions” and may result in feelings of body shame (Parent & Moradi, 2011). Experiences of rank and status judgement following self-other comparisons may affect mood states (Gilbert, 2000). Masculinity fundamentally includes perceptions of rank and status and may result in gender role strain, i.e. the experience of distress men experience when feeling that they do not meet constructs about masculinity they value (Kilmartin, 2007). Psychoanalytic approaches suggest that a perceived failure to ‘measure up’ to one’s ego ideal (i.e. the internalisation of admired aspects of one’s parents) produces tension (Piers & Singer, 1953). This may result in shame which is usually related to visible and concrete deficiencies rather than moral deficits (Jacobson, 1964). Kohut (1971) describes how negative comments from one’s caregivers might ultimately result in low self-esteem. The present IPA qualitative study, involving six male AAS users, produced six themes. The participants identified traumatic experiences leading to feelings of weakness, interpreted by participants as being of lower rank and status. These feelings are defended against by wanting to gain size, which results in an increase of perceived strength and, thereby, self-esteem. This, however, remains fragile due to a somewhat dysmorphic misinterpretation of actual size versus internal experiences of weakness, and ultimately shame. AAS use appears to be both motivated and maintained by shame.
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Schjølberg, Tiril Helgesen. "In Vitro Synthesis of Metabolites of three Anabolic Androgenic Steroids, by Human Liver Microsomes." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for bioteknologi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-22910.
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Anabolic androgenic steroids are substances frequently misused to improve physicalperformance in sports. To reveal substances misused as doping, athlete urinesamples are collected and tested. To identify the steroid and/or its metabolitesin urine, reference compounds must exist for comparison. The time-consumingand ethical concerns about in vivo excretion studies for the examination of thesecompounds, make the use of liver fragment microsomes an attractive alternative.The aim of this thesis was to synthesize and identify metabolites from known andrare anabolic androgenic steroids, by the use of human liver microsomes. Liveris an important organ in steroid metabolism. By incubating AAS with humanliver microsomes and co factors, an in vitro simulation of the liver metabolism wascarried out. A conrmation of metabolites was performed by gas chromatographytandem mass spectrometry in full scan, MRM mode, or both. 6beta-hydroxymethylmetandienon, epimetandienon and 17,17-dimethylmetandienon were successfullysynthesized from metandienon, and the 17beta-hydroxymetandienon was producedfrom the 17,17-dimethyl metabolite. Respectively three and one metabolite(s)were found for the "designer steroids" methylnortestosteron and madol. Metabolitevariations were observed regarding the optimal time of incubation, and enzymaticrequirements of formation.
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Galésio, Marco André Miranda. "New analytical methodologies for doping control – detection of anabolic androgenic steroids in human urine." Doctoral thesis, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/5399.
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Dissertation submitted to Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia - Universidade Nova de Lisboa in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Biochemistry - Biotechnology)<br>The use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) and other banned substances to enhance athletic performance has important health and social implications. The AAS are a major group included in the prohibited list of the world anti-doping agency (WADA) as well as of major sports authorities. This class of drugs, along with other anabolic agents, represent 64,9 % of all adverse analytical findings reported by WADA accredited laboratories, as stated in the WADA statistic report for 2009. The AAS are a class of hormones that include the natural male sex hormone, testosterone, and its many synthetic derivatives. They exert multiple actions affecting both the physiology of the human body and the individual behaviour. Under intensive training, the AAS induce the synthesis of proteins in muscle and bone causing an accelerated growth of these organs. Furthermore, during acute endurance workout, as well as during competition, androgen’s action seems to be critical to enhance the performance capacity, since they affect the production of red blood cells and increase neural conduction. In addition, after intense exercises, androgens are thought to prevent muscle catabolism and exhaustion and to speed up the recovery process.
In general, the normal proceeding for AAS determination includes chromatographic
separation coupled to mass spectrometry detectors. The use of GC-MS methodologies is the most employed strategy for AAS control. However, over the last years, with the development of suitable LC-MS and LC-MS/MS systems, some AAS presenting poor chromatographic properties for GC-MS analysis, even after derivatisation, are being analysed by LC-MS(/MS) procedures.
The aim of the research programme presented in this thesis was, primarily, the development of a new screening method based on mass spectrometry (MS) using the soft ionisation technique matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation (MALDI). The major goals to be achieved were the development of an accurate, sensitive and robust methodology able to improve the screening of AAS for doping control in both analysis time and sample throughput. Additionally, the developed method should be capable to overcome the GC-MS limitation related to thermo-labile and polar AAS, so that the initial screening method could be extended to all AAS included in the prohibited list.
In parallel with the development of a screening procedure based on MALDI-MS(/MS)
techniques, and applying the deep expertise of the research group on reaction enhancement by delivery energy based techniques, the improvement of the global sample preparation for the analysis of AAS by anti-doping control laboratories was also included in the research programme.<br>Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia”, for financial support through the grant SFRH/BD/31652/2006
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Skårberg, Kurt. "Anabolic-androgenic steroid users in treatment : social background, drug use patterns, and criminality." Doctoral thesis, Örebro universitet, Hälsoakademin, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-6249.
Full text
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Lundholm, Lena. "Substance Use and Violence : Influence of Alcohol, Illicit Drugs and Anabolic Androgenic Steroids on Violent Crime and Self-directed Violence." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Rättsmedicin, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-193301.
Full textAbstract:
Interpersonal violence and suicide are major health concerns, leading to premature death, extensive human suffering and staggering monetary costs. Although violent behaviour has multiple causes, it is well known that acute substance intake and abuse increase the risks of both interpersonal and self-directed violence. This association is quite well established for alcohol, while a more ambiguous literature exists for other common drugs of abuse. For example, anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS), synthetic analogues to the “male” sex hormone testosterone are suggested to elicit violent and aggressive behaviour. Two studies (I and III) in the present thesis addressed the association between AAS use and being suspected or convicted of a violent crime among remand prisoners and in a general population sample, respectively. Further, using the case-crossover design to control for confounders stable within individuals, I also investigated the triggering (short-term risk) effect of alcohol and drugs such as benzodiazepines and AAS, on violent crime (Study II). Finally, a fourth study (IV) based on a large national forensic sample of suicide completers (n=18,894) examined the risk of using a violent, more lethal, suicide method, when under acute influence of alcohol, central stimulants or cannabis. The results of this thesis suggested that AAS use in itself is not a proximal risk factor for violent crime; the observed risk is probably due to the co-occurrence of abuse of other substances. Alcohol is a strong triggering risk factor for violent crime, constant across males and females as well as individuals with or without behavioral and psychiatric vulnerability. Intake of high doses of benzodiazepines is associated with an increased risk for violent crime. Cannabis use is associated with an increased risk of using the lethal suicide method of jumping from a height. I conclude that mapping substance abuse patterns may inform violence risk assessment and treatment planning.
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Carmo, Carolina Almeida do. "Clastogenicidade e /ou aneugenicidade do hormônio androgênico nandrolona (Deca-Durabolin®) em camundongos /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/87934.
Full textAbstract:
Orientador: Edson Luis Maistro<br>Banca: Mario Sergio Montovani<br>Banca: Luis Fernando Barbisan<br>Resumo: Os anabolizantes esteróides têm sido amplamente utilizados por profissionais e atletas de elite para melhorar sua aparência e habilidades atléticas. Além disso, eles apresentam um importante papel quimioterapêutico no tratamento de vários tipos de distúrbios metabólicos, homeostáticos e sexuais, em ambos os sexos. Tendo em vista que muitas drogas esteróides têm apresentado diferentes resultados considerando efeitos genotóxicos e mutagênicos, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o potencial genotóxico do hormônio nandrolona (deca-durabolin®) in vivo em células da medula óssea e do sangue periférico de camundongos, usando o teste do micronúcleo e o ensaio do cometa, respectivamente. Os animas receberam injeção intradérmica de 3 concentrações do hormônio esteróide (1.0, 2.5 e 5.0 mg/kg peso corporal). As células foram coletadas 24 h após o tratamento hormonal para o teste do micronúcleo (avaliação da clastogenicidade) e o teste do cometa (avaliação da genotoxicidade). O teste do micronúcleo evidenciou que as duas maiores doses testadas da nandrolona induziram aumentos estatisticamente significativos de células micronucleadas e o teste do cometa não evidenciou aumento significativo de danos no DNA nos linfócitos do sangue periférico. Sob estas condições experimentais, conclui-se que o hormônio esteróide nandrolona apresentou efeito clastogênico e/ou aneugênico e, por outro lado, não foram observados efeitos genotóxicos quando o mesmo foi administrado intradermicamente em camundongos<br>Abstract: Anabolic androgenic steroids have been widely used by professional and elite athletes to improve their appearance and athletic abilities. Besides, they have an important place in the chemotherapeutic treatment of various types of metabolic, homeostatic, and sexual disorders in both sexes. Since many steroidal drugs have been found to be different results considering genotoxic and mutagenic effects, the aim of this study was to evaluate the genotoxic potential of nandrolone (deca-durabolin®) in vivo in bone marrow and peripheral blood cells of mice, using micronucleus and comet assays, respectively. The animals received intradermal injection of the 3 concentrations of the steroid (1.0, 2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg body weight). The cells were collected 24 h after the hormone-treatment for the micronucleus (clastogenicity endpoint) and comet assays (genotoxicity endpoint). Micronucleus test showed that the two higher tested-doses of the nandrolone induced statistically significant increase of the micronucleated cells and comet assay no evidenced significant increase in the DNA damage of the lymphocytes from peripheral blood. Under our experimental conditions, the nandrolone steroid hormone showed clastogenic and/or aneugenic effects and, on the other hand, no genotoxic effects when administered intradermally to mice<br>Mestre
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Birgner, Carolina. "Anabolic androgenic steroids and central monoaminergic systems : Supratherapeutic doses of nandrolone decanoate affect dopamine and serotonin." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-9208.
Full textAbstract:
<p>Supratherapeutic doses of anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs) are administered, not only as performance-enhancing drugs in the world of sports, but also in order to modify behaviour. AAS abusers are at risk of developing serious physical and psychological side effects such as dependence and aggressive behaviour. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the impact of supratherapeutic doses of nandrolone decanoate after subchronic administration on dopamine and serotonin pathways involved in drug dependence and aggression, in the male rat brain.</p><p>Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats received intramuscular injections of nandrolone decanoate (3 or 15 mg/kg) or vehicle once daily for 14 days. Nandrolone decanoate pre-exposure abolished the effect of amphetamine on the 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) tissue level in the hypothalamus and on the DOPAC/dopamine ratio in the hypothalamus and the hippocampus. A significant decrease of the basal extracellular DOPAC and homovanillic acid (HVA) levels could be detected in the nucleus accumbens, which remained low during the first hour following the amphetamine challenge. Nandrolone decanoate significantly reduced the activity of both monoamine oxidase A and B (MAO-A and -B) in the caudate putamen and amygdala. The gene transcript levels of MAO-B, and the dopamine D1 and D4 receptors were altered in limbic regions. No changes in transcriptional levels could be detected among the serotonin receptor genes examined. However, the density of the serotonin transporter protein was elevated in a range of aggression-related brain regions.</p><p>Taken together, subchronic administration of nandrolone decanoate causes dopaminergic and serotonergic dysregulations in distinct brain regions. These areas of the brain are involved in the development of drug dependence and expression of impulsive and aggressive behaviours. These results may contribute to explain some of the behavioural changes often reported in AAS abusers, such as polydrug use and impaired impulse control.</p>
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Sundén, Jens. "Anabola Androgena Steroider : En analys om hur AAS skildras i svensk media." Thesis, University of Kalmar, School of Human Sciences, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hik:diva-2499.
