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Journal articles on the topic 'Antioxidant assays'
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1
Bibi Sadeer, Nabeelah, Domenico Montesano, Stefania Albrizio, Gokhan Zengin, and Mohamad Fawzi Mahomoodally. "The Versatility of Antioxidant Assays in Food Science and Safety—Chemistry, Applications, Strengths, and Limitations." Antioxidants 9, no. 8 (2020): 709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox9080709.
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Currently, there is a growing interest in screening and quantifying antioxidants from biological samples in the quest for natural and effective antioxidants to combat free radical-related pathological complications. Antioxidant assays play a crucial role in high-throughput and cost-effective assessment of antioxidant capacities of natural products such as medicinal plants and food samples. However, several investigators have expressed concerns about the reliability of existing in vitro assays. Such concerns arise mainly from the poor correlation between in vitro and in vivo results. In addition, in vitro assays have the problem of reproducibility. To date, antioxidant capacities are measured using a panel of assays whereby each assay has its own advantages and limitations. This unparalleled review hotly disputes on in vitro antioxidant assays and elaborates on the chemistry behind each assay with the aim to point out respective principles/concepts. The following critical questions are also addressed: (1) What make antioxidant assays coloured? (2) What is the reason for working at a particular wavelength? (3) What are the advantages and limitations of each assay? and (4) Why is a particular colour observed in antioxidant–oxidant chemical reactions? Furthermore, this review details the chemical mechanism of reactions that occur in each assay together with a colour ribbon to illustrate changes in colour. The review ends with a critical conclusion on existing assays and suggests constructive improvements on how to develop an adequate and universal antioxidant assay.
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Apak, Reşat, Shela Gorinstein, Volker Böhm, Karen M. Schaich, Mustafa Özyürek, and Kubilay Güçlü. "Methods of measurement and evaluation of natural antioxidant capacity/activity (IUPAC Technical Report)." Pure and Applied Chemistry 85, no. 5 (2013): 957–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-rep-12-07-15.
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The chemical diversity of natural antioxidants (AOXs) makes it difficult to separate, detect, and quantify individual antioxidants from a complex food/biological matrix. Moreover, the total antioxidant power is often more meaningful to evaluate health beneficial effects because of the cooperative action of individual antioxidant species. Currently, there is no single antioxidant assay for food labeling because of the lack of standard quantification methods. Antioxidant assays may be broadly classified as the electron transfer (ET)- and hydrogen atom transfer (HAT)-based assays. The results obtained are hardly comparable because of the different mechanisms, redox potentials, pH and solvent dependencies, etc. of various assays. This project will aid the identification and quantification of properties and mutual effects of antioxidants, bring a more rational basis to the classification of antioxidant assays with their constraints and challenges, and make the results more comparable and understandable. In this regard, the task group members convey their own experiences in various methods of antioxidants measurement.
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Knez, Eliza, Kornelia Kadac-Czapska, and Małgorzata Grembecka. "Evaluation of Spectrophotometric Methods for Assessing Antioxidant Potential in Plant Food Samples—A Critical Approach." Applied Sciences 15, no. 11 (2025): 5925. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15115925.
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Spectrophotometric antioxidant assays can generally be divided into two fundamental categories: single electron transfer (SET)-based assays and hydrogen atom transfer (HAT)-based methods. In SET-based assays, the progression of the electron exchange reaction is determined by the redox potential of the substrates. In contrast, HAT-based methods assess the antioxidant’s ability to transfer a hydrogen atom to a radical, thereby stabilizing it. The objective of this article is to provide a critical evaluation of antioxidant spectrophotometric assays. Assessing the antioxidant potential of food should involve multiple assays to ensure accuracy and reliability. A positive correlation among different methods enhances the validity of the results. Moreover, antioxidants may interact with other food components, such as amino acids, potentially leading to inaccurate outcomes—as observed in the Folin–Ciocalteu assay. Among the various techniques, CUPRAC and ORAC exhibit greater repeatability and reagent stability compared to other assays. Furthermore, these methods are considered superior due to their closer resemblance to in vivo conditions. In contrast, approaches such as ABTS+, DPPH, FRAP, and Folin–Ciocalteu are often criticized for their non-physiological environments. There is a pressing need to establish a standardized method that, to the greatest extent possible, reflects in vivo conditions and can serve as a reference standard for other assays.
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Luo, Aoxue, Ping Peng, Wen Feii, Linying Yang, and Yijun Fan. "Isolation and antioxidant activity (in vitro and in vivo) of the flavonoid from Tartarian-buckwheat." Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research 3, no. 2 (2014): 168–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/jsir.2014.3210.
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The total flavonoid was isolated from tartarian-buckwheat through reflux extraction. In order to explore the antioxidant activities, in the present study, our study aimed to examine the antioxidant activity of the total flavonoid using different assays including: reducing power, 2,2- diphenyl 1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, ABTS radical scavenging assay and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. The results exhibited that the total flavonoid has significant reductive ability and radicals scavenging effects. In vivo antioxidant activities assays, the flavonoid was found to increase the levels of antioxidant enzymes (SOD) in blood serum. Therefore, the flavonoid should be explored as novel potential antioxidants.
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Sushila Saini. "Antioxidant activity and the estimation of total phenolic content of Citrullus colocynthis stem." World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences 13, no. 3 (2023): 163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjbphs.2023.13.3.0134.
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To examine the antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of Citrullus colocynthis stem, five different extracts were investigated. Various in vitro antioxidant assay including DPPH (2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl) radical, superoxide radical, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity along with reducing power and metal chelating activity were done and compared with standard antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, BHT (Butylated hydroxytoluene) and EDTA (Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid). Total phenolic content was determined as mg/g Gallic acid equivalent and was correlated with antioxidant assays. All the five extracts showed significant antioxidant activity in dose dependent manner. Methanolic extract possesses the highest scavenging ability for all the assays and total phenolic content in it was 40.12 mg/g gallic acid equivalent. In case of methanolic extract significant correlation was observed between total phenolic content and various antioxidant assays suggesting its role as a source of valuable antioxidants against free radicals associated oxidative stress.
