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1
Gupta, Dr Sumeet, and Kshitiz Gupta. "Durkheim's Theory of Anomie and the 2016 American Election." Journal of Global Economy 14, no. 1 (2018): 28–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1956/jge.v14i1.484.
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Anomie is a listless, affectless and alienated condition where one feels entirely cut off from others, it was coined by the sociologist Émile Durkheim in the year 1897 to explain the social integration and the rising suicide rates in European countries. The same interpretation is used to justify the rise of Donald Trump taking into consideration the anomie in the American society. This study seeks to explain how the American society has been evolved or been changed amid the anomic conditions which have attached themselves to this nation and how anomie gotten entrenched in the American Society to the point that it has caused profound impacts on several areas of life like firearm and property legislation and social welfare. For instance, it explains how the anomic conditions of the American Society enabled President Donald Trump to get into office and how this occurrence greatly surprised many individuals in the country. The paper also describes how the American society exists in a permanent anomie state where competitive individualism, as well as social institutions, tends to lead a lot of Americans to resist institutional controls actively and demonstrates how the rates of suicide vastly increased after the election of President Trump, who many did not ever believe or expect him to be elected into the seat.
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Nikitha, M., H. S. Darshan, B. P. Abhishek, and S. P. Goswami. "Clinical Profiling of a Bilingual Client with Anomic Aphasia." Annals of Neurosciences 27, no. 2 (2020): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972753120927518.
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Background: Aphasia is an acquired condition affecting auditory comprehension, verbal expression, reading, writing and word-finding abilities along with sensory-motor impairments. Anomia refers to difficulty in word retrieval or naming which is seen irrespective of the type of aphasia. However, if a patient shows word-finding difficulty, in specific, a diagnosis of Anomic aphasia is made. There are variations within anomic aphasia on which the management and recovery depend. The article provides one such case report. Purpose: Speech and language profiling in anomic aphasia, specific treatment strategies, the effect of bilingualism on recovery. Methods: Mr S, a 38-year-old bilingual male reported 5 months post-stroke with difficulty in expressing, difficulty in writing and weakness in the right side of the body. Medical history was checked and speech and language evaluations including both formal and informal assessments were performed. After this, a diagnosis of Anomic aphasia with mild dysarthria was made. An appropriate speech–language therapeutic plan and specific activities were formulated for Mr S in his first language (L1) and he was given a therapy for a span of 3 months. A follow-up evaluation in both first and second language of the patient yielded differential recovery patterns. Results: The diagnosis was affected by different variants of anomic aphasia; treatment was specific to the clinical profiling and followed life-participation approach of aphasia. The recovery was affected by differential recovery patterns between the languages. Discussion: Factors pertaining to diagnosis, recovery, bilingualism and treatment of the client with anomic aphasia are discussed.
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Fiori, Valentina, Michela Coccia, Chiara V. Marinelli, et al. "Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Improves Word Retrieval in Healthy and Nonfluent Aphasic Subjects." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 23, no. 9 (2011): 2309–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2010.21579.
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A number of studies have shown that modulating cortical activity by means of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) affects performances of both healthy and brain-damaged subjects. In this study, we investigated the potential of tDCS to enhance associative verbal learning in 10 healthy individuals and to improve word retrieval deficits in three patients with stroke-induced aphasia. In healthy individuals, tDCS (20 min, 1 mA) was applied over Wernicke's area (position CP5 of the International 10–20 EEG System) while they learned 20 new “words” (legal nonwords arbitrarily assigned to 20 different pictures). The healthy subjects participated in a randomized counterbalanced double-blind procedure in which they were subjected to one session of anodic tDCS over left Wernicke's area, one sham session over this location and one session of anodic tDCS stimulating the right occipito-parietal area. Each experimental session was performed during a different week (over three consecutive weeks) with 6 days of intersession interval. Over 2 weeks, three aphasic subjects participated in a randomized double-blind experiment involving intensive language training for their anomic difficulties in two tDCS conditions. Each subject participated in five consecutive daily sessions of anodic tDCS (20 min, 1 mA) and sham stimulation over Wernicke's area while they performed a picture-naming task. By the end of each week, anodic tDCS had significantly improved their accuracy on the picture-naming task. Both normal subjects and aphasic patients also had shorter naming latencies during anodic tDCS than during sham condition. At two follow-ups (1 and 3 weeks after the end of treatment), performed only in two aphasic subjects, response accuracy and reaction times were still significantly better in the anodic than in the sham condition, suggesting a long-term effect on recovery of their anomic disturbances.
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Khan, Zafar, Rahman Ullah, and Uzma Kamal. "Pathways of Youth Radicalization in Pakhtun Society: Applying the Anomie and Strain Theory." Liberal Arts and Social Sciences International Journal (LASSIJ) 3, no. 2 (2020): 150–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.47264/idea.lassij/3.2.17.
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This article investigates the normlessness and strain situation radicalizing impact on youth radicalization in Pashtun semi-tribal society. The major objective of the study to explore the Anomic and Strain Condition in Pashtun Society in the light of sociological theories and effects of anomic situation on youth radicalization in Pashtun society. For this study Pashtun, society was selected as a case study because Pashtun society has been passing from the transitional stage. Keeping in view the nature of the study the qualitative paradigms were adopted for data collection and analysis. Different themes were derived from the primary data. Emile Durkheim and Robert Merton theories are applied to analyse themes which focuses the anomic and strain conditions in Pashtun society. It is revealed that youth in Pashtun society faces the normlessness and strain situation. It is investigated that the rapid socio-cultural and technological change after the advent of globalization pushed youth to anomic and strain situation, which exposed youth to radicalization. It is revealed that the normlessness and strain situation indirectly set a stage for the youth radicalization in Pashtun society. For the affective counter-radicalization the sociological facts need to be investigated to curb the favourable socio-cultural environment of radicalization.
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Bleakley, Paul. "‘No action required’: A historical pattern of inaction and discretion towards child sexual abuse in Queensland policing." Police Journal: Theory, Practice and Principles 93, no. 2 (2019): 109–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032258x19839281.
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Throughout much of the 20th century, the Queensland Police Force were led by an administration of senior officers more engaged with corrupt practices than with the prosecution of child sexual abuse. An unwillingness within the police force to take action against suspected child sex offenders on many occasions could be perceived to obstruct investigations and provide a layer of protection to this kind of criminal behaviour. Examination of archival material suggests that Queensland police were motivated by an anomic condition within the force that led to deviance from established social norms governing attitudes towards child sexual abuse cases.
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Landau, Loren B. "Friendship fears and communities of convenience in Africa’s urban estuaries: Connection as measure of urban condition." Urban Studies 55, no. 3 (2017): 505–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098017699563.
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Across the developing world, immigrants, internal migrants and long-time residents increasingly co-occupy and co-produce estuarial zones: sites loosely structured by the disciplines of state, formal employment or hegemonic cultural norms. In these hyper-diverse, often highly fluid sites, the appearance and form of friendships and solidarities are varied and revealing. Drawing on examples from rapidly transforming African cities – particularly Johannesburg and Nairobi – this article adds three facets to the emerging literature on urban friendship. First, it outlines conditions under which the localised intimacy of friendship represents a potentially frightening form of social obligation and regulation. Given many ‘southern’ urban economies’ uncertainty and migrants’ orientation to ‘multiple elsewheres’, local solidarities – including friendship – are often more frustration than facilitator. Second, it suggests that amidst these seemingly anomic, distrustful sites, residents forge shared values and socialities that eschew friendships’ potentially confining bonds. These ‘communities of convenience’ illustrate the value of solidarity in migrant-rich spaces while raising broader questions about the spatial scale and role of affective relationships in overcoming economic and physical precarity. It lastly argues that the relative strength of localised friendships provide a means of comparing urban sites while revealing rationalities – political, economic and social – at work: friendship fears reveal the distinct estuarial spaces shaped by ongoing movements of people into, out of, and through precarious cities of the south.
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Zhou, Qingqing, and Ming Jing. "Detecting online expressional anomie and its evolutions in social media." Electronic Library 37, no. 4 (2019): 703–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/el-02-2019-0021.
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Purpose Expressional anomie (e.g. obscene words) can hinder communications and even obstruct improvements of national literacy. Meanwhile, the borderless and rapid transmission of the internet has exacerbated the influences. Hence, the purpose of this paper is detecting online anomic expression automatically and analyzing dynamic evolution processes of expressional anomie, so as to reveal multidimensional status of expressional anomie. Design/methodology/approach This paper conducted expressional anomie analysis via fine-grained microblog mining. Specifically, anomic microblogs and their anomic types were identified via a supervised classification method. Then, the evolutions of expressional anomie were analyzed, and impacts of users’ characteristics on the evolution process were mined. Finally, expressional anomie characteristics and evolution trends were obtained. Findings Empirical results on microblogs indicate that more effective and diversified measures need to be used to address the current large-scale anomie in expression. Moreover, measures should be tailored to individuals and local conditions. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, it is the first research to mine evolutions of expressional anomie automatically in social media. It may discover more continuous and universal rules of expressional anomie, so as to optimize the online expression environment.
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Levina, J., V. Perejolkina, K. Martinsone, S. Mihailova, and J. Kolesnikova. "The relationship between anomia and maladaptive personality traits." SHS Web of Conferences 40 (2018): 02006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20184002006.
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Research of anomia is topical in the period when a society endures social and economic changes. On the other hand, the modern Western society is characterized by a rapid speed of development, by diversity, variability, multicultural life. In such conditions for some individuals it could be difficult to make life choices. Such individuals can get into “an anomic state”. In a situation of rapid social and political changes as well as simply in the modern diverse and rapidly developing society pathological personality traits can serve as a factor that aggravates anomic feelings. Thus, the main purpose of this research is to investigate relations between anomia and pathological personality traits. The sample consisted of 83 Latvian inhabitants aged from 19 to 47 years (16.9 % males, 83.1 % females). The Anomia Questionnaire – AQ [1] and the Latvian Clinical Personality Inventory – LCPI v2.2 [2] were used. It is found that there are multiple relations between all six sub-dimensions of anomia and certain different maladaptive personality traits. Irresponsibility is the only personality trait that predicts deviation from prescribed rules or customs. Negative emotionality is the only significant predictor for social distrust. Suspiciousness that falls within a first-order domain Psychoticism and a second-order domain Schizotypy is the most significant predictor of estrangement to others as a dimension of anomia. Eccentricity that falls within a first-order domain Psychoticism and a second-order domain Schizotypy is the most significant predictor of cultural isolation. Separation insecurity that falls within a first-order domain Dependence and a second-order domain Neuroticism is the most significant predictor of a lack of goal clarity as a dimension of anomia. Depression as a pathological personality trait that falls within a first-order domain Negative emotionality and a second-order domain Neuroticism is the most significant predictor of a lack of goal clarity as a dimension of anomia.
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Zito, Rena C. "Institutional anomie and justification of morally dubious behavior and violence cross-nationally: A multilevel examination." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 52, no. 2 (2018): 250–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004865818785653.
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This study draws on insights from institutional anomie theory to examine justification of morally dubious behavior and violence cross-nationally. Further, it builds on a burgeoning body of multilevel institutional anomie theory and research on crime-relevant attitudes by considering whether and how individual financial hardship intersects with anomic structural and cultural systems at the national level, acknowledging that individual responses to anomie may be contingent upon experiences with such hardships. Results from multilevel modeling using data from 74,930 World Values Survey respondents in 52 nations, the World Bank, and other organizations provide partial support for the hypotheses. Specifically, conditions of “want amid plenty,” (Bjerregaard & Cochran, 2008a, p. 183) weakened family and education institutions, and monetary fetishism predict justifications cross-nationally. Moreover, economic inequality and individualism moderate the effect of financial hardship on justifications of morally dubious actions and violence, consistent with expectations.
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Головацкий, Евгений, and Eugene Golovatsky. "New Sociology in the Changed World: a Review on "Normal Anomie" in Russia and the Modern World" (edited by S. A. Kravchenko, Moscow: MGIMO-University, 2017)." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University. Series: Political, Sociological and Economic sciences 2018, no. 4 (2019): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2500-3372-2018-4-177-182.
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The auther reviews the multi-authored monograph "Normal Anomie" in Russia and the Modern World". The monograph examines the use of the concepts "anomie" and "anomial state" that are currently undergoing a serious transformation. The authors investigate some "pathological" forms of society, taking into account the possibilities of a holistic sociological review of the state of affairs in such relevant areas as the methodology of the anomial state of modern society, the correlation of threats and expectations of risks in the modern world, "anomie" and "norm" on the Internet, etc. The monograph demonstrates the problem of methodological gap between the studies of normal anomie problems in a society of risks and vulnerabilities and the choice by Russian citizens of new nonlinear schemes and technologies of social relationships. The emerging situation of "normal anomie" has a positive functional orientation, which is largely due to the consequences of world globalization processes. The authors of the monograph believe there is a possibility that Russian society will use a holistic / systemic picture of the transformation of social conditions, taking into account the specific application of the sociological approach in the study of the "new anomie". It is emphasized that the anomial state is the norm of social development of the modern time. Ambivalence in assessing events, resources, tools, and temporal characteristics allows us to consider the multiple, mobile, and "living picture" of the transformation of social relations in the modern world.
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LeBlanc, Marc. "La délinquance en milieu aisé." Acta Criminologica 5, no. 1 (2006): 107–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/017022ar.
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Abstract DELINQUENCY IN THE MIDDLE CLASS : A GROUP CULTURE OF COMMITTED DRUG USERS As a first step, this monograph evaluated the literature dealing with middle class delinquency. We were interested in the traditional forms of delinquency — agression, theft, etc., but in new forms as well : the hippie movement and student protest. Our second step was the study of a group culture of young adults, users of the minor drugs, hallucinogenics and psychedelics. This empiric study of the drug phenomenon in the middle class was accomplished by participant observation. The object of analyzing the group culture was to show how the consumption and distribution of drugs condition the structural and cultural aspects of life among a group of drug users. The results showed that the drug consumers studied were not social failures, and that their only consistent manifestation of maladjustment lay in their use of drugs. The group studied was a quasi-group whose activities consisted of sitting around and taking drugs with a background of silence or music. Culturally, much more of a vacuum was to be observed than adherence to an ideological, counter-cultural .— or rather, para-cultural .— support. The most interesting result was the demonstration of the direct relationship between drugs (consumption and/or distribution) and the structural and cultural aspects of the group studied. To interpret this drug phenomenon in the middle class, we advanced a paradigm consisting of four fields of importance : mass society that is alienating and anomic, the place of youth in society, the tolerance toward deviance, and the aimlessness of leisure time. On the basis of these areas of importance, the drug phenomenon exists because of the drift of youth between conformity and deviance.
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Ma, Feng Na, Qing Jun Meng, Guo Jun Wu, and Ai Qin Shan. "Influence of Different Salts on the Degradation of Trichloroethylene under Reductive Condition." Advanced Materials Research 356-360 (October 2011): 1689–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.356-360.1689.
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The effect of TCE cometabolism degradation with glucose as electron donor on reduction progress was investigated with enriched nitrate, sulfate, trivalent iron and their mixtures under anoxic or anaerobic conditions. The removal effect of TCE was found to be better in anoxic environment; TCE degradation was inhibited by the addition of trivalent iron salts and the mixed salts under anoxic condition or strongly inhibited by nitrate under anaerobic condition; promoted by the addition of trivalent iron salts under anaerobic condition; little inhibited by the addition of nitrate and sulfate under anoxic condition or sulfate and the mixed salts under anaerobic condition.
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Salnikova, Svitlana. "Ukrainian Society under Conditions of Total Anomy." Economics & Sociology 7, no. 2 (2014): 183–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.14254/2071-789x.2014/7-2/15.
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Li, Ya Jing, Li Ping Sun, and Min Ji. "The Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal and Sludge Yield Comparative Study under Anaerobic/Aerobic and Anaerobic/Anoxic Conditions." Advanced Materials Research 610-613 (December 2012): 2068–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.610-613.2068.
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The nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiency and effect of different electron acceptors (O2 and NO3-) on the sludge yield were studied through experiments in two SBRs (Sequencing Batch Reactors ) in this paper. The results showed that two systems both had good decontamination effect; the theory value of sludge yield (It was 0.435gVSS/gCOD and 0.402gVSS/gCOD for anaerobic /aerobic and anaerobic/anoxic condition, respectively) was higher than the actual value (It was 0.335gVSS/gCOD and 0.321g VSS/gCOD for anaerobic/aerobic and anaerobic/anoxic condition, respectively); There was no significant difference for the sludge yield under anaerobic/aerobic and anaerobic/anoxic conditions, because the endogenesis respiration of sludge under anaerobic/aerobic condition was stronger consequently more sludge being attenuated (Attenuation coefficient was 0.0081 and 0.0026 for anaerobic/aerobic and anaerobic/anoxic condition, respectively).
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Zhang, Quan, Lixin Pei, Chunyan Liu, Mei Han, and Wenzhong Wang. "Impact of Redox Condition on Fractionation and Bioaccessibility of Arsenic in Arsenic-Contaminated Soils Remediated by Iron Amendments: A Long-Term Experiment." Geofluids 2018 (2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5243018.
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Iron-bearing amendments, such as iron grit, are proved to be effective amendments for the remediation of arsenic- (As-) contaminated soils. In present study, the effect of redox condition on As fractions in As-contaminated soils remediated by iron grit was investigated, and the bioaccessibility of As in soils under anoxic condition was evaluated. Results showed that the labile fractions of As in soils decreased significantly after the addition of iron grit, while the unlabile fractions of As increased rapidly, and the bioaccessibility of As was negligible after 180 d incubation. More labile fractions of As in iron-amended soils were transformed into less mobilizable or unlabile fractions with the contact time. Correspondingly, the bioaccessibility of As in iron-amended soils under the aerobic condition was lower than that under the anoxic condition after 180 d incubation. The redistribution of loosely adsorbed fraction of As in soils occurred under the anoxic condition, which is likely ascribed to the reduction of As(V) to As(III) and the reductive dissolution of Fe-(hydr)oxides. The stabilization processes of As in iron-amended soils under the anoxic and aerobic conditions were characterized by two stages. The increase of crystallization of Fe oxides, decomposition of organic matter, molecular diffusion, and the occlusion within Fe-(hydr)oxides cocontrolled the transformation of As fractions and the stabilization process of As in iron-amended soils under different redox conditions. In terms of As bioaccessibility, the stabilization process of As in iron-amended soils was shortened under the aerobic condition in comparison with the anoxic condition.
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Lagoja, Irene M., Arthur Van Aerschot, Chris Hendrix, and Piet Herdewijn. "Glycosylation of 1-Aminoimidazole-2(3H)-thiones." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 65, no. 7 (2000): 1145–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc20001145.
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The selectivity of the glycosylation of 1-aminoimidazole-2(3H)-thiones can be controlled. Depending on the chosen conditions, either the kinetically favored S-glycosides or the thermodynamically more stable N-glycosylated compounds are obtained in only one anomeric configuration (β-anomer).
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Kim, Kwang-Soo, Ji-Seon Yoo, Sungyoun Kim, Hee Ja Lee, Kwang-Ho Ahn, and In S. Kim. "Relationship between the electric conductivity and phosphorus concentration variations in an enhanced biological nutrient removal process." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 1-2 (2007): 203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.053.
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Phosphorus release and uptake in a sequencing batch reactor were monitored by the simple on-line measurements of electric conductivity (EC) and oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), and the result was verified by the measurement of phosphate concentration changes. The influence of nitrate ion presence on the phosphorus removal was evaluated by a jar test operated in the cyclic anaerobic (anoxic)–aerobic condition. The relationships of EC, ORP and metal species with phosphorus concentrations were investigated. Under strict anaerobic conditions, EC showed positive correlation with phosphorus concentrations, but it became negligible under anoxic conditions with nitrate present. Strong inverse correlation was found between ORP values and phosphorus concentration. The increase and decrease of magnesium and potassium ions took place in accordance with phosphorus release and uptake, and the relationship between the metal species and phosphorus changes was clearer in the anaerobic condition than anoxic condition.
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Shen, Jin You, Chao Zhang, Xiu Yun Sun, Jian Sheng Li, and Lian Jun Wang. "Enhanced Biodegradation of Aniline under Anoxic Condition." Advanced Materials Research 356-360 (October 2011): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.356-360.25.
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Recalcitrant and toxic organic pollutants such as aniline from numerous industrial wastewaters can not be efficiently removed using the conventional methods. This study reported a concept for mineralization of aniline in an anoxic reactor, where enhanced biodegradation of aniline were achieved under anoxic conditions. The results indicated that with the presence of nitrate, the degradation rate of aniline was greatly improved compared with the absence of nitrate. From the UV-vis adsorption spectra, COD analysis and denitrification performance analysis, it could be inferred that the cleavage of benzene ring of aniline occurred, aniline could be mineralization by microorganisms under the anoxic condition. However, aniline removal rate was lower compared to aerobic degradation process, and thus needs a significant improvement.
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Chuang, S. H., C. F. Ouyang, H. C. Yuang, and S. J. You. "Evaluation of phosphorus removal in anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic system - via polyhydroxyalkonoates measurements." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 1 (1998): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0027.
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Accumulating and utilizing PHAs (polyhydroxyalkanoates), i.e. a major carbon reserve of polyphosphate accumulating organisms (PAOs), is a prerequisite for phosphorus removal in an enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) system. To evaluate phosphorus removal, this study investigates the behavior of PHAs in a hybrid anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic process, operating under various sludge retention times (5, 10, 12 and 15 days) and dissolved oxygen conditions (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/l in aerobic stage). PHAs and phosphorus measurements in the pilot-scale experiments demonstrate that the PHAs content of sludge closely relates to phosphorus release and uptake behavios under anaerobic and aerobic conditions, respectively. The aerobic specific-phosphorus-uptake-rate is directly proportional to PHAs content of sludge in the anoxic stage. When the process is under a high organic loading condition, the sludge exhibits a large amount of PHAs having accumulated in the anoxic stage and a high phosphorus uptake rate in the subsequent aerobic stage. However, experimental results confirm that anoxic phosphorus release, leading to a high concentration of phosphorus flow into the aerobic stage, causes deficient phosphorus removal under a high organic loading condition. Moreover, a low PHAs content of sludge causes incomplete phosphorus removal; the phenomenon occurs when the process is under a low organic loading condition. Based on the results presented herein, we can conclude that the organic loading should be carefully controlled for phosphorus removal in the anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic process.
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Ng, W. J., S. L. Ong, and J. Y. Hu. "Denitrifying phosphorus removal by anaerobic/anoxic sequencing batch reactor." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 3 (2001): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0129.
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Denitrifying phosphorus removal was verified in a laboratory anaerobic/anoxic Sequencing Batch Reactor (A/A SBR) for a period of 18 months. The results obtained demonstrated the ability of the anaerobic/anoxic strategy to enrich the growth of denitrifying phosphorus bacteria (DPB) capable of taking up phosphate under anoxic conditions by using nitrate as the electron acceptor. Phosphorus removal efficiency ranging from 40-100% could be attained in an A/A SBR system. Simultaneous anoxic phosphate uptake and biological denitrification under anaerobic/anoxic condition occurred in this system. Batch tests showed, however, that simultaneous presence of carbon and nitrate would be detrimental to denitrifying phosphorus removal. Results of bacteria studies suggested that three denitrifying isolates had aerobic phosphorus removing ability.
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Majone, M., P. Massanisso, and R. Ramadori. "Comparison of carbon storage under aerobic and anoxic conditions." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 8-9 (1998): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0793.
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In various activated sludge systems, the biomass grows under transient (unbalanced) conditions and the storage response (formation of internal polymers as the fastest adaptation to the changing environment) becomes important. Till now the role of storage on population dynamics has been deeply investigated under anaerobic (EBPR processes) or aerobic (bulking control) conditions. Little attention has been given to processes including anoxic conditions even though in many of them storage phenomena are likely to occur (anoxic selectors, nitrogen removal processes with addition of an external source of readily biodegradable COD or with aerobic contact/anoxic stabilization). For these reasons, the aim of the present work was to investigate storage and succeeding use of stored products under anoxic and mixed (anoxic/aerobic) conditions. Batch experiments have shown that a mixed culture selected under aerobic conditions and intermittent feed (acetate-limited medium), was also able to take up acetate (90–100 mgCOD/gCOD h) and store it as PHB (35–40 mgCOD/gCOD h) under anoxic conditions. After acetate depletion, the stored PHB was used for growth and maintenance. The NUR on acetate in the presence of storage was 20 mgN/gVSS h (which corresponded to a COD removal of 6.9 mgCOD/mgN) while it dropped to 10–3 mgN/gVSS h in the “endogenous phase” when denitrification was on the stored PHB. The presence of aerobic conditions instead of anoxic ones had a major positive effect on the rate and yield of PHB storage while it had only a minor effect on the rate of PHB consumption. The latter observation can be explained by assuming that the hydrolysis of the stored product is the rate limiting step of the “endogenous” metabolism and that the hydrolysis rate is not highly dependent on aerobic-anoxic conditions. Cross-comparison of PHB storage and consumption under aerobic/anoxic conditions made it possible to determine that, in the particular mixed culture under investigation, all aerobic heterotrophs able to store were also able to denitrify.
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Shi, Hoi-Ping, and Chi-Mei Lee. "Phosphate removal under denitrifying conditions byBrachymonassp. strain P12 andParacoccus denitrificansPP15." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 53, no. 6 (2007): 727–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w07-026.
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In this study, we used the denitrifying phosphorus-removing bacterium Brachymonas sp. strain P12 to investigate the enhanced biologic phosphorus-removal (EBPR) mechanism involved with polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), glycogen, and phosphorus uptake in the presence of acetate under anoxic or aerobic conditions. The results showed that excess acetate concentration and aerobic cultivation can enhance PHB formation efficiency and that PHB formation might be stimulated by glycogenolysis of the cellular glycogen. The efficiency of the uptake of anoxic phosphorus was greater when PHB production was lower. The EBPR mechanism of Brachymonas sp. strain P12 for PHB, phosphorus, and glycogen was similar to the conventional anaerobic–aerobic (or anaerobic–anoxic) EBPR models, but these models were developed under anoxic or aerobic conditions only, without an anaerobic stage. The anoxic or aerobic log phase of growth is divided into two main phases: the early log phase, in which acetate and glycogen are consumed to supply enough energy and reducing power for PHB formation and cell growth (phosphorus assimilation), and the late log phase, which ends the simultaneous degradation of PHB and remaining acetate for polyphosphate accumulation. Glycogenolysis plays a significant role in the alternate responses between PHB formation and phosphorus uptake under anoxic or aerobic conditions. After the application of the denitrifying phosphorus-removing bacterium Brachymonas sp. strain P12, aerobic cultivation increases the level of PHB production, and anoxic cultivation further increases phosphorus uptake.
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Bortone, G., R. Saltarelli, V. Alonso, R. Sorm, J. Wanner, and A. Tilche. "Biological anoxic phosphorus removal - the dephanox process." Water Science and Technology 34, no. 1-2 (1996): 119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0363.
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Simultaneous enhanced biological phosphate uptake and biological denitrification under anoxic conditions were investigated in a modified lab-scale nutrient removal activated sludge system (DEPHANOX). The aim of the experiments was to find whether it can be technologically convenient to use the capability of poly-P bacteria of taking up phosphate under anoxic condition by utilizing nitrate as electron acceptor. An experimental comparison of removal efficiencies with a more conventional treatment flow scheme (JHB), using low influent TKN/COD ratio, was also carried out. Phosphate uptake in anoxic condition was compared to that in oxic environment in batch tests. PHB anoxic and oxic degradation was evaluated by respirometric tests. Results of the long-term operation of continuous-flow lab-scale system as well as results of batch tests showed that the anoxic phosphate uptake with simultaneous denitrification after a previous anaerobic substrate uptake could significantly reduce the extent of competition for organic substrate between poly-P bacteria and denitrifiers. A side-stream nitrification in fixed-film reactor reduced the losses of organic carbon by oxidation and stabilized the slow-growing population of nitrifiers in the system.
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Butler, Sara, James Pope, Subba Chaganti, Daniel Heath, and Christopher Weisener. "Biogeochemical Characterization of Metal Behavior from Novel Mussel Shell Bioreactor Sludge Residues." Geosciences 9, no. 1 (2019): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9010050.
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Acid mine drainage (AMD) remediation commonly produces byproducts which must be stored or utilized to reduce the risk of further contamination. A mussel shell bioreactor has been implemented at a coal mine in New Zealand, which is an effective remediation option, although an accumulated sludge layer decreased efficiency which was then removed and requires storage. To understand associated risks related to storage or use of the AMD sludge material, a laboratory mesocosm study investigated the physio-chemical and biological influence in two conditions: anoxic storage (burial deep within a waste rock dump) or exposure to oxic environments (use of sludge on the surface of the mine). Solid phase characterization by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and selective extraction was completed to compare two environmental conditions (oxic and anoxic) under biologically active and abiotic systems (achieved by gamma irradiation). Changes in microbial community structure were monitored using 16s rDNA amplification and next-generation sequencing. The results indicate that microbes in an oxic environment increase the formation of oxyhydroxides and acidic conditions increase metal mobility. In an oxic and circumneutral environment, the AMD sludge may be repurposed to act as an oxygen barrier for mine tailings or soil amendment. Anoxic conditions would likely promote the biomineralization of sulfide minerals in the AMD sludge by sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB), which were abundant in the system. The anoxic conditions reduced the risk of trace metals (Zn) associated with oxides, but increased Fe associated with organic material. In summary, fewer risks are associated with anoxic burial but repurposing in an oxic condition may be appropriate under favorable conditions.
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Guyot, J. P., and C. Fajardo. "Activated sludge transformation in anoxic condition." Biotechnology Letters 15, no. 7 (1993): 743–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01080149.
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Jin, Mei, Ji Wei Hu, Xian Fei Huang, et al. "Effects of Environmental Factors on Phosphorus Release in Sediment from Baihua Lake, China." Applied Mechanics and Materials 260-261 (December 2012): 912–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.260-261.912.
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This paper reports an investigation regarding the effects of temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration and agitation on total phosphorus (TP) release in sediment form Baihua Lake. The results showed that an increase in the temperature led to a sharp increase in the TP release in the examined sediment. The TP release from the sediment decreased as the pH value increased until approximately pH = 7, and increased when pH > 7. There was phosphorus release in both aerobic and anoxic conditions, although the release quantities of TP were significantly higher in the anoxic condition than those in the aerobic condition. In addition, the TP release increased with agitation.
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Jekel, M., and S. Gruenheid. "Bank filtration and groundwater recharge for treatment of polluted surface waters." Water Supply 5, no. 5 (2005): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2005.0039.
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Investigations on the behavior of different bulk organics and trace organic compounds at a bank filtration site at Lake Tegel in Berlin, Germany, and in a long retention soil column system are reported. The objective of the research was to assess important factors of influence for the degradation of bulk and trace organics. More than two years of monitoring for the bulk parameter DOC proved that the redox conditions significantly influence the DOC-degradation rates but not necessarily the residual concentration. LC-OCD measurements confirmed that the change in character is comparable for aerobic and anoxic/anaerobic infiltration. Only the fraction of polysaccharides shows a better removal under aerobic conditions. Furthermore, adsorbable organic iodine (AOI) measurements revealed a more efficient degradation of AOI and AOBr under anoxic/anaerobic conditions. The moznitoring of the single organic pollutants Iopromide, Sulfamethoxazole and naphthalenedisulfonic acids showed that the redox conditions have an influence on the degradation behavior of some of the monitored compounds. Iopromide was efficiently removed at all times, but no evidence for a dehalogenation under oxic conditions was found. Sulfamethoxazole showed a better removal under anoxic/anaerobic conditions. The very stable 1.5-naphthalenesulfonic acid was not removed under either redox condition.
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Gamenick, Inez, Jörg Rethmeier, Andreas Rabenstein, Ulrich Fischer, and Olav Giere. "Effects of anoxic and sulfidic conditions on cyanobacteria and macrozoobenthos in shallow coastal sediments of the Southern Baltic Sea." Fundamental and Applied Limnology 140, no. 4 (1997): 465–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/archiv-hydrobiol/140/1997/465.
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Kartal, Boran, Hans J. C. T. Wessels, Erwin van der Biezen, et al. "Effects of Nitrogen Dioxide and Anoxia on Global Gene and Protein Expression in Long-Term Continuous Cultures of Nitrosomonas eutropha C91." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 78, no. 14 (2012): 4788–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00668-12.
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ABSTRACTNitrosomonas eutrophais an ammonia-oxidizing betaproteobacterium found in environments with high ammonium levels, such as wastewater treatment plants. The effects of NO2on gene and protein expression under oxic and anoxic conditions were determined by maintainingN. eutrophastrain C91 in a chemostat fed with ammonium under oxic, oxic-plus-NO2, and anoxic-plus-NO2culture conditions. Cells remained viable but ceased growing under anoxia; hence, the chemostat was switched from continuous to batch cultivation to retain biomass. After several weeks under each condition, biomass was harvested for total mRNA and protein isolation. Exposure ofN. eutrophaC91 to NO2under either oxic or anoxic conditions led to a decrease in proteins involved in N and C assimilation and storage and an increase in proteins involved in energy conservation, including ammonia monooxygenase (AmoCAB). Exposure to anoxia plus NO2resulted in increased representation of proteins and transcripts reflective of an energy-deprived state. Several proteins implicated in N-oxide metabolism were expressed and remained unchanged throughout the experiment, except for NorCB nitric oxide reductase, which was not detected in the proteome. Rather, NorY nitric oxide reductase was expressed under oxic-plus-NO2and anoxic-plus-NO2conditions. The results indicate that exposure to NO2results in an energy-deprived state ofN. eutrophaC91 and that anaerobic growth could not be supported with NO2as an oxidant.
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Balej, Jan, Milada Thumová, and Hana Špalková. "The Influence of Some Reaction Conditions on the Course of the Electrolytic Preparation of Ammonium Peroxodisulfate." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 59, no. 7 (1994): 1606–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19941606.
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As a continuation of the previous paper, the results of the examination on the influence of further operating parameters (anodic current density, anodic current concentration, molar ratio of the starting solutions, P0 = m0[H2SO4] / m0[(NH4)2SO4], conversion degree, a = m[(NH4)2S2O8] / m0[(NH4)2SO4], composition and form of the anodic material, nature and concentration of anodic additives) on the anodic current efficiency χ and cell voltage of the laboratory flow-through integral electrolyzer model of the monopolar type were presented and discussed. The obtained results may be used for the optimization of the operating conditions of the industrial persulfate electrolyzer of the monopolar as well as bipolar type, too.
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Yan-yang, Chu, Li Ling-ling, and Bai Mao-juan. "Dual-electrode oxidation used for aniline degradation in aqueous electrolyte." Water Science and Technology 63, no. 11 (2011): 2583–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.567.
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The electrochemical degradation of aniline in aqueous electrolyte has been studied by dual-electrode oxidation process using Ti/SnO2–Sb2O5 for anodic oxidation and graphite cathode to produce H2O2 in situ. The linear voltammograms were employed to obtain reasonable anodic and cathodic potential values for the purpose of restraining side reactions. The influence of Fe2+ on aniline degradation was investigated under potentiostatic condition with a three-electrode system. It was found that an anodic potential range of 2.0 ± 0.1 V and a cathodic potential of −0.65 V could favor anodic oxidation and H2O2 generation. Anodic oxidation was accounted for aniline degradation in the absence of Fe2+, while in the presence of Fe2+ both electro-Fenton oxidation and anodic oxidation (dual-electrode oxidation) could degradate aniline effectively. When cathodic potential values were −0.65 and −0.80 V, the optimum Fe2+ concentration were 0.50 and 0.30 mM, respectively. 77.5% COD removal and 70.4% TOC removal with a current efficiency (CE) of 96–100% were achieved under the optimum conditions. This work indicates that dual-electrode oxidation process characterized by a high CE is feasible for the degradation of organic compounds.
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Copp, John B., and Peter L. Dold. "Comparing sludge production under aerobic and anoxic conditions." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 1 (1998): 285–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0068.
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The results of 32 batch tests demonstrate a significant difference in biomass yield under anoxic and aerobic conditions using a variety of soluble substrates. An anoxic yield of 0.402 mg particulate COD/mg consumed COD was calculated which is 62% of the corresponding aerobic yield of 0.645 mg particulate COD/mg consumed COD. Batch tests were performed under anoxic and aerobic conditions using a seed of either activated sludge from one of two local municipal wastewater treatment facilities or a prepared sample of Pseudomonas denitrificans. Irrespective of the test organism, the calculated yields were consistent for each electron acceptor. A novel approach to quantifying the consumption of electron acceptor was employed in these batch tests. COD balance calculations were performed and confirmed that all of the initial COD could be accounted for in terms of residual soluble COD, biomass production and electron acceptor consumption.
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Alonso, Cecilia, and Jakob Pernthaler. "Incorporation of Glucose under Anoxic Conditions by Bacterioplankton from Coastal North Sea Surface Waters." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, no. 4 (2005): 1709–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.71.4.1709-1716.2005.
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ABSTRACT It has been hypothesized that the potential for anaerobic metabolism might be a common feature of bacteria in coastal marine waters (L. Riemann and F. Azam, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68: 5554-5562, 2002). Therefore, we investigated whether different phylogenetic groups of heterotrophic picoplankton from the coastal North Sea were able to take up a simple carbon source under anoxic conditions. Oxic and anoxic incubations (4 h) or enrichments (24 h) of seawater with radiolabeled glucose were performed in July and August 2003. Bacteria with incorporated substrate were identified by using a novel protocol in which we combined fluorescence in situ hybridization and microautoradiography of cells on membrane filters. Incorporation of glucose under oxic and anoxic conditions was found in α-Proteobacteria, γ-Proteobacteria, and the Cytophaga-Flavobacterium cluster of the Bacteroidetes at both times, but not in marine Euryarchaeota. In July, the majority of cells belonging to the α-proteobacterial Roseobacter clade showed tracer incorporation both in oxic incubations and in oxic and anoxic enrichments. In August, only a minority of the Roseobacter cells, but most bacteria affiliated with Vibrio spp., were able to incorporate the tracer under either condition. A preference for glucose uptake under anoxic conditions was observed for bacteria related to Alteromonas and the Pseudoalteromonas-Colwellia group. These genera are commonly considered to be strictly aerobic, but facultatively fermentative strains have been described. Our findings suggest that the ability to incorporate substrates anaerobically is widespread in pelagic marine bacteria belonging to different phylogenetic groups. Such bacteria may be abundant in fully aerated coastal marine surface waters.
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Zissi, U., and G. Lyberatos. "Axo-dye biodegradation under anoxic conditions." Water Science and Technology 34, no. 5-6 (1996): 495–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0588.
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Biological oxidation of azo-dyes is important for wastewater treatment. Azo-dyes are synthetic organic colorants that exhibit great structural variety. A large majority of these dyes are released into the environment. The textile industry and dyestuff manufacturing industry are two major sources of released azodyes. In the present study, we focus on the anoxic degradation of a disperse azo-dye, p-aminoazobenzene (pAAB), a simple azo-dye, by a pure culture of Bacillus subtilis, growing on a synthetic medium. Bacillus subtilis is a bacterium capable of using nitrate and/or nitrite as terminal electron acceptor under anoxic conditions. This bacterium lacks the capability for fermentation. The degradation of p-aminoazobenzene by Bacillus subtilis was examined through batch experiments in order to elucidate the mechanism of dye degradation. The results proved that Bacillus subtilis co-metabolizes p-aminoazobenzene under denitrifying conditions, in the presence of glucose as carbon source, producing aniline and p-phenylenediamine as the nitrogen-nitrogen double bond is broken.
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Carbonell-Barrachina, A., R. D. DeLaune, and A. Jugsujinda. "Phosphogypsum chemistry under highly anoxic conditions." Waste Management 22, no. 6 (2002): 657–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0956-053x(01)00044-7.
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Kapagiannidis, A. G., I. Zafiriadis, and A. Aivasidis. "Comparison between UCT type and DPAO biomass phosphorus removal efficiency under aerobic and anoxic conditions." Water Science and Technology 60, no. 10 (2009): 2695–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.703.
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Two different types of biomass, capable for Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal (EBPR), a UCT (University of Cape Town) type and a sludge enriched with DPAOs (Denitrifying Phosphorus Accumulating Organisms) were tested in batch reactors under specific operational and environmental conditions, in order to achieve a direct comparison of their phosphorus removal capability. Three types of batch reactors were operated, Anaerobic/Oxic (AO), Anaerobic/Anoxic (A2) and Anaerobic/Anoxic/Oxic (A2O), under controlled temperature and pH conditions. Maximum anaerobic specific phosphate release, substrate utilization, as well as denitrification and phosphate uptake rates under aerobic and anoxic conditions were determined and compared for the two different microbial populations. Experimental results indicated no significant difference between the anoxic and the aerobic phosphorus (P) uptake rates, respectively for DPAO and UCT sludge. The UCT sludge was also found to achieve anoxic P uptake, however to much less extend compared to the DPAO sludge. It has also been proved that anoxic P uptake seems to negatively affect the total P removal efficiency of this type of sludge, even under following aerobic conditions. Based on these findings, denitrifying phosphorus removal systems are proved comparable to conventional EBPR configurations (UCT), concerning phosphorus removal efficiency, while their operation is accompanied by potential advantages.
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Fayyadh, Osamah Ali, Intan Nur Ain Arifin, Azelah Khairudin, et al. "Effect of Conductive Layer Condition on the Morphology of Anodic Aluminum Oxide Template-Assisted Indium Antimonide Nanowires." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 20, no. 5 (2020): 3157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2020.17386.
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Indium antimonide nanowires were synthesized by electrochemical deposition using anodic aluminum oxide template in the presence of gold film as conductive layers. Field emission scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry measurements were carried out to investigate the effect of adhesive insulated tape covered below the conductive layer. Results showed that the anodic aluminum oxide template covered with insulating tapes had better morphology with less presence of overgrown rough film on the topside of the anodic aluminum oxide template and it exhibited a smoother nanowire sidewall as compared to the uncovered ones. Additionally, the unique properties of anodic aluminum oxide were controllable pore diameter with a narrow size distribution at some intervals. It was evident from the energy dispersive X-ray spectrum that the nanowires synthesized from the covered template condition exhibited better InSb composition and stoichiometric ratio compared to the uncovered template condition.
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Rodriguez-Perez, S., F. G. Fermoso, and C. Arnaiz. "Influence of different anoxic time exposures on active biomass, protozoa and filamentous bacteria in activated sludge." Water Science and Technology 74, no. 3 (2016): 595–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2016.247.
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Medium-sized wastewater treatment plants are considered too small to implement anaerobic digestion technologies and too large for extensive treatments. A promising option as a sewage sludge reduction method is the inclusion of anoxic time exposures. In the present study, three different anoxic time exposures of 12, 6 and 4 hours have been studied to reduce sewage sludge production. The best anoxic time exposure was observed under anoxic/oxic cycles of 6 hours, which reduced 29.63% of the biomass production compared with the oxic control conditions. The sludge under different anoxic time exposures, even with a lower active biomass concentration than the oxic control conditions, showed a much higher metabolic activity than the oxic control conditions. Microbiological results suggested that both protozoa density and abundance of filamentous bacteria decrease under anoxic time exposures compared to oxic control conditions. The anoxic time exposures 6/6 showed the highest reduction in both protozoa density, 37.5%, and abundance of filamentous bacteria, 41.1%, in comparison to the oxic control conditions. The groups of crawling ciliates, carnivorous ciliates and filamentous bacteria were highly influenced by the anoxic time exposures. Protozoa density and abundance of filamentous bacteria have been shown as promising bioindicators of biomass production reduction.
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Sheker, R. E., R. M. Aris, and W. K. Shieh. "The Effects of Fill Strategies on SBR Performance under Nitrogen Deficiency and Rich Conditions." Water Science and Technology 28, no. 10 (1993): 259–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0242.
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The effects of anoxic and oxic fill strategies on SBR performance under nitrogen (NH4Cl as the nitrogen source) deficiency and rich conditions are evaluated using glucose as the sole substrate. The performance is evaluated according to substrate removal, sludge settleability, supernatant suspended solids (SS), and reactor biomass concentration. Substrate removal efficiencies are found to be independent of the fill strategies adopted under all conditions tested. The incorporation of anoxic selector environment fails to prevent the development of bulking sludge under nitrogen deficiency conditions thereby resulting in a gradual depletion of reactor biomass. Under nitrogen rich conditions, on the other hand, the sludge settleability improves significantly by adopting the anoxic fill strategy. Furthermore, SS readings taken at the end of settling period are greater with anoxic fill than with oxic fill, indicating that the latter discourages the growth of dispersed bacteria.
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Noda, N., S. Yoshie, T. Miyano, S. Tsuneda, A. Hirata, and Y. Inamori. "PCR-DGGE analysis of denitrifying bacteria in a metallurgic wastewater treatment process." Water Science and Technology 46, no. 1-2 (2002): 333–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0498.
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The wastewater generated from the processes of recovering precious metals from industrial wastes contains high concentrations of acids such as nitric acid and of salts. Biological nitrogen removal from this wastewater was attempted by using a circulating bioreactor system equipped with an anoxic packed bed or an anoxic fluidized bed and an aerobic three-phase fluidized bed. The system was found to effectively remove nitrogen from the diluted wastewater (T-N; 1,000–4,000 mg litre−1). The microbial population structure of activated sludge in an anoxic reactor was analyzed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of PCR-amplified 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) fragments. DGGE analysis under different operating conditions demonstrated the presence of some distinguishable bands in the separation pattern, which were most likely derived from many different species constituting the microbial communities. Furthermore, the population diversity varied in accordance with the nitrate-loading rate, water temperature and reactor condition. Some major DGGE bands were excised, reamplified and directly sequenced. It was revealed that the dominant population in the anoxic reactor were affiliated with the β subclass of the class Proteobacteria.
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Kleeberg, Andreas, and Hendrik Schubert. "Vertical gradients in particle distribution and its elemental composition under oxic and anoxic conditions in a eutrophic lake, Scharmützelsee, NE Germany." Fundamental and Applied Limnology 148, no. 2 (2000): 187–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/archiv-hydrobiol/148/2000/187.
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Bi, Dongsu, Xiaopin Guo, and Donghui Chen. "Phosphorus release mechanisms during digestion of EBPR sludge under anaerobic, anoxic and aerobic conditions." Water Science and Technology 67, no. 9 (2013): 1953–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.045.
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Three laboratory-scale digesters were operated in parallel under anaerobic, anoxic and aerobic conditions to reveal the release mechanisms of phosphorus when digesting enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) sludge. The variation rates of the parameters associated with phosphorus release were calculated and compared with that of a typical EBPR anaerobic process. The results show that both phosphorus-accumulating organisms (PAOs) and denitrifying phosphorus-accumulating organisms (DPAOs) played important roles in the phosphorus release during the digestion processes. Under anaerobic conditions, the PAOs hydrolyzed internal polyphosphorus (poly-P) into PO43−-P concurrent with synthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA). Under anoxic or aerobic conditions, PAOs and/or DPAOs assimilated part of the PO43−-P from the digestive liquid using nitrate or oxygen as terminal electron acceptors. Nevertheless, the biological activities of PAOs under anaerobic conditions and DPAOs under anoxic conditions were limited. Moreover, it was the biomass hydrolysis degree that determined the phosphorus release capacity of the sludge, regardless of whether anaerobic, anoxic or aerobic conditions were adopted. Assuming that nitrate was the sole electron acceptor during anoxic digestion of EBPR biomass, the relationship between the consumption of nitrate and uptake of PO43−-P associated with the denitrifying phosphorus removal (DPR) can be expressed as ΔP = 0.11 × ΔN.
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Çinar, Ö., T. Deniz, and C. P. L. Grady. "Effect of oxygen on the stability and inducibility of the biodegradative capability of benzoate." Water Science and Technology 48, no. 8 (2003): 247–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0475.
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Anoxic zones in biological nitrogen removal systems are typically open to the atmosphere and receive oxygen from the atmosphere and the recirculation flow from the aerobic zone. This raises the question of how such oxygen input might influence the stability and inducibility of the enzyme systems involved in biodegradation of aromatic compounds. To investigate this, various amounts of oxygen were added to mixed culture denitrifying chemostats receiving benzoate at 667 mg/h as chemical oxygen demand (COD), and the stability and inducibility of the culture’s benzoate biodegradative capability (BBC) were tested in aerobic and anoxic fed-batch reactors (FBRs). Cultures from chemostats receiving oxygen at 0, 33, 133, 266, and 466 mg O2/h lost almost all of their anoxic BBC within one hour after being transferred to an aerobic FBR and the first three cultures did not recover it upon being returned to anoxic conditions. The last two cultures recovered their anoxic BBC between 9 and 16 h during the 16 h aerobic exposure period that preceded their return to anoxic conditions and continued to increase their anoxic BBC as they were retained under anoxic conditions. In contrast, the culture from a chemostat receiving oxygen at 67 mg O2/h retained its anoxic BBC longer, recovered it within 3 h after its return to anoxic conditions, and increased it linearly thereafter. None of the cultures developed any aerobic BBC during the 16 h aerobic exposure period in FBRs. The results suggest that higher oxygen inputs into anoxic reactors helped the mixed microbial cultures recover and/or induced anoxic BBC more easily when they were exposed to alternating aerobic/anoxic environments. The exceptional behavior of the culture from the chemostat receiving oxygen at a rate of 67 mg O2/h may have been caused by the presence of a protective mechanism against the toxic forms of oxygen.
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Morimoto, Akihiko. "BEHAVIOR OF ANOXIC WATER IN THE BANGPAKONG ESTUARY." Marine Research in Indonesia 37, no. 2 (2015): 109–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/mri.v37i2.29.
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We carried out hydrographic observations in the Bangpakong estuary during transient period from rainy season to dry season in 2011 and 2012. The main objective of the hydrographic observations was to elucidate the behavior of anoxic water mass in the Bangpakong estuary, which was the possible cause of mass mortality of cultured shellfishes in the study area. We had succeeded the CTD and mooring observations in both years, and we had obtained time–series data of DO, salinity, and current velocity for approximately 2 months, which were the first long-term continuous records in terms of water quality in the Bangpakong estuary. From mooring data, it was revealed that DO and salinity at the bottom layer in aquaculture area oscillated with large amplitude, and the period of the oscillation corresponded to tidal variation. Amplitude of the oscillation was large in September and became small in October, and anoxic condition lasted for several days in October in 2011 and 2012. Current direction at station M1 in 2011 was opposite to that of in 2012 throughout the mooring period southward in 2011 and northward in 2012. Wind conditions in Chonburi in both years were almost the same, but river discharge in 2011 was much higer than that of in 2012. Therefore, it was possible that the difference of current direction at station M1 occurred due to change of buoyancy flux, and persistent period of anoxic condition was different between 2 observed years associated with circulation change. It was suggested that mass mortality of cultured shellfishes in Bangpakong estuary was caused by anoxic water because timing of mass mortality corresponded to that of anoxic water appearance qualitatively. It was also suggested that the anoxic water mass in aquaculture area was transported from off shore area by residual currents.
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Wang, Jin Hu, and Wen Jie Zhai. "Study on Cu Passivation Film’s Forming Condition in HEDP Electrolyte with BTA and Chloride Ion." Applied Mechanics and Materials 274 (January 2013): 471–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.274.471.
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The influence of corrosion inhibitor BTA, chloride ion and anodic potential on the formation of copper passivation film was studied in the electrolyte of 18wt% HEDP by using Linear Sweep Voltammetry (LSV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results show that the increase of BTA concentration contributes to the formation of surface passivation film, and the chloride ion can promote the formation of the Cu passivation film at low concentrations but break it down when its concentration exceeds a certain limit. For each electrolyte there is a threshold anodic potential maintaining good passivation: the interfacial charge transfer resistance increases with the anodic potential when it is below the threshold potential and decreases when it is above the threshold potential. Smooth surface can be obtained by ECMP at the optimal processing condition.
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Weng, Yung Jin, J. C. Huang, Yung Chun Weng, Y. C. Wong, Hsu Kang Liu, and Sen Yeu Yang. "A Study on Application of Making Porous Micro-Structural Aluminum Oxide Template by Anodic Aluminum Oxide Processing Technology in Cell Reproduction." Key Engineering Materials 447-448 (September 2010): 356–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.447-448.356.
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This study employed the Anodic Aluminum Oxide (AAO) method twice for AAO processing to prepare neatly-arranged aluminum oxide film micro nano porous structure, and conducted experiments by adjusting different condition parameters (current, voltage, and temperature). The experimental results showed that voltage would directly affect the pore space and surface roughness of the aluminum oxide film. In addition, after anodic treatment, the positive and negative surfaces demonstrated varying degrees of roughness under the same conditions. In this study, the experiment of surface roughness impact on cell proliferation demonstrated that cell proliferation was better when surface roughness was in the range of 0.4 nm < Ra < 1.2 nm.
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Andreadakis, A. D., and G. J. Chatjikonstantinou. "Fate of Readily Biodegradable Substrate under Anoxic Conditions." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 7 (1994): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0303.
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Readily biodegradable substrate fate under batch conditions was investigated. Anoxic as well as aerobic experiments were performed and factors affecting substrate uptake were determined. Nitrate reduction processes were also studied.
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Moosburger-Will, Judith, Matthias Bauer, Fabian Schubert, Omar Cheick Jumaa, and Siegfried R. Horn. "Anodic Oxidation of Carbon Fiber Surfaces: Influence of Static and Dynamic Process Conditions." Key Engineering Materials 742 (July 2017): 440–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.742.440.
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We investigate the effects of static and dynamic anodic oxidation treatment on the surface chemical composition and functionality of carbon fibers. During static treatment, the electrolytic surface oxidation process is performed on a spatially fixed carbon fiber bundle, while in the dynamic process a moving, continuous carbon fiber tow is oxidized. In both treatment modes electrolytic current density and treatment time were varied. Surface chemical composition and functionality of the resulting carbon fibers were analyzed by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. A good agreement between the chemical composition and the functionality of fibers from static and dynamic anodic oxidation treatment is found. This suggests that results from static fiber treatment in a variable, easy to handle laboratory setup can be applied to dynamic anodic oxidation process conditions on a large scale.
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Zhou, Yu Hong. "Studies on Anoxic Aerobic Alternate Frequency of Oxidation Ditch for Removing Nitrogen and Phosphorus." Advanced Materials Research 610-613 (December 2012): 1573–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.610-613.1573.
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Biological removal of nitrogen and phosphorus species from an artificial wastewater was investigated in a sequencing batch reactor ( SBR) by changing operating mode which simulation oxidation ditch aeration realization of point and achieved alternate anoxic/aerobic, The results show that: the total control for 6 h reaction time, including aeration 3 h, stop aeration 3 h, four conditions under the condition of 30 min, 10 min, 5 min, 3 min anoxic/ aerobic alternate of COD, ammonia nitrogen removal not too big effect, TN, TP influence is bigger. COD removal efficiency is above 89% for four modes and effluent COD is lower than 35mg/L.Ammonia nitrogen average removal efficiency is above 90% for four modes and effluent ammonia is less than 5mg/L.Total nitrogen removal rates was 68.71%, 67.70%, 60.36%, 37.27% respectively for four modes. In instantaneous influent, anoxic and aerobic alternating time should not be less than 5min for TN removal. Mode Ⅰto Ⅳ removal efficiency of TP was 23.05%, -2.17%, 1.19%, 43.61% respectively.
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Puhakka, Jaakko A., Wen K. Shieh, Kimmo Järvinen, and Esa Melin. "Chlorophenol Degradation under Oxic and Anoxic Conditions." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 1 (1992): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0022.
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The degradation of 2,4,6,-trichlorophenol (2,4,6-TCP), 2,3,4,6-tetra-chlorophenol (2,3,4,6-TeCP) and pentachlorophenol (PCP) was evaluated in oxic fluidized-bed reactors. The pseudo-steady-state reactor operation at a hydraulic retention time of 5 hours and feed concentrations of 54 mg/l of 2,4,6-TCP and 64 mg/l of 2,3,4,6-TeCP resulted in stable and effective removal performances on these compounds. GC/MS results indicated over 99 % removal of both 2,4,6-TCP and 2,3,4,6-TeCP. However, PCP degradation at 74 mg/l feed concentration was neglible under these conditions. Further, a denitrifying biofilm was developed which was able to use 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) as the sole electron donor in denitrification reactions. No anoxie biofilm able to degrade 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) or PCP degradation in the presence of potassium nitrate could be developed.