Full textAbstract:
<h2>Abstract</h2><p><strong>Title: </strong>Anabolic Androgenic Steroids – An analysis of how AAS is portrayed in Swedish media.</p><p><strong>Author: </strong>Jens Sundén</p><p><strong>Tutor: </strong>Philip Lalander</p><p><strong>Keywords: </strong>AAS, Anabolic steroids, social problems, media, drug abuse, gender</p><p>The purpose of this study was to investigate how Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS) are portrayed and described in the media, how AAS is constructed as a social problem, and how society in a social context uses knowledge and power for disciplinary and educational means. The study is based on the perception of AAS as a constructed social problem and analyzes the discourses surrounding AAS depicted in three Swedish newspapers. The sample was prepared on the basis that it represents different aspects of daily Swedish press. The method used in the paper is a discourse analysis with social constructivism and gender as theoretical tools used to analyze the sample material. An important conclusion of the analysis is that the use of AAS is a socially constructed problem, which incorporates both a stereotyped, aggressive male individual who desires an ideal body, and the use of AAS defined as an illegitimate abuse by society. Another important aspect of the analysis is how gender roles are highlighted in the sample and how these from a gender perspective are used to perpetuate male superiority and female subordination in society.</p>
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Takahashi, Kayo. "Imaging brain aromatase by using PET : A way to study anabolic steroid abuse." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Neuroscience, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-9234.
Full textAbstract:
<p>Aromatase is an enzyme that facilitates the conversion of androgens to estrogens and may play a role in mood and mental status. The main theme of this thesis is the imaging of brain aromatase by use of the PET technique. The PET tracer for aromatase, <sup>11</sup>C-labeled vorozole (VOZ) was developed and evaluated by with <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> methods. <i>In vitro</i> experiments using rat brain showed that VOZ was distributed in the medial amygdala, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and medial preoptic area, regions of the brain known to be rich in aromatase and the K<sub>D</sub> value was determined to be 0.60 nM. The <i>in vivo</i> PET study in rhesus monkey brain revealed that VOZ penetrated the blood-brain barrier and accumulated in the amygdala and hypothalamus. Taken together, VOZ is a good PET tracer for <i>in vivo</i> aromatase imaging with high affinity and high sensitivity.</p><p>This technique was applied to an investigation of brain aromatase under the physiological conditions simulating anabolic-androgenic steroid abuse. A significant increase in VOZ binding by anabolic-androgenic steroids was observed in the bed nucleus of stria terminalis and medial preoptic area in the rat brain. In contrast, no significant change in binding was observed in the medial amygdala. These results indicate that the manner of regulation of aromatase expression might be different in the bed nucleus of stria terminalis and medial preoptic area compared with that in the medial amygdala. The aromatase expression was suggested to be regulated through androgen receptors, as indicated in a study with flutamide treatment. The increased aromatase expression was seen in neurons. The PET study with anabolic steroid-treated rhesus monkeys also showed increased VOZ binding in the hypothalamus but not in the amygdala. The alteration of density of aromatase binding in the hypothalamic area could explain some psychological features of anabolic-androgenic steroid abusers.</p><p>Novel PET tracers for aromatase were developed and examined. The two newly synthesized <sup>18</sup>F-labeled vorozole analogs, [<sup>18</sup>F]FVOZ and [<sup>18</sup>F]FVOO, displayed different characteristics. Both tracers showed similar binding pattern as VOZ; however, [<sup>18</sup>F]FVOO was metabolized very quickly, meaning that this tracer is not suitable as a PET tracer. On the other hand, [<sup>18</sup>F]FVOZ can be an appropriate PET tracer.</p><p>The role of aromatase in the human brain has not been clarified yet. To approach this problem by<i> in vivo</i> methods, we have just started PET studies to explore aromatase expression in humans.</p>
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Rossouw, Ellen. "The effect of androgenic anabolic steroids on the susceptibility of the rat heart to ischaemia and reperfusion injury." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53105.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Background: Athletes use androgenic anabolic steroids (AAS) to enhance
their physical performance. The abuse of AAS is however associated with a
host of side effects including sudden death due to cardiac arrest. The use of
AAS leads to myocardial hypertrophy, which possibly makes the heart more
prone to ischaemia/reperfusion injury, since it often develops in the absence
of proper vasculature development.
Chronic AAS use also disrupts myocardial p-adrenoreceptor function and
possibly cAMP, signalling in the heart. Drugs increasing cAMP and
decreasing cGMP levels in the ischaemic myocardium exacerbate myocardial
ischaemia/reperfusion injury.
We also know that AAS causes coronary artery disease secondary to the
deleterious alteration of lipid profiles by increasing the LOL cholesterol and
decreasing the HOLcholesterol levels.
AAS treatment may increase systemic TNFa levels by stimulating lymphocyte
TNFa secretion that has been implicated in the depression of myocardial
function, myocardial hypertrophy and the worsening of ischaemia/reperfsuion
injury.
Aims: To determine whether chronic AAS treatment in trained and untrained
rats influences: 1) heart function and susceptibility to ischaemia/reperfusion
injury, 2) myocardial cyclic nucleotide levels (cAMP and cGMP) and 3)
myocardial TNFa levels. Material and methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=100) were divided into 4
groups: sedentary vehicle (placebo) treated group, sedentary AAS treated
group, exercise vehicle (placebo) treated group, and exercise AAS treated
group. Steroid treated animals received an intramuscular injection of
nandrolone laureate (0.375 mg/kg) once a week, for six weeks.
Training consisted of swim sessions 6 days a week for 6 weeks. Swim time
was incrementally increased up to a maximum of 50 minutes a day. For
biometric parameters heart weight and body weight were documented. Hearts
were mounted on a l.anqendorff perfusion apparatus and left ventricular
developed pressure (LVDP), heart rate (HR) and coronary flow (CF) was
monitored. The hearts were subjected to a period of 20 minutes of global
ischaemia, followed by 30 minutes of reperfusion. Functional parameters was
again monitored and documented. For biochemical analysis, blood was
collected for the determination of serum lipid levels and myocardial tissue
samples were collected before, during and after ischaemia for the
determination of myocardial TNFa, cGMP and cAMP levels and p38 activity.
Conclusions: Results obtained would suggest that AAS exacerbate exercise
induced myocardial hypertrophy. It also prevents the exercise-induced
improvement in cardiac function. AAS use reduces reperfusion function in
treated hearts, which may suggest that AAS exacerbates ischaemie and
reperfusion injury. Furthermore it was seen that AAS elevates basal (preischaemie)
cyclic nucleotide levels and basal (pre-ischaemic) as well as
reperfusion TNFa levels. This may also contribute to the exacerbation of
ischaemic and reperfusion injury.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Agtergrond: Androgeniese anaboliese steroïede (AAS) word dikwels deur
atlete gebruik om sportprestasie te verbeter. Die misbruik van AAS het egter
talle newe effekte, insluitende skielike dood wat gewoonlik toegeskryf word
aan hartaanvalle. Die gebruik van AAS lei onder andere tot miokardiale
hipertrofie wat opsigself, as gevolg van ontoereikende vaskulêre ontwikkeling
tydens die ontwikkeling van hipertrofie, die hart nog meer vatbaar vir
isgemie/herperfusie skade maak.
Kroniese AAS toediening versteur miokardiale beta-adtenoresepter funksie en
moontlik die tweede boodskapper, sAMP, seintransduksie in die hart. Ons
weet ook dat AAS koronêre hartvatsiektes veroorsaak. Laasgenoemde is
sekondêr tot die nadelige lipiedprofiel verandering, wat 'n verhoging in LDL-C
en 'n verlaging in HDL-C insluit. Middels wat miokardiale sAMP vlakke
verhoog en sGMP vlakke in die isgemiese miokardium verlaag, vererger
miokardiale isgemie/herperfusie skade.
AAS behandeling kan moontlik ook sistemiese TNFa vlakke verhoog deur
limfosiet TNFa sekresie te stimuleer. Die verhoogde TNFa vlakke word
verbind aan die onderdrukking van miokardiale funksie, miokardiale hipertrofie
en die verergering van isgemie/herperfusie skade.
Doelwitte: Die doelwitte van die studie was om te bepaal of kroniese AAS
toediening in geoefende en ongeoefende rotte 1) hartfunksie en die hart se
vatbaarheid vir isgemie/herperfusie skade beïnvloed, 2) miokardiale sikliese nukleotiedvlakke (sAMP en sGMP) beïnvloed en 3) miokardiale TNFa-vlakke
beïnvloed.
Materiale en metodes: Manlike Sprague-Dawley rotte (n=100) is gebruik en in
4 groepe verdeel: 'n ongeoefende placebo groep (kontrole); 'n ongeoefende
steroïedbehandelde groep; 'n geoefende placebo groep (kontrole) en 'n
geoefende steroïedbehandelde groep. Steroïed behandelde diere het 'n
intramuskulêre nandroloon lauraat inspuiting (0.375 mg/kg) een keer per
week vir ses weke ontvang. Die oefenprogram het bestaan uit ses
swemsessies 'n week vir ses weke. Die swemtyd is geleidelik weekliks
verhoog tot by 'n maksimum tyd 50 min. Die waterbadtemperatuur is tussen
30 - 32 oe gehandhaaf. Vir biometriese parameters is hartgewig en
liggaamsgewig genoteer. Harte is op 'n Langendorff perfusie apparaat
gemonteer en linker ventrikulêre ontwikkelde druk (LVOD), koronêre vloei
(KV) en harttempo (HT) is genoteer. Die harte is vervolgens blootgestel aan
20 minute van globale isgemie gevolg deur 'n 30 minute herperfusieperiode.
LVOD, KV en HT is weer eens noteer. Vir biochemiese doeleindes is bloed
voor perfusie versamelom serum lipied vlakke te bepaal. Miokardiale weefsel
is versamel voor, tydens en na isgemie vir die bepaling van TNFa, cGMP en
AMP vlakke asook p38 aktiwiteit.
Gevolgtrekkings: Na aanleiding van resultate verkry wil dit voorkom asof die
gebruik van steroïde oefeningsgeïnduseerde miokardiale hipertrofie vererger.
Dit verhoed ook oefeningsgeïnduseerde verbetering in miokardiale funksie.
AAS lei tot 'n verlaagde herperfusiefunksie in behandelde harte, wat dalk mag dui op MS verergering van isgemie en herperfusie skade. Verder was daar
ook waargeneem dat MS basale (pre-isgemiese) sikliese nukleotiedvlakke
en basale TNFa-vlakke sowel as herperfusie TNFa vlakke verhoog. Die
verhoging in TNF-a vlakke mag dus moontlik ook bydra tot die verergering
van isgemie- en herperfusieskade.
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Josefsson, Beatrice, and Sara Skude. "Problematiskt AAS-bruk : Missbruksvårdens tillgänglighet samt arbetet med personer med ett problematiskt bruk av anabola androgena steroider." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för pedagogik (PED), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-52426.