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Sushila, Saini. "Antioxidant activity and the estimation of total phenolic content of Citrullus colocynthis stem." World Journal of Biology Pharmacy and Health Sciences 13, no. 3 (2023): 163–69. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8035825.
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To examine the antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of <em>Citrullus colocynthis</em> stem, five different extracts were investigated. Various <em>in vitro</em> antioxidant assay including DPPH (2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl) radical, superoxide radical, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity along with reducing power and metal chelating activity were done and compared with standard antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, BHT (Butylated hydroxytoluene) and EDTA (Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid). Total phenolic content was determined as mg/g Gallic acid equivalent and was correlated with antioxidant assays. All the five extracts showed significant antioxidant activity in dose dependent manner. Methanolic extract possesses the highest scavenging ability for all the assays and total phenolic content in it was 40.12 mg/g gallic acid equivalent. In case of methanolic extract significant correlation was observed between total phenolic content and various antioxidant assays suggesting its role as a source of valuable antioxidants against free radicals associated oxidative stress.
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Jafri, Syed Anis Ali, Zafar Mahmood Khalid, Muhammad Zakryya Khan, and NaqeebUllah Jogezai. "Evaluation of phytochemical and antioxidant potential of various extracts from traditionally used medicinal plants of Pakistan." Open Chemistry 20, no. 1 (2022): 1337–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/chem-2022-0242.
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Abstract The antioxidant potential of various extracts was evaluated using different antioxidant assays such as 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, and 2,2-azinobis-ethylbenzothiozoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) using UV spectrophotometer. The highest absorbance was observed in ethanolic extracts (EEs) of Euphrasia stricta 71.92 ± 1.22%, 65.77 ± 1.38%, and 67.88 ± 0.74%, followed by methanolic extracts (MEs) 70.14 ± 0.82%, 64.84 ± 0.74%, and 65.48 ± 1.40% for DPPH assay (517 nm), FRAP assay (700 nm), and ABTS assay (734 nm), respectively. The EEs of Euphorbia platyphyllos L. showed the antioxidant activity of 69.76 ± 1.48%, 64.42 ± 0.88%, and 65.54 ± 1.36% and MEs 68.00 ± 1.50%, 62.92 ± 0.64%, and 63.42 ± 0.94% for DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS assays, respectively. So, this research suggested that these medicinal plants possess a significant antioxidant potential and are important source of natural antioxidants and can be effectively used in treating oxidative stress disorders.
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Ilyasov, Igor R., Vladimir L. Beloborodov, Irina A. Selivanova, and Roman P. Terekhov. "ABTS/PP Decolorization Assay of Antioxidant Capacity Reaction Pathways." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 3 (2020): 1131. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21031131.
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The 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS•+) radical cation-based assays are among the most abundant antioxidant capacity assays, together with the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-based assays according to the Scopus citation rates. The main objective of this review was to elucidate the reaction pathways that underlie the ABTS/potassium persulfate decolorization assay of antioxidant capacity. Comparative analysis of the literature data showed that there are two principal reaction pathways. Some antioxidants, at least of phenolic nature, can form coupling adducts with ABTS•+, whereas others can undergo oxidation without coupling, thus the coupling is a specific reaction for certain antioxidants. These coupling adducts can undergo further oxidative degradation, leading to hydrazindyilidene-like and/or imine-like adducts with 3-ethyl-2-oxo-1,3-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonate and 3-ethyl-2-imino-1,3-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonate as marker compounds, respectively. The extent to which the coupling reaction contributes to the total antioxidant capacity, as well as the specificity and relevance of oxidation products, requires further in-depth elucidation. Undoubtedly, there are questions as to the overall application of this assay and this review adds to them, as specific reactions such as coupling might bias a comparison between antioxidants. Nevertheless, ABTS-based assays can still be recommended with certain reservations, particularly for tracking changes in the same antioxidant system during storage and processing.
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Devi, Khoirom Ratipiyari, Paonam Priyobrata Singh, Moirangthem Medhapati Devi, and Gurumayum Jitendra Sharma. "Evaluation of Antioxidant Activities of Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd." Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia 15, no. 4 (2018): 899–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bbra/2700.
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Present research was designed to evaluate the free radical scavenging capacities and antioxidant activities of rhizome extracts of Alpinia galanga prepared in different solvent systems (60% aqueous methanol, 60% aqueous ethanol and distilled water) using different in vitro chemical assays. Antioxidant components such as total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and ascorbic acid contents of the ginger species were screened. Antioxidant assays employed included sulphur free radical reactivity assay, ferric ion reducing power assay, DPPH free radical scavenging capacity assay, hydroxyl radical scavenging assay, nitric oxide scavenging activity assay and hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay. The obtained data reveal that the plant extracts contained significant amount of the observed antioxidant components and also exhibited significant free radical scavenging capacities. Methanol (60%) extract exhibited highest antioxidant activity than other solvents. The polyphenolic constituents of the plant extracts appear to be largely responsible for the radical scavenging capacity. The plant extracts act as promising source of antioxidants, and may be useful for development of nutraceuticals and pharmaceutical drugs.
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Mazumder, Kishor, Afia Nabila, Asma Aktar, and Asgar Farahnaky. "Bioactive Variability and In Vitro and In Vivo Antioxidant Activity of Unprocessed and Processed Flour of Nine Cultivars of Australian lupin Species: A Comprehensive Substantiation." Antioxidants 9, no. 4 (2020): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox9040282.
