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1
S, VINITHRAJ, and SENTHIL N. "ASSESSMENT OF PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF PERUMAL ERI." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 08, no. 008 (2024): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem37084.
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Tamilnadu is deficit in Water Resources. It is a major fresh water lake in the cuddalore district of tamilnadu. It is located almost 7 kilometers (4.3 mi) from Alapakkam,The rainfall is seasonal and often erratic in timing and geographical distribution, resulting in frequent droughts and occasional floods. To mitigate the adverse effects, serious attention is required to rehabilitate the existing irrigation structures, canal systems, anicuts and tanks to make them functionally more effective, conserve and utilize the water for optimum use.This paper deals with an assessment of water quality parameters of Perumal eri(lake) situated at Alapakkam in Cuddalore district.Samples have collected at five different locations in Perumal eri during pre-monsoon period.Then laboratory analysis has done and the results are compared with BIS and WHO drinking water standards.Then by using “Inverse Distance Weighting”(IDW) method geostatistical analysis has done.Based on the results obtained mapping contaminants in lake has done by using ArcGIS software.According to the results suitable solution will be given to treat the water in the lake.
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Jailos, Philip, Peter J. Chimtali, and Ephraim Vunain. "Assessment of Groundwater Quality in Areas Surrounding Thundulu Phosphate Mine, Phalombe District, Malawi." Tanzania Journal of Science 47, no. 3 (2021): 1310–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjs.v47i3.38.
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Water is one of the renewable resources essential for sustaining all forms of life and quality of drinking water is very fundamental for human health. Human activities such as mining act as sources of water contamination which consequently lead to ecological, environmental and health problems. To the best of our knowledge, no study has been conducted around the Thundulu Phosphate Mine to establish the quality of drinking water. In this regard, this study was carried out to evaluate the physico-chemical water quality parameters of areas surrounding the Thundulu Phosphate Mine in Phalombe District. Groundwater samples from the villages surrounding the Phosphate Mine were collected both during the wet and dry seasons for analysis of physico-chemical water quality parameters (pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity, nitrate, chloride, sulphate, fluoride, iron, calcium and magnesium). The study also investigated microbiological water characteristics mainly Escherichia coli and faecal coliforms. Results showed that pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity, nitrate, chloride, sulphate, phosphate, calcium and magnesium complied with the national and international standards set by Malawi Bureau of Standards (MBS) and World Health Organization (WHO). As regards to microbiological characteristics, it was revealed that water from three sources (B2, B3 and B4) was contaminated with Escherichia coli and faecal coliforms.
 Keywords: Physico-chemical; Groundwater; Phalombe; Borehole; Electrical Conductivity; Turbidity; Phosphate;
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Nawaz, Rab, Iqra Nasim, Ali Irfan, et al. "Water Quality Index and Human Health Risk Assessment of Drinking Water in Selected Urban Areas of a Mega City." Toxics 11, no. 7 (2023): 577. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics11070577.
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The present study was conducted to evaluate the quality of drinking water and assess the potential health hazards due to water contaminants in selected urban areas of Lahore, Pakistan. Water samples were collected from ten sites and analyzed for different physico-chemical parameters including turbidity, color, pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), nitrates, fluoride, residual chlorine, and total hardness. Additionally, heavy metal (arsenic) and microbial parameters (E. coli) were also determined in the water samples. Drinking water quality evaluation indices, including the water quality index (WQI) for physico-chemical and biological parameters and human health risk assessment (HHRA) for heavy metal were estimated using the analytical results of the target parameters. It was found in most of the areas that the levels of arsenic, fluoride, TDS, and residual chlorine were higher than those recommended by the National Environmental Quality Standard (NEQS) and World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. In addition to the physico-chemical parameters, microbial content (E. coli) was also found in the drinking water samples of the selected areas. Statistical analysis of the results indicated that levels of target parameters in drinking water samples are significantly different between sampling sites. The WQI for all physico-chemical and microbial parameters indicated that drinking water in most of the areas was unfit and unsuitable (WQI > 100) for drinking purposes except for the water of Bhatti Gate and Chota Gaon Shahdara with a WQI of 87 and 91, respectively. Drinking water in these areas had a very poor WQI rating. According to HHRA, drinking water from the selected sites was found to be of high risk to children and adults. The carcinogenic risk of arsenic indicated that all samples were of high risk to both adults and children (4.60 and 4.37 × 10−3, respectively). Regular monitoring of drinking water quality is essential, and proactive measures must be implemented to ensure the treatment and availability of safe drinking water in urban areas.
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Singh, Deshmukh, Manoj Kumar Singh, and Magan Prasad. "Impact of Industrial Effluents on Groundwater Quality in Semi-Arid Regions: A Case Study from RIICO Industrial Area in Eastern Rajasthan, India." Current World Environment 20, no. 1 (2025): 368–84. https://doi.org/10.12944/cwe.20.1.28.
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As awareness of the importance of drinking water for public health and the effect of water quality on aquatic life increases, the assessment of water quality has become more essential. This study focused on the investigation of the impact of industrial effluents on the groundwater quality of the RIICO industrial area of Dholpur district, Eastern Rajasthan, India. In this study analysis of Physico-chemical parameters and heavy metal ions {Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg} in groundwater samples, collected from selected different locations of RIICO industrial area of Dholpur were done during pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons of three years (2021-2024). The physico-chemical parameters include pH, water temperature, color, electrical conductivity {EC}, total alkalinity {TA}, turbidity, total hardness {TH}, chloride, sulphate, fluoride, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, dissolved oxygen {D.O.}, nitrate, total dissolved solids {T.D.S.}, and chemical oxygen demand {COD}. The result of this study reveals that most of the physico-chemical parameters {total alkalinity, total hardness, fluoride, nitrate, TDS and EC} and heavy metal ion {Fe, Cd and Pb} obtained surpassing than the permissible limit of WHO and BIS. Seasonal variations of this study showed that higher concentrations of contaminants were observed in the post rainfall season. So due to effect of industrial effluents the groundwater of this industrial area is contaminated, so it is almost unfit for human consumption (drinking) but it is useful for irrigation and domestic purposes. In addition, the results suggest that there is an urgent need for better effluent treatment systems and more stringent monitoring regimes in these industrial zones in order to protect groundwater resources and public health.
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Zige, Douye V., Atieme J. Ogbolosingha, and Temeweidoubra D. T. Agboun. "Physico-Chemical and Bacteriological Quality of Water from Boreholes in Otuoke Community, Bayelsa State, Nigeria." Journal of Water 1, no. 1 (2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.14302/issn.2769-2264.jw-18-2019.
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The concern over exposure to drinking water contaminated and the resultant adverse effect on human health has prompted several studies evaluating the quality of drinking water sources. This study was carried out to determine the bacteriological and Physico-chemical qualities of commercial borehole water within Otuoke community in Bayelsa state Nigeria. Ten (10) water samples were collected from the various locations designated as (A-J). The Physico-chemical parameters were determined by using the photometric technique through the Colour Q photometer and the bacteriological analysis was determined by using aerobic plate method. The Physico-chemical parameters of the water samples analysed were within the acceptable limit of WHO standard of drinking water quality except for Bromine and cyanuric acid which ranged from 1.6±0.1 to 2.7±0.1 and 2±1 to 9±1 respectively. The Result of total bacteria count obtained from the borehole water samples ranged from 1.1 x 105cfu/ml to 6.9 x 105cfu/ml and there was no detected growth for the faecal coliform count of most of the samples except for BHW-I and BHW-J which had 1.3 x 104 to 7.9 x 104 respectively. Bacteria isolated and identified using conventional biochemical test include E. coli (17.9%), Klebsiella spp. (35.7%), Salmonella spp(25.0%), Enterobacter aerogenes (21.4%) The study therefore suggests that all the borehole water tested in Otuoke and environs are considered unsafe for consumption and therefore regular treatment before usage is recommended.
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Gidado, Abdulkadir A., Ibrahim Halliru, Christiana Anawuese Kendeson, and Yusuf Abdullahi. "Comparative Analysis of Physico-Chemical Parameters of Borehole, Pond and Well Water in Kashere Metropolis." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 2, no. 6 (2017): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2017.2.6.362.
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In a bid to ascertain the quality of water for human consumption in Kashere Metropolis, essential physico-chemical parameters were evaluated on samples of drinking water obtained from boreholes, pond and wells located at densely populated areas, labelled as: Kashere cattle market Pond, KP; Kashere cottage Hospital Borehole, HB; Kashere Market Borehole, MB; Federal University, Kashere (FUK) campus Borehole, CB; Kashere cottage Hospital Well, HW; Kashere Market Well, MW and FUK campus Well, CW. Standard procedure for the determination of chemical and physical characteristics of the water samples were used. The results of the investigated parameters in the samples were as follows: ρH 6.61‒7.96, Turbidity 0.0‒2568 FTU, Electrical Conductivity 60.5‒1151 Mhocm-1, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) 25.9‒518.0 mgL-1, Ca 0.0033‒0.5446 ppm, Mg 0.0793‒1.2215 ppm, Cd 0.0010‒0.0030 ppm, Zn 0.0024‒0.l054 ppm, Pb 0.0002‒0.0026 ppm and Fe 0.0044‒0.5649 ppm. Except for the concentration of Fe (in CB; 0.5649 ppm), all the analyzed minor and major cations in the water samples were in very low concentration and below the permissible limits of WHO standard guidelines values for drinking water. It is recommended that, water from the pond should be properly treated before consumption due to its high turbidity. Also periodic assessment of the quality of drinking water from these water sources should be conducted, to ascertain that they are not contaminated by either or both organic and inorganic pollutants.
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Gidado, Abdulkadir A., Ibrahim Halliru, Christiana Anawuese Kendeson, and Yusuf Abdullahi. "Comparative Analysis of Physico-Chemical Parameters of Borehole, Pond and Well Water in Kashere Metropolis." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 2, no. 6 (2017): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2017.2.6.362.
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In a bid to ascertain the quality of water for human consumption in Kashere Metropolis, essential physico-chemical parameters were evaluated on samples of drinking water obtained from boreholes, pond and wells located at densely populated areas, labelled as: Kashere cattle market Pond, KP; Kashere cottage Hospital Borehole, HB; Kashere Market Borehole, MB; Federal University, Kashere (FUK) campus Borehole, CB; Kashere cottage Hospital Well, HW; Kashere Market Well, MW and FUK campus Well, CW. Standard procedure for the determination of chemical and physical characteristics of the water samples were used. The results of the investigated parameters in the samples were as follows: ?H 6.61?7.96, Turbidity 0.0?2568 FTU, Electrical Conductivity 60.5?1151 Mhocm-1, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) 25.9?518.0 mgL-1, Ca 0.0033?0.5446 ppm, Mg 0.0793?1.2215 ppm, Cd 0.0010?0.0030 ppm, Zn 0.0024?0.l054 ppm, Pb 0.0002?0.0026 ppm and Fe 0.0044?0.5649 ppm. Except for the concentration of Fe (in CB; 0.5649 ppm), all the analyzed minor and major cations in the water samples were in very low concentration and below the permissible limits of WHO standard guidelines values for drinking water. It is recommended that, water from the pond should be properly treated before consumption due to its high turbidity. Also periodic assessment of the quality of drinking water from these water sources should be conducted, to ascertain that they are not contaminated by either or both organic and inorganic pollutants.