Full textAbstract:
Denna studie gjordes för att undersöka anabola androgena steroider (AAS). Problemformuleringarna som ställdes syftade till att identifiera tillgängligheten hos öppenvårdsenheter enligt behandlare samt att undersöka hur behandlare arbetar med dessa klienter. Community Readiness Model, transteoretisk förändringsprocess samt transformativt lärande har använts som teoretiska utgångspunkter i syfte att uppnå förståelse för så väl det organisatoriska lärandet samt för individens förändringsprocess. En kvalitativ studie har gjorts genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med behandlare, aktiva inom öppenvården. Intervjumaterialet har kodats samt analyserats och ställts emot tidigare forskning för att slutsatser kring syfte och problemformuleringar. Faktorer som kunskapsbrist samt låg motivation har identifierats som bidragande orsaker till missbruksvårdens svårtillgänglighet. Man har sett ett behov av samverkan och kunskapsspridning som faktorer som skulle kunna öka tillgängligheten. Studien visar att vårdens motivation till förändring och arbete med denna problematik är lika viktig som klientens.
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Carmo, Carolina Almeida do [UNESP]. "Clastogenicidade e /ou aneugenicidade do hormônio androgênico nandrolona (Deca-Durabolin®) em camundongos." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/87934.
Full textAbstract:
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carmo_ca_me_botib.pdf: 354246 bytes, checksum: 4c9e96974ccabd93669458a1fdf56b19 (MD5)<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)<br>Os anabolizantes esteróides têm sido amplamente utilizados por profissionais e atletas de elite para melhorar sua aparência e habilidades atléticas. Além disso, eles apresentam um importante papel quimioterapêutico no tratamento de vários tipos de distúrbios metabólicos, homeostáticos e sexuais, em ambos os sexos. Tendo em vista que muitas drogas esteróides têm apresentado diferentes resultados considerando efeitos genotóxicos e mutagênicos, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o potencial genotóxico do hormônio nandrolona (deca-durabolin®) in vivo em células da medula óssea e do sangue periférico de camundongos, usando o teste do micronúcleo e o ensaio do cometa, respectivamente. Os animas receberam injeção intradérmica de 3 concentrações do hormônio esteróide (1.0, 2.5 e 5.0 mg/kg peso corporal). As células foram coletadas 24 h após o tratamento hormonal para o teste do micronúcleo (avaliação da clastogenicidade) e o teste do cometa (avaliação da genotoxicidade). O teste do micronúcleo evidenciou que as duas maiores doses testadas da nandrolona induziram aumentos estatisticamente significativos de células micronucleadas e o teste do cometa não evidenciou aumento significativo de danos no DNA nos linfócitos do sangue periférico. Sob estas condições experimentais, conclui-se que o hormônio esteróide nandrolona apresentou efeito clastogênico e/ou aneugênico e, por outro lado, não foram observados efeitos genotóxicos quando o mesmo foi administrado intradermicamente em camundongos<br>Anabolic androgenic steroids have been widely used by professional and elite athletes to improve their appearance and athletic abilities. Besides, they have an important place in the chemotherapeutic treatment of various types of metabolic, homeostatic, and sexual disorders in both sexes. Since many steroidal drugs have been found to be different results considering genotoxic and mutagenic effects, the aim of this study was to evaluate the genotoxic potential of nandrolone (deca-durabolin®) in vivo in bone marrow and peripheral blood cells of mice, using micronucleus and comet assays, respectively. The animals received intradermal injection of the 3 concentrations of the steroid (1.0, 2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg body weight). The cells were collected 24 h after the hormone-treatment for the micronucleus (clastogenicity endpoint) and comet assays (genotoxicity endpoint). Micronucleus test showed that the two higher tested-doses of the nandrolone induced statistically significant increase of the micronucleated cells and comet assay no evidenced significant increase in the DNA damage of the lymphocytes from peripheral blood. Under our experimental conditions, the nandrolone steroid hormone showed clastogenic and/or aneugenic effects and, on the other hand, no genotoxic effects when administered intradermally to mice
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Ager, Harry. "Application of the theory of planned behaviour to explain adult male anabolic androgenic steroid use among gym users." Thesis, University of Lincoln, 2015. http://eprints.lincoln.ac.uk/22817/.
Full textAbstract:
Background and aims: In the UK, the illegal use of anabolic androgenic steroids (steroids) among recreational gym-users has been increasing alongside a growth in the number of steroid-users accessing harm reduction services. Steroid-misuse has therefore become a public health concern. This study explored first-hand experiences of steroid-users’ attitudes towards and motivations for using steroids. It also explored whether and how societal and individual pressures as well as barriers and facilitators influence steroid-users’ decisions to use steroids. One key aim was to develop a Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB; Ajzen, 1988; 1991) questionnaire. This study also examined the application of TPB variables (attitudes, subjective norms, perceived-behavioural-control and their respective underlying beliefs) to account for the variations in intention to use steroids. Finally, the study explored the differences between steroid-users and non-steroid-users in terms of the TPB variables (i.e., differences in explanation of actual past or current behaviour, and predictions of future intentions within a steroid-user group), as well as their underlying beliefs towards steroids. Methodology: This study used a cross-sectional mixed methodology (exploratory sequential design). The study utilised the TPB theoretical framework and consisted of two phases: (I) A qualitative exploration of steroid-use, leading to the development of a TPB questionnaire and (II) The use of the developed TPB questionnaire to investigate participants’ future intentions concerning steroid-use or non-use.188 adult male recreational gym-users (113 steroid-users and 75 non-steroid-users) participated in this study. Participants were recruited from various online social media (e.g., Facebook, bodybuilding forums) and from Addaction within Lincolnshire, where paper copies of the questionnaire were available. Results: Findings from phase one led to the development of the TPB questionnaire as well as providing novel insights to explain reasons for steroid-use (e.g., reduced natural testosterone levels, self-protection) accounted for outside the TPB framework. During phase two, hierarchical multiple regression revealed that a positive attitude towards steroid-use among users is the most 3 important contributing factor for explaining future intentions to use the drug. Findings from the two individual logistic regressions and between group comparisons highlighted that steroid-users’ attitudes towards steroid-use and perceived-behavioural-control (i.e., a higher level of positive control and factors that enabled steroid-use) were higher than non-users. Non-users’ normative beliefs (i.e., a perceived increase in negative social pressure and disapproval from significant others) were higher than users. Conversely, users perceived a positive outcome of steroid-use whereas non-steroid-users perceived an increased negative outcome of steroid-use for behavioural beliefs. Finally, independent t-tests identified particular beliefs and factors that the groups differed on (e.g., non-users mostly reported unfavourable consequences of steroid-use). Conclusions: This study provides evidence that the application of the TPB can be useful in understanding an individual’s future intentions concerning steroid-use or non-use. The TPB could be used in future research as a template for the development of harm reduction, awareness and education programmes. Furthermore, it may be applied within clinical practice by supporting healthcare professionals to develop specific interventions to target the TPB variables in order to help reduce the use of the drug.
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Brännvall, Karin. "Hormonal Regulation of Neural Stem Cell Proliferation and Fate Determination." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Neurobiology, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-4694.
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<p>Stem cells have the capacity for both self renewal, and to form all cell types in the body. Interestingly, so called neural stem cells (NSCs) are found in the adult human brain, which is of significance both out of a developmental perspective and from a clinical point of view. At the present moment, the regulation of neural stem cell (NSC) proliferation and fate determination is not completely understood.</p><p>The overall aim of this thesis was to study the mechanisms that regulate NSC proliferation and fate determination <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i>. In particular, the roles of the female sex hormone estrogen and the testosterone analogue nandrolone, as well as the melanocortin α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH), were analyzed in this context. Also, the breast cancer susceptibility gene one (BRCA-1), was studied in the brain with emphasis on regions containing NSCs.</p><p>Our findings show that estrogen and nandrolone have similar effects on NSCs; both decreased NSC proliferation and increased neurogenesis. Estrogen's ability to reduce proliferation was due to increased levels of p21, an inhibitor of cyclin dependent kinases. In contrast, no change in p21 was observed in the case of nandrolone, indicating differential regulation. Adult rats subjected to nandrolone injections had 30% reduced NSC proliferation in the dentate gyrus, indicating profound effects on NSCs <i>in vivo</i>.</p><p>The melanocortin α-MSH acted as a mitogen by increasing levels of cyclinD1 and retinoblastoma protein; as a result NSC proliferation was doubled.</p><p>Finally, BRCA-1 is expressed while NSCs proliferate, but is drastically down regulated upon differentiation, indicating that BRCA-1 could be used as a possible NSC marker.</p><p>In summary, in this thesis estrogen and nandrolone were identified as NSC regulators which decrease proliferation and positively influence neurogenesis. Also, we have identified the hormone α-MSH as a NSC mitogen, and BRCA-1 as a possible NSC marker.</p>
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Hageleit, Emmy, and Oliwia Knutar. "Ungdomars attityder till doping, ett samhällsperspektiv : En kvantitativ enkätstudie om ungdomars attityder till doping, prestationshöjande- och muskeluppbyggande preparat." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för folkhälso- och idrottssvetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-32806.
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Syfte och frågeställningar: Denna enkätstudie har behandlat attityder som 76 ungdomar i Sverige har till doping generellt och övergripande attityder till användning av prestationshöjande- och muskelbyggande preparat. Tycker ungdomarna att doping är ett samhällsproblem och bör det legaliseras samt om attityder varierar mellan killar och tjejer, aktiva och inaktiva? Studien behandlar information om respondenterna har någon i sin bekantskap som har brukat eller brukar dopingpreparat och vilket kön personen har. Metod: En kvantitativ deskriptiv enkätstudie utfördes för att kunna kontakta ungdomar i hela Sverige. Författarna utförde två rekryteringar, urvalet bestod av ungdomar mellan 18–23 år som bor utspritt i Sverige. Författarna kontaktade dessa ungdomar genom sociala medier. Enkäten skapades i Google Formulär för att finnas tillgänglig elektroniskt med hänsyn till Covid-19 och därmed kunna skicka ut enkäten utan personlig visit hos respondenterna. Bakgrundsfrågor och påståenden om doping samt prestationshöjande- och muskeluppbyggande preparat fanns i enkäten. Påståenden var hämtat från andra studier samt konstruerades av denna studies författare. Datainsamlingen granskades för vidare analys av svaren samt i jämförelse mellan tjejer och killar samt mot tidigare forskning. Studien vidtog etiska ställningstaganden och informerade respondenterna om de olika kraven. Resultat: Respondenterna bestod av 57 tjejer, 18 killar samt en ickebinär. Antalet inaktiva var för få för att kunna göra en jämförelse mot de aktiva. Majoriteten av respondenterna visade en negativ attityd till doping, de angav att doping är ett ökande problem i samhället samt att användandet av prestationshöjande- och muskeluppbyggande preparat är fusk och oacceptabelt. Killarna i studien sågs ha en lite mer positiv attityd till doping i jämförelse med tjejerna, vilket 37 respondenter styrker när de angivit att de känner killar som brukar eller har brukat doping. Slutsats: Majoriteten av respondenterna visar en negativ attityd till doping samt prestationshöjande- och muskeluppbyggande preparat. Däremot förekommer doping ändå i samhället i Sverige, bland annat inom respondenternas bekantskap där flertalet angett att det är män som använt sig av preparaten. Utifrån resultatet går det att avläsa att killarna är mer positiv till användandet av doping i samhället samt att det är fler som känner killar som använder eller har använt doping i sin bekantskap.
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Grandperrin, Antoine. "Entraînement en musculation et remodelage myocardique : Influence du sexe, du niveau de pratique et de la prise régulière de stéroïdes anabolisants Myocardial adaptations after 16 weeks of high-intensity strength training in men and women Androgenic anabolic steroids induce left atrial and left ventricular remodeling and dysfunction in strength athletes Left ventricular dyssynchrony and post-systolic shortenings in young bodybuilders using anabolic-androgenic steroids Myocardial work in athletes using anabolic androgenic steroids and athletes with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy." Thesis, Avignon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020AVIG0717.
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Ces dernières années, la pratique de la musculation s’est largement démocratisée et regroupe aujourd’hui différents types de pratiquants, allant de la personne sédentaire en reprise d’activité au sportif de haut niveau pratiquant le culturisme. L’objectif de ces travaux de thèse a été d’étudier l’impact cardiaque de l’entraînement en musculation chez ces différents types de pratiquants. Une première partie a eu pour objectif d’étudier l’impact longitudinal de 16 semaines d’entrainement en musculation sur la fonction cardiaque d’hommes et de femmes préalablement sédentaires. Le programme d’entraînement, supervisé, a été conçu en respectant les recommandations de l’American College of Sports Medicine (travail à 70% de la charge maximale, 4 séries, 8 à 12 répétitions, 3 séances par semaine, utilisation d’exercices polyarticulaires). Afin d’étudier la cinétique d’adaptation de la morphologie et fonction ventriculaire et atriale, nous avons réalisé une échocardiographie de repos complète, incluant des analyses en "2D-strain", toutes les quatre semaines. Une deuxième partie s’est intéressée aux sportifs de force très entraînés, et plus particulièrement à ceux qui rapportent une utilisation régulière de stéroïdes anabolisants en complément de leur entrainement. De nombreuses études rapportent des effets délétères de ces substances, avec notamment un impact négatif sur la morphologie et la fonction cardiaque qui peut conduire à la survenue de morts subites. Néanmoins, peu d’études ont à ce jour exploité les derniers outils disponibles en échocardiographie afin de comprendre les dysfonctions engendrées. Ainsi, à partir d’analyses en "2D-strain", nous avons mis en place une évaluation globale et régionalisée de la morphologie et fonction ventriculaire et atriale gauche afin d’étudier les mécanismes impliqués dans les altérations. Nous avons complété ces analyses par une étude de l’asynchronisme intra-ventriculaire. Enfin, nous avons confronté ce modèle de sportifs utilisant des stéroïdes anabolisants à des sportifs ayant une hypertrophie cardiomyopathique afin d’étudier le remodelage potentiellement pathologique engendré par les stéroïdes anabolisants. Dans cette dernière partie, une évaluation novatrice du travail myocardique a été réalisée afin de tenir compte des conditions de charge et de discriminer un peu plus nos populations<br>Strength training is increasingly practiced by previously untrained people or by experienced athletes. This work aimed to evaluate cardiac adaptations to strength training over these different populations. In a first time, we evaluated the longitudinal impact of 16-weeks strength training on the cardiac function of previously untrained women and men. The American College of Sports Medicine recommendations were used to build the training program (i.e. training at 70% of the repetition maximum, 4 sets, 8-12 repetitions, 3 times a week with polyarticular exercices). 2D-strain echocardiography was used to assess both left ventricular and atrial morphology and function. In a second time, we aimed to evaluate the cardiac function of strength-trained athletes, which used androgenic anabolic steroids. While previous studies reported an alteration of cardiac function in this population, with sudden-death frequently reported, any study used 2D-strain parameters to understand the dysfunctions. In this context, we used 2D-strain analysis to evaluate global and regional myocardial function in order to evaluate the underlying mechanisms of left ventricular and left atrial functions, with a specific evaluation of intra-ventricular dyssynchrony. Finally, we aimed to compare our athletes using androgenic anabolic steroids users to athletes with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy to assess the probably pathological remodelling generates by anabolic androgenic steroids. In this study, we evaluate myocardial work, a new tool in echocardiography, which take into account load conditions and could better discriminate our populations
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Graham, Michael R. "The physiological and haematological effects associated with the abuse of recombinant human growth hormone and insulin in androgenic-anabolic steroid dependency." Thesis, University of South Wales, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.574488.
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Sports persons abuse androgenic-anabolic steroid (AAS) for cosmetic reasons (Pope et al., 2000) and to improve muscle mass and strength (Bhasin et al., 1996) with the intention of improving performance. MS abuse causes physiological and psychological dependence (Brower et al., 2002) and adverse cardiovascular effects (Graham et al., 2006b). sports persons also abuse recombinant human (rh) growth hormone (GH) and insulin for similar reasons and because it is still undetectable by urinalysis (Powrie et al., 2007). The purpose of this thesis was to determine the prevalence of abuse of rhGH and insulin with the intention of identifying any adverse physiological and haematological effects. The first study consisted of a questionnaire design that attempted to discover the prevalence of abuse of AAS. From the distribution of 210 questionnaires (response rate 70%) it was concluded that there were increases in the abuse of the drugs, growth hormone (24%) and insulin (14%) in comparison to earlier findings (Grace et al., 2001r The purpose of the second study was to investigate the effects of 30 days rhGH administration (0.013 mg.kg -I, n=36) in an abstinent AAS group (rhGH) compared with an exercise control group (BC) and a sedentary control group (SC). Packed cell volume (PCV) significantly decreased within the rhGH group (0.47±0.03 vs. 0.45±0.02, ratio; P<0.05) and was significantly greater than BC pre-rhGH administration (month 1; 0.47±0.03 vs. 0.44 ± 0.01; P<0.05). Triglycerides significantly decreased within the rhGH group (1.74 ± 0.4 vs. 1.4 ± OJ, mmol/L; P<0.05) and significantly decreased compared with SC on-rhGH administration (month 2; 1.4 ± 0.3 vs. 2.0 ± 0.6, mmol/L; P<0.05). The third study assessed the effects of 30 days insulin administration (0.12 IU.kg -I, n=36) in an abstinent AAS group (I-group) compared with an BC group and an SC group. Body mass index (BMI) significantly increased within the I-group (30.8 ± 3.2 vs. 31.2 ± 3.2, kg.m", P<0.05). PCV significantly increased within the I-group (0.45 ± 0.01 vs. 0.47 ± 0.02, ratio; P<0.05) and was significantly increased compared with BC on-insulin administration (month 2; 0.47 ± 0.02 vs. 0.44 ± 0.01, ratio; P<0.05). Triglycerides significantly increased within the I-group (1.78 ± 0.5 vs. 1.94 ± 0.5, mmol/L; P<0.05). Maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP) significantly increased within the I-group (MIP: 117 ± 32 vs. 122 ± 28, cm.H20; P<0.05). The fourth study assessed the effects of 30 days rhGH (0.017 mg.kg -1.dai1) and insulin (0.13 IU.kg -1, n=36) in an abstinent AAS group (rhGH-&-I group) compared with an BC group and anSCgroup. The arterial pulse wave velocity (APWV) significantly increased in the lower limb pre-occlusion velocity in the rhGH-&-I group compared with the BC group on rhGH-&-I administration (month 2; 10.8 ± 1.7 vs. 9.6 ± 0.9, m.s', P<0.05). The fifth study assessed the effects of 6 days rhGH administration (0.019 mg.kg -l.dail, n=48) in an abstinent AAS group (rhGH) compared with an abstinent AAS control group (C). Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) questionnaire significantly decreased in both anxiety (A) and depression (D) symptoms within the rhGH group (A: 6.8 ± 4.5 vs. 3.6 ± 3.5 vs. 4.1 ± 3.1; D: 4.5 ± 4.7 vs. 1.5 ± 2.5 vs. 2.5 ± 3.0, P<0.017) and compared with the C group (A: 3.6 ± 3.5 vs. 5.3 ± 2.1; D: 1.5 ± 2.5 vs. 3.0 ± 2.8, P<0.05). Body fat significantly decreased within the rhGH group (19.2 ± 6.3 vs. 20.2 ± 6.2, %, P<0.017). Resting heart rate (HR) and resting rate pressure product (RPP) significantly increased compared with the BC group (HR: 78 ± 11 vs. 67 ± 16, bpm; RPP: 97 ± 14 vs. 84 ± 24, bpm.mm.Hg X 10-2, P<0.05). APWV, lower limb pre-occlusion velocity, homocysteine (HCY) and C reactive protein (CRP) concentrations all significantly decreased within the rhGH administration group (APWV: 9.97 ± 1.38 vs. 9.18 ± 1.6, m.s"; HCY: 13.2 ± 4.0 vs. 11.5 ± 3.0, umol/L; CRP: 1.77 ± 2.1 vs. 1.26 ± 1.5 vs., mg/L, all P<0.017). Forced expiratory volume in 1 second/forced vital capacity (FEV I/FVC), MIP and maximum epiratory pressure (MEP) all significantly increased compared with the C group (FEV1/FVC: 85 ± 6 vs. 82 ± 5, %; MIP: 144 ± 24 vs. 129 ± 28, L; MEP: 179 ± 35 vs. 157 ± 32, L, all P<0.05). Strength (one repetition maximum; bench press [BePr] and squat [S]) and power (high intensity cycle ergometry) all significantly increased within the rhGH group (BePr: 106 ± 18 vs. 113 ± 19, S: 143 ± 27 vs. 164 ± 26, kg; Power: 1345 ± 216 vs. 1466 ± 257 vs. 1497 ± 253, W, all P<0.017) and BePr and S significantly increased compared with the C group (BePr; 113 ± 19 vs. 97 ± 24, kg; S; 164 ± 26 vs. 141 ± 34 kg, both P<0.05). Serum insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) significantly increased within the rhGH group (159 ± 54 vs. 317 ± 91, ng.ml", P<0.017) and compared with the C group (317 ± 91 vs. 169 ± 50, ng.ml", P<0.05). RhGH administration for 30 days, in a dosage of 0.013 mg.kg -1.d-1, in abstinent AAS using weight lifters, appeared to offer no improvements in strength, but suggested an improvement in the specific cardiovascular risk marker, triglycerides. Insulin administration, for 30 days, in a dosage of 0.12 IU.kg -\, appeared to precipitate an adverse effect on the blood viscosity and lipoprotein profile, which may have a deleterious effect on an individual's risk of atherogenesis. The combination of rhGH-&-I, for 30 days, appeared to cause a significant increase in APWV, which may significantly increase cardiovascular risk in otherwise apparently healthy individuals However, 6 days use of rhGH in a dosage of 0.019 mg.kg -1.dai1 in apparently healthy abstinent AAS dependents, appeared to improve psychological profiles, alter body composition favourably, improve specific cardiovascular risk markers, improve respiratory function and increase strength and power. This suggested that the effects are dosage and time dependent. Despite this, the increase in resting heart rate and RPP may have an adverse effect on the cardiovascular system. Further work is required to establish any long term adverse effects before such therapy could be offered as a replacement treatment from AAS dependency.
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Deshmukh, Nawed Inayat Khan. "Development and application of novel methods for the detection of anabolic androgenic steroids in hair and other matrices using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry." Thesis, Kingston University, 2013. http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/26561/.
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Owing to an increase in the number of doping cases with performance enhanc-ing drugs (PEDs), mainly anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs), and the limitations of urinalysis and self-reports, there is an ever increasing need to develop new methods for detecting doping. This thesis reports the development and application of a series of nov¬el analytical methods for the detection of frequently used AASs in hair and other matri¬ces using liquid-chromatography tandem mass-spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Assays capable of detecting 0.5 pg/mg stanozolol and 3.0 pg/mg nandralane (with 20 mg hair) were developed. Hair samples from 180 subjects (108 males, 72 fe-males) were screened using ELISA, which revealed 16 subjects to be positive for stanozolol and 3 for nandrolone. LC-MS/MS analysis confirmed that only 11 subjects were positive for stanozolol (5.0 pg/mg to 86.3 pg/mg) and just 1 for nandralane (14.0 pg/mg), thus showing the inaccuracy of using ELISA screening alone. The analytical fmdings were successfully employed to verify self-reported drug use data. An assay capable of detecting 0.1 pg/mg testosterone (T) and 0.25 pg/mg epitestosterone (E) (with 50 mg hair) was developed. Seventy-five hair samples were collected from healthy volunteers (49 males, 26 females), with the natural levels of T 0.7-11.81 pg/mg and 0.33-6.05 pg/mg and the natural levels ofE 0.63-8.27 pg/mg and 0.52-3.88 pg/mg, in males and in females respectively. This thesis reports for the first time the TÆ ratio in hair, 0.5-3.37 in males and 0.56-1.81 in females. Assays capable of detecting 0.125 pg/mg stanozolol/0.25 pg/mg 3'-hydroxystano-zolol (with 50 mg rat hair) and 0.063 ng/mL stanozolol/0.125 ng/mL 3'-hydroxystanozolol (with 100 uL of rat urine or serum) were developed. Diclofenac was found to significantly reduce the urinary excretion of 3'-hydroxystanozolol, but did not influence the concentration of both compounds in hair. This is the first in vivo study to report this effect. Assays capable of detecting 0.25 pg/mL stanozolol and 0.5 pg/mL of 3'-hydroxystanozolol in 5 mL aqueous matrices were developed in order to investigate en-vironmental contamination. Three out of six samples from the River Danube, collected from December '09 to November '10, were found to contain stanozolol, (upto 1.82 pg/mL). In contrast, stanozolol was detected only once (1.19 pg/mL) in tap water from Budapest city.
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Balassiano, Karen Zavaro. "Análise comparativa da ação de anabolizantes em gengiva e sistema reprodutor de ratos (Rattus norvegicus)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/25/25136/tde-05032008-093504/.
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Os esteróides anabólicos-androgênicos (EAA) se caracterizam como um grupo de compostos naturais e sintéticos formados a partir da testosterona e seus derivados e foram desenvolvidos com finalidade terapêutica. No entanto, a partir da década de 90 o seu uso tem sido considerado um problema de saúde pública; e o seu consumo aumentado entre atletas profissionais e amadores que usam a medicação até 100 vezes acima da dose recomendada. Os efeitos adversos mais comuns relacionados ao uso dos EAA são alterações hepáticas, endócrinas, músculo-esqueléticas, cardiovasculares, imunológicas, reprodutivas, psicológicas, efeitos virilizantes e feminilizantes; e efeitos tóxicos. Apesar de diversos efeitos deletérios, os EAA em dose e freqüência adequada podem ter efeitos benéficos no reparo de feridas, revertendo os efeitos de corticosteróides. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de doses suprafisiológicas (10mg/semana, por 60 dias) do EAA decanoato de nandrolona em 32 ratos (Rattus norvegicus), sendo divididos igualmente para o grupo experimental e controle (8 fêmeas e 8 machos para cada grupo) através da macroscopia, microscopia e morfometria. Os resultadosmostraram que os animais do grupo controle ganharam mais peso ao final do tratamento do que os animais tratados. Os ovários e testículos apresentaram atrofiaenquanto a hipertrofia foi observada nos úteros e próstatas, com diferença de peso significativa estatisticamente em todos os órgãos entre o grupo experimental e controle. Nos testículos, a contagem do número de células de Sertoli não apresentou diferença estatística, assim como no percentual de fibras colágenas entre o grupo experimental e controle. A média da altura das células epiteliais nas próstatas dos animais tratados apresentou-se maior que as do controle. Os ovários das ratas medicadas apresentaram diminuição de corpos lúteos e folículos atrésicos. Os resultados encontrados indicam que as altas doses do EAA decanoato de nandrolona causam alterações macroscópicas e morfológicas nos sistemas reprodutores de machos e fêmeas, podendo ser irreversíveis. O efeito benéfico do uso de EAA na síntese de colágeno não foi observado nos fragmentos de gengiva analisados.<br>The anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are characterized as a group of natural and synthetic compounds formed from testosterone and derivatives, and have been developed for therapeutic purposes. However, after the 1990s, their utilization has been considered a public health problem and the intake increased among professional and amateur athletes, who ingest up to 100 times the recommended dose of the drug. The most common adverse effects related to utilization of AAS are hepatic, endocrine, muscle-skeletal, cardiovascular, immunological, reproductive and psychological alterations; masculinizing and feminizing effects; and toxic effects. Despite the several harmful effects, utilization of AAS at adequate dose and frequency may have beneficial effects on wound repair, reverting the effects of corticosteroids. This study evaluated the effects of supraphysiological doses (10mg/week, for 60 days) of the AAS nandrolone decanoate in 32 rats (Rattus norvegicus), equally divided into experimental and control groups (8 females and 8 males for each group), by macroscopic, microscopic and morphometric analyses. The results revealed that animals in the control group gained more weight at treatment completion than treated animals. The ovaries and testicles presented atrophy, and hypertrophy of uterus and prostates was observed, with statistically significant difference in weight in all organs between the experimental and control groups. In the testicles, counting of the number of Sertoli cells and the percentage of collagen fibers did not present statistically significant difference between the experimental and control groups. The mean height of epithelial cells in the prostates of treated animals was greater in treated animals than in the control group. The ovaries of treated rats exhibited reduction in corpora lutea and atresic follicles. The results indicated that high doses of AAS nandrolone decanoate caused macroscopic and morphological alterations in the reproductive systems of males and females, which may be irreversible. The beneficial effect of utilization of AAS on the collagen synthesis was not observed on gingival fragments analyzed
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Johansson, Tobias. "Neurosteroids Induce Allosteric Effects on the NMDA Receptor : Nanomolar Concentrations of Neurosteroids Exert Non-Genomic Effects on the NMDA Receptor Complex." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-8503.
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<p>The neurosteroids constitute a group of powerful hormones synthesized and acting in the central nervous system. They participate in a number of important central processes, such as memory and learning, mood and neuroprotection. Their effects emerge from rapid interactions with membrane bound receptors, such as the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, the gamma-amino-butyric acid receptor and the sigma 1 receptor. The mechanisms of action are separate from classical genomic interactions. </p><p>The aims of this thesis were to identify and characterize the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of nanomolar concentrations of neurosteroids at the NMDA receptor. </p><p>The results show that the neurosteroids pregnenolone sulfate (PS) and pregnanolone sulfate 3α5βS) differently modulate the NMDA receptor, changing the kinetics for the NMDA receptor antagonist ifenprodil, through unique and separate targets at the NR2B subunit. The effects that appear to be temperature independent were further confirmed in a calcium imagining functional assay. A second functional study demonstrated that PS and 3α5βS affect glutamate-stimulated neurite outgrowth in NG108-15 cells. </p><p>Misuse of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) has powerful effects on emotional states. Since neurosteroids regulate processes involved in mood it can be hypothesised that AAS can interact with the action of neurosteroids in the brain. However, chronic administration of the AAS nandrolone decanoate did not alter the allosteric effects of PS or 3α5βS at the NMDA receptor, but changed the affinity for PS, 3α5βS and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate to the sigma 1 receptor. The results also showed that the neurosteroids displace <sup>3</sup>H-ifenprodil from the sigma 1 and 2 receptors without directly sharing the binding site for <sup>3</sup>H-ifenprodil at the sigma 1 receptor. The decreased affinity for the neurosteroids at the sigma 1 receptor may be involved in the depressive symptoms associated with AAS misuse.</p><p>The NMDA receptor system is deeply involved in neurodegeneration and the NMDA receptor antagonist ifenprodil exert neuroprotective actions. The findings that neurosteroids interact with ifenprodil at the NMDA receptor may be an opportunity to obtain synergistic effects in neuroprotective treatment.</p>
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Brandl, Lana. "Análises morfológicas do epidídimo de ratos pós-púberes e idosos após o tratamento com doses suprafisiológicas de decanoato de nandrolona e o exercício resistido em meio aquático." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana, 2016. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/676.
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Previous issue date: 2016-03-04<br>Nowadays, the search for beauty, has caused health problems associated with the use of anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) and even strenuous exercise, and the male reproductive system is the subject of studies to be sensitive to changes in the concentration of this type of hormone; these changes may also occur with increasing age, causing changes in androgen-dependent organs, like the epididymis. This study aimed to verify if treatment with AAS associated or not to exercise, in Sprague-Dawley rats alters the morphology of the epididymis in adult rats and its chronic effects in the elderly. The training was conducted by jumping into the water, weighing overloading, being considered as resistance exercise in water. The AAS administration occurred by intramuscular injection of nandrolone decanoate (10 mg / kg / week). Epididymal samples were subjected by histological routine of hematoxylin and eosin for morphological and morphometric analysis. It was analyze all parts of the epididymis (initial segment, caput, corpus and cauda) of 56 Sprague-Dawley rats, virgins, with 13 weeks old, divided into eight groups with seven animals each: GC - adults and sedentary; GCi - elderly and sedentary; GN - adults, sedentary treated with AAS; GNi - elderly, sedentary treated with AAS; GE - adults treated with exercise; GEi - elderly treated with exercise; GNE - adults, exercise and treatment with AAS; GNEi - elderly, exercise and treatment with AAS. The results show significant changes in duct diameters; the GE was lower when compared to other groups, and the groups that were used anabolic steroids, had a larger diameter than the other, and these changes occurred mainly in the initial segments. The epithelial height in the initial segment was also considered higher in the groups that administered AAS. The elderly groups tend to return to normal, increasing the parameters of epithelial height and diameter when these were decreased, and lowering them when they were enlarged when compared with the related adult group (with common variable), except at the tail of GNEi. As the results of this study, we can conclude that both treatment in adulthood, with exercise and the use of AAS, changes morphometric and morphological parameters of the epididymis, and its chronic effects can be diminished with age.<br>Atualmente, a procura pela beleza estética, tem causado problemas de saúde associados ao uso de esteroides androgênicos anabolizantes (EAAs) e até mesmo a exercícios físicos intensos. O sistema genital masculino é alvo de estudos por ser sensível a mudanças na concentração desse tipo de hormônio; essas alterações também podem ocorrer com o aumento da idade, influenciando órgãos androgênio-dependentes, como o epidídimo. Nesse sentido, objetivou-se com esse estudo, verificar se o tratamento com EAAs associado ou não ao exercício físico resistido, em ratos Sprague-Dawley, altera a morfologia do Epidídimo em ratos adultos e seus efeitos a longo prazo em idosos. Foram analisadas todas as porções dos epidídimos (segmento inicial, cabeça, corpo e cauda) de 56 ratos, virgens, da linhagem Sprague-Dawley (com 13 semanas de vida ao iniciarem o experimento), separados em oito grupos com sete animais cada: GC - adultos e sedentários; GCi - idosos e sedentários; GN - adultos, sedentários, tratados com EAA; GNi - idosos, sedentários, tratados com EAA; GE - adultos tratados com exercício; GEi - idosos tratados com exercício; GNE - adultos, exercício e tratamento com EAA; GNEi - idosos, exercício e tratamento com EAA. O treinamento realizado foi exercício resistido em meio aquático (através de saltos na água, com sobrecarga) com duração de oito semanas (três vezes na semana). A administração de EAAs ocorreu pela aplicação intramuscular de Decanoato de Nandrolona (10 mg/kg/semana) também durante oito semanas (duas vezes na semana). Amostras epididimárias passaram pela rotina histológica de hematoxilina e eosina para análise morfológica e morfométrica. Os resultados mostraram alterações significativas nos diâmetros de ductos, sendo que o GE foi menor quando comparado ao controle, e, nos grupos em que foram utilizados anabolizantes, tiveram diâmetro aumentado significativamente, e essas alterações ocorreram principalmente nos segmentos mais iniciais. A altura epitelial, no segmento inicial, também foi maior nos grupos em que foi utilizado anabolizante. Os grupos idosos tenderam a retornar a normalidade, aumentando os parâmetros de altura e diâmetro quando esses estavam diminuídos, e diminuindo-os quando estavam aumentados em comparação ao grupo adulto relacionado (com variável em comum), a não ser na cauda, do GNEi, em que houve aumento significativo. Achados morfológicos indicaram presença de debris celulares em lúmen (GN e GNEi) e infiltrados intersticiais (GN, GNE, GE e GCi). Conforme os resultados desse estudo, pôde-se concluir que tanto o tratamento na fase adulta com exercício, quanto à utilização de EAAs altera parâmetros morfométricos e morfológicos do epidídimo, e que seu efeito crônico pode ser diminuído com a idade.
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Rerra, Anna-Isavella. "Genome-wide analyses of signaling pathways controlled by steroid receptors." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAJ059.
Full textAbstract:
Les androgens(ADs) et les glucocorticoïdes (GCs) sont des hormones stéroïdiennes qui exercent des effets pléiotropes chez les mammifères. Leurs effets sont relayés par deux récepteurs nucléaires, le récepteur des androgènes (AR) et le récepteur des glucocorticoïdes (GR), respectivement. Même si les GCs sont fréquemment utilisés pour traiter les maladies inflammatoires et les antiandrogènes pour le cancer de la prostate, les traitements à long terme induisent des effets secondaires majeurs, notamment l'atrophie musculaire.Afin de préciser les mécanismes d’action de ces hormones, nous avons réalisé des analyses phénotypiques, transcriptomiques et cistromiques. La première partie de ce travail démontre que GR des myofibres contrôle négativement la masse et la force musculaire aux niveaux physiologiques de GCs. La perte de GR dans les muscles squelettiques n'affecte pas les voies cataboliques, mais augmente l’expression de facteurs anaboliques et réduit celle de facteurs anti-anaboliques. Nous avons également montré que GR se lie à des éléments de réponse du GR (GREs) situés aux enhancers, en association avec Myod1 et Foxf2, et interagit avec des facteurs liés aux promoteurs, tels que Nrf1, pour favoriser la transcription des gènes.Dans la deuxième partie de ce travail, nous avons comparé le cistrome et le transcriptome du GR dans la prostate et le muscle squelettique, et identifié des sites de liaison pour d'autres facteurs de transcription proche des GREs, indiquant que ces facteurs contribuent à la spécificité tissulaire. De plus, en comparant les cistromes et transcriptomes d’AR et de GR dans la prostate, nous montrons que les éléments de réponse liés par les deux récepteurs sont distincts de ceux liés uniquement par AR ou GR, et que la sélectivité du récepteur dépend de la liaison d’autres facteurs de transcription.Enfin, nous avons comparé les données transcriptomiques et épigénétiques du tissu musculaire squelettique et de myoblastes et myotubes C2C12, et nous fournissons une description détaillée de gènes, voies de signalisation et facteurs de transcription exprimés de façon différentielle pendant la différenciation myogénique.En conclusion, nos travaux ont permis de clarifier les mécanismes moléculaires régulant l'homéostasie musculaire et ont établi la base d'une compréhension moléculaire des effets spécifiques des ADs et des GCs dans divers types cellulaires<br>Androgens (ADs) and glucocorticoids (GCs) are steroid hormones exerting pleiotropic effects in mammals. Their effects are mediated by two nuclear receptors, the androgen (AR) and the glucocorticoid (GR) receptor, respectively. Although GCs are extensively used to treat inflammatory diseases and antiandrogens for prostate cancer, long-term treatments induce major side effects such as muscle atrophy.To determine the mechanisms underlying their effects in muscle, we performed phenotypic, transcriptomic and cistromic analyses. The first part of this work demonstrates that myofiber GR negatively controls muscle mass and strength under physiological GCs levels. GR loss in skeletal muscle did not affect catabolic pathways, but enhanced the expression of anabolic factors and reduced that of anti-anabolic ones. We also showed that myofiber GR binds DNA to GR response elements (GREs) located at enhancers, in association with Myod1 and Foxf2, and interact with promoter-bound factors such as Nrf1 to promote gene transcription.In the second part of this work, we compared GR cistromes and transcriptomes in prostate and skeletal muscle, and identified binding sites for additional transcription factors in the vicinity of GREs, indicating that they contribute to the tissue specificity. In addition, by comparing the AR and GR cistromes and transcriptomes in prostate, we show that the response elements bound by both receptors are distinct from those bound by either AR or GR, and that the receptor-selectivity depends mostly on the surrounding factors.Finally, we compared transcriptomic and epigenetic data of skeletal muscle tissue and C2C12 myoblasts and myotubes and provide a detailed description of genes, signaling pathways and transcription factors that are differentially expressed during myogenic differentiation.In conclusion, our work allowed to clarify the molecular mechanisms regulating muscle homeostasis and provides the basis of a molecular understanding of tissue- and/or promoter-specific activity of ADs and GCs
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Kalinine, Eduardo. "Efeitos comportamentais, neuroquímicos e metabólicos do tratamento com decanoato de nandrolona em camundongos." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/31788.
Full textAbstract:
Desde a primeira síntese, isolamento e caracterização dos andrógenos, particularmente da testosterona em 1935, diversos homólogos sintéticos foram desenvolvidos com os objetivos de prolongar a atividade biológica, desenvolver administração parenteral e diminuir a atividade androgênica, classe denominada de esteróides anabólicos-andrógenos (EAA). Desde 1940, os EAA são utilizados na clínica para diversos tipos de doenças, destacando-se o hipogonadismo masculino e em terapias para promoção de crescimento. Também são amplamente utilizados para fins estéticos, principalmente para manutenção e promoção do ganho de massa magra corpórea. Devido ao grande aumento do consumo destes fármacos, tanto para fins esportivos como estéticos, há uma necessidade de investigar efeitos comportamentais relacionados ao seu uso exacerbado. Milhares de pessoas se auto-administram EAA em superdoses, o que gera um problema de saúde pública. Os Resultados do presente trabalho demonstram que o uso crônico dos EAA aumento do comportamento de agressivo, e sutil prejuízo da memória espacial e memória aversiva de curta duração, e na atividade exploratória em camundongos machos da linhagem CF1. Os Resultados metabólicos demonstraram que o tratamento crônico com decanoato de nandrolona (DN) não afeta a função hepática e renal, não altera a homeostasia da glicose e nem o peso corporal, mas diminui os níveis séricos de colesterol total, HDL e triglicerídeos. Os resultados neuroquímicos apontam para uma ruptura da homeostase glutamatérgica, através da alteração da captação de glutamato e do imunoconteúdo do transportador GLT 1. Em conclusão, o uso crônico com altas doses de DN causa o aumento do comportamento agressivo e diminuição na memória aversiva de curta duração. O desequilíbrio da função glutamatérgica evidenciado pela diminuição da captação de glutamato no córtex e hipocampo e do transportador GLT-1- pode ser um dos mecanismos neuroquímicos envolvidos nas alterações comportamentais induzidas pelo tratamento com o DN.<br>Since the first synthesis, isolation and characterization of androgens, particularly testosterone in 1935, several synthetic counterparts were developed with the objective of prolonging the biological activity, parenteral administration and decrease the androgen activity, called the class of anabolic-androgenic (AAS). Since 1940, AAS are used in the clinic for several types of diseases, especially in male hypogonadism and therapies to promote growth. Additionally, they are widely used for esthetic purposes, mainly for maintenance and promotion of lean body mass gain. Due to the large increase in consumption of these drugs, both for aesthetic purposes and sports, the investigation of behavioral effects related to its overuse is imperative. Thousands of people self-administer AAS in overdoses, a fact that creates a public health problem. The results of this study demonstrate that chronic administration of AAS cause an increase in aggressive behavior, and subtle impairment of spatial memory and short-term aversive memory in male mice strain CF1. The metabolic results showed that chronic treatment with Nandrolone Decanoate (DN) neither affect hepatic and kidney function, nor glucose homeostasis and body weight but decreased serum levels of total cholesterol, HDL and triglycerides. The neurochemical results suggest a disruption of glutamatergic homeostasis through changes in glutamate uptake and GLT1 immunocontent. In conclusion, the chronic use at high doses of DN causes increase of aggressive behavior impairs short-term avoidance memory. The imbalance of glutamatergic function evidenced by the decreased glutamate uptake in cortex and hippocampus as well as decreased immunocontent of GLT-1 may participate in the mechanisms underlying behavioral changes induced by chronic treatment with DN.
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Martins, Danieli Brolo. "SISTEMA COLINÉRGICO E PEROXIDAÇÃO LIPÍDICA DE RATOS TRATADOS COM SULFATO DE VINCRISTINA E DECANOATO DE NANDROLONA." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2008. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/10011.
Full textAbstract:
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior<br>Vincristine sulphate is antitumor agent widely used in small animal clinical oncology; therefore it can cause a number of adverse effects including marrow and neuronal cytotoxicity. Nandrolone decanoate, an anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS), has been used in association with vincristine in order to ease effects such as moderate myelosuppression. The present dissertation presents data related to the isolated or associated employment of vincristine sulphate and nandrolone decanoate, as well as their effects on the cholinergic system and oxidative profile of Wistar rats. The animals were submitted to four different doses of AAS for three weeks and its action on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in four different structures of brain tissue (cerebellum, hippocampus, striatum and cerebral cortex) was studied. The second experiment shows the effects of vincristine and/or nandrolone decanoate in the brain (same parts studied previously) and blood through measurement of brain and red blood cell AChE (RBC-AChE) enzyme activity as well as brain and blood serum lipid peroxidation of rats treated for two weeks. Results show that the two highest doses used in the first experiment increased enzyme activity, suggesting interference in the cholinergical system of the striatum and cerebellum. The results obtained in the latter experiment demonstrate that the isolated use of this AAS and its association with vincristine sulphate altered brain and RBC-AChE action, both in a stimulatory and inhibitory fashion. Lipid peroxidation, in the brain and blood, increased due to the isolated use of both vincristine and nandrolone decanoate, as well as to their associated use at the highest dose of ester used. Furthermore, the data show that the association between the therapeutic dose of nandrolone decanoate and vincristine is capable of neutralizing the free radical production induced by their isolated use in brain and blood serum. Serum RBC-AChE activity and the oxidative profile presented in this study are similar to those exhibited for brain tissue. Based on these data, it can be concluded that nandrolone decanoate is capable of interfering in AChE activity, affecting the cholinergic system, which could cause an alteration of its neurotransmitter, as well as a low or high stimulation of post-synaptic receptors. Therefore, the use of the therapeutic dose of AAS studied here in association with vincristine has been shown to be beneficial, as it could protect the organism from damaging processes caused by the production of free radicals.<br>O sulfato de vincristina é um agente anti-tumoral bastante usado na oncologia clínica de pequenos animais, porém seus efeitos colaterais incluem citotoxicidade medular e neuronal. O decanoato de nandrolona, um esteróide anabólico androgênico (EAA), tem sido usado em associação a este medicamento para amenizar alguns de seus efeitos, como a mielossupressão moderada. Esta dissertação apresenta dados referentes ao uso isolado ou associado do sulfato de vincristina e do decanoato de nandrolona, seus efeitos no sistema colinérgico e no perfil oxidativo de ratos Wistar. Primeiramente, verificou-se quatro diferentes doses do EAA, por três semanas, e sua ação sobre a atividade da acetilcolinesterase (AChE) em quatro partes do tecido cerebral (cerebelo, estriado, hipocampo e córtex cerebral). O segundo experimento apresenta grupos tratados durante duas semanas com sulfato de vincristina e/ou decanoato de nandrolona e as ações destes no cérebro (mesmas partes pesquisadas anteriormente) e no sangue, através da mensuração da atividade enzimática da AChE cerebral e eritrocitária (RBC-AChE) e peroxidação lipídica cerebral e sérica. As duas doses mais altas utilizadas no primeiro trabalho aumentam a atividade da enzima, sugerindo que haja interferência no sistema colinérgico, no estriado e no cerebelo. Os resultados obtidos, no estudo posterior, demonstram que o uso isolado deste EAA e suas associações com o sulfato de vincristina alteram a ação da AChE cerebral e RBC-AChE, tanto de forma estimulatória quanto inibitória. A peroxidação lipídica, cerebral e sangüínea, aumenta devido ao uso isolado da vincristina e do decanoato de nandrolona, e na associação do quimioterápico com a dose mais alta usada do éster. A dose terapêutica do decanoato de nandrolona e a vincristina utilizadas são capazes de neutralizar a produção de radicais livres tanto no cérebro quanto no soro sangüíneo. A atividade da RBC-AChE e o valor do perfil oxidativo do soro apresentados nesta pesquisa são similares àqueles exibidos pelo tecido cerebral. Diante destes dados, pode-se concluir que o decanoato de nandrolona é capaz de influenciar a atividade da AChE, afetando o sistema colinérgico, o que poderia ocasionar em uma ação alterada do seu neurotransmissor, além de uma baixa ou alta estimulação dos receptores póssinápticos. Entretanto, o uso da dose terapêutica estudada deste EAA associada à vincristina mostra-se benéfico, pois poderia proteger o organismo de processos prejudiciais relacionados a produção de radicais livres.
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Dornelles, Guilherme Lopes. "Marcadores bioquímicos e de estresse oxidativo no fígado e nos rins de ratos submetidos a diferentes protocolos de utilização de esteroides anabolizantes." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2016. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/10223.
Full textAbstract:
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico<br>Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) are synthetic substances derived from testosterone that promote greater muscle mass and strenght. Thus, they are used illegally to improve athletic performance of horses, dogs or athletes or to improve meat production. The doses, ranging from 10 to100 times the therapeutic recommendation, enhances the deleterious effects on various organs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different protocols (P1, P2 and P3) of boldenone undecylenate (BU) and stanozolol (ST) on markers of liver and kidney function and variables of oxidative stress in these organs. For this, 54 male Wistar rats were divided into nine groups of six animals each. Each animal received intramuscularly 5.0 mg kg-1 of BU or ST once a week for four weeks (P1); 2.5 mg kg-1 of BU or ST once a week for eight weeks (P2); and 1.25 mg kg-1 of BU or ST once a week for 12 weeks (P3). For each protocol, a control group was used (CG), and they received 0.1 ml of olive oil intramuscularly. Blood, and fragments of liver and kidney were collected for alanine aminotransferase activity (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), albumin, creatinine, cholesterol, total protein, triglycerides, urea, reactive oxygen species (ROS), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), total thiols (T-SH), and glutathione (GSH) evaluation. Seric ALT activity and cholesterol concentration were significantly (p<0.05) higher compared to CG when BU of protocol P1 was used. ALT activity was significantly higher (p<0.05) compared to the CG in protocol P2 when ST was used. Liver samples showed higher levels (p<0.05) of ROS and TBARS in protocols P1 and P3 when BU was used, and lower GSH activity (p<0.05) on group treated with protocol P3. Rats that have received ST under protocol P1 and P3 showed higher levels (p<0.05) of ROS, as well as increased TBARS levels in P3 but lower GSH activity in P3 (p<0.05) when compared to the CG. In the liver, the T-SH concentration was lower (p<0.05) in P2 when compared BU and ST of the CG. In renal tissues, ROS and TBARS levels were significantly higher (p<0.05) in animals that received BU under protocols P1 and P2; and GSH activity and T-SH levels were reduced in the three protocols (P1, P2 and P3). In addition, animals treated with ST occurred showed reduced renal levels of GSH levels (p<0.05) in P2 and P3. The treatment with ST also led to higher ROS levels (p<0.05) in P2 and P3, and TBARS levels in P3, but reduced concentration (p<0.05) of GSH levels in P2 and P3, and T-SH in P2 and P3. In conclusion, anabolic steroids are harmful even when used in low doses or in a few applications, since in all evaluated protocols was possible to observe changes in the redox balance in the liver and kidneys.<br>Esteroides anabólicos androgênicos (EAA) são substâncias sintéticas derivadas da testosterona que promovem crescimento muscular e ganho de força. Devido a isso, são utilizadas ilegalmente para melhora da performance atlética de equinos, caninos ou atletas ou para maior produção de carne. As doses variam de 10 a 100 vezes a recomendação terapêutica, o que potencializa os efeitos deletérios em diversos órgãos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de diferentes protocolos de administração (P1, P2 e P3) de undecilenato de boldenona (UB) e estanozolol (EST) em indicadores da função e lesão, bem como, parâmetros oxidativos hepático e renal. Para isso, foram utilizados 54 ratos Wistar, machos, distribuídos em nove grupos com seis animais cada que receberam por via intramuscular 5 mg/kg de UB ou EST uma vez por semana durante 4 semanas (P1); 2,5mg/kg de UB ou EST uma vez por semana durante 8 semanas (P2) e 1,25mg/kg de UB ou EST uma vez por semana durante 12 semanas (P3). Cada protocolo teve um grupo controle (GC) que recebeu 0,1 mL de azeite de oliva intramuscular. Posteriormente a eutanásia, realizada uma semana após o último tratamento, foi avaliada a atividade sérica da alanina aminotransferase (ALT) e fosfatase alcalina (FA), os níveis séricos de albumina, creatinina, colesterol, proteínas totais, triglicerídeos, ureia, espécies reativas de oxigênio (ERO), substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS), glutationa reduzida (GSH) e tiois totais (T-SH). No protocolo P1 obteve-se atividade sérica de ALT e concentração de colesterol significativamente (p<0,05) maiores comparando-se o grupo UB com o grupo GC. O grupo EST obteve aumento significativo (p>0,05) da ALT em relação ao grupo controle no protocolo P2. No tecido hepático, comparando-se os grupos UB e GC, obteve-se níveis maiores (p<0,05) de ERO e TBARS em P1 e P3 e concentração menor (p<0,05) de GSH em P3. O grupo EST apresentou valores maiores (p<0,05) de ERO no P1 e P3, de TBARS no P3 e níveis menores (p<0,05) de GSH no P3 quando comparado ao grupo GC. A concentração hepática de T-SH foi menor (p<0,05) no P2 comparando UB e EST ao grupo GC. No tecido renal, ao comparar o grupo UB com o grupo GC obteve-se níveis significativamente maiores (p<0,05) de ERO e TBARS nos protocolos P1 e P2 e menores (p<0,05) de GSH e T-SH nos protocolos P1, P2 e P3. Comparando-se os grupos EST e GC os níveis de GSH foram menores (p<0,05) no P2 e P3. O grupo EST apresentou níveis maiores (p<0,05) de ERO nos protocolos P2 e P3, de TBARS no P3, concentração menor (p<0,05) de GSH no P2 e P3 e níveis menores de T-SH no P2 e P3 quando comparado ao grupo GC. Neste estudo foi possível concluir que os anabolizantes são prejudicias mesmo quando utilizados em baixas doses ou em poucas aplicações, visto que em todos os protocolos avaliados foi possível observar alterações do balanço redox no fígado e rins dos ratos.
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Santos, Rosilene Aparecida Reis Rodrigues dos. "Efeitos do metoprolol sobre as alterações histomorfológicas do coração produzidas pelo decanoato de nandrolona em ratos." Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 2009. https://repositorio.ufu.br/handle/123456789/12665.
Full textAbstract:
The anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) came from testosterone, with restricted use in
medicine in some specific clinical conditions, and when correctly administrated are well
tolerated. However, there is a potential risk to health the use of AAS without medical
prescription and above the recommended dose, becoming evident the collateral effects. The
risk of adverse cardiovascular effects increasing is a main concerning. The abusive use of
anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) is associated with left ventricular hypertrophy. The
decanoate of nandrolone (nandrolone) is one of the most used AAS in the world. The
regression of left ventricular hypertrophy is a point of interest because of the possible
reduction of bad prognostic that it causes to the individual. Beta-blockers can revert the
variations associated to ventricular remodeling and can show the progressive deterioration
benefits from ventricular dysfunction. In this study was evaluated the effects of metoprolol on
histomorphological profile of heart induced by AAS in rats. Four groups, each with 10 rats,
were studied: 1) Control Group (C): rats that received twice a week injections of olive oil
during five weeks as a control group (1 ml intramuscular);2) Nandrolone Group (N): rats that
received twice a week injections of nandrolone during five weeks (15 mg/kg weight,
intramuscular); 3) Metoprolol Group (M): rats that received twice a week injections of olive
oil (1 ml intramuscular) during five weeks and daily injections of metoprolol (4 mg/kg
weight, intraperitonial) during five weeks and 4) Nandrolone-Metoprolol Group (NM): rats
that received twice a week injections of nandrolone (15 mg/kg weight, intramuscular) during
five weeks and daily injections of metoprolol (4 mg/kg weight, intraperitonial) during five
weeks. The animals were weighed to control body weight and heart beat frequency. The heart
weight/animal weight ratio was quantified. The evaluation of ventricular remodelling was
obtained through histological processing and morphological analyses, measuring miocytes
diameter using HL Image 97. These microphotographies allowed the transversal diameter
measurement of, at least, five ventricular fibers, with a total of 125 fibers measured by
animal. The diameter of each fiber, in micrometers, was obtained in the HL Image 97
program.
It was verified that the animals from Nandrolone (N) group showed a significant
increasing of the ventricular fiber diameter compared with control group (C). In the
association of nandrolone and metoprolol (NM) the diameter was 50 % lower than the group
that received only nandrolone (N).
The nandrolone decanoate promotes ventricular remodeling characterized by the
increasing of myocardiocytes transversal diameter and the metoprolol associated with this
nandrolone causes cardioprotective and repairing effect, decreasing the induced myocardium
hypertrophy<br>Os esteróides anabólico-androgênicos (EAA) são derivados da testosterona, de uso
exclusivo na medicina para certas condições clínicas e, quando administrados corretamente,
são em geral bem tolerados. Porém existe risco potencial à saúde quando o uso dos EAA
ocorre sem vigilância médica, sem indicação clínica adequada e são empregadas doses acima
das recomendadas, tornando-se prováveis os efeitos colaterais indesejados. Especialmente
preocupante é o aumento do risco de efeitos adversos cardiovasculares. O uso abusivo de
esteróides anabolizantes está associado ao aparecimento de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda
(HVE). O decanoato de nandrolona (NAN) é um dos EAA mais utilizados no mundo. O
tratamento visando a regressão da HVE vem se tornando, nos últimos tempos, um foco de
interesse, principalmente pela possível redução do mau prognóstico que ela traz. Os
bloqueadores beta-adrenérgicos podem reverter às alterações associadas a este tipo de
remodelamento e evidenciam seus benefícios na inibição da deterioração progressiva da
disfunção ventricular. Neste estudo, avaliamos os efeitos do metoprolol sobre as alterações
histomorfológicas do coração produzidas pelo NAN. Foram estudados quatro grupos de ratos
com 10 animais em cada um deles e assim identificados: 1) Grupo Controle (C): ratos que
receberam injeção duas vezes por semana de óleo de oliva por cinco semanas como grupo
controle (1ml, via intramuscular); 2) Grupo Nandrolona (N): ratos que receberam injeção
duas vezes por semana de NAN por cinco semanas (15mg/kg de peso, intramuscular); 3)
Grupo Metoprolol (M): ratos que receberam injeção, duas vezes por semana, de óleo de oliva,
por cinco semanas (1ml, intramuscular) e injeção diária de metoprolol por cinco semanas
(4mg/kg de peso, intra peritoneal) e 4) Grupo Nandrolona-Metoprolol (NM): ratos que
receberam injeção, duas vezes por semana, de NAN, por cinco semanas (15mg/kg de peso,
intramuscular) e injeção diária de metoprolol por cinco semanas (4mg/kg de peso, intra
peritoneal). Os animais foram controlados quanto ao peso e à frequência cardíaca. A relação
entre o peso cardíaco e o peso corporal também foram quantificados. A avaliação do
remodelamento ventricular foi obtida por processamento histológico e análises
morfométricas, medindo-se o diâmetro dos miócitos usando o software HL Image. Por meio
da análise de imagem computacional foram mensurados o diâmetro de 125 fibras musculares
ventriculares de cada animal.
Verificou-se que os animais do grupo Nandrolona(N) apresentavam aumento
significante do diâmetro das fibras musculares ventriculares em relação ao grupo controle (C).
Na associação da nandrolona com o metoprolol (N-M) o diâmetro foi 50% menor em relação
ao grupo que recebeu somente nandrolona (N).
O decanoato de nandrolona causa remodelamento ventricular caracterizado por
aumento do diâmetro transversal dos cardiomiócitos e o metoprolol, associado a este
anabolizante, exerce efeito modulador neste processo reduzindo a HVE induzida.<br>Mestre em Ciências da Saúde
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Rodolphi, Marcelo Salimen. "Efeitos da nandrolona e da ceftriaxona na homeostasia glutamatérgica : uma busca por mecanismos interativos entre astrócitos e neurônios envolvidos no comportamento agressivo." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/157966.
Full textAbstract:
Os esteroides anabolizantes androgênicos (EAA) como o decanoato de nandrolona (ND) são hormônios sintéticos derivados da testosterona. Sabe-se que um dos efeitos mais marcantes da administração abusiva destes esteroides é o aumento do comportamento agressivo. Evidências indicam que altas doses de EAA alteram a morfologia e causam hiperativação de sinapses glutamatérgicas, o que se correlaciona com um fenótipo agressivo exacerbado. Fisiologicamente o glutamato é considerado o principal neurotransmissor excitatório no cérebro de mamíferos, entretanto, em níveis elevados, pode causar hiperexcitabilidade neuronal mediada pelos receptores glutamatérgicos ionotrópicos do tipo N-metil-d-aspartato (NMDAr) e, consequentemente alterações no metabolismo mitocondrial. A terminação da sinalização excitatória glutamatérgica é realizada majoritariamente por transportadores existentes em astrócitos. Neste sentido, o transportador astrocitário de glutamato GLT-1 é responsável por mais de 90% da remoção do glutamato da fenda sináptica, contribuindo significativamente, para a manutenção da homeostasis da sinalizacão glutamatérgica. A administração do antibiótico β-lactâmico ceftriaxona (CEF) aumenta a expressão de GLT-1 e diminui a hiperexcitabilidade glutamatérgica, o que poderia potencialmente contrapor mecanismos cerebrais associados ao aumento do fenótipo agressivo induzidos pelo decanoato de nandrolona (ND). Entretanto, estas possíveis interacões moleculares e comportamentais ainda não foram exploradas. Assim, o objetivo primário deste trabalho foi investigar se o aumento da expressão do transportador astrocitário GLT-1 modula mecanismos glutamatérgicos envolvidos na agressividade induzida pelo ND, e a atividade mitocondrial. Para tanto, camundongos CF-1 machos de 60 dias de idade foram divididos em 4 grupos: veículo oleoso (VEH), nandrolona (ND), ceftriaxona (CEF) e nandrolona+ceftriaxona (ND/CEF). A nandrolona foi injetada por via subcutânea (15mg/Kg) por 19 dias. A ceftriaxona (200mg/Kg) ou solução salina foram administradas intraperitonealmente por 5 dias. Após a última injeção foi avaliada a latência para o primeiro ataque e o número de ataques no teste do intruso. Os animais foram sacrificados logo após o teste, e homogeneizados de córtex foram utilizados para imunoquantificação do GLT-1 e da fosforilação da subunidade pNR2Bser1232 do NMDAr. A atividade mitocondrial foi avaliada em sinaptossoma de cérebro total. Os níveis de glutamato foram medidos no líquido cefalorraquidiano. Comparado com o veículo, o tratamento com ND diminuiu significativamente a expressão do GLT-1, aumentou os níveis de glutamato e a expressão da subnidade pNR2Bser1232 o que foi mecanisticamente associado ao aumento do fenótipo agressivo; diminuicão da latência e aumento do número de ataques ao intruso. Ainda, a ND diminuiu o controle respiratório mitocondrial. A administração de CEF aumentou significativamente a expressão do GLT-1 e diminuiu os níveis de glutamato em relação ao grupo ND, enquanto que os níveis de pNR2Bser1232 e a agressividade foram similar ao grupo controle. No grupo ND/CEF o immunoconteúdo de GLT-1 e de pNR2Bser1232, os níveis de glutamato e o fenótipo agressivo, foram significativamente menores que no grupo ND, e similares ao grupo controle. Ainda, a CEF foi capaz de atenuar o prejuízo no controle respiratório mitocondrial causado pela ND. Nossos resultados demonstram que a interação bidirecional entre o transportador astrocitário GLT-1 e a subunidade pNR2Bser1232 neuronal mediada pelo glutamato, exercem um impacto regulatório no fenótipo agressivo induzido pela ND, e no controle respiratório mitocondrial. Desta maneira, este modelo reforça a importância da homeostasia funcional da sinapse tripartide glutamatérgica no fenótipo agressivo.<br>Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) such as nandrolone decanoate (ND) are synthetic hormones derived from testosterone. It is known that one of the most important adverse effects of abusive administration of these steroids is the increase in aggressive behavior. Evidence indicates that high doses of AAS alter morphology and cause hyperactivation of glutamatergic synapses which correlates with an aggressive exacerbated phenotype. Physiologically, glutamate is considered the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain. At high glutamate levels, occurs neuronal hyperexcitability mainly trhough the ionotropic N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDAr) type of glutamatergic receptors and, consequently, changes in mitochondrial metabolism. Existing transporters in astrocytes predominantly perform the termination of glutamatergic excitatory signaling. In this sense, the GLT-1 glutamate astrocytic transporter is responsible for more than 90% of glutamate removal from the synaptic cleft, contributing significantly to the maintenance of glutamatergic signaling homeostasis. Administration of the β-lactam antibiotic ceftriaxone (CEF) increases GLT-1 expression and decreases glutamatergic hyperexcitability, which could potentially counteract brain mechanisms associated to increased aggressive phenotype mediated by nandrolone decanoate (ND). However, a possible molecular and behavioral interaction has not yet been explored in context. Thus, the primary objective of this work was to investigate whether increased expression of the GLT-1 astrocyte transporter modulates the glutamatergic mechanisms involved in ND-induced aggressive phenotype, and mitochondrial activity. Sixty-day-old male CF-1 mice were divided into 4 groups: oil vehicle (VEH), nandrolone (ND), ceftriaxone (CEF) and nandrolone + ceftriaxone (ND / CEF). Nandrolone was injected subcutaneously (15mg / kg) for 19 days. Ceftriaxone (200mg / kg) or saline solution were administered intraperitoneally for 5 days. After the last injection, the latency for the first attack and the number of attacks on the intruder test were evaluated. The animals were sacrificed after the test, and homogeinized cortex were used for immunoquantification of GLT-1 and phosphorylation of the NMDAr pNR2Bser1232 subunit. Mitochondrial activity was evaluated in total brain sinaptossomes. Glutamate levels were measured in the cerebrospinal fluid. Compared to the vehicle group, treatment with ND significantly decreased the expression of GLT-1, increased glutamate levels and expression of the pNR2Bser1232 which was mechanistically associated with an increase in the aggressive phenotype; decrease in the latency and increase in the number of attacks. Also, ND decreased mitochondrial respiratory control. Administration of CEF significantly increased GLT-1 expression and decreased glutamate levels relative to the ND group, whereas pNR2Bser1232 levels and aggressive phenotype were similar to the control group. In the ND / CEF group the expression of GLT-1 and pNR2Bser1232, glutamate levels and aggressive phenotype were significantly lower than in the ND group, and similar to the control group. Furthermore, CEF was able to attenuate the alteration in the mitochondrial respiratory control caused by ND. Our results demonstrated that the levels of glutamate astrocytic transporter GLT-1 and pNR2Bser1232 are important mechanism behind the increased aggressive phenotype induced by ND, and decreased mitochondrial respiratory control. Also, this model reinforces the importance of glutamate levels and astrocytic molecular targets in the regulation of the aggressive phenotype.