Journal articles on the topic 'Anodes. 00 – Electrodes, Zinc'

A rechargeable cement-based battery was developed, with an average energy density of 7 Wh/m2 (or 0.8 Wh/L) during six charge/discharge cycles. Iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) were selected as anodes, and nickel-based (Ni) oxides as cathodes. The conductivity of cement-based electrolytes was modified by adding short carbon fibers (CF). The cement-based electrodes were produced by two methods: powder-mixing and metal-coating. Different combinations of cells were tested. The results showed that the best performance of the rechargeable battery was the Ni–Fe battery, produced by the metal-coating method.

Flotation of minerals, an important part of the chain of metals production for our society, needs huge amounts of water. This industry can contribute to the sustainable use of water and circular economy development by utilizing its own production wastewater. However, reuse of clarified water without additional treatment may cause worsening of flotation results. Electrocoagulation of this water with mild steel sacrificial anodes, complemented by electroflotation is able to decrease the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) of the treated water, i.e. to remove at least partially the residual organic reagents. For the studied case 66 % of COD and nearly 32 % of DOC were removed by electrocoagulation with mild steel electrodes at energy consumption of 0, 458 kWh/m3. This warrants better results of lead-zinc flotation carried out with treated water, in comparison to the case of use of untreated water, and contributes to freshwater saving. Treated water ensured outcomes of lead-zinc flotation comparable to the results found at use of fresh tap water.

ABSTRAKKorosi atau perkaratan sangat lazim terjadi pada besi. Besi merupakan logam yang mudah berkarat. Karat besi merupakan zat yang dihasilkan pada peristiwa korosi, yaitu berupa zat padat berwarna coklat kemerahan yang bersifat rapuh serta berpori. Rumus kimia dari karat besi adalah Fe2O3 x H2O. Bila dibiarkan, lama kelamaan besi akan habis menjadi karat. Dampak dari peristiwa korosi bersifat sangat merugikan. Peristiwa korosi sendiri merupakan proses elektrokimia, yaitu reaksi kimia yang melibatkan adanya aliran listrik. Bagian tertentu dari besi berlaku sebagai kutub negatif (elektroda negatif, anoda), sementara bagian yang lain sebagai kutub positif (elektroda positif, katoda). Elektron mengalir dari anoda ke katoda, sehingga terjadilah peristiwa korosi. Penelitian laju korosi ini menggunakan plat A36 untuk Deck Floating Dock Venture dengan tiga macam perlakuan, yaitu Plat tanpa perlindungan korosi (A) , dengan perlindungan zinc anode (B) serta perlindungan gabungan dari zinc anode dan arus listrik DC (C). Laju korosi dihitung dengan menggunakan metode kehilangan berat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan besarnya laju korosi pada perlakuan A, B dan C berturut-turut adalah : 0,66 mpy, 0,22 mpy dan 0,17 mpy. Perlakuan dengan menggunakan perlindungan zinc anode dan arus DC menghasilkan nilai laju kekerasan paling kecil diantara yang lain. Untuk nilai kekerasan yang diuji menggunakan Brinnnel Number Test nilainya berturut-turut adalah : 136,3 BHN, 205,2 BHN dan 202,9 BHN. Nilai kekerasan tertinggi pada Plat dengan perlakuan perlindungan zinc anode.Kata kunci :Laju Korosi, Zinc Anode, Arus listrik DC, Floating Dock, Plat A36 ABSTRACK Corrosion or rusting is very common in iron. Iron is a metal that is easily corroded. Iron rust is a substance produced in the event of corrosion, which is a reddish brown solid which is fragile and porous. The chemical formula of iron rust is Fe2O3 x H2O. If left unchecked, over time the iron will run out to rust. The impact of corrosion is very detrimental. Corrosion event itself is an electrochemical process, which is a chemical reaction involving an electric current. Certain parts of the iron act as negative poles (negative electrodes, anodes), while other parts are positive poles (positive electrodes, cathodes). Electrons flow from the anode to the cathode, resulting in a corrosion event. This corrosion rate research uses A36 plate for Deck Floating Dock Venture with three types of treatment, namely Plate without corrosion protection (A), with zinc anode protection (B) as well as combined protection from zinc anode and DC electric current (C). Corrosion rate is calculated using the weight loss method. The results showed the magnitude of the corrosion rate in treatments A, B and C were: 0.66 mpy, 0.22 mpy and 0.17 mpy. The treatment using zinc anode protection and DC current yields the smallest rate of hardness among others. For the hardness values tested using the Brinnnel Number Test, the values are: 136.3 BHN, 205.2 BHN and 202.9 BHN. The highest hardness value on the Plate with zinc anode protection treatment.Keywords: Corrosion Rate, Zinc Anode, DC Electric Current, Floating Dock, Plate A36

Production of bioelectricity from substrates with growing plants and developing microorganisms is the newest technology of alternative energetics that has great perspectives. The efforts of scientists around the world are aimed at improving biotechnology: the development of effective electrode systems for the collection of plant-microbial bioelectricity, the search for new plants, suitable for technology, testing of new substrates for the development of plants. In this paper, we presented tests of new model electro-biosystems (EBS) consisting of graphite-zinc-steelical systems of electrodes with stainless steel elements placed in plastic containers with soil substrate and planted sedges Carex hirta. The experiment was conducted during the year on the roofs of a university building in the climatic conditions of the Western Ukrainian region to assess the functioning of the electro-biosystems in outdoor conditions. We analyzed the different types of electrode placement in containers: with the horizontal alocation of the electrodes under the root system, with the vertical placement cathodes and anodes in a container and with the increased contact area of the cathodes with the substrate and reinforced connecting of cathodes with each other. During the experiment, we monitored the bioelectric potential of the samples which were in an open circle and under load of an external resistor. To analyze short-term voltage and current, polarization measurements were performed by changing the external resistance from 10 Ω to 5 kΩ, and the current strength, current density and power density were calculated. The conducted experiments showed C. hirta can be successfully cultivated on green roofs in open soil in the climatic conditions of the Western Ukrainian region. The studied electro-biosystems operate round-the-year as the plants are frost-resistant. Metereological conditions, especially the temperature and precipitation intensity, affect the electro-performance of the electro-biosystems on the roofs. The maximum average weekly current of 21.36 mA was recorded in May at optimum temperatures and a favourable humidity level, with an average temperature of 11.4 °C and rainfall of 5.39 mm/day. The electrical performance of electro-biosystems decreases during the winter and dry periods without an organized irrigation system. During the winter period, electrode systems are damaged by adverse factors. The configuration of the electrode system EBS3 is less susceptible to breakdowns due to the destructive action of water during freezing in the winter and more effective in collecting bioelectricity. The research represented in the paper is one more step towards improving bioelectricity technology on green roofs.

AbstractStable plating/stripping of metal electrodes under high power and high capacity remains a great challenge. Tailoring the deposition behavior on the substrate could partly resolve dendrites’ formation, but it usually works only under low current densities and limited capacities. Here we turn to regulate the separator’s interfacial chemistry through tin coating with decent conductivity and excellent zincophilicity. The former homogenizes the electric field distribution for smooth zinc metal on the substrate, while the latter enables the concurrent zinc deposition on the separator with a face-to-face growth. Consequently, dendrite-free zinc morphologies and superior cycling stability are achieved at simultaneous high current densities and large cycling capacities (1000 h at 5 mA/cm2 for 5 mAh/cm2 and 500 h at 10 mA/cm2 for 10 mAh/cm2). Furthermore, the concept could be readily extended to sodium metal anodes, demonstrating the interfacial chemistry regulation of separator is a promising route to circumvent the metal anode challenges.

AbstractElectrically rechargeable zinc oxygen batteries are promising energy storage devices. They appeal due to the abundance of zinc metal and their high energy density. Research on zinc oxygen batteries is currently focusing on the development of electrode materials. Since the progress is rapid and no state-of-the-art is agreed upon yet, it is difficult to benchmark their performance. This circumstance also complicates the use of the generated electrochemical data for model-based research – simulating the processes in the battery requires reliable performance data and material properties from experimental investigations. Herein we describe reproducible data on the cycling performance and durability of zinc oxygen batteries. We utilize anodes and gas diffusion electrodes (with the bifunctional catalysts Sr2CoO3Cl, Ru-Sn oxide, and Fe0.1Ni0.9Co2O4 with activated carbon) with low degradation during cycling, and present voltage data of current-dependent discharge and charge. All in all, we stimulate to reuse the data for parameter fitting in model-based work, and also to evaluate novel battery materials by preventing or minimizing side reactions with the testing protocol and setup utilized.

Graphitized electrodes are broadly used in industry. However, when they are used in high-temperature operating environments, they are subject to oxidation, which can lead to abnormal operation or premature failure of an electrolytic cell. Use of protective coatings or special wetting solutions (melts) help increase the oxidation resistance of a wide assortment of components. It is obvious that a coating that covers an electrode completely will hinder or stop the electric current from flowing at the electrode/electrolyte boundary, which makes this technique inapplicable to anodes for magnesium electrolysis. Aqueous solutions of phosphates are widely used around the world to make materials more resistant to high-temperature oxidation due to the formation of glassy phases during drying. This paper examines the efficiency of using a mixture of zinc and aluminium dihydrophosphates dissolved in an aqueous solution of orthophosphoric acid to enhance the oxidation resistance of the graphite electrode EGP (NR). A comprehensive thermal analysis was carried out to examine the solution for suitability. And X-ray diffractometry helped verify the formation of crystals after the solution had been dried. Cube-shaped specimens with the side length of 50 mm were used in the experiments aimed at identifying optimum graphite wetting and drying conditions. Isopropanol was used as a surfactant to ensure proper wetting. The specimens were first subjected to vacuum degassing for air to be removed from the pores, and then they were soaked in a rarefied solution. A kinetic model was selected to describe the post-wetting drying procedure. The oxidation resistance was analyzed in a dynamic air flow. The experiments were carried out at 700 oC as it is the highest possible temperature for magnesium electrolysis. The results of the experiments showed that the above wetting technique, when applied in a laboratory environment, helped achieve a five-fold increase in the oxidation resistance of the model graphite electrodes. The authors looked at the feasibility of scaling the experiments and developing process circuits to produce graphite with high oxidation resistance.

Сплавы на основе олова и сурьмы, в том числе SnSb и некоторые другие соединения типа AIVBV, применяются для изготовления анодов Li+- и Na+-ионных батарей. Использование ногокомпонентных твердых растворов позволяет варьировать свойства материала и улучшать технические характеристики анодов. В литературе очень мало информации о твердофазной растворимости в системе Sn–As–Sb, фазовая диаграмма этой системы не изучена.Цель работы заключалась в исследовании политермических сечений SnAs–Sb и SnAs–SnSb с помощью методов рентгенофазового анализа (РФА) и дифференциального термического анализа (ДТА) и построении схемы фазовых равновесий в системе Sn–As–Sb в области концентраций олова менее 50 мол.%. Сплавы политермических разрезов SnAs–Sb и SnAs–SnSb получали из предварительно синтезированных бинарных соединений, подвергали гомогенизирующему отжигу и исследовали с помощью методов дифференциального термического анализа (ДТА) и рентгенофазового анализа (РФА) порошкообразных образцов. Результаты РФА показали, что все исследованные сплавы представляют собой гетерофазную смесь твердых растворов (SnAs), (SnSb) и a¢, где a¢ – твердый раствор олова в фазе As1–xSbx. Протяженность твердых растворов на основе бинарных соединений при комнатной температуре менее 10 мол.%. Для нескольких сплавов двух разрезов методомДТА установлена одинаковая температура начала первого эндотермического эффекта (393±2 oС), которая отвечает протеканию перитектического процесса с участием указанных выше фаз: L+ a¢ ↔ (SnAs) + (SnSb). Методом ДТА с учетом данных РФА построены Т–х диаграммы политермических разрезов SnAs–Sb и SnAs–SnSb. Установлены координаты нонвариантного перитектического равновесия L+ a¢ ↔ (SnAs) + (SnSb); предложена схема фазовых равновесий в системе Sn–As–Sb в области концентраций олова менее 50 мол.%. Для построения полной схемы фазовых равновесий в тройной системе необходимо дальнейшее исследование разрезов SnAs–Sn4Sb3 и Sn4As3–Sn4Sb3
 
 
 
 ЛИТЕРАТУРА
 
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