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Ogbole, Simi, and Monday Nentok. "AN EVALUATION OF PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER FROM ABANDONED TIN MINE PONDS IN BUTURA, PLATEAU STATE, NORTH CENTRAL NIGERIA." PLASU Journal of Environment Sciences 1, no. 1 (2025): 37–50. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14983897.
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<strong>ABSTRACT </strong> Mining has had a negative impact on the environment including the creation of mine ponds that is detrimental to human health and water quality. This study aims at evaluating the physico-chemical characteristics of water in tin mine ponds in Butura, Plateau State, Nigeria. Water samples were collected during the dry season and analyzed for parameters such as color, appearance, odor, taste, temperature, electric conductivity, turbidity, total hardness, pH, total alkalinity, manganese (Mn), calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), chloride (Cl), fluoride (F), nitrate (NO3), and microbial count using various analytical techniques. The results of the physico-chemical analysis revealed that electric conductivity (775 µS/cm), turbidity (196.7Ntu), total hardness (18.5Mg/l), pH (6.7), total alkalinity (265Mg/l), Mn (3.85Mg/l), Ca (58.35Mg/l), Na (6.75Mg/l), Fe (0.015Mg/l), Mg (85Mg/l), Cl (40.25Mg/l), F (0.015Mg/l), NO3 (7.85Mg/l) are all within the World Health Organization (WHO) water quality permissible limit for consumption, except for parameters such as temperature, color, appearance, odor, turbidity and microbial count, which were over the recommended limits. The study concluded that the physico-chemical characteristics of water from the mine ponds is aberrant for consumption, which could be detrimental to humans. It is recommended that the mining pond water be properly treated before use as some of the contaminants are liable to be harmful to humans.
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Kaushik, G., and R. Seth. "Physico-chemical Analysis of Textile Dye Contaminated Water of Sanganer Area, Jaipur, Rajasthan." Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment 26, no. 5 (2022): 161–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/2605rjce161167.
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Textile industries are growing continuously and contributing substantially to the economic sector. The State of Rajasthan, India holds a pompous place in textile dyeing and printing worldwide. Apart from adding economic value, the dyeing and printing processes menacingly affect the environment through the enormous amount of hazardous industrial effluents generated during the process. These effluents released into the surroundings contaminate the nearby water bodies, air, soil etc. Effluent discharge contains an enormous load of harmful dyes and other chemicals. In the current study, physico-chemical parameters like pH, colour, electric conductance, hardness, total solids, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, phosphate, nitrogen, fluoride, COD, BOD, DO and heavy metals were analyzed to identify the pollution level. Most of the collected samples distinctly deviate from the standards given by CPCB and WHO along with substantial variability in fluoride and heavy metals showing that discharge of effluents in the environment deteriorates the quality of water of the region and make it unsuitable for use in other purposes. The study concludes that treatment of effluent should be done at the source before discharge into the surroundings.
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C.K., Olubiyo, Audu P. A., Adang K. L., Alege G.O., Badaki J. A., and Atawodi J. C. "Clarias Gariepinus Parasites as Bioindicator For Assessing Water Quality in Omi Dam, Kogi State, Nigeria." Research and Analysis Journal 7, no. 12 (2024): 29–35. https://doi.org/10.18535/raj.v7i12.487.
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Studies using host-parasite dynamics as bioindicator of effects and accumulators of heavy metals for assessing environmental quality are still scarce, particularly in developing countries. This study aimed at elucidating the possible use of parasites of fish in monitoring and assessing water quality. 102 samples of 18 species of parasites of Clarias gariepinus were analyzed for copper, lead, manganese, iron, zinc and cadmium concentrations. Heavy metal concentrations were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Physico-chemical parameters were measured on sites using Hanna instrument. The nutrients and non-toxic constituents of water were also determined using methods by (American Public Health Association, 1999). The data obtained were analyzed using analysis of variance and significant differences accepted at p ≤ 0.05. Duncan Multiple range test was used to compare the heavy metal accumulation in the parasites and sample t- test was used to compare the values of physico-chemical parameters, nutrients and non-toxic constituents of the water. The heavy metal concentrations in parasites of C. gariepinus were in the order of Lead>Cadmium>Copper>Iron>Magnese>Zinc. Bioindicating capacity of parasites were in the order Nematodes>Cestodes>Protozoan>Trematodes. All physico-chemical parameters of the water (pH, temperature, salinity, turbidity, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solid) except dissolved oxygen were within the permissible level of the WHO (2011) permissible limits. The water nutrients except fluoride were within the permissible limits of WHO (2011). The non-toxic constituents were within permissible limits except NH4+ in the control study sites and PO43- in both study sites that was not within permissible limits. This study revealed that parasites can be ideal indicators for both effects and accumulation of heavy metals in aquatic environments. Findings from this study demonstrate the need for an ecosystem friendly approach towards sustainable management of dams and rivers. This will curb aquatic pollution which can directly and indirectly affect the structure and composition of fish parasite communities and also lead to a health risk in people consuming aquatic resources contaminated with heavy metals.
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Chinyere, O., Y. Sanusi, and F. Anafi. "Assessment of the physico-chemical quality of Uturu section of Aku river in southeastern Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Technology 42, no. 2 (2023): 296–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v42i2.19.
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The physicochemical monitoring of water quality is very key both to aquatic life and public health. To date little is known about the water quality downstream of Aku river, located in Uturu, Isuikwato local government area of Abia state. Therefore the aim of the study is to determine the water quality downstream of Aku river in terms of several physicochemical parameters and heavy metals analysis to ascertain the water quality properties and reveal pollution problems. Samples were collected at 15m, 30m, 45m, 60m, 75m, 90m and 105m interval downstream for both seasons. Results of the study shows that temperature, conductivity, hardness, salinity, Total Dissolve Solid (TDS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), turbidity, pH, Dissolve Oxygen (DO), chlorine, nitrate, lead, iron, arsenic, copper and zinc, were ranged: 24.190C-26.500C, 165.18-275.46μs/cm, 100.26-139.11mg/L, 520.15-815.24ppt, 380.52-710.08mg/L, 15.12-30.68mg/L, 0.32-1.73NTU, 6.6-7.9, 6.21-11.63mg/L, 1.14-3.30mg/L, 65.01-128.05mg/L, 35.53-58.00mg/L, 0.0002-0.007ppm, 0.02-0.15ppm, 0.002-0.006ppm, 0.44-1.03ppm and 0.1-0.27ppm respectively. The presence of TDS, TSS, turbidity and nitrate above World Health Organization (WHO) tolerance limits, confirmed the presence of contaminants in the water body, and hence not suitable for drinking and thus poses a potential threat to aquatic life.
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Mahagamage, M. G. Y. L., Pavithrani S. Manage, and Pathmalal M. Manage. "Water quality and microbial contamination status of groundwater in Jaffna Peninsula, Sri Lanka." Journal of Water and Land Development 40, no. 1 (2019): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jwld-2019-0001.
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Abstract In Sri Lanka, among 2588 Salmonella positive cases, the highest incidences were recorded from Jaffna peninsula during 2005 to 2013. Therefore, the present study aimed to identify the microbiological and chemical contamination status of groundwater (40 well water) sources in Jaffna during November 2016. The total coliform, E. coli, Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp. along with some physico-chemical parameters of groundwater were studied. The results revealed that entire peninsula was contaminated with total coliform and E. coli bacteria and the parameters recorded were not within the WHO and SLS (Sri Lanka Standards) drinking water quality standards. 38% of sampling locations were positive for Salmonella spp. and among them six sampling locations were being used for drinking purposes. The results of the study correlates with the statistics of typhoid cases recorded in Jaffna. Results of the study also revealed that around 80% of wells were not within the values specified in guidelines of the SLS for drinking water quality on electrical conductivity. Further, 15% of wells recorded greater than 10 mgꞏdm–3 nitrate, which is still below the SLS drinking water standards (45 mgꞏdm–3). According to the water quality data, PCA analysis showed that Jaffna town, Nallur, Tellippalai and Kopay DS divisions has similar characteristics for water quality.
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Singh, Malvika, Seema Bhadauria, and Sumit Meena. "Physico-Chemical Analysis of Textile Effluents from Bagru, Jaipur (Rajasthan, India): Implications for Environmental Impact and Treatment Needs." Asian Journal of Environment & Ecology 23, no. 11 (2024): 118–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajee/2024/v23i11627.
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The textile industry is one of the largest water polluters worldwide. The coloured and bad odour effluent discharged from such industries pollutes not only the water bodies but also affects groundwater quality. In the present study, thirty-five water samples were collected from different dyeing units of the Bagru textile area (Rajasthan, India) famous for using natural dyes for textile processing. The physico-chemical analysis of these water samples shows that all parameters exceeded the permitted range recommended by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and World Health Organization (WHO). The analysis revealed the use of synthetic dyes in Bagru's textile industry for dyeing and printing. Based on the estimated characteristics, these textile effluents must be properly treated before releasing into the environment as the discharge of untreated effluents into local water bodies leads to significant water pollution, adversely affecting aquatic ecosystems and biodiversity. Additionally, contaminants can permeate the soil, compromising agricultural productivity and food safety. The air quality is also compromised due to the release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during the dyeing process, posing respiratory risks to nearby communities. This research underscores the urgent need for improved waste management practices and regulatory measures to mitigate the adverse environmental effects associated with synthetic dyes in Bagru's textile industry.
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Gumbo, Norman, Charles Sithole, and Marshal Magenge. "An Explorement of the Implications of Dumpsite Leachate on Surface Water Quality in Muenene River, Mutare, Zimbabwe." International Journal of Research and Innovation in Applied Science IX, no. VIII (2024): 697–718. http://dx.doi.org/10.51584/ijrias.2024.908063.