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The aim of this present investigation was to analyze bioactive compounds, as well as demonstrate the antioxidant activities of nine cultivars of Australian lupin species accompanied by observing the effect of domestic heat processing on their antioxidant activities adopting in vivo and in vitro approaches. Gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis was performed for profiling bioactive compounds present in lupin cultivars. Multiple assay techniques involving quantification of polyphenolics, flavonoids and flavonol, electron transfer (ET) based assay, hydrogen atom transfer (HAT)-based assay and in vivo assays were performed. The major compounds found were hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid methyl ester, methyl stearate, lupanine,13-docosenamide and 11-octadecenoic acid (Z)- methyl ester. Mandelup was found to show excellent antioxidant activity. Moreover, Jurien, Gunyidi and Barlock had strong antioxidant activity. Both positive and negative impacts of heat processing were observed on antioxidant activity. Heating and usage of excess water during processing were the key determinants of loss of antioxidants. Negligible loss of antioxidant activity was observed in most of the assays whereas inhibition of both lipid peroxidation (33.53%) and hemolysis of erythrocytes (37.75%) were increased after processing. In addition, in vitro and in vivo antioxidant assays are found to show statistically significant (* p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.01) results, which are supported by the presence of a number of antioxidant compounds in GC-MS analysis.
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HDT, Madhuranga. "Advancing In vitro Antioxidant Activity Assessment: A Comprehensive Methodological Review and Improved Approaches for DPPH, FRAP and H2O2 Assays." Journal of Natural & Ayurvedic Medicine 7, no. 4 (2023): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/jonam-16000431.
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The study of antioxidants and their implications in numerous sectors, from food engineering to medicine and pharmacy, is of great interest to the scientific community. The presence of free radicals in the body has been linked to various human diseases. Fortunately, antioxidants can counteract these harmful molecules and reduce their negative impact. This highlights the importance of researching natural antioxidants found in plants. Free radicals are closely tied to the development of conditions like diabetes, cancer, and heart and neurological disorders. Exploring plants could lead to the discovery of new bioactive compounds with strong antioxidant properties. Natural resources, particularly herbs, have played a significant role in traditional medicine, benefiting the development of modern medical treatments. Throughout history, plants have been a valuable source of healing remedies. However, no scientific attempt has been made to verify the spontaneous uses claimed in the literature. As a result, to perform more studies and collect more data, scientists need to find low-cost, simple in vitro approaches to test the efficacy of natural anti-oxidant substances. On such background, this methodology focuses on providing the three basic antioxidant assays previously utilized by the researchers to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of herbs, plants, etc. By providing these clear methodologies, young scientists and new scholars can get a brief idea of the antioxidant assays and then which can be utilized productively. Therefore, the current paper gives a detailed overview of the most important tests used to quantify antioxidant activity. Three key antioxidant assays are highlighted here: the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl-hydrate) assay, the FRAP (Ferric reducing antioxidant power) assay, and the H2 O2 (Hydrogen Peroxide free radical scavenging activity assay) and dependable with minor alterations.
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Zhou, Xian, Declan Power, Andrew Jones, et al. "Antioxidant Profiling of Ginger via Reaction Flow Chromatography." Natural Product Communications 16, no. 9 (2021): 1934578X2110352. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x211035286.
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Reaction flow (RF) chromatography is a powerful and efficient approach that utilizes conventional high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)–ultraviolet (UV)–visible detection. This technique exploits a novel column end-fitting and an extra HPLC pump that delivers a reagent specific for selective detection, in particular the antioxidant profiling of natural products. This study employed RF for the first time to identify antioxidants in a commercial ginger sample. This demonstrated the previously validated assay's ease and power to extract information about the natural product's antioxidant properties. Due to the simplicity involved with data analysis and peak matching process, the following information was revealed between the chemical and antioxidant profiles: three of the strongest antioxidant activity peaks in the ginger sample (593 nm) did not correlate with the three most abundant chemical profile peaks (UV absorbance at 254 and 280 nm); the ratio of seven antioxidant peaks may be potentially used for food authenticity purposes, and future research should target these peaks for the early discovery of novel antioxidants sourced in ginger. Utilization of this previously validated assay provided the resolution of numerous peaks in the ginger extract and information associated with their antioxidant attributes and chemical abundance. This approach is more informative than total antioxidant assays that lack compound specificity information. Furthermore, it is superior to mass spectrometric (MS) assays that cannot evaluate each compound's antioxidant strength, and does not involve the expense involved in the acquisition and maintenance of the MS detection hardware, and does not require the high level of expertise needed to conduct the MS data analysis.
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Furger, Christophe. "Live Cell Assays for the Assessment of Antioxidant Activities of Plant Extracts." Antioxidants 10, no. 6 (2021): 944. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10060944.
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Plant extracts and pharmacopoeias represent an exceptional breeding ground for the discovery of new antioxidants. Until recently, the antioxidant activity was only measured by chemical hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) and single-electron transfer (SET) cell-free assays that do not inform about the actual effect of antioxidants in living systems. By providing information about the mode of action of antioxidants at the subcellular level, recently developed live cell assays are now changing the game. The idea of this review is to present the different cell-based approaches allowing a quantitative measurement of antioxidant effects of plant extracts. Up to date, only four different approaches have reached a certain degree of standardization: (1) the catalase-like assay using H2O2 as a stressor, (2) the cell antioxidant assay (CAA) using AAPH as a stressor and DCFH-DA as a readout, (3) the AOP1 assay which uses photoinduction to monitor and control cell ROS production, and (4) the Nrf2/ARE gene reporter system. The molecular aspects of these assays are presented in detail along with their features, drawbacks, and benefits. The Nrf2/ARE gene reporter system dedicated to indirect antioxidant effect measurement currently represents the most standardized approach with high-throughput applications. AOP1, the first technology linking a fine-tuning of cell ROS production with a quantitative signal, appears to be the most promising tool for the assessment of direct cellular ROS-scavenging effects at an industrial scale.
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Ariyarathna, Pathumi, Rizliya Visvanathan, Isuri Rathnayake, Terrence Madhujith, and Ruvini Liyanage. "In vitro antioxidant potential of eleven medicinal herbs in Sri Lanka: Correlation with phenols and flavonoids." International Journal of Secondary Metabolite 12, no. 3 (2025): 561–71. https://doi.org/10.21448/ijsm.1562753.
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Antioxidants play a crucial role in preventing and treating non-communicable diseases (NCDs) by scavenging free radicals. Medicinal herbs, used for centuries in traditional healthcare systems, have been gaining attention recently due to the negative effects of synthetic medicines. This study assessed the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity of aqueous extracts from eleven commonly used Sri Lankan Ayurvedic plants and determined the relationship between their phenolic and flavonoid content with antioxidant activities. TPC and TFC were measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu and Aluminum chloride methods, respectively. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using ABTS, FRAP, and DPPH assays. Pearson correlation analysis assessed the relationship between TPC and TFC with antioxidant activity. Phyllanthus emblica (PE) showed the highest TPC, TFC, and antioxidant activity (p≤0.05) significantly. TPC and TFC exhibited significantly positive correlations with FRAP and ABTS assays while the DPPH assay showed a negative correlation. Phenols and flavonoids in the selected extracts may significantly contribute to the antioxidant activity measured by ABTS and FRAP assays, while other secondary metabolites and their synergism effect may influence the DPPH assay. The significant antioxidant properties of PE, highlight its potential to treat various NCDs. Further studies are essential to determine their bioactivities, effective doses, and toxicity levels.
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Скрыпник (Skrypnik), Любовь (Lyubov') Николаевна (Nikolaevna), and Алина (Alina) Андреевна (Andreevna) Курашова (Kurashova). "THE COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF SOME SAMBUCUS L. SPECIES." chemistry of plant raw material, no. 1 (March 6, 2019): 127–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/jcprm.2019014037.
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The antioxidant properties of fruits, flowers, leaves, bark (or stem) of elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.), red elderberry (Sambucus racemosa L.) and dwarf elder (Sambucus ebulus L.) were investigated. The total content of anthocyanins and total phenolic compounds content by using of Folin-Ciocalteu assay were determined spectrophotometrically. The total content of water-soluble antioxidants was investigated by amperometric method. The antioxidant activity (AOA) of plant extracts was measured using DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical, ABTS (2,2’azinobis(3)ethylbenzthiazoline-6- sulfonic acid) radical and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) assays. It was established that the fruits of plants of the genus Sambucus L. were characterized by the maximum level of all studied antioxidants. High content of anthocyanins and phenolic compounds was determined in the leaves of elderberry and dwarf elder. The flowers of these elderberry species were distinguished by a high total content of water-soluble antioxidants. The highest antioxidant activity was observed in fruits extracts in comparison with other parts of the plant. Higher antioxidant activity was identified in the extract of the fruits of elderberry and dwarf elder than of the red elderberry fruits. The most optimal method for evaluating the antioxidant activity of elder extracts was the FRAP assay, which showed the highest correlation between AOA and individual antioxidant components, compared to DPPH and ABTS assays. Comparative analysis of antioxidant content and antioxidant activity of various plant parts of three elderberry species showed that the most promising sources of biologically active substances with antioxidant properties are fruits and flowers of elderberry and dwarf elder.
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Treml, Jakub, Petra Večeřová, Petra Herczogová, and Karel Šmejkal. "Direct and Indirect Antioxidant Effects of Selected Plant Phenolics in Cell-Based Assays." Molecules 26, no. 9 (2021): 2534. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26092534.
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Background: Oxidative stress is a key factor in the pathophysiology of many diseases. This study aimed to verify the antioxidant activity of selected plant phenolics in cell-based assays and determine their direct or indirect effects. Methods: The cellular antioxidant assay (CAA) assay was employed for direct scavenging assays. In the indirect approach, the influence of each test substance on the gene and protein expression and activity of selected antioxidant enzymes was observed. One assay also dealt with activation of the Nrf2-ARE pathway. The overall effect of each compound was measured using a glucose oxidative stress protection assay. Results: Among the test compounds, acteoside showed the highest direct scavenging activity and no effect on the expression of antioxidant enzymes. It increased only the activity of catalase. Diplacone was less active in direct antioxidant assays but positively affected enzyme expression and catalase activity. Morusin showed no antioxidant activity in the CAA assay. Similarly, pomiferin had only mild antioxidant activity and proved rather cytotoxic. Conclusions: Of the four selected phenolics, only acteoside and diplacone demonstrated antioxidant effects in cell-based assays.
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Olaitan, Michael O., Cosmas O. Ujowundu, Chiamaka P. Nzebude, et al. "Organic wastes of Citrus sinensis Peels- a source of eco-friendly and sustainable bioactive compounds for promoting health." Asian Journal of Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology 16, no. 2 (2024): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajbgmb/2024/v16i2358.
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To determine the phytochemicals, radical scavenging and antioxidant potential of orange peel extract. Citrus sinensis were subjected to extraction with ethanol. Gas chromatography (GC) was utilized to determine the phytochemical composition of orange peel extract. Hydrogen peroxide, superoxide, nitric oxide, and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays were conducted to assess radical scavenging potential of the extract. Antioxidant activities of the peel extracts were determined via the 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, ABTS scavenging, and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) assay. The GC-FID analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, polyphenols, tannins, sapogenin, and steroids in the orange peel extract. The results of radical scavenging assays demonstrated the extract’s ability to scavenge hydrogen peroxide, superoxide, nitric oxide and hydroxyl radicals. The scavenging capacity of the extract was observed to be concentration-dependent, with comparisons made to standard antioxidants ascorbic acid and BHT. Peels from citrus sinensis represent a valuable source of phytochemicals, demonstrating significant antioxidant and radical scavenging activities.
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Farias, K. S., T. S. N. Santos, M. R. A. B. Paiva, et al. "Antioxidant properties of species from the Brazilian cerrado by different assays." Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais 15, no. 4 (2013): 520–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-05722013000400008.
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The purpose of this study was to screen the antioxidant activity of medicinal plant extracts from the Brazilian cerrado, through other methods than the total phenolic content and its correlation with the antioxidant activity. Ethanolic extracts of ten species were evaluated through three antioxidant assays, in vitro, including 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), total antioxidant activity and reducing power; and by using the Folin-Ciocalteu method the total phenolic content was determined. Ethanolic extracts of Stryphnodendron obovatum, Cecropia pachystachya and Duguetia furfuraceae showed strong antioxidant activity (IC50<5 µg mL-1) in the DPPH free radical scavenging assay; the species Vernonia phosphorea, Hymenaea stignocarpa and Jacaranda ulei may also be highlighted. These results were confirmed in the assays of total antioxidant capacity and reducing power. The extracts of S. obovatum and V. phosphorea showed an abundant phenolic content; therefore, the phenolic content may play a role in the antioxidant activity. These two species, traditionally used in Brazil, showed great power in these assay systems and may be a promising source for the development of natural antioxidants and future candidates for phytochemical and pharmacological studies in related diseases.
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Zhang, Xiu-Li, Yong-Dong Zhang, Tao Wang, Hong-Yun Guo, Qi-Ming Liu, and Hai-Xiang Su. "Evaluation on Antioxidant Effect of Xanthohumol by Different Antioxidant Capacity Analytical Methods." Journal of Chemistry 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/249485.
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Several assays have been frequently used to estimate antioxidant capacities includingABTS•+, DPPH, and FRAP assays. Xanthohumol (XN), the major prenylated flavonoid contained in beer, witnessed various reports on its antioxidant capacity. We systematically evaluated the antioxidant activity of XN using three systems, 2,2,-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS•+) scavenging assays, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical assays, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. The results are expressed as Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC). The TEAC of XN was0.32±0.09 μmol·l−1by the ABTS assay and0.27±0.04 μmol·l−1by the FRAP. Meanwhile, the XN did not show obviously scavenging effect on DPPH radical reaction system. These results showed that different methods in the evaluation of compound antioxidant capicity, there may be a different conclusion.
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Danet, Andrei Florin, Mihaela Carmen Cheregi, and Simona Carmen Litescu. "Antioxidant Capacity Assays. Chemical and Cellular-based Methods." Revista de Chimie 74, no. 3 (2023): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.23.3.8569.
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The article is a continuation of the book chapter entitled Recent Advances in Antioxidant Capacity Assays published by IntechOpen in 2021. The various methods for determining antioxidant capacity in a variety of materials (plant extracts, biological material, foods, etc.) are discussed, with a special emphasis on articles published in recent years and especially on reviews. Both chemical methods for determining antioxidant capacity and cellular antioxidant capacity assays were presented. In addition to the review published in 2021, the following methods for the determination of antioxidant capacity were presented: crocin bleaching assay, Briggs-Rauscher reaction inhibition assay, ferricyanide-Prussian blue assay, cerric reducing antioxidant capacity assay and Anti Oxidant Power 1 (AOP1) assay. Several applications of the cellular antioxidant capacity assay were also presented in tabular form.
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Dziurka, Michał, Paweł Kubica, Inga Kwiecień, et al. "In Vitro Cultures of Some Medicinal Plant Species (Cistus × incanus, Verbena officinalis, Scutellaria lateriflora, and Scutellaria baicalensis) as a Rich Potential Source of Antioxidants—Evaluation by CUPRAC and QUENCHER-CUPRAC Assays." Plants 10, no. 3 (2021): 454. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10030454.
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Comparative estimations of the antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts from biomasses of different types of in vitro cultures of Cistus × incanus, Verbena officinalis, Scutellaria lateriflora, and S. baicalensis and also from plant raw materials were performed. The antioxidant measurements were based on the modern assays—cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) and quick, easy, new, cheap, and reproducible CUPRAC (QUENCHER-CUPRAC). The total extractable antioxidants (CUPRAC assay) ranged from 10.4 to 49.7 mmol (100 g)−1 of dry weight (DW) expressed as Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), and the global antioxidant response (QUENCHER-CUPRAC assay) ranged from 16.0 to 79.1 mmol (100 g)−1 DW for in vitro cultures, whereas for plant raw materials the total extractable antioxidants ranged from 20.9 to 69.5 mmol (100 g)−1 DW, and the global antioxidant response ranged from 67.2 to 97.8 mmol (100 g)−1 DW. Finally, the in vitro cultures could be regarded as an antioxidant-rich alternative resource for the pharmaceutical, health food and cosmetics industries.
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Zhang, Qiang, Wenbo Yang, Jiechao Liu, et al. "Identification of Six Flavonoids as Novel Cellular Antioxidants and Their Structure-Activity Relationship." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2020 (September 21, 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4150897.
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This study is aimed at determining the relationship of flavonoid structures to their chemical and intracellular antioxidant activities. The antioxidant activities of 60 flavonoids were investigated by three different antioxidant assays, including 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, oxygen radical absorption capacity (ORAC), and cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) assays. The result showed 6 flavonoids as good cellular antioxidants evaluated for the first time. The cellular antioxidant activities of compounds 7-methoxy-quercetin, 3-O-methylquercetin, 8-hydroxy-kaempferol, quercetin-3-O-α-arabinofuranose, kaempferol-7-O-glucopyranoside, and luteolin6-C-glucoside were linked with the upregulation of antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase). A structure-activity relationship suggested that 2,3-double bond, 4-keto groups, 3′,4′-catechol structure, and 3-hydroxyl in the flavonoid skeleton played important roles in the antioxidant behavior. Furthermore, the cell proliferative assay revealed a low cytotoxicity for 3-O-methylquercetin. The present results provide valuable information for the dietary application of flavonoids with different structures for high antioxidant.
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Ali Hassan, Siti Hawa, and Mohd Fadzelly Abu Bakar. "Antioxidative and Anticholinesterase Activity ofCyphomandra betaceaFruit." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/278071.
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Cyphomandra betaceais one of the underutilized fruits which can be found in tropical and subtropical countries. This study was conducted to determine the antioxidant activity and phytochemical contents in different parts (i.e., flesh and peel) of the fruits. Antioxidants were analyzed using DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging assays as well as FRAP assay. Anticholinesterase activity was determined using enzymatic assay using acetyl cholinesterase enzyme. For 80% methanol extract, the peel of the fruit displayed higher antioxidant activity in both FRAP and ABTS free radical scavenging assays while the flesh displayed higher antioxidant activity in the DPPH assay. Total phenolic and total flavonoid content were higher in the peel with the values of 4.89 ± 0.04 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g and 3.36 ± 0.01 mg rutin equivalent (RU)/g, respectively. Total anthocyanin and carotenoid content were higher in the flesh of the fruit with the values of 4.15 ± 0.04 mg/100 g and 25.13 ± 0.35 mg/100 g. The anticholinesterase was also higher in the peel ofC. betacea. The same trends of phytochemicals, antioxidant, and anticholinesterase were also observed in the distilled water extracts. These findings suggested thatC. betaceahas a potential as natural antioxidant-rich nutraceutical products.
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Aitken, Robert J., Alexandra Wilkins, Natasha Harrison, Kimia Kobarfard, and Sarah Lambourne. "Towards the Development of Novel, Point-of-Care Assays for Monitoring Different Forms of Antioxidant Activity: The RoXstaTM System." Antioxidants 13, no. 11 (2024): 1379. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox13111379.
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(1) Background: This study set out to develop a series of simple, novel, rapid methods for assessing different forms of antioxidant activity. (2) Methods: An ABTS platform was used to engineer: (i) an electrochemical post-activation assay to assess free radical scavenging activity; (ii) an electrochemical pre-activation strategy to assesses the suppression of free radical formation; (iii) a horseradish peroxidase-mediated oxidation system to monitor hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity and (iv) a cumene peroxide-hematin system to determine the ability of samples to scavenge the mixture of organic peroxides and peroxyl and alkoxyl radicals generated in the presence of these reagents. Each assay was assessed against a panel of candidate antioxidant compounds to determine their relative activities and specificities. In addition, human semen samples were analyzed to determine how the results of these antioxidant assays correlated with semen quality. (3) Results: All 4 assays revealed dose-dependent antioxidant activity on the part of vitamin C, N-acetyl cysteine, hypotaurine, BSA, melatonin, glutathione, resveratrol and epigallocatechin gallate. The other compounds tested either completely lacked antioxidant activity or were only active in one of the assays. Using unfractionated human semen as an exemplar of biological fluids rich in antioxidants, the outputs from the individual assays were found to reflect different aspects of semen quality. When the data from all 4 assays were combined, accurate predictions were generated reflecting the importance of oxidative stress in defining semen quality as reflected by sperm count, seminal lipid aldehyde content, sperm DNA damage and free radical generation by the sperm mitochondria. (4) Conclusions: The methodologies described in this paper constitute the basis for rapid, point-of-care assessments of oxidative stress.
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Jamous, Rana M., Salam Y. Abu-Zaitoun, Rola J. Akkawi, and Mohammed S. Ali-Shtayeh. "Antiobesity and Antioxidant Potentials of Selected Palestinian Medicinal Plants." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2018 (June 13, 2018): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8426752.
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We evaluated the antioxidant and porcine pancreatic lipase inhibition (PPLI) activities of 90 plants extracts. The antioxidant activity was measured using the free-radical scavenging capacity (DPPH) and reducing power (RP) assays. The pancreatic lipase inhibition assay was used to determine the PPLI activity of plant extracts. Among the 90 plant extracts examined, 41.0 % crude extracts showed antilipase activity of more than 50%. The most active plants by means of IC50 value were Camellia sinensis (0.5 mg/ml), Ceratonia siliqua (leaves) (0.8 mg/mL), Curcuma longa (0.8 mg/mL), Sarcopoterium spinosum (1.2 mg/mL), and Mentha spicata (1.2 mg/mL). The antioxidant activity of plant extracts using the DPPH and RP assays reveals comparable results. The most active antioxidant extracts using both assays were the leaves and fruit epicarp of Rhus coriaria, areal parts of Sarcopoterium spinosum, and leaves of Ceratonia siliqua. Our results suggest natural resources that possess strong antioxidant and pancreatic lipase inhibitory activities with potential applications in the treatment and prevention of obesity and overweight. The extracts of Camellia sinensis, Ceratonia siliqua, Curcuma longa, Sarcopoterium spinosum, and Mentha spicata were proved to have a great potential as antioxidants and antiobesity agents.
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Kotha, Raghavendhar R., Fakir Shahidullah Tareq, Elif Yildiz, and Devanand L. Luthria. "Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants—A Critical Review on In Vitro Antioxidant Assays." Antioxidants 11, no. 12 (2022): 2388. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11122388.
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Antioxidants have been widely studied in the fields of biology, medicine, food, and nutrition sciences. There has been extensive work on developing assays for foods and biological systems. The scientific communities have well-accepted the effectiveness of endogenous antioxidants generated in the body. However, the health efficacy and the possible action of exogenous dietary antioxidants are still questionable. This may be attributed to several factors, including a lack of basic understanding of the interaction of exogenous antioxidants in the body, the lack of agreement of the different antioxidant assays, and the lack of specificity of the assays, which leads to an inability to relate specific dietary antioxidants to health outcomes. Hence, there is significant doubt regarding the relationship between dietary antioxidants to human health. In this review, we documented the variations in the current methodologies, their mechanisms, and the highly varying values for six common food substrates (fruits, vegetables, processed foods, grains, legumes, milk, and dairy-related products). Finally, we discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the antioxidant assays and examine the challenges in correlating the antioxidant activity of foods to human health.
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Tahir, Muhammad, Muhammad Shahab Khan, Muhammad Bilal, Ashfaq Ahmad, and Mukhtar Ahmad. "In-Vitro Antioxidant Activites of Novel Synthesized Copper (II) Complexes." International Journal of Current Research and Review 14, no. 13 (2022): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.31782/ijcrr.2022.141310.
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Introduction: The term radical is originally implied, to a portion of a molecule which cannot exist independently in nature. The Development of these radicals is driven by thermal hemolysis, high energy radiation and photolysis. Free radical attacks cause cell damage and homeostatic disruption. Targets of free radicals are all kinds of molecules in the body, such as lipids, nucleic acids and proteins are the major targets. Antioxidants are substances capable of slowing or stopping oxidation pathways that occur under the effect of reactive oxygen moieties or free atmospheric oxygen. Objectives: The main objective of the present study was to judge the advantages of the newly synthesized Copper (II) complexes in contrast to oxidative stress caused by free radicals utilizing different assays. Methods: The antioxidant ability of Cu (II) complexes were measured employing different assays including, DPPH free radical scavenging ability, ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAF) and total antioxidant ability assay. Results: In the DPPH scavenging potential assay, ferric reducing antioxidant potential and total antioxidant ability assay, RI-1 complex was studied to be more spectacular among the copper(II) complexes. Inhibiting ability of the complexes was RI-1 > NM-3 > AM-2 > SR-3. The Antioxidant scavenging potential was conformed as dose dependent which increases with the increase of complex concentration. Conclusion: The Copper (II) complexes were found to have high antioxidant abilities.
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Thimmaraju, Alamelu, and Sudha Govindan. "In Vitro Antioxidant Activitiesand Characterization of Ethanolic Polysaccharide from Hypsizygus Ulmarius Mushroom." International Journal of Zoology and Applied Biosciences 7, no. 6S (2022): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.55126/ijzab.2022.v07.i06.sp011.
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The Hypsizygus ulmariusethanol polysaccharide (HUEP)and its water-soluble edible mushroom, both recognized for their therapeutic powers and for providing crucial enzymes for industry, were extracted used ethanol in this work. Investigated were the in vitro antioxidant capacities of decreasing power, ABTS, and the DPPH assays. The study's goal was to ascertain the chemical composition of various molecules, including uronic acid, protein, and carbohydrate. UV, X-ray Diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). In these assays with lower EC50 values, the study found that HUEP exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity. Various polysaccharide extracts of the mushroom may be used as a readily available food source that is high in natural antioxidants, as a potential food supplement, or even as a medicinal agent, according to the findings of the current study. The results of various in vitro assay systems showed that the polysaccharide ethanolic extract of HUEP has strong antioxidant properties. Extracts from polysaccharides could be useful for creating food additives that are antioxidants.
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Kathiravan S and Shwetha V Kalava. "A study on in vitro antioxidant activity of aqueous seed extract of sesbania sesban (l) merr." Kongunadu Research Journal 8, no. 2 (2021): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/krj.2021.21.
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The present study was done to investigate the in vitro antioxidant activity of aqueous extract of Sesbania sesban seeds. The assays such as DPPH, Chelation, ferrous ion, ABTS, Superoxide radical, hydroxyl radical assay, FRAP assay and total antioxidant activity were done to assess the antioxidant potential of the seed extract. The extract was tested at a concentration range of 100 – 500 μg/ml for all the assays and the values were compared with a standard. The results obtained showed that the radical scavenging activity was in a dose dependent manner and found to increase with increase in concentration of the extract. The IC50 value was calculated for the assays and tabulated for inference. Different assays revealed different levels of radical scavenging potential of the extract and exhibited as a better antioxidant source for therapeutic applications.
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Fujimoto, Taiki, and Hiroaki Gotoh. "Feature Selection for the Interpretation of Antioxidant Mechanisms in Plant Phenolics." Molecules 28, no. 3 (2023): 1454. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28031454.
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Antioxidants, represented by plant phenolics, protect living tissues by scavenging reactive oxygen species through diverse reaction mechanisms. Research on antioxidants is often individualized, for example, focusing on the evaluation of their activity against a single reactive oxygen species or examining the antioxidant properties of compounds with similar structures. In this study, multivariate analysis was used to comprehensively examine antioxidant properties. Eighteen features were selected to explain the results of the antioxidant capacity tests. These selected features were then evaluated by supervised learning, using the results of the antioxidant capacity assays. Dimension-reduction techniques were also used to represent the compound space with antioxidants as a two-dimensional distribution. A small amount of data obtained from several assays provided us with comprehensive information on the relationships between the structures and activities of antioxidants.
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Lanez, Touhami, and Abdelkerim Rebiai. "Development of an Electrochemical Method for the Measurement of Antioxidant Capacity of Pure Compounds and Natural Substances Extracts." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 6 (September 2013): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.6.46.
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A new method has been developed to measure total antioxidant activity of antioxidants in foods and natural substances without use of standard antioxidants and without use of calibration curves plotting. It is based on measuring the oxidation peak current of superoxide anion radical electrochemically generated by reduction of commercial molecular oxygen in dimethylformamide. The method has been validated using 7 known standard antioxidants and the results have been compared with those obtained by the DPPH and molybdate ion reduction assays. Measured antioxidant capacities were highly correlated with those obtained using DPPH (r2 = 0.549) and molybdate ion reduction assay (r2 = 0.434).
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Lanez, Touhami, and Abdelkerim Rebiai. "Development of an Electrochemical Method for the Measurement of Antioxidant Capacity of Pure Compounds and Natural Substances Extracts." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 6 (January 10, 2013): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-8gy7y0.
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A new method has been developed to measure total antioxidant activity of antioxidants in foods and natural substances without use of standard antioxidants and without use of calibration curves plotting. It is based on measuring the oxidation peak current of superoxide anion radical electrochemically generated by reduction of commercial molecular oxygen in dimethylformamide. The method has been validated using 7 known standard antioxidants and the results have been compared with those obtained by the DPPH and molybdate ion reduction assays. Measured antioxidant capacities were highly correlated with those obtained using DPPH (r2 = 0.549) and molybdate ion reduction assay (r2 = 0.434).
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Głód, Bronisław K., and Mateusz Borkowski. "The Antioxidative Properties of Selected Herbs Estimated Using Various Assays." Journal of Chemistry 2023 (March 28, 2023): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/5497076.
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Antioxidants can be determined using a variety of analytical assays. The total of antioxidant properties, depending on the sum of the products of their concentrations and antioxidant powers in the sample, is usually called total antioxidant potential (TAP). The direct method developed by us, based on the voltammetric measurements, was used to determine the TAPs of selected herbs. However, it is expected that the detection limit of this assay will be much lower when the convection current is increased and the capacitive current is eliminated. Such conditions are found in electrochemical HPLC detection. The advantage of this method is the ability to perform measurements at different potentials, which is analogous to the measurements related to various radicals in indirect methods. Measurements performed at high potentials of the working electrode allow us to test weak antioxidants. It turned out that electrochemical methods provided additional information about the antioxidant properties of the herbs. Some of them have a large part of TAP caused by weak antioxidants in high concentrations. The obtained results were correlated with the TAP values related to DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radicals and the total content of polyphenols in the sample.
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Błauż, Andrzej, Tomasz Pilaszek, Agnieszka Grzelak, Agata Dragan, and Grzegorz Bartosz. "Interaction between antioxidants in assays of total antioxidant capacity." Food and Chemical Toxicology 46, no. 7 (2008): 2365–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2008.03.018.
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Mali, Pratap Chand, Neha Bharti, Prity Yadav, and Ashish Kumar Kansotiya. "An antioxidant potential analysis of herbal silver nanoparticles synthesized from methanolic leaf extract of Cassia siamea." IP International Journal of Comprehensive and Advanced Pharmacology 9, no. 4 (2024): 275–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijcaap.2024.040.
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ynthesis and evaluation of in vitro antioxidant potential of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) made from methanolic leaf extract of Cassia siamea, To develop a herbal, potential, cost-effective source of antioxidative agents.Herbal matter have been a good source of nutrition and antioxidant agents from the ages, to fulfil the requirements of one by its natural phytoconstituents. Present study compiles the, green synthesis of AgNPs using the methanolic leaf extract of C. siamea. Synthesized AgNPs were characterized and used for the detection of their in vitro antioxidant potential. The activity was analysed through DPPH and FRAP assays. While the antioxidant potential of AgNPs is known, the use of C. siamea extract for this purpose is relatively underexplored, making this study a significant contribution to the field of nanotechnology and natural antioxidants. The findings highlight the potential of plant-mediated AgNPs for future applications in biomedicine, particularly as natural, eco-friendly antioxidants.The collection and identification of the plant leaf was done in University Campus. The AgNPs were characterized through several techniques as UV-Vis spectrophotometry, FTIR, XRD, particle size and Zeta potential analysis, SEM, confirming the formation of stable AgNPs. The in vitro antioxidant potential of the synthesized AgNPs was evaluated using DPPH and FRAP assays, with ascorbic acid serving as the reference standard. By current study this can be concluded that after successful synthesis and characterization of AgNPs, DPPH Assay demonstrated that AgNPs had a concentration-dependent % scavenging action, with considerable radical inhibition at all examined levels, but they are lower than ascorbic acid. Similarly, FRAP assay demonstrated the reducing power of AgNPs, which increased with concentration. The IC values obtained from both assays indicate that synthesized AgNPs possess substantial antioxidant activity.The bioactive chemicals in the leaf extract play an important role in nanoparticle formation and their stability. These findings suggest that green-synthesized AgNPs from Cassia siamea exhibit considerable antioxidant potential, making them promising candidates for applications in biomedicine and nanotechnology. This study contributes to the growing body of research on plant-mediated nanoparticle synthesis and the potential of such nanoparticles as natural antioxidants.
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Sagar, Appasaheb Sangle, and Anuj Bhadauriya Dr. "Significance of Antioxidant Potential of Plants and its Relevance to Therapeutic Applications." International Journal of Advance Research in Multidisciplinary 1, no. 1 (2023): 914–17. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14823339.
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Oxidative stress has been identified as the root cause of the development and progression of several diseases. Supplementation of exogenous antioxidants or boosting endogenous antioxidant defenses of the body is a promising way of combating the undesirable effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced oxidative damage. Plants have an innate ability to biosynthesize a wide range of non-enzymatic antioxidants capable of attenuating ROS- induced oxidative damage. Several <em>in vitro</em> methods have been used to screen plants for their antioxidant potential, and in most of these assays they revealed potent antioxidant activity. However, prior to confirming their <em>in vivo</em> therapeutic efficacy, plant antioxidants have to pass through several physio pharmacological processes. Consequently, the findings of <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em> antioxidant potential assessment studies are not always the same. Nevertheless, the results of <em>in vitro</em> assays have been irrelevantly extrapolated to the therapeutic application of plant antioxidants without undertaking sufficient <em>in vivo</em> studies. Therefore, we have briefly reviewed the physiology and redox biology of both plants and humans to improve our understanding of plant antioxidants as therapeutic entities. The applications and limitations of antioxidant activity measurement assays were also highlighted to identify the precise path to be followed for future research in the area of plant antioxidants.
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Kut, Kacper, Bogumił Cieniek, Ireneusz Stefaniuk, Grzegorz Bartosz, and Izabela Sadowska-Bartosz. "A Modification of the ABTS• Decolorization Method and an Insight into Its Mechanism." Processes 10, no. 7 (2022): 1288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10071288.
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A modification of the ABTS• decolorization assay for plate readers is presented. In our modification, 200 µL of ABTS solution of absorbance 1.0 at 734 nm was added with an antioxidant and decreased absorbance resulted. For comparison of antioxidant activities in the kinetic assay of absorbance decrease, concentration dependence of absorbance decrease and of area under curve are recommended. “Fast” and “slow” antioxidants were distinguished: while the reactions of “fast” antioxidants ABTS• were completed within seconds, the reactions of “slow” antioxidants were not finished after 6 min. We recommend reaction time of 60 min for assays of such antioxidants, blood plasma and plant extracts. Sub-additive interactions between some antioxidants (ascorbate and Trolox, hispidulin and Trolox, and glutathione and ascorbate) were found in the ABTS• decolorization; possible reasons for such interactions are discussed.
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Devi, Barri Indira, J. Kalaivannan, Sumathi Jones, et al. "Antioxidant Studies of Ayurvedic Medicine, Dhanwanthararishