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Journal articles on the topic 'Anti-Cox-2 drugs'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 September 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2025

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1

Jackson, Lucina M., and Christopher J. Hawkey. "COX-2 Selective Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs." Drugs 59, no. 6 (2000): 1207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00003495-200059060-00001.

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2

Sano, Hajime. "2. Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (COX-2 Selective Inhibitors)." Nihon Naika Gakkai Zasshi 100, no. 10 (2011): 2888–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.2169/naika.100.2888.

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3

Patrignani, Paola. "Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, COX-2 and colorectal cancer." Toxicology Letters 112-113 (March 2000): 493–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4274(99)00210-6.

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4

Reitz, David B., and Peter C. Isakson. "Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitors." Current Pharmaceutical Design 1, no. 2 (1995): 211–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612801666220917221427.

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Prostaglandins are synthesized by the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX), which is the target for nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Recently a second form of COX was discovered (COX-2) that is induced by inflammatory stimuli. The identification of an inducible form of COX led to the hypothesis that COX-2 is responsible for inflammatory prostaglandins, whereas the constitutive COX-I produces physiologically important prostaglandins, e.g., in stomach and kidney. Selective COX- 2 inhibitors have been shown to be anti-inflammatory but do not cause ulcers in the stomach or intestines. It is a

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Khan, Asma A., and Raymond A. Dionne. "The COX-2 inhibitors: new analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs." Dental Clinics of North America 46, no. 4 (2002): 679–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0011-8532(02)00032-0.

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6

Ishiguro, Hitoshi, and Takashi Kawahara. "Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Prostatic Diseases." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/436123.

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Prostatic diseases are characterized by increased activity of cytokines, growth factors, and cyclooxygenases- (COX-) 1 and 2. Activation of COX-1 and COX-2 results in increased levels of prostaglandins and the induction of angiogenic, antiapoptotic and inflammatory processes. Inhibition of COX enzymes by members of the widely used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) class of drugs decreases prostaglandin production, and exerts a variety of anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and antinociceptive effects. While numerousin vitro,in vivo, and clinical studies have shown that NSAIDs inhibit the

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7

Jahnavi, Kasturi, Palla Pavani Reddy, Bakshi Vasudha, and Boggula Narender. "Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: an overview." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 9, no. 1-s (2019): 442–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v9i1-s.2287.

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Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) including both traditional non-selective NSAIDs and the selective cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitors, are widely used for their anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. NSAIDs are a necessary choice in pain management because of the integrated role of the COX path way in the generation of inflammation and in the biochemical recognition of pain. NSAIDs are the competitive inhibitors of cyclooxygenase (COX), the enzyme which mediates the bioconversion of arachidonic acid to inflammatory prostaglandins (PGs). Their use is associated with the side effe

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Sondhi, Sham, Shefali Rajvanshi, Nirupma Singh, Shubhi Jain, and Anand Lahoti. "Heterocyclic inflammation inhibitors." Open Chemistry 2, no. 1 (2004): 141–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bf02476188.

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AbstractNon steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the most widely used medicines for relief of pain. These drugs have some side effects, particularly toxicity in the gastrointestinal tract and kidneys. Various approaches have been used for obtaining safer anti-inflammatory drugs. In this review we have summarized the recent developments in the following areas; (i) mode of action of NSAIDs (ii) Role of COX-1 & COX-2 in inflammation, (iii) Different approaches used to improve gastric tolerance i.e. chemical manipulation, formulation & co-administration, development of non specific (COX-1

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Sevinç, Sevgi Koçyiğit, Oya Orun, Pınar Mega Tiber, Pelin Çıkla-Süzgün, and Ş. Güniz Küçükgüzel. "Anti-Cancer Acitivity of Etodolac and Its Derivatives on Prostate and Colorectal Cancer Cell Lines." Proceedings 2, no. 25 (2018): 1573. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2251573.

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Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used as anti-inflammatory and analgesic agents. This family of drugs suppresses prostaglandin synthesis through inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes. Recent studies showed that anti-carcinogenic effects of these drugs are especially mediated by COX-2 enzyme. Etodolac is a COX-2 inhibitor and though not perfectly selective, it exhibits “preferential selectivity” for COX-2. In this study, the anti-proliferative and apoptotic effects of etodolac and its hydrazone or triazole derivatives (SGK 206 and SGK 242, respectively), were inve

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10

Rao, Praveen, and Edward E. Knaus. "Evolution of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs): Cyclooxygenase (COX) Inhibition and Beyond." Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 2 (2008): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.18433/j3t886.

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Purpose. NSAIDs constitute an important class of drugs with therapeutic applications that have spanned several centuries. Treatment of inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) starting from the classic drug aspirin to the recent rise and fall of selective COX-2 inhibitors has provided an enthralling evolution. Efforts to discover an ultimate magic bullet to treat inflammation continues to be an important drug design challenge. This review traces the origins of NSAIDs, their mechanism of action at the molecular level such as cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibiti

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11

Moore, B., and D. Simmons. "COX-2 Inhibition, Apoptosis, and Chemoprevention by Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs." Current Medicinal Chemistry 7, no. 11 (2000): 1131–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867003374273.

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12

Ray, Wayne A., Thomas M. MacDonald, Daniel H. Solomon, David J. Graham, and Jerry Avorn. "COX-2 selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and cardiovascular disease." Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 12, no. 1 (2003): 67–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pds.798.

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13

Iñiguez, Miguel A., Carmen Punzón, and Manuel Fresno. "Induction of Cyclooxygenase-2 on Activated T Lymphocytes: Regulation of T Cell Activation by Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitors." Journal of Immunology 163, no. 1 (1999): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.163.1.111.

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Abstract Cyclooxygenase (COX), known to exist in two isoforms, COX-1 and COX-2, is a key enzyme in prostaglandin synthesis and the target for most nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. In this study, we show that human T lymphocytes express the COX-2 isoenzyme. COX-2 mRNA and protein were induced in both Jurkat and purified T cells stimulated by TCR/CD3 or PMA activation. COX-2 mRNA was induced very early after activation and superinduced by protein synthesis inhibitors, whereas it was inhibited by the immunosuppressive drug cyclosporin A, identifying it as an early T cell activation gene. Int

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14

Carvalho, Luísa C. R., Daniela Ribeiro, Raquel S. G. R. Seixas, et al. "Synthesis and evaluation of new benzimidazole-based COX inhibitors: a naproxen-like interaction detected by STD-NMR." RSC Advances 5, no. 61 (2015): 49098–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra04984a.

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15

Schachna, Lionel, and Peter F. J. Ryan. "COX‐2 inhibitors: the next generation of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs." Medical Journal of Australia 171, no. 4 (1999): 175–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1999.tb123592.x.

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16

Bertolini, A., A. Ottani, and M. Sandrini. "Selective COX-2 Inhibitors and Dual Acting Anti-inflammatory Drugs: Critical Remarks." Current Medicinal Chemistry 9, no. 10 (2002): 1033–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867024606650.

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17

Bertolini, A., A. Ottani, and M. Sandrini. "Selective COX-2 Inhibitors and Dual Acting Anti-inflammatory Drugs: Critical Remarks." Frontiers in Medicinal Chemistry - Online 1, no. 1 (2004): 85–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1567204043396163.

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18

Goossens, Laurence, Nicole Pommery, and Jean Pierre Henichart. "COX-2/5-LOX Dual Acting Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Cancer Chemotherapy." Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 7, no. 3 (2007): 283–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/156802607779941369.

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19

Sabichi, Anita L., and Scott M. Lippman. "COX-2 inhibitors and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in genitourinary cancer." Seminars in Oncology 31 (April 2004): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.seminoncol.2004.03.044.

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20

Mayhew, Maren. "The Debate Over Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs—the COX-2 Selective Inhibitors." Journal for Nurse Practitioners 1, no. 3 (2005): 168–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nurpra.2005.09.012.

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21

Montie, James E. "COX-2 Inhibitors and Other Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Genitourinary Cancer." Journal of Urology 173, no. 3 (2005): 731. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(05)60322-9.

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22

Bharathi, R., and N. Santhi. "Synthesis, Characterization, In-Silico Docking Study and In-Vitro AntiInflammatory Activities of Novel Chalcone Derivatives." Journal of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Research 3, no. 2 (2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.47363/jbbr/2021(3)133.

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A series of chalcones were synthesised by condensation of appropriate acetophenones with appropriate aromatic aldehydes, and their anti-inflammatory activities were investigated. In comparison to standard drugs, some have been found to have important activity. In silico docking, tests on chalcones were shown to be more selective to COX-2. Further anti-inflammatory results were supported by docking studies with COX-2. The results from the anti-inflammatory and docking indicate that the synthesised compounds 3b, 3g and 3h can be seen as therapeutic drugs.

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23

Gomes, Francisco Isaac Fernandes, Maria Gerusa Brito Aragão, Vicente de Paulo Teixeira Pinto, et al. "Effects of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs on Osseointegration: A Review." Journal of Oral Implantology 41, no. 2 (2015): 219–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1563/aaid-joi-d-13-00125.

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The purpose of this study was to review the effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on osseointegration and determine whether they cause failures in dental implants and whether patients who use them chronically can receive dental implants safely. A bibliographic electronic search was performed using the Cochrane Library, PubMed, and Medline databases, selecting articles published between January 1982 and December 2012. The search included the following keywords, either alone or combined: “nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs,” “dental implants,” “bone healing,” and “osteoprogenitor cel

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24

Suwarjoyowirayatno, Suwarjoyowirayatno, Chusnul Hidayat, Tutik Dwi Wahyuningsih, and Retno Indrati. "Identification of Bioactive Peptide Inhibitors of Cyclooxygenase-2 from Peanut Worm (Siphonosoma australe): An In Silico Studies." Trends in Sciences 22, no. 5 (2025): 9565. https://doi.org/10.48048/tis.2025.9565.

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The study was conducted to address the growing need for safer and more effective anti-inflammatory medications, given the side effects associated with conventional anti-inflammatory drugs. Natural sources, such as bioactive peptides, present a promising alternative. The research aimed to generate cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitory peptides from Siphonosoma australe and evaluate their potential as natural anti-inflammatory drug candidates using in silico methods. The PeptideCutter, SwissADME, SwissTargetPrediction, ToxinPred, and principal component analysis (PCA) were utilised to generate pep

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25

Marwali, Muhammad, and Jawahar Mehta. "COX-2 inhibitors and cardiovascular risk." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 96, no. 10 (2006): 401–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1160/th06-07-0385.

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SummaryEven though non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been widely used for a long time, the search continues for anti-inflammatory drugs with few side-effects. COX-2 inhibitors are currently most debated, because they have less gastrointestinal side effects but have been linked to increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, presumably related to thrombotic events. This has brought about the withdrawal of rofecoxib and other COX-2 inhibitors from the market. Although the results of several large studies with prospective, randomized design and meta-analysis of different tr

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Titiek Berniyanti, Mohammad Iqbal, Naufal Ikbar Yaasir, Fernando Rizky Ashifudin Pasha Mulyana, and Abdullah Sherf Hemadi. "Anti-inflammatory ability of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) root extract in cyclooxygenase-2 enzyme inhibition: In silico study." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 21, no. 1 (2024): 1798–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2024.21.1.0160.

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Background: Inflammation represents the body's natural response to injury, which can be induced by chemical, physical, or biological agents. Current approaches to managing inflammatory conditions involve addressing the primary etiological factors and administering anti-inflammatory medications like Nonsteroid Anti Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) in inhibiting cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2). However, data from 2021 reveals that 78.8% of patients experience gastritis as a side effect of such treatment. Licorice root extract (LRE)-an ayurvedic plants emerges as a promising alternative due to its potent ant

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27

Mohammad Iqbal, R Veryanto Kurniawan, Helmi Dwi Wahyu Nurfani, et al. "Molecular docking analysis of major active compounds of pomegranate peel extract (Punica granatum L.) in inhibiting cyclooxygenase enzyme." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 20, no. 3 (2023): 1824–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2023.20.3.2653.

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Background: Inflammation is the body's physiological response to an injury. Injury that affected the body can be a chemical agent, physical, or biological agent. Nowadays the inflammatory condition treated by eliminating the main etiological factor then prescribing anti-inflammatory drugs such as NSAIDs, but according the data in 2021 shown that 78,8% patients has gastritis side effect. Pomegranate peel extract (PPE) has good anti-inflammatory ability because it containing the highest concentration of flavonoid. Objectives: To predict the molecular inhibition of major active compounds (epigall

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Mohammad, Iqbal, Veryanto Kurniawan R, Dwi Wahyu Nurfani Helmi, et al. "Molecular docking analysis of major active compounds of pomegranate peel extract (Punica granatum L.) in inhibiting cyclooxygenase enzyme." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 20, no. 3 (2023): 1824–42. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12787385.

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<strong>Background:</strong> Inflammation is the body's physiological response to an injury. Injury that affected the body can be a chemical agent, physical, or biological agent. Nowadays the inflammatory condition treated by eliminating the main etiological factor then prescribing anti-inflammatory drugs such as NSAIDs, but according the data in 2021 shown that 78,8% patients has gastritis side effect. Pomegranate peel extract (PPE) has good anti-inflammatory ability because it containing the highest concentration of flavonoid. <strong>Objectives:</strong> To predict the molecular i

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29

Hugo F. Miranda, Viviana Noriega, Francisca Moreno, Fernando Sierralta, Ramón Sotomayor-Zárate, and Juan Carlos Prieto. "Nitridergic Modulation of COX-2 Efficacy." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 15, no. 2 (2022): 044–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2022.15.2.0784.

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Pain is a common unpleasant sensory and emotional experience, in which are frequently used in their treatment the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). A group of agents with antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory properties due to the inhibition of cyclooxygenase enzymes (COXs). Among these drugs there are a group of selective inhibitors of COX-2 named coxib that include to parecoxib, celecoxib, rofecoxib and etoricoxib. Pharmacological information on the mechanism of action of coxibs is insufficient to determine the analgesic and anti-inflammatory efficacy of these agents. Th

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Hugo, F. Miranda, Noriega Viviana, Moreno Francisca, Sierralta Fernando, Sotomayor-Zárate Ramón, and Carlos Prieto Juan. "Nitridergic Modulation of COX-2 Efficacy." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 15, no. 2 (2022): 044–51. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7750983.

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Pain is a common unpleasant sensory and emotional experience, in which are frequently used in their treatment the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). A group of agents with antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory properties due to the inhibition of cyclooxygenase enzymes (COXs). Among these drugs there are a group of selective inhibitors of COX-2 named coxib that include to parecoxib, celecoxib, rofecoxib and etoricoxib. Pharmacological information on the mechanism of action of coxibs is insufficient to determine the analgesic and anti-inflammatory efficacy of these agents. Th

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31

Titiek, Berniyanti, Iqbal Mohammad, Ikbar Yaasir Naufal, Rizky Ashifudin Pasha Mulyana Fernando, and Sherf Hemadi Abdullah. "Anti-inflammatory ability of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) root extract in cyclooxygenase-2 enzyme inhibition: In silico study." World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 21, no. 1 (2024): 1798–804. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13340340.

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<strong>Background:</strong> Inflammation represents the body's natural response to injury, which can be induced by chemical, physical, or biological agents. Current approaches to managing inflammatory conditions involve addressing the primary etiological factors and administering anti-inflammatory medications like Nonsteroid Anti Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) in inhibiting cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2). However, data from 2021 reveals that 78.8% of patients experience gastritis as a side effect of such treatment. Licorice root extract (LRE)-an ayurvedic plants emerges as a promising alternative

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32

Haroun, Michelyne, Maria Fesatidou, Anthi Petrou, et al. "Identification of Novel Cyclooxygenase-1 Selective Inhibitors of Thiadiazole-Based Scaffold as Potent Anti-Inflammatory Agents with Safety Gastric and Cytotoxic Profile." Molecules 28, no. 8 (2023): 3416. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28083416.

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Major obstacles faced by the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) are their gastrointestinal toxicity induced by non-selective inhibition of both cyclooxygenases (COX) 1 and 2 and their cardiotoxicity associated with a certain class of COX-2 selective inhibitors. Recent studies have demonstrated that selective COX-1 and COX-2 inhibition generates compounds with no gastric damage. The aim of the current study is to develop novel anti-inflammatory agents with a better gastric profile. In our previous paper, we investigated the anti-inflammatory activity of 4-methylthiazole-based t

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Wijaya, Y. T., A. Yulandi, A. W. Gunawan, and Yanti. "In silico study of anthocyanin and ternatin flavonoids for the treatment of inflammation-related diseases using molecular docking analysis." Food Research 4, no. 3 (2020): 780–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.4(3).378.

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Inflammatory markers such as cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and prostaglandin (PEG) are widely known as major targets in discovering natural anti-inflammatory drugs for the treatment of inflammationrelated diseases. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen and aspirin are mostly used at present, however, some NSAIDS have been reported to cause gastrointestinal side effect due to ligand-protein interaction. Molecular docking is a promising tool to study such modes of interaction. In this study, we evaluated the pote

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Balachandran, Sreelakshmi Kokkatt, Krithika Iyer, Sowbarnika Arul Senthil, Akshaya Priya Ramalingam, and Sankar Venkatachalam. "Evaluating the Anti-inflammatory Efficacy of Steroids, COX-2 Selective, and Nonselective NSAIDs in Contusion Spinal Cord Injury: An Experimental Analysis." Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences 17, Suppl 2 (2025): S1877—S1881. https://doi.org/10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_604_25.

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ABSTRACT Context: The inclusion of an anti-inflammatory agent shall be inevitable in a combinatorial approach toward treating spinal cord injury (SCI). However, the best among the commonly used anti-inflammatory agents, namely, steroids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and cyclooxygenases-2 (COX-2) selective NSAIDs is not known due to the lack of comparative studies. Aim: It was intended to compare the efficacy of three classes of anti-inflammatory drugs in SCI by estimating the relevant cytokines. Materials and methods: Sprague Dawley rats subjected to contusion SCI were treate

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Juni, P. "Are selective COX 2 inhibitors superior to traditional non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs?" BMJ 324, no. 7349 (2002): 1287–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.324.7349.1287.

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Tziona, Paraskevi, Panagiotis Theodosis-Nobelos, Georgios Papagiouvannis, Anthi Petrou, Chryssoula Drouza, and Eleni A. Rekka. "Enhancement of the Anti-Inflammatory Activity of NSAIDs by Their Conjugation with 3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzyl Alcohol." Molecules 27, no. 7 (2022): 2104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27072104.

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The synthesis of derivatives of three nonspecific COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitors, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, naproxen is presented. These acids were connected via an amide bond with an amino acid (L-proline, L-tyrosine, and beta-alanine) used as a linker. The amino acid carboxylic group was esterified with 3,4,5 trimethoxybenzyl alcohol. The activity of the novel derivatives was examined in vivo on carrageenan-induced inflammation, and in vitro, as cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase inhibitors. It was found that the new compounds were more potent anti-inflammatory agents than the parent drugs. Thus, the

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Dyndor, Katarzyna, Wojciech Dworzanski, Małgorzata Pliszczynska-Steuden, et al. "Organ and prenatal toxicity of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs." Current Issues in Pharmacy and Medical Sciences 28, no. 3 (2015): 200–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cipms-2015-0072.

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Abstract Non-selective cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors, commonly referred to as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), are among the most taken pharmaceuticals. In adults, they can have a series of side effects, including especially gastroenterotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, chondrotoxicity, and neurotoxicity, and they can induce allergic reactions. Any exacerbation of symptoms depends on the chemical structure of the drug, its dosage and duration of exposure, individual sensitivity, comorbidities and the degree of inhibition of basic COX isoenzymes - the constitutive (COX-2

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Bancos, Simona, and Richard Phipps. "Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs blunt antibody production in human B lymphocytes from older volunteer (84.10)." Journal of Immunology 184, no. 1_Supplement (2010): 84.10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.184.supp.84.10.

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Abstract Older individuals respond poorly to vaccination. B lymphocytes are responsible for the synthesis of antibodies that are generated in response to infection and vaccination. Our laboratory has shown that activated human B cells isolated from younger subjects (18-35 years old) express cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) and that inhibition of Cox-2 by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) blunts antibody production. However, NSAIDs are highly used by people over 60 years old. There is no information regarding Cox-2 expression in B cells in older human subjects (over 60 years old). We hypot

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Grosser, Tilo. "The pharmacology of selective inhibition of COX-2." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 96, no. 10 (2006): 393–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1160/th06-08-0444.

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SummarySelective inhibitors of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 were developed to improve the safety of anti-inflammatory therapy in patients at elevated risk for gastrointestinal complications which are thought to be caused primarily by depression of COX-1 derived mucosal prostanoids. They were not expected to be more efficacious analgesics than compounds acting on both cyclooxygenases, the traditional (t) non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). While these predictions were generally supported by clinical evidence, an elevated rate of severe cardiovascular complications was observed in randomize

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40

Barkin, Robert L., and Asokumar Buvanendran. "Focus on the COX-1 and COX-2 Agents: Renal Events of Nonsteroidal and Anti-inflammatory Drugs???NSAIDs." American Journal of Therapeutics 11, no. 2 (2004): 124–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00045391-200403000-00007.

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41

Wu, Kenneth. "Transcription-based COX-2 inhibition: A therapeutic strategy." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 96, no. 10 (2006): 417–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1160/th06-07-0403.

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SummaryPotent selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors are effective in controlling inflammatory disorders but are associated with cardiovascular complications. Their clinical use has been severely limited. We propose that transcription-based inhibition of COX-2 expression represents a therapeutic strategy that may circumvent the undesired complications of COX-2 inhibitors. Reported data from several laboratories including ours have identified C/EBPβ as a key transactivator mediating COX-2 transcriptional activation induced by diverse pro-inflammatory mediators. Results from our recent wo

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White, Alexander E., Jensen K. Henry, and Daniel Dziadosz. "The Effect of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs and Selective COX-2 Inhibitors on Bone Healing." HSS Journal®: The Musculoskeletal Journal of Hospital for Special Surgery 17, no. 2 (2021): 231–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1556331621998634.

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A recently published study, “Risk of Nonunion With Nonselective NSAIDs, COX-2 Inhibitors, and Opioids” by George et al ( J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2020;102:1230–1238), assesses whether the use of nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), selective cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) enzyme inhibitors, or opioids was associated with a risk of long bone fracture nonunion in Optum’s deidentified private health database. This review analyzes the study, including strengths, weaknesses, and areas for future research. The study found an association between COX-2 inhibitor and opioid use with fract

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Porto, Ricardo Silva. "Computational investigation of Schiff bases from tryptamine as COX-2 inhibitors with potential anti-inflammatory activity." JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND KNOWLEDGE SPREADING 3, no. 1 (2022): e13081. http://dx.doi.org/10.20952/jrks3113081.

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Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the most used drugs to inhibit cyclooxygenases (COX). Understanding the structure of COX isoforms is required for the research for more selective and less toxic anti-inflammatory agents. Also, computational methods can help to predict drug interaction. In this work, tryptamine Schiff bases, retrieved from literature, were screened to evaluate their ADMET profiles. After the initial screening, the compounds with better parameters were subjected to molecular docking interactions with the crystal structure of the COX-2 enzyme to verify binding affinities

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Allawi, Mustafa M., Monther F. Mahdi, and Ayad M. R. Raauf. "Synthesis, anti-inflammatory, molecular docking and ADME studies of new derivatives of ketoprofen as cyclooxygenases inhibitor." Al Mustansiriyah Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 19, no. 4 (2019): 125–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.32947/ajps.v19i4.644.

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The synthesis of new selective COX-2 enzyme is an approach for obtaining potent, anti-inflammatory drugs that have fewer side effects. Ketoprofen has a very low selectivity toward COX-2 enzyme and has a serious GIT side effects because it induces gastric ulcer. A new series of 4-thiazolidinones bearing ketoprofen moiety was designed, synthesized, and then evaluated as a new inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Characterization and identification of the synthesized compounds were established by determination of 1H-NMR spectra,13C-NMR spectra, FT-IR spectroscopy, and physical prope

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Cristina, Anamaria, Denisa Leonte, Laurian Vlase, et al. "Heterocycles 48. Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Evaluation of Imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]Thiadiazole Derivatives as Anti-Inflammatory Agents." Molecules 23, no. 10 (2018): 2425. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23102425.

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Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are an important pharmacological class of drugs used for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. They are also characterized by severe side effects, such as gastrointestinal damage, increased cardiovascular risk and renal function abnormalities. In order to synthesize new anti-inflammatory and analgesic compounds with a safer profile of side effects, a series of 2,6-diaryl-imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole derivatives 5a–l were synthesized and evaluated in vivo for their anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities in carrageenan-induced rat paw edem

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A. Abdul Razzak, Nadeem, Samera F.Hussan, and Ahlam J. Qaseer. "Design and Synthesis of New Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Agents with Expected Selectivity toward Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibition." Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences ( P-ISSN: 1683 - 3597 , E-ISSN : 2521 - 3512) 19, no. 1 (2017): 6–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.31351/vol19iss1pp6-13.

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This study includes design and synthesis of new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs) with expected cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) selective inhibition to achieve better activity and low gastric side effects. Two series of compounds have been designed and synthesized as potential NSAIDs,these are: Salicylamide derivatives (compounds 3,4,5 ) and Diflunisal derivatives (compounds 10&11). In vivo acute anti-inflammatory effect of one of the synthesized agents (compound 3) was evaluated in the rat using egg-white induced paw edema model of inflammation. Preliminary pharmacological study re

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Mengle-Gaw, Laurel J., and Benjamin D. Schwartz. "Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors: promise or peril?" Mediators of Inflammation 11, no. 5 (2002): 275–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09629350290000041.

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The discovery of two isoforms of the cyclooxygenase enzyme, COX-1 and COX-2, and the development of COX-2-specific inhibitors as anti-inflammatories and analgesics have offered great promise that the therapeutic benefits of NSAIDs could be optimized through inhibition of COX-2, while minimizing their adverse side effect profile associated with inhibition of COX-1. While COX-2 specific inhibitors have proven to be efficacious in a variety of inflammatory conditions, exposure of large numbers of patients to these drugs in postmarketing studies have uncovered potential safety concerns that raise

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Świątek, Piotr, Teresa Glomb, Agnieszka Dobosz, et al. "Biological Evaluation and Molecular Docking Studies of Novel 1,3,4-Oxadiazole Derivatives of 4,6-Dimethyl-2-sulfanylpyridine-3-carboxamide." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 1 (2022): 549. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23010549.

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To date, chronic inflammation is involved in most main human pathologies such as cancer, and autoimmune, cardiovascular or neurodegenerative disorders. Studies suggest that different prostanoids, especially prostaglandin E2, and their own synthase (cyclooxygenase enzyme-COX) can promote tumor growth by activating signaling pathways which control cell proliferation, migration, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are used, alongside corticosteroids, to treat inflammatory symptoms particularly in all chronic diseases. However, their toxicity from COX inhibi

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Belton, Orina, and Desmond J. Fitzgerald. "Cyclooxygenase isoforms and atherosclerosis." Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine 5, no. 9 (2003): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1462399403005842.

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Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely used in the treatment of arthritis and pain. However, their long-term use is limited by gastrointestinal (GI) side effects such as gastric ulcers. NSAIDs act by inhibiting an enzyme called cyclooxygenase. Cyclooxygenase (COX) catalyses the generation of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid. Two isoforms of the enzyme exist – COX-1 and COX-2 – both of which are targets for NSAIDs. Although they are associated with GI toxicity, NSAIDs have important antithrombotic and anti-inflammatory effects. The GI injury has been attributed to COX-1 in

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Tiseo, Bruno C., Guilherme N. Namur, Emygdio J. L. de Paula, Rames Mattar Junior, and Claudia R. G. C. M. de Oliveira. "Experimental study of the action of COX-2 selective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and traditional anti-inflammatory drugs in bone regeneration." Clinics 61, no. 3 (2006): 223–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1807-59322006000300007.

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