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Background: Solid waste is one of biggest challenges of the urban areas of all sizes, from mega cities to small towns and large villages, which are home to the majority of mankind. In addition, the non-industrialised countries have low levels of refuse collection rates of 30 to 60% in low income countries and 50-60% in middle income countries. Globally, there are ongoing campaigns encouraging the use of the environment in a sustainable manner, which implies that the negative impacts on the environment and climate change must be taken into consideration. Methodology: The researchers instituted an experimental design. The researchers collected leachate samples from Mutare Open Dump site for laboratory analysis. Water samples were also collected from Muenene River for physico-chemical parameter analysis, heavy metal analysis and nutrient for laboratory analysis. The results were compared with the WHO standards and the Environmental Management Agency standards. The Winkler method was used for determination of Dissolved Oxygen, the multi-parameter brand 40HQD was used to test for the physico-chemical parameters [pH, Electrical conductivity (EC), and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)]. Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) was used for the determination of iron, copper, zinc, cadmium, nickel, manganese, chromium, calcium, Magnesium and lead from samples The Spectrophotometer was used to measure the nutrients of phosphate, nitrates, sulphates, and ammonia. The broad objective of the study being to assess the impacts of dumpsite leachate in surface water quality in Muenene River in Mutare. The specific objectives were, to determine the levels and variations of the following physico-chemical parameters in Muenene River: pH, TDS, EC, and Salinity.to analyse the nutrient levels in leachate and leachate-contaminated Muenene River water in terms of nitrate, ammonia, sulphate, and phosphate and to measure the concentrations of selected heavy metals (Cd, Zn, Fe, Cr, Pb, Mg, Cu, and Ni) in Mutare dumpsite leachate. Results: Nutrients such as ammonia, phosphate, nitrates were found to be above the permissible levels, subsequently leading pollution of the Muenene River. The heavy metals include Fe, Pb, Mn and Cd were found to be above permissible levels in terms of S.I 6 of 2007 for wastewater discharge regulations in Zimbabwe. Zn, Ni and Cr were detected but were at normal range that is not harmful to the environment. The leachate generated from dump site finally flows into a stream used to irrigate vegetables and fruits. The water quality analysis revealed unsatisfactory results due to the elevated concentrations of phosphorus, ammonia, and the biochemical oxygen demand ratio (BOD). Conclusion: Results of the physico-chemical parameters analysis indicated that untreated leachate and unsegregated solid waste leads to deterioration of water quality. The nutrient quality of the water was also compromised as ammonia, phosphate, nitrates were found to be above the permissible. The heavy metals include Fe, Pb, Mn and Cd that were found to be above permissible levels in terms of S.I 6 of 2007 for wastewater discharge regulations in Zimbabwe. Zn, Ni and Cr were detected but were at normal range that is not harmful to the environment.
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Bimeyimana, Alexandre, Maniragaba Abias, Christophe Mupenzi, and Bazambanza Alexis. "Physico-Chemical and Bacteriological Analysis of Waste water from Hospital "Case of Centre University Teaching Hospital of Kigali"." International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research 6, no. 3 (2020): 23–31. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3733969.
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<strong><em>Abstract</em></strong><strong>—</strong> <em>Hospitals produce relatively huge amount of wastewater containing pathogenic microorganisms, toxic, laboratory and pharmaceuticals residuals, disinfectants, biodegradable, polluters and radioactive contaminants that are potentially threats to population health and the components of environment when they are discharged without proper treatment. </em> <em>The purpose of the study was the assessment of water quality effluent from CHUK wastewater treatment plant (CHUK WWTP) by analyzing physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters. Sampling has been take place at different points and time better understanding of how hospital unit operations affect the effluent quality. A sum of twelve (12) samples were collected in three (3) trials at four (4) different points in Nyarugenge, Gitega and at the border with Kimisagara sector especially Mpazi stream where CHUKWWTP’s effluents are discharged. Samples collection, conservation, preparation and measurement took place at university of Rwanda-college of science and technology (CST) laboratory. </em> <em>The obtained results at WWTP outlet, at point of meeting with Mpazi stream, Mpazi stream and mixture of Mpazi stream with CHUK effluent were Cu (0.06, 0.07, 0.05 and 0.07mg/l); Fe (0.13, 0.037, 0.037 and 0.034mg/l); Pb (0.021, 0.024, 0.024, and 0.027mg/l); Hg (0.0015, 0.003, 0.003 and 0.004 mg/l) respectively. pH (7.25, 812,7.74 and 7.4); COD (215.5, 122.4, ,145.5 and 187.2mg/l); BOD5 (29.3, 30.85, 29.4 and 27.3 mg/l); TN (3.29, 2.97,3.2 and 3.46 mg/l); TP (1.05, 0.91, 0.92 and1.05mg/l); NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>(7.46, 8.5,7.5and 8.8 mg/l); TSS (77, 56.5,62.8 and 69.1mg/l); fecal (282, 263,270, and 273 CFU/ml) and TC (233, 213, 224 and 210 CFU/ml). These parameters are prescribed within the reference limits of Rwanda Standard Board (RSB) and World Health Organization (WHO) standards, thus they have no negative side impact and effects on the receiving environments and their components.</em>
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Sarkar, Lovely. "Groundwater Contamination in Perspective of Different Elements, Water Quality Index and Health Implications." Current World Environment 19, no. 1 (2024): 93–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.19.1.9.
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The physico-chemical properties of groundwater and its plausible health threats are of enormous significance at the current situation worldwide. The present research work determines the degree of pollution in addition to accompanied health menaces to the local inhabitants at Aiho village of Malda district, West Bengal, India. In the present study wetlands and groundwater sources in the locale vicinity have been associated with common health issues among the local populace who consume aquatic animals and drink groundwater is a cause for concern. In view of that, overall 17 samples of groundwater were selected from distinct sources from the studied village. The physico-chemical analysis results in presence of various ions like Calcium (Ca2+), Sodium (Na+), Potassium (K+), Magnesium (Mg2+), Bicarbonate (HCO3-), Sulphate (SO42-), Chloride (Cl-), Nitrate (NO3-), Fluoride (F-) and few elements; Manganese (Mn) and Zinc (Zn) in the samples. Few ions; Ca2+, Mg2+ and F- are detected to surpass the acceptable border in some investigated samples. Some physical parameters; pH and TH were not found to be within the allowable range but TDS range was suitable for all the samples. Excess amount of different elements in the groundwater samples results in health threats to local inhabitants, though, the hazards due to Mn and Zn are inconsequential. Since water quality index (WQI) signifies the excellence of surface as well as ground water especially water used for domestic purpose, WQI was measured ranging from 69.29682 to 175.40829 for the experimental samples indicating good to poor quality but not excellent or very poor to unsuitable for domestic use. Further, Dermal acquaintance was found to be quiet hazardous for all occupants, however, the oral contact was supposed to be precarious to some extent. Children and youths are prone to both the ions NO3- and F- as contaminants, and adult persons are affected by NO3- pollutants comparatively.
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Kinta, Mohammed, Mohammed Junior Kinta, and A. Victoria Ayanwale. "Assessment of The Water Quality and Diversity of Algae in A Multipurpose Reservoir, in Nigeria." Kontagora International Journal of Educational Research (KIJER) 1, no. 1 (2024): 12–21. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11532113.
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<strong>Abstract</strong> <em>The status of the water quality and diversity of Algae of the reservoir was evaluated for a period of 8 months, between July 2022 and February 2023 using standard methods at four different sampling stations influenced by human activities around the water. Temperature, pH, conductivity, total dissolved solid (TDS),</em><em> </em><em>Biochemical Oxygen Demand</em><em> (BOD) and dissolved oxygen (DO) were measured in situ, while water samples were collected for determination of nitrate, alkalinity and phosphate in the laboratory. The results from physico-chemical parameters across the sampling stations showed Temperature ranged from </em><em>(28 – 32.4)</em><em><sup> 0</sup></em><em>C, Dissolved Oxygen (2.8 – 5.6 mg/L), Conductivity (87 – 131 µS/cm), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (1.9 – 4.4 mg/L), Alkalinity (23- 24) mg/L, Total Dissolved Solids (117 – 198)</em><em>, </em><em>Phosphate (0.5 – 2.6) mg/L, Nitrate (3.2 – 7.5) mg/L.</em><em> </em><em>However, the pH (6.5 – 9.9) was above the standard for NIS and WHO drinking water but can support aquatic life.</em><em> Algae diversity was assessed, revealing distinctive compositions at each station. Station 1 exhibited dominance by Chlorella spp. (40.32 %), Spirogyra spp. (28.57 %), and Euglena gracilis (27.11 %). Station 2 showcased Microcystis aeruginosa (32.79%), and Navicula sp. (31.15%). Station 3 and 4 displayed prevalence of Oscillatoria spp. (33.33 %), and Closterium spp. (29.17 %). A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) conducted on algae diversity indices demonstrated significant differences between the sampling stations (F=2.96, p<0.05). Based on these findings, it was concluded that the water quality of Tungan Kawo reservoir during this period of investigation was more contaminated by human activities, resulting in a higher algal bloom in such stations. It was advised that the reservoir be protected in order to maintain/improve water quality for home use as well as to support the socio-economic and ecological benefits it provides.</em>
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Sahni, Pushpa, and Deeksha Varshney. "Water Quality Testing of Yamuna River at Poiya Ghat (Vaikunth Dham / Swarg Dham), Agra." Journal of Applied Chemical Science International 15, no. 2 (2024): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.56557/jacsi/2024/v15i28839.
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Since pre-historic times, river water has been used as a source of drinking water. River water is now a source of hydropower generation, irrigation, aquaculture, navigation, transportation, and supports socio-economic activity, human settlement and aquatic living forms. Apart from this, river water has a very vital role in maintaining soil fertility, wildlife conservation and development of forest resources. Due to increase in industrialization, urbanization, mining, sewage disposal and rampant use of technology, Yamuna River water is becoming polluted day by day. It is threatening the survival of life itself. Due to use of contaminated water, human population suffers from water borne diseases. Water quality is getting affected by organic, inorganic and biological pollutants discharged from industrial effluents, domestic waste and sewage. The problem of pollution in Yamuna River has reached alarming proportions. The present study focuses on physico-chemical analysis of Yamuna River water at Poiya Ghat site, Agra to determine its quality and pollution profile over a period of 8 months. The dangerous values of parameters like Total Hardness, high concentration of TDS, Fluoride content, BOD and COD and presence of heavy metals like Pb, Al and Fe beyond the WHO and BIS permissible limits for drinking water is a cause for alarm. The present study shows the need for a continuous pollution monitoring and treatment programme of Yamuna river water in India. Government should focus on the control of point sources as well as non-point sources of pollution by initiating different programmes like Yamuna Action Plan (YAP) for the improvement of water quality of Yamuna River and restore it as a pious river once again.
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Alansari, Rawan H., Rawan N. Alrajhi, and Rana A. Alghamdi. "Impact of Waste and Industrial Effluent on Ground Water Quality Index in Rabigh Area, Makkah Region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia." Asian Journal of Chemistry 33, no. 10 (2021): 2503–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2021.23423.
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The quality of surface water and groundwater has deteriorated as a result of increased industrialization, urbanization and agricultural practices during the last few decades. Contaminated groundwater can cause major health problems in humans, such as typhoid and other infections. Similar in the case of Rabigh Governorate, the groundwater is one of the main sources of water for domestic and agriculture purposes in its villages situated in western Saudi Arabia. Many factories have been established in Rabigh region in recent years and day to day input of numerous untreated/partially treated water resulting in major environmental problems, one of which is the low quality of groundwater causing serious environmental and health issues. The presented study discusses the ground water as the main available and usable source in extremely climatic condition of arid area of Saudi Arabia. The article proceeds with the brief introduction of ground water, its contamination sources and health hazards. For this, 13 water samples were from the randomly selected wells in Rabigh Governorate for quality examine. Water quality index analysis was conducted, which is a useful technique for fast assessment of the quality of any water resource. Various physical and chemical parameters of water quality index such as pH, temperature, conductivity, turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), total solids (TS), dissolved oxygen (DO), arsenic and E. coli are measured and analyzed. The values of all groundwater samples are compared with the standard WHO permissible values. The water quality of the wells were classified into “good, poor, very poor and unsuitable for drinking” based on physico-chemical parameters. According to the observed study, water quality range (WQR) for 5 samples (38% of the samples) are of poor quality, 3 samples (23%) are recorded with a very poor quality and 5 samples (38%) are not suitable for drinking purpose due to presence of high conductivity and TDS values. After taking into consideration the presence of E. coli in 31% of the samples (n = 4), about 62% of the samples (n = 8) are not suitable for drinking purpose, only 23% (n = 3) samples are of poor quality and 15% (n = 2) are very poor quality. The findings reveal a decrease in water quality (unsuitable for drinking purpose) in 8 out of 13 collected samples. It is believed that waste and industrial activities have an impact on groundwater quality in the study area, however, a nationwide investigation should be conducted to validate this finding.
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Luke, Anwuri, Charles I. Tobin-West, Vitalis O. Ofuru, Golden Owhonda, and Pabara N. Igwele. "Physiochemical analysis of drinking water in high and low crude oil-producing communities in the Niger Delta Region, Nigeria." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 10, no. 10 (2023): 3465–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20233072.
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Background: Access to potable water is a human right that plays a significant role in maintaining health and sanitation. Its limited supply in oil-producing areas has been variously linked to diverse pollutants in crude oil-producing communities, in Nigeria’s Niger Delta region. This cross-sectional study analysed and compared the physico-chemistry of drinking water sources in high and low crude oil-producing communities in the Niger Delta region between January to February 2023. Methods: Water samples were collected from a total of 28 samples from geo-referenced points in 10 communities. Analysis was done using the approved APHA and ASTM methods and assessed based on the recommended World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limits of detection for water quality. Data were analyzed using the statistical package for social science (SPSS) version-26. Test of significance and associations were set at p<0.05 and 95% confidence level. Results: There were significant differences in the mean concentrations of water alkalinity, chromium (Cr), barium (Ba), total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and TOG in water sources of the high and low oil-producing communities. Other mean concentrations of the analysed physicochemical parameters were found to be within normal limits for pH, salinity, turbidity, EC, total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solid (TSS), DO, and BOD, below the limit for alkalinity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrate (NO3), ammonia (NH3), sulphate (SO4), bicarbonates (HCO3), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), TPH and above recommended limits for temperature, PAH and TOG. Conclusions: The study showed that both high and low oil-producing communities had contaminated ground and surface water sources, although the high oil-producing areas were much more polluted. It is, therefore, necessary to enhance the national oil pollution regulatory mechanisms and remediation activities in heavily polluted sites to safeguard community water sources and protect human health.
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Pandit, Dr Bashir Ahmad. "Characterization of Leachate and Evaluation of Groundwater Pollution in the Vicinity of the Municipal Solid Waste Landfill in Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 12, no. 1 (2024): 1391–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2024.58183.
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Abstract: The most popular way for disposing of municipal solid waste (MSW) throughout India, including Kashmir, is through landfills. However, the discharge of leachate from these facilities has seriously contaminated groundwater. An evaluation was conducted on the groundwater quality near the Srinagar landfill site (Achan). In order to investigate the potential effects of leachate percolation on groundwater quality, samples of leachate and groundwater were taken from the Srinagar dump site and its surrounding areas. Groundwater and leachate samples were used to measure the concentration of various physio-chemical parameters (pH, EC, TDS, COD, BOD, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl-, SO42-, NO3-, NH4+, PO43-, Phenol), as well as microbiological parameters (total coliform and faecal coliform) and heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Zn, and Hg). The relatively elevated levels of NH4+, EC, TDS, BOD, phenol, Cd, and Mg, Cr were above the limits of Indian standard and WHO for drinking water. In addition to this , these also represent heavy pollutant indicators as per the Single Point Pollution Index as well by the Nemero index, as these elements crossed the upper most limit for both these pollution indeces. Assessing the water contamination in depth and distance wise, closer to landfill and shallow wells were characterized as the most polluted and had some additive contaminants ( Cl- ,SO4, Ca , Ni ). This is an indication of pollution transfer and the leachate movement. The presence of total coliform and faecal coliform although in small counts warns for the groundwater quality and thus renders the associated aquifer unreliable for domestic water supply. There is no natural or other possible reason for high concentration of these pollutants, thus it can be concluded that leachate has significant impact on groundwater quality in the area. In the present study, also an attempt has been made to investigate physico-chemical properties, fertilizing potential and heavy metal polluting potentials of the three types of composts including municipal soild waste compost, green waste compost and mixed waste compost. Each of these types were given a treatment with effective micro organisms (EM) to understand the quality of compost so formed by the composting process by its analysis (Laboratory as well as statistical) and the quality of composts was found out using Quality control Indices such as Fertilizing Index and Clean Index. Parameters like, pH, EC, TOC, total nitrogen, total phosphorous, total potassium, C/N ratio, and heavy metals like zinc, copper, cadmium, nickel, lead, and chromium were analyzed and it was found that all the parameters were within the permissible limits prescribed by FCO-2000. Further Fertility Index and Clean Index were determined for the samples and it was found that proper segregation of the solid waste is important from composting point of view because mixed waste affects the quality of compost. From the calculated values for the compost prepared from untreated MSW, FI (3.40) and CI (2.8), for the treated MSW Compost, FI as 3.47 and CI as 3.0, for the untreated mixed waste FI (3.27) and CI (3.0) and for the treated mixed waste FI (3.47), CI (3.2) The determined values indicates that all these compost types belongs to marketable Class D (medium fertilizing potential and medium heavy metal content).The fertility index value was estimated as 2.0 and the Clean Index value as 3.06 for the untreated green waste while for treated green waste FI(2.73) and CI(3.7), which indicates that both compost types belongs to restricted use Class RU-1 (Should not be allowed to market due to low fertilizing potential. However, these can be used as soil conditioner)
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Begum, Shaheen, Mohammad Tahir Shah, Said Muhammad, and Sardar Khan. "Role of mafic and ultramafic rocks in drinking water quality and its potential health risk assessment, Northern Pakistan." Journal of Water and Health 13, no. 4 (2015): 1130–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2015.066.
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This study investigates the drinking water (groundwater and surface water) quality and potential risk assessment along mafic and ultramafic rocks in the Swat district of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Provence, Pakistan. For this purpose, 82 groundwater and 33 surface water samples were collected and analyzed for physico-chemical parameters. Results showed that the majority of the physico-chemical parameters were found to be within the drinking water guidelines set by the World Health Organization. However, major cationic metals such as magnesium (Mg), and trace metals (TM) including iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr) and cobalt (Co) showed exceeded concentrations in 13%, 4%, 2%, 20%, 20% and 55% of water samples, respectively. Health risk assessment revealed that the non-carcinogenic effects or hazard quotient values through the oral ingestion pathway of water consumption for the TM (viz., Fe, Cr and Mn) were found to be greater than 1, could result in chronic risk to the exposed population. Results of statistical analyses revealed that mafic and ultramafic rocks are the main sources of metal contamination in drinking water, especially Ni and Cr. Both Ni and Cr have toxic health effects and therefore this study suggests that contaminated sites should be avoided or treated for drinking and domestic purposes.
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Rasool, Shahbaz, Iftikhar Ahmad, Aftab Jamal, et al. "Evaluation of Phytoremediation Potential of an Aquatic Macrophyte (Eichhornia crassipes) in Wastewater Treatment." Sustainability 15, no. 15 (2023): 11533. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151511533.
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Wastewater generation is a major concern, as most of it goes untreated. Industries, urban areas, and agriculture are the major contributors to wastewater. Phytoremediation is an effective method of wastewater treatment. However, the potential of local aquatic species for hyper-accumulation of heavy metals remains elusive. This study focuses on evaluating the native macrophyte Eichhornia crassipes for phytoremediation potential in different source-based water environments: freshwater (FW), industrial (IW), and urban wastewater (UW). Physico-chemical analysis was conducted on water samples (five samples from each source) along with the corresponding E. crassipes plants for assessing physiological, nutritional, and heavy metal parameters. The results showed distinct characteristics among the water sources. The FW had a high pH, and the IW exhibited elevated levels of electrical conductivity (EC: 1746 μS cm−1), total dissolved solids (TDS: 864 mg L−1), chloride (Cl−: 557.83 mg L−1), sulfate (SO4−: 137.27 mg L−1), and calcium (Ca++: 77.83 mg L−1) ions. The UW exhibited high bicarbonate (HCO3−: 123.38 mg L−1), sodium (Na+: 154 mg L−1), and potassium (K+: 37.12 mg L−1) ions. The Cd contamination exceeded World Health Organization (WHO) limits (0.003 mg L−1) in the FW (0.05 mg L−1 in FW-5) and UW (0.05 mg L−1 in UW-3); Cr contamination was higher than the permissible limits of the WHO, National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS), and the European Union (EU) (0.05 mg L−1) in FW, IW, and UW; arsenic (As) in IW exceeded the WHO, United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), and EU limits of 10 μg L−1, and Pb in UW exceeded the WHO (0.01 mg L−1), NEQS (0.05 mg L−1), and EU (0.01 mg L−1) limits. E. crassipes displayed different traits depending on the water sources. FW-grown plants had a higher biomass and chlorophyll-b content, while UW-grown plants had higher photosynthesis rates and chlorophyll-a content. Shoots accumulated more Na+, K+, and Ca++ ions than roots. Metal translocation from roots to shoots followed specific patterns for each source: the TFs of Zn = 3.62 in FW > Cd = 2.34 in UW > Cr = 1.61 and Pb = 1.29 in IW and BCFs were found in ascending order: Zn > Ni > Cd > As > Pb in FW, Cd > Zn > Ni > Cr > Pb > As in IW, and Cd > Ni > Pb > Cr > Zn > As in UW. The bioconcentration factor was higher in the roots than in the shoots. These findings suggest that E. crassipes shows promise as a phytoremediation option for heavy metal-contaminated wastewater due to its ability to thrive in harsh wastewater conditions with a higher TF > 1 and BCF > 1. Therefore, the utilization of these macrophytes holds potential for wastewater treatment.
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Allevi, Richard P., Leigh-Anne H. Krometis, Charles Hagedorn, et al. "Quantitative analysis of microbial contamination in private drinking water supply systems." Journal of Water and Health 11, no. 2 (2013): 244–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2013.152.
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Over one million households rely on private water supplies (e.g. well, spring, cistern) in the Commonwealth of Virginia, USA. The present study tested 538 private wells and springs in 20 Virginia counties for total coliforms (TCs) and Escherichia coli along with a suite of chemical contaminants. A logistic regression analysis was used to investigate potential correlations between TC contamination and chemical parameters (e.g. NO3−, turbidity), as well as homeowner-provided survey data describing system characteristics and perceived water quality. Of the 538 samples collected, 41% (n = 221) were positive for TCs and 10% (n = 53) for E. coli. Chemical parameters were not statistically predictive of microbial contamination. Well depth, water treatment, and farm location proximate to the water supply were factors in a regression model that predicted presence/absence of TCs with 74% accuracy. Microbial and chemical source tracking techniques (Bacteroides gene Bac32F and HF183 detection via polymerase chain reaction and optical brightener detection via fluorometry) identified four samples as likely contaminated with human wastewater.
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Kanwal, Humaira, M. Adil Khan, Asif Nazir, et al. "Analysis of Physical Chemical Drinking Water Quality Parameters in Sialkot." Journal of Applied Engineering Sciences 12, no. 1 (2022): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jaes-2022-0008.
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Abstract Due to increasing in urbanization, agricultural and various human activities are being increased which caused the contamination of surface water and ground water. Present demand of drinking water is not sufficient which should be safe and clean but it is contaminated now a day’s coming from different sources. Various treatments and methods are adopted to upgrade the quality of drinking water. Water should be free from the various contaminations viz. Organic and Inorganic pollutants, Heavy metals, Pesticides etc. as well as all its parameter like pH, Conductivity, Calcium, Magnesium, Total Hardness, Carbonate, Bicarbonate, Chloride, Total Dissolved Solid, Alkalinity, Sodium Potassium, Nitrate should be within a permissible limit. For this purpose, different samples were collected from different sources. Category 1: piped water, Category 2: Boreholes with hand pump average depth is 30m, Category 3: Society supply line, Category 4: Simple open hand dug wells that do not sealed walls average depth 5m, Category 5: Surface water. These samples were analyzed for their physical-chemical and microbiological quality (pH, Conductivity, Turbidity, Hardness & Total dissolved solids) in order to identify the rate of contamination and suggest appropriate solutions. Different diseases are accrued in human body which is identified due to the contaminated water. By chemical testing, it can be identified and then suggested some methods of treatment to purify the water for drinking purposes. All parameters are confirmed by comparing with World Health Organization (WHO) standards. Results concluded that quality of drinking water have been adequate of category 3 in which drinking water coming from society treatment plant but category 2 also lies within the acceptable range.
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MV Reena, A Amalraj, R Ajitha, and C Nirmala Louis. "Cluster analysis of water quality parameters of water samples from Colachel to Melmidalam in Kanyakumari district." International Journal of Science and Research Archive 7, no. 2 (2022): 269–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2022.7.2.0234.
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A methodical study has been carried out to explore physico-chemical parameters of drinking water from well and bore hole in and around the villages from Colachel to Melmidalam of Kanyakumari District. Water samples from well and bore hole in four sites namely Colachel, Kurumbanai, Midalam, Melmidalam were collected in pre monsoon and post monsoon seasons during 2019 ad 2020 and analyzed for temperature, sodium, potassium and oxidation & reduction potential. pH, turbidity, alkalinity, hardness, salinity, fluoride, chloride, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, BOD, electrical conductivity, total nitrogen, nitrate, sulphate, ammonia, phosphate, total phosphorus. The physico-chemical parameters were analyzed and the results were compared with water quality standards described by WHO. Statistical techniques, calculation of basic statistics, Correlation matrix, and Hierarchical Cluster analysis were simultaneously applied to the physico-chemical parameters of water samples taken from in different sites. The above study will be useful to know the water quality and their fitness for drinking purposes at various stations undertaken. Overall water quality was found satisfactory for drinking purpose without prior treatment.
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S.D.Jadhav and Jadhav M.S. "Analysis of Water Quality Using Physico chemical Parameters of Mula Mutha River, Pune Maharashtra." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development 1, no. 6 (2017): 250–56. https://doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd2509.
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We wants to present an extensive work on physico chemical parameters of water samples of Mula Mutha river at Pune Maharashtra . Water samples under investigations were collected from Khadkwasla dam to Sangam Bridge during pre monsoon April - May2016 monsoon July - August2016 and post monsoon October - November2016 seasons. The observed values of different physico chemical parameters like pH, DO, BOD, COD, Chloride, Nitrate, Sulphate, Calcium, Magnesium and Hardness, etc. of samples were compared with standard values recommended by world health organization WHO . The Mula Mutha River water in Pune had deteriorated in quality. Its biological oxygen demand, an indicator of organic pollution, has risen to over 30 mg l, more than ten times the permissible limits for bathing. Municipal Corporation is currently supplying water sufficient for the projected population. More water means more sewage, beyond the quantum its sewage treatment plants can treat. As a result there is greater pollution loads discharged in to the Mula Mutha, two rivers that confluence within city limits and serve to flush away Punes excreta. All the physico chemical parameters for pre monsoon, monsoon and post monsoon seasons are within the highest desirable or maximum permissible limit set by WHO except some of the parameters like DO, BOD,COD, chloride, calcium, magnesium and hardness. S.D.Jadhav | M.S. Jadhav "Analysis of Water Quality Using Physico-chemical Parameters of Mula-Mutha River, Pune (Maharashtra)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-6 , October 2017, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2509.pdf
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Dick, Brahim, Mohamed Hmeid, Mohamed Salem, et al. "Irrigation and Its Impacts on the Water Resource of Lake Kankossa in Mauritania." American Journal of Physical Chemistry 14, no. 2 (2025): 17–22. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpc.20251402.11.
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The aim of this study is to assess the physico-chemical quality of water from Lake Kankossa in Mauritania, used for irrigation and agricultural re. Sampling campaigns were carried out during February and 2024. The sampling sites are: E1:Kankoussa, E2: Elhachai, E3:Elmaghtaa 1, E3:Elmaghtaa2. In this work, we studied the hydrochemistry of the waters of Lake Kankossa, in Mauritania. The aim of the study was to assess the physico-chemical quality of the lake&apos;s water for human consumption and irrigation. To this end, we carried out physico-chemical analyses to assess the risks of contamination on the lake&apos;s water quality. Samples were taken during the 2024 summer season at four stations located on the shores of Lake Kankossa. Physico-chemical parameters measured included: temperature, pH, turbidity, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chlorides, nitrates, nitrites, ammonium, sulfates, total copper, iron, oxidizability, alkalinity and total alkalinity. These analyses were carried out using techniques such as volumetric analysis, spectroscopy and flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Statistical analysis of the results, compared with WHO standards for drinking water, revealed a significant deterioration in water quality in Lake Kankossa. The results showed that the concentration of most physico-chemical parameters complied with WHO standards. However, all parameters studied comply with WHO criteria for drinking water, with the exception of certain parameters, such as turbidity (486.25 NTU), potassium (24.5 mg/L) and nitrite (0.4 mg/L), which do not meet WHO standards. Appropriate treatment is recommended to render these waters potable. The graphical representation of the results of the Kankossa lake water analyses on the Riverside and Wilcox diagram shows that Kankossa lake water is of good quality for irrigation.
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Tuteja, Smriti, and Savnee Kaur. "Analysis of Drinking Water Quality in Industrial Area Phagwara, Punjab (India)." YMER Digital 20, no. 10 (2021): 189–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.37896/ymer20.10/22.
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It is evident that many parts of the Industrial areas in India are colonized and in very close vicinity of the industries and are using groundwater for drinking and domestic purposes. The drinking water should be pure, free from contamination and harmful chemicals. Quality of water can be defined in terms of physical and chemical parameters. The various physicochemical parameters are affected by the industrial effluents. The study aimed to assess the impact of industrial activities on drinking water in Phagwara region of Kapurthala district. It throws a light on physico chemical analysis of tubewell water in and around the industries. Various physico-chemical parameters like color, odor, taste, pH, TDS (Total dissolved solids), TH (Total Hardness) Turbidity, EC (Electrical Conductivity), Total alkalinity were analyzed. The observed values were compared with BIS (2012) and WHO Standards. Results showed that water quality parameters were within the acceptable limit (normal range), but pH, alkalinity and hardness were above the acceptable limit. Water is fit for drinking. It is suggested that water quality should be monitored regularly to avoid any contamination.
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Pratap, Gudabandi Vijaya, Tulasi Bhushan Rao, Bellala Krishna, Palaka Lakshman, and Bora Keerthana. "Assessment of Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Lakshmipuram Lake, Anakapalli Dist., Andhra Pradesh, India." UTTAR PRADESH JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 46, no. 5 (2025): 9–25. https://doi.org/10.56557/upjoz/2025/v46i54819.
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Lakes are dynamic systems that respond to various physico-chemical characteristics. This paper deals with the physico-chemical analysis of lakshmipuram Lake of lakshmipuram village, Anakapalli Dist., Andhra Pradesh, India. This study was carried out for the period of one year (January – December 2024) to know the quality of water by examining levels of varying physio- chemical parameters such as temperature, pH, turbidity, conductance, alkalinity, DO, BOD, COD, salinity, TDS, TSS, TH, calcium, magnesium, chloride, nitrate-nitrogen, and phosphate. All the key water quality parameters are studied by following standard APHA analytical techniques. The results revealed that there was significant seasonal variation in some physico- chemical parameters and most of the parameters were in a normal range and they are present in the prescribed limits of WHO and National Lake Water Quality Criteria and Standards. It has been identified that the water is of better quality for fish farming and irrigation.
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S., Thirumala, and R. Kiran B. "Studies on Physico-Chemical parameters of water samples in Shivamogga area, Karnataka." RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary 03, no. 08 (2018): 85–88. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1341316.
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Water samples were collected for physico-chemical analysis from different areas of Shivamogga district , Karnataka. The water samples were analysed for various parameters such as pH, EC, salinity, total alkalinity, total dissolved solids, chloride, iron, fluoride, total hardness, BOD and dissolved oxygen. By comparing the results against drinking water quality standards laid by WHO, it is observed that water samples from these areas are potable for human consumption after treatment due to moderate levels of physico-chemical parameters.
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Solanki, Meenakshi, and Heena Saraswat. "ANALYSIS OF WATER QUALITY USING PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF RIVER NARMADA, MADHYA PRADESH, INDIA." International Journal of Advanced Research 9, no. 01 (2021): 754–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/12352.
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The Narmada, also called Rewa is a river in central India and the fifth largest river in the Indian Subcontinent. The bank of Narmada river is covered by tribal people, and their daily wastes are drained into this holy river, which alters the Physico-chemical parameters of the river. Water is one of the most important of all natural resources known on earth. It is important to all living organisms, ecological systems, human health, food production and economic development. The present study was carried out for a period of one year to enumerate the various Physico-chemical parameters of Narmada River. Water samples were taken from sampling stations every month and were analyzed as per standard methods. Maximum of Phosphate, Nitrate, Calcium and Sulphate were recorded in September and October and Maximum of Temperature, pH, and Total hardness were observed during summer. Transparency was recorded maximum in winter and minimum in rainy season. DO concentration was higher in winter and lower in summer. The results indicated that most of the Physico- chemical characteristics of Narmada water samples were within the WHO limits.
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Hilal Ahmad Bhat et al. "Preliminary Assessment on Water Quality of Kolar River with Physico Chemical Analysis." Proceeding International Conference on Science and Engineering 11, no. 1 (2023): 340–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.52783/cienceng.v11i1.132.
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River water quality is very essential as it is used for drinking and domestic purposes. For the public health safety it is necessary to check the pollution level in the water bodies. The study was conducted to assess the water quality of Kolar River (A right bank tributary of wholly Narmada River). During the present study a number of physiochemical parameters including Temperature, pH, EC, TDS, DO and Chloride, were measured on field, so that the accuracy of the result will be appropriate while as Nitrate and Phosphate were measured in the lab. The water samples were collected in plastic container of 500 ml capacity from eight (8) different selective sampling stations along the Kolar River. The mean value of such respective parameters compared with the water quality standards as set by the WHO and BIS.
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Patel, Rajani, Renu Nayar, Kavita Patel, and Sandeep Kumar Tandon. "Comparative Study of Physico- chemical Parameters of Ground water of Residential and Industrial area of Sirgitti in Bilaspur District." International Journal of Membrane Science and Technology 10, no. 4 (2023): 1128–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15379/ijmst.v10i4.2224.
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Water is available in abundance on the earth. It is one of the main reasons which make life possible on our planet. The quality strength and type of sewage depends upon the human population, industrialization, deforestation and life style of people. Analytical explorations of some selected physico- chemical parameter have been made on the ground water bodies of Sirgitti industrial area. In the present comparative study for physico-chemical analysis water samples were collected from to different locations the residential and industrial area of Sirgitti in Bilaspur district. The laboratory test of the collected water samples were performed for analysis of some selected physico-chemical parameters such as pH, EC, TDS, DO, COD, Total hardness, Fluoride, chloride etc. The methods employed for the analysis as per standard methods recommended by APHA and WHO standard of drinking water. The obtained values are compared with the standard limit. The results of this study reveals that in the industrial area of the physico-chemical parameters higher in the maximum permissible limit of WHO with variations in some parameters. Both the sampling stations groundwater unsuitable for domestic, irrigation and drinking purposes but the industrial area of BEC fertilizers groundwater is more polluted than the Adarsh nagar residential area of Sirgitti. So it is essential that the quality of ground water should be regular checked and also needs treatment before direct use.
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Javed, Aiza, Hira Amjad, and Imran Hashmi. "Drinking water quality monitoring of centralized water storage reservoirs in various zones of the National University." NUST Journal of Engineering Sciences 15, no. 2 (2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.24949/njes.v15i2.721.
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Physico-chemical and microbiological pollutants may compromise quality of drinking water. This study aims to highlight various physico-chemical and microbial parameters of drinking water samples from centralized water storage reservoirs of National University. Major water quality parameters which were examined in this study includes pH, Electrical conductivity (EC), Turbidity, Total suspended solids (TSS), Total dissolved solids (TDS), Dissolved oxygen (DO), Residual chlorine, Hardness, Alkalinity. Moreover, microbial analysis of water samples was also carried out through Most Probable Number technique (MPN). Results show that all the physico-chemical parameters were within prescribed limits of World Health Organization and Pakistan Drinking Water Quality Standards (WHO/PDWQS) in both underground and overhead water storage reservoirs except DO ( 9.05-9.2 and 9.05-9.1 mg/L ), TSS (10-20 and 3.3-10 mg/L) and residual chlorine (0.08-0.14 and 0.19-0.28 mg/L) respectively. The MPN index values for both underground and overhead water storage reservoirs ranges between 16- >23 and 1.1-12 respectively and it shows high microbial contamination in water due to low detection of residual chlorine. The results highlight that water from centralized water storage reservoirs of National University is unfit for drinking purposes. Statistical analysis such as paired t-test also reveals that water quality parameters from underground and overhead storage reservoirs are not significantly different from each other except EC and TDS having P values <0.05. It is necessary to safeguard water contamination in water storage reservoirs by monitoring regular inspections and chemical cleaning of water storage reservoirs otherwise it will cause serious threats to well-being of the community.
 Key words: water storage reservoirs, drinking water, microbial quality of water, physico-chemical parameters, paired t-test
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Nafeesa, Begum, and B.R. Kiran Dr. "Study of Physico-Chemical Parameters of Water in a Polluted Pond of Shivamogga City, Karnataka." RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary 03, no. 07 (2018): 263–65. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1318605.
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Water samples were collected for physico-chemical analysis from different sites in the polluted pond (Purle water body), Shivamogga city (Karnataka). The water samples were analysed for various parameters such as water temperature, pH, total alkalinity, total dissolved solids, suspended solids, total solids, chloride, phosphate, calcium and magnesium hardness, total hardness and dissolved oxygen. By comparing the results against drinking water quality standards laid by WHO, it is observed that water samples from this pond were non-potable for human consumption due to high levels of physico-chemical parameters.
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Omoboye, H. Y., and A. I. Aduwo. "Physico-chemical water quality assessment of two rivers in Ogun State, Nigeria." Ife Journal of Science 27, no. 1 (2025): 83–93. https://doi.org/10.4314/ijs.v27i1.8.
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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the River Afa and River Owo's water quality in order to gather information that may be used in the near future to formulate control strategies. Water samples were collected from two sites (upstream and downstream) on the River Afa and from four stations located along the course of River Owo to covered both rainy and dry seasons. Twenty-two (22) important parameters were selected for physico-chemical water quality analysis. Samples collected were analysed using appropriate standard techniques. Generally, pH, TDS, alkalinity, acidity, hardness, and EC recorded higher mean values in River Afa than River Owo. However, Organic matter (OM) and total organic carbon (TOC) recorded higher mean values in River Owo. Nitrate and sulphate had higher mean values in River Afa compared with River Owo. The results were compared to World Health Organization (WHO) and Nigeria Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ). As a result, most of the parameters examined were below the recommended safe drinking water threshold. However, the turbidity and surface water temperature were above WHO and NSDWQ standards. Comparison of data obtained between water quality parameters was made using cluster analysis at P≤0.05 and this revealed significant relationship among the parameters measured. The majority of the water quality parameters that were monitored in this study showed higher values in River Afa than in River Owo. Also, results of te monitored water quality parameters showed that both River Afa and River Owo water may pose danger to health if consumed untreated and requires further purification process to prevent imminent water-related diseases befallen the residents of the area.
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Abbas, S., A. Mashiatullah, A. Javed, M. S. Khan, and S. Saleem. "PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND CHEMICAL QUALITY OF MAILSI CITY GROUNDWATER." Nucleus 51, no. 2 (2014): 199–205. https://doi.org/10.71330/thenucleus.2014.704.
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Quality of groundwater samples in Mailsi city of district Vehari was assessed using physico-chemical and chemical parameters. Twenty seven (27) groundwater samples were collected for physico-chemical and major ion analysis. Absence of carbonate ions (CO3 -2 ) in all groundwater samples indicates presence of limestone dissolution giving rise to bicarbonate. Piper diagram reveals dominance with Ca-Mg-type of water in the studied area. pH of all samples were within WHO guidelines. The mean value of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) for Mailsi groundwater is 755.1 mg/L having a range of 272 to 1667mg/L. The TDS for majority of samples lies above the guideline values as defined by the WHO. Twenty two (22) percent samples exhibit high nitrate levels; consumption of water samples with high nitrate content may produce harmful effects in children.
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E., Narayana, Raju E., and Ramesh Babu S. "A comparative study on the physico-chemical analysis of Raw water and Packaged drinking water in two places of Warangal District." Biolife 4, no. 3 (2022): 455–59. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7321727.
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<strong>ABSTRACT</strong> Raw water and Packaged drinking water samples were collected from Ashoknagar and Narsampet areas in Warangal District, Telangana State have been studied. Water samples were collected between 7 AM and 9AM every month. Water samples collected for the purpose of estimation of various parameters were brought to the laboratory and subjected to analysis immediately as far as possible. Estimation of parameters such as PH, Total dissolved solids, Alkalinity, Nitrates, Chlorides, Sulphates, Borates etc., were carried out. Most of the physico-chemical parameters of Packaged drinking water were within ISI and WHO permissible level. However Raw water samples were exceeded the recommended permissible levels. So Raw water is not recommended for human consumption. <strong>Key words:</strong> Water quality, physico-chemical parameters <strong>REFERENCES</strong> Ahuja Sangeeta: Analysis of water quality from Salim Ali lake. Int. Jou. Adv. Res. In Comp. Sci and Soft. Engg. Vol.<strong>5</strong> (6) 782-785 (2015). APHA (2005): Standard methods for examination of water and waste water, 16<sup>th</sup> Edn. American Public Health Association, New York. Asadi, S.S., Vuppala, P. and Reddy, M.A: Remote Sensing and GIS techniques for evaluation of ground water in Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad, India. Int. Jour. Env. Res. and Pub. Heal, Vol <strong>4</strong>(1): 45-52 (2007). Basavaraja, Simpi, S.M., Hiremath, K.N.S. Murthy, K.N. Chandrashekarappa, Anil N. Patel, E.T. Puttaiah : Analysis of water quality using physico-chemical parameters Hosahalli Tank in shimoga District, Karnataka, India. Global Journal of Science Frontier, Research, <strong>1</strong>(3), pp 31-34 (2011). Bhadja, Poonam and Ashok kumar Vaghela: Assessment of Physico- chemical behavior of three different water bodies of sub-tropical Himalayan Region of India. Jou. Eco. and Nat. Env., Vol. <strong>5</strong>(12) : 387-395 (2013). Cappuccino, J.G and Natalic Shermar: Atanaratory manual, standard qualitative analysis of water, 4<sup>th</sup> edn. Addision wesoly Longman, InC. USA, pp. 299 (1996). Carpenter R.S: PNSA Pp : 1-4 (2005). Dabrase, Prashanth and Pravina Salve: Study on physico-chemical parameters of water of lower Kolar dam near Telangkhedi premises, Tahasil Saoner, Maharashtra, India. Jou. Che and Phar. Res., Vol. <strong>7</strong>(8) : 556 (2015). Gupte, Archana and Nisar Shaikh: Seasonal variations in physico-chemical parameters and primary productivity of Shelar lake Bhiwandi, Thane, Maharashtra, India. Uni. Jou. Env. Res & Tec., Vol. <strong>3</strong>(4) : 523-530 (2014). Jain, M.K., L.K Dadich and S. Kapala: Water quality assessment of Kishanpura dam, Baran, Rajasthan, India. Nat. Env. and Pol. Tec.,<strong> 10</strong>(3) : 405 – 408 (2011). Jayabhaye, U.M., Pentewar, M.S. & Hiware, C.J: A study on Physico - chemical parameters of a minor reserevoir Sawana, Hingoli, Maharashtra. J. Aqua Boil., Vol. <strong>22 </strong>: 13-19 (2008). Joshi, V.A., V. Manivel, R. Ravindra Rao and P.S. Kolkar: Water quality assessment in Ramanathapuram District., Ind. J. Environ. Protect., <strong>22</strong>(9), 970-977 (2002). Jyoti choudhary, S.N.Singhal and Suni singh : Physico-chemical and biological parameters of the three rural ponds of Sasaram of Bihar. Int. J. App. sci & Biotech. Vol. <strong>2</strong>(1): 206-210 (2014). Kaur, H and Shiwali Gupta : Studies of Physico-chemical status of the various ponds and streams at R.S. Pura Tehsil under Anthropogenic influences. Int. J. M. Res. and Dev., Vol. <strong>2</strong>(10) : 366-369 (2015). Khan, Muzaffar Uzaman, Ishtiyaq Majeed Ganaie : Assessment of Physico-chemical parameters of upper lake Bhopal (M.P), India. Int. Jou. Engg. Res & Gen. Sci., Vol. <strong>2</strong>(4) : 354-363(2014). Mishra, M.K., Mishra N, and Pandey, S.N.: An assessment of the physico-chemical characteristics of Bhanka pond, Hanumana, Rewa District, India. Intl. J. of Innov. Res. in Sci. Eng. and Techn, <strong>2</strong>(5) 1781-1788 (2013). Olyemi E.A., Adekunle A.S., Adenuga, A.A and Makinde, W.U.: Physico-chemical properties and Heavy metal content of water source in Ife North Local Government Area of Osun state, Nigeria. Afri. J. Environ. Sci. Techn., <strong>4</strong>(10): 671-697 (2010). Pawar, Sharada Balaji: Study the Physico-chemical properties of Reservoir at Makni, Osmanabad District (M.S), India. weekly Sci. Res. Jou., Vol. <strong>2</strong>(32) : 321-328 (2015). Ray D, Ravindar Rao R, Bhoi A.V., Biswar A.K., Ganguly A.K: Environ. Monit Assess., <strong>61</strong>: 387-398 (1999). Sinha, A.D. and P.Shivashankar: Physico-chemical analysis of the freshwater at river Kapila, Nanjangudu Industrial Area, Mysore, India. Int. Res. J. Env. Sci., Vol. <strong>2</strong>(8) 59-65 (2013). Subhadradevi G., S.B. Barbuddhe, D. Hazel and C. Dolly: Physico-chemical characteristics of drinking water at Velsco, (Goa). J. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Monit., <strong>13</strong>(3), 203-209, (2003). Tyagi, P., D. Buddi, R. Chowdary and R. Sawhney: Physico-chemical quality of ground water in industrial areas of India. Pollut. Res., <strong>19</strong>, 443-445 (2000). Wetzel R.G: Limnology, W.B. Sunders co. Philadelphia, 743 (1975). Wetzel R.G: Limnology; Lake and river ecosystems. Academic Press, N.Y, U.S.A : 1006 (2001). Zoeteman, B.C.G: Sensory assessment of water quality, Oxford pergaman press, U.K. (1980).
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Nashilu, Koikai, Esther Kitur, and Kioko Nzeve. "Physico-Chemical and Bacteriological Quality of Mbagathi River, Kajiado County, Kenya." International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology 7, no. 7 (2022): 1550–54. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7016216.
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Water pollution, being a common hazard not only to human health but also the environment at large, has subsequently raised an issue as to what measures we can take to end this. This study wasdone specifically on Mbagathi River and the results compared to the WHO drinking water quality standards. Physico-chemical parameters measured were; turbidity, total dissolved solids, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), nitrates and phosphates. For bacteriological contamination, total coliforms and faecal coliforms were analysed. Across the different sampling points, One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test for the significant difference (p<0.05) of all the parameters. Pearson correlation was used to determine the relationship between the parameters. TDS(423- 487mg/l), BOD(3.88-10.45mg/l) and nitrates (23.50- 62.70mg/l) were within the WHO standards for drinking water. However, turbidity (2.72- 105.33 mg/l), COD (15.90-35.33mg/l), phosphates (2.10-3.35mg/l), total coliforms (7-2400 MPN/100ml) were above the standards. Frequent monitoring of the water is important, so as to safeguard the public health.
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Venkatesh, Nenavath, and B. R. Kiran Dr. "SEASONAL VARIATIONS IN PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER OF FRESH WATER TANK OF KARNATAKA, INDIA." International Journal of Current Research and Modern Education 1, no. 2 (2016): 1–5. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.62035.
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<em>In this study an attempt has been made on physico-chemical characteristics of Santhekadur tank, located in Shimoga district of Karnataka during a period of one year from January to December 2009. Different parameters were taken in the study were Atmospheric and water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, CO<sub>2</sub> ,total hardness, calcium, magnesium, chloride, nitrate, sulphate and Phosphate, The analysis of the physico-chemical parameters of Santhekadur tank of Shimoga District, Karnataka revealed that all water quality parameters of this tank is under WHO and BIS permissible limits.</em>
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Muhammad Sayaf, Ikram Ullah, Said Miraj Ud Din, et al. "Analysis of Water Quality Using Physico-Chemical Parameters in District Shangla, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan." Indus Journal of Bioscience Research 3, no. 6 (2025): 409–15. https://doi.org/10.70749/ijbr.v3i6.1634.
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Water is a universal solvent and an important component of life. Water is said to be polluted when its composition or quality changes due to direct or indirect disposal of wastes and other human activities. There are three water quality parameters; physical, chemical and biological. These parameters serve as essential indicators for assessing the safety and suitability of water for consumption, encompassing various aspects to ensure compliance with health and environmental standards. Physicochemical parameters, which include both physical and chemical play an important role in determining the fitness of water for drinking purposes. A comprehensive study was conducted in district Shangla, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Pakistan to evaluate the quality of drinking water in four tehsils: Puran, Chakisar, Besham, and Alpuri. The water samples were collected from three different source including tube wells, springs, and tap water. A total of twelve water quality parameters were meticulously examined, comprising three physical parameters and nine chemical parameters. The physical parameters assessed were total dissolved solids, pH, and electrical conductivity. The chemical parameters were total hardness as calcium carbonate (CaCO3), the concentration of chloride (Cl), sulphate (SO4), sodium (Na), nitrite (NO2), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and potassium (K) and total alkalinity. The results showed significant variations in four tehsils but all the values fall within the WHO and PSQCA recommended limits except magnesium (Mg). The amount of total dissolved solids (TDS) varied greatly, ranging from 80 to 412 mg/L.
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Sarwar, Tasneem, Huma Shakoor, Janas Khan, et al. "Analysis of Water Quality Using Physico-Chemical Parameters in Different Cities of Pakistan." International Journal of Chemistry 14, no. 2 (2022): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijc.v14n2p28.
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Present study was carried out to assess different parameters (physiochemical) of water for public health safety. 25 samples from majority of areas of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa (KP) along with Rawalpindi and Islamabad were chosen. Total twelve parameter which include color, odour, pH, TSS (total suspended solids), TDS (total dissolved solids), Na (Sodium), K (Potassium), hardness, alkalinity, EC (Electric Conductivity), Cl (Chloride) and SO4 (Sulphate) were assessed for each sample and were compared with WHO and other limits. Results showed that very few samples 3 out of 14 in Mardan, 5/12 in Bannu, 2/11 in Buner, 3/4 in Batkhela, 1/6 in Malakand, 2/4 in Shangla, 3/18 in Mansehra, 2/7 in Karak, 1/17 in Kohat, 2/5 in Upper Dir, 3/12 in Islamabad, 3/11 in Abbottabad and 2 out of 17 samples were found to have objectionable color and odour. None of the samples exceeded the permissible limit of WHO for pH, TDS, alkalinity, Cl and SO4. While, other parameters like TSS was higher in 9 samples, Na in 2, K in 6, hardness in 1 and EC in 7 as compare to permissible limit. It was recommended that proper water treatment especially effective chlorination with residual chlorine be rendered at all sources in order to achieve safe water quality up to the consumer&rsquo;s end. However, it is also important to investigate other potential water contaminations such as chemicals and microbial and radiological materials for a longer period of time, including human body fluids, in order to assess the overall water quality of Pakistan.
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Baba, J., G. B. Soda, Y. Azeh, and E. Bala. "Bacteriological and Physico-Chemical Analysis of Lapai Water Supply." Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 14, no. 2 (2022): 52–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bajopas.v14i2.6.
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Bacteriological and Physico-chemical analysis of Lapai water source was investigated. Lapai is the headquarters of Lapai Local Government Area of Niger state, Nigeria. Bacteriological quality of water samples was determined by enumeration through Total Viable Count and Coliform count using the Most Probable Number (MPN) method. The Isolates were subjected to Series of Biochemical tests for characterization and identification. The physicochemical parameters were determined according to the standard analytical methods for the examination of water and waste water and Romanian standard. Findings from this work includes the following: Maximum Total Viable Count (TVC) and Coliform count were recorded to be 2.45 x 107cfu/mg and > 1100 MPN index/100ml,while minimum TVC and Coliform count were recorded to be 1.05 x 107cfu/mg and 0MPN index/100ml in the water samples. Total bacteria count and identified from all the water sources in Lapai metropolis indicated that Escherichia coli and Klebsiella sp occurred most with five (5) and four (4) isolates respectively.The conductivity data for the raw water samples indicated that State low-cost (LN), IBB Hostel (LE) and Emir Palace (LW) analysed were 250, 120 and 580 μs/cm. The pH, conductivity, chloride, nitrate and total hardness decreases with increasing treatment time in the column for the borehole water samples. While, the pH, temperature, turbidity, conductivity, total suspended solid (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), and total solids (TS), BOD, COD, nitrate, phosphate, ammonia and heavy metal analysis for the surface water (stream/river) samples also decreases with increasing treatment time in the packed column. Treatment of the water using nanocellulose revealed a decrease in all the investigated parameters with increasing treatment time. Most water samples examined did not meet up with the WHO standard for portable water, and the presence of these bacteria are potential pathogens that can significantly affect microbiology water quality, resulting to great health risk.
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Ojo, O.M., O.A. Obiora-Okeke, and T.O. Olabanji. "Statistical Analysis of the Physico-Chemical and Bacteriological Properties of Some Surface Water Samples in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria." Nigerian Research Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences 7, no. 1 (2022): 40–48. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6720740.
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<em>In this study, four sampling points from the major river that flows through Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria was considered. A total of 16 samples were obtained from the sampling points and some physico-chemical and bacteriological tests were carried out on each sample. Statistical analysis of the water parameters was carried out using SPSS statistics 22 software, and a comparison between the mean value of the parameters in each location to the World Health Organization (WHO) standard was made for each water quality parameter. The results obtained from the statistical analysis showed that of all the physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters tested only two parameters (sulphate and zinc) had a P value that was > 0.05 which implies that they did not significantly affect surface water quality in the study area, while other parameters fell short of this criterion. It is recommended that water from these surface water sources undergo adequate treatment before potable use</em><em>.</em>
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Shobha, D. Jadhav, S. Sawant Rajaram, Shivaji Patil Rahul, and G. Godghate Ashvin. "Drinking water quality analysis of some villages from Gadhinglaj Tahsil, Maharashtra." Biolife 3, no. 3 (2022): 608–13. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7272994.
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<strong>ABSTRACT</strong> The present research work deals with assessment of drinking water quality of 30 villages from Gadhinglaj tahsil; carried out during the year 2013-2014. The physico-chemical and Microbial parameters were assessed to check either the water is suitable or not for drinking purpose. The physico-chemical parameters such as Total hardness, Ca, Mg, Chloride, Total alkalinity, pH and EC were analyzed as per standard methods. The microbial parameters like MPN, SPC, Total and Fecal coliforms were carried out. The investigation has confirmed a significant number of fecal coliform in all the samples and it found significantly higher than the WHO limit (0) for drinking water. So all the water samples may raise concern on the safety of the water for human health may cause the various water borne and gastro-intestinal diseases so, proper hygiene and purification techniques should be recommended. <strong>Keywords:</strong> Water, Physico-chemical and Microbial parameters. <strong>REFERENCES</strong> APHA, AWWA and WPCF (2005). Standard methods for examination of water and waste water, 21<sup>st</sup> edition, <em>American Public Health Association, New York</em>. BIS (1991). Indian standard for drinking water, Bureau of Indian standard, New Delhi, India, 1-9, 179. Chapman, D. V. (1996). (Ed) “Water quality assessments, a guide to the use of biota, sediments and water in environmental monitoring”. 2<sup>nd</sup> Ed. Spon Press, Abingdon. EPA (2007). Invalidation of total Coliform positive samples. Total Coliform issue paper. Office of Ground water and Drinking water. Greenberg AE, LS Clesceri, AD Eaton (eds). (1992). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste water. <em>Amer. Public Health Assoc. Washington</em>, D.C. Indian standard for drinking water , Bureau of Indian standard (1991), New Delhi, India, <strong>1-9</strong>, 179. Jadhav, S. D., Sawant, R. S., Godghate, A. G., Patil, S. R. and Patil, R. S. (2012). Assessment of ground water quality of Ajara Tahsil from Maharashtra. <em>Rasayan J. Chem</em>, 5( 2): 246-249. Jhingram (1982). Fish and fisheries of India. 2<sup>nd</sup> Edition. Hindustan Publishing Corporation, New Delhi, India. Michigan Water Science Center (2007). Fecal indicator Bacteria and sanitary Water Quality. http://mi.water.usgs.gov/BactHoweb.html Oram Brain (2011). water testing bacteria, Califonia, Nuisance Bacteria, Viruses and pathogen in drinking. Water Research Center, Dallas. Patil, R. S., Sawant, R. S., Patil, S. R. and Chougale, S. R. (2015). Water Quality of Dug Wells from Samangad Fort and Adjoining Area, Western Maharashtra, India. <em>European Academic Research</em>, 3(3): 2893-2902. Patil, S. R., Sawant, R. S., Patil, S. S., Sathe, T. V. and Patil, R. S. (2013). Avian fauna and Physico-chemical Parameters of Gajargaon Pond of Ajara Tahsil, Kolhapur (M. S.). Rasayan J. Chem. 6(1):76-79. Solanki, A. S. (2013). Study of various water quality parameters with reference to human health- A case study of Bikaner city of Rajasthan. <em>Rasayan J. Chem</em>, 6(1):44-46. Swarnalatha, N. and Rao, A.N. 1998. Ecological studies of Banjara lake with reference to water pollution. <em>J. Envi. Biol.,</em>19 (2) : 179-186. Trivedi, R. K. and Goel, P. K. (1984). Chemical and Biological methods for water pollution status. Environmental publication, Karad (India). WHO (1984). Guidelines for drinking water quality. Recommendation world health organization, Geneva. Volume 1, 130.
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mulatu. "Bacteriological and physio chemical quality assessment of drinking water The case in shambu Town,Oromia Region, Ethiopia." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development 1, no. 4 (2017): 12–21. https://doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd77.
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Water quality is a critical factor affecting human health and welfare. Ethiopia is one of the countries with worst health status in the world water quality problems where only 52 of its population has access to safe water. For this reason, 60 80 of the population suffers from water borne and water related diseases. Shambu town is not out of this problem. Since people are still using unprotected wells and springs for their domestic water supply. Therefore this research was aimed to evaluate the bacteriological and physico chemical quality of water in Shambu Town. Two rounds of water samples were taken from each site with a total of 44 water samples. From water sources n=4 , from tap water n=4 and from household containers n=15 were considered for physico chemical and bacteriological drinking water quality determination. A the Samples were analyzed for phisico chemical parameters like Temperature, Turbidity, PH, TDS, EC and the presence of indicator bacteria such as Total coliformes TC and fecal coli form FC .The method of sample collection at each sampling point was according to the WHO Guidelines for drinking water quality assessment. Water samples were collected using systematic random sampling method. The result showed that Highest counts of TC,and FC were detected in the house hold water containers, followed by unprotected well, unprotected springs protected well and protected spring. All raw water samples were positive for TTC and FC. High bacteriological load were found in the household water containers. This research concluded that the water quality of shambu town at household storage were very poor and were not free from free from contaminates. Thus, deliberate awareness creation of the community about sanitation and hygienic practices is crucial. The water sources should be protected from entry of animals, human excretes and it should be treated before used for drinking. mulatu "Bacteriological and physio chemical quality assessment of drinking water The case in shambu Town,Oromia Region, Ethiopia " Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd77.pdf
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Ernest, Ankomah, and Dadzie Isaac. "Geospatial analysis of groundwater quality using GIS: A case study of Ahafo Kenyasi, Ghana." South African Journal of Geomatics 10, no. 1 (2022): 32–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sajg.v10i1.3.
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The exploitation and sustainable use of groundwater has received much attention with the sudden decline in quantity and quality of surface water. Knowledge on the current status of the physico-chemical parameters of groundwater becomes important in ensuring the sustainable use of the resource. This study used Geographic Information System (GIS) to assess groundwater quality in Ahafo-Kenyasi with particular focus on determining the spatial distribution of groundwater quality parameters and also produce groundwater quality map of the area. Physico-chemical analyses of groundwater quality parameters were made after collection of water samples from 24 community boreholes. The results of analysis carried out showed the following concentration ranges: pH (5.12-6.54), EC (71.6-952μS/cm), TDS (35.08-465.59mg/l), Turbidity (0-6.25NTU), Ammonia (0.01-0.61mg/l), Nitrate (0.1-4.12mg/l), Sulphate (1-65.5mg/l). All the samples analysed were above the guidelines set by World Health Organization (WHO, 2011) except for pH and Turbidity. Spatial distribution maps of the individual water quality parameters were developed using kriging interpolation technique and accepted based on the prediction performances of Stable, Exponential, K-Bessel semivariogram models. Overall water quality of the study area was assessed using Water Quality Index (WQI). The results showed that groundwater quality in the area decreases from north-western to south-eastern. However, groundwater from Ahafo-Kenyasi is good for domestic purposes.
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Khalid, Sofia, Khano ranga, Uroosa Altaf, Rahim Shah, and Ghazala Parveen. "DRINKING WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF UNION COUNCIL DHAMNI, POONCH, AZAD JAMMU AND KASHMIR, PAKISTAN, USING WATER QUALITY INDEX AND MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS." Environmental Contaminants Reviews 3, no. 1 (2020): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/ecr.01.2020.24.31.
Full textAbstract:
Access to safe drinking water is an emerging issue in Pakistan, both in urban and rural settlements. The water quality in the region is mainly declined by population explosion, vehicular and industrial emissions and agricultural activities. The aim of the study was to assess the water quality of the study area through integrated approach of water quality index and multivariate analysis. Water samples from the study area were analyzed for physicochemical and microbiological parameters using standard methods. The study site was divided into eight (8) different locations and the water samples were collected from commonly used water sources. The results of study indicated that the concentration of all studied chemical parameters were within the permissible limits when compared with WHO recommended standards except lead (Pb). Major cations were found in the order of Ca2+> Mg2+>Na+ whereas the trend of anions was HCO-3>Cl->SO4>NO3.Overall water was estimated to be of CaHCO-3 type. Water quality index illustrated that all water samples were unsuitable for drinking purposes. Microbiological assessment showed that water is contaminated with coliform bacteria and fungal spores. Multivariate techniques were found to be ideal tools in identifying spatial variability through cluster analysis (CA) and reducing the dimensionality of huge data set through PCA/FA. It is briefly, concluded from the results of current study, that water of the study area was unsuitable for drinking purposes due to presence of some biological and chemical contaminants. Results recommend that developing efficient water quality monitoring programs, promoting ceramic filters technology, and raising awareness about the issue in communities are the most important steps that might help the people of the study area to resolve the problem.
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Yapo, Toussaint Wolfgang, Franck-Renaud Djedjro Meless, George Aubin Tchapé Gbagbo, Sawa André Philippe Kpaibe, Agbessi Thérèse Kouassi, and Christophe Ncho Amin. "Physico-chemical and bacteriological characterization of surface waters for domestic use: Case of river waters in M'pody village (Anyama, Ivory Coast)." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 17, no. 2 (2023): 735–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v17i2.36.
Full textAbstract:
This study aimed at determining the physico-chemical and bacteriological quality of the waters of the rivers of the village M'pody in order to evaluate their impacts on the health of the populations. The methodology consisted of four water sampling campaigns in the Souman and Chibi rivers. Conventional physico-chemical parameters were determined by electrochemical and spectrophotometric methods. The microbiological analysis was carried out using the membrane filtration technique. The results showed that physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters are beyond the WHO recommendations. The noncompliance of this water is related to high levels of turbidity, conductivity, temperature and a high total iron content. For bacteriological parameters, this noncompliance is related to the presence of Escherichia coli, Tolerant Thermo Coliform, Total Coliform, Fecal Enterococci, Pseudomonas sp, Sulphite-Reducing Anaerobic) (SRA). Water of the rivers showed huge non-conformities related to physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters. This water was therefore unfit for human consumption. Thus, to minimize potential health risks, the adoption of hygiene measures in particular, a good purification of this water must be recommended to the populations in order to better preserve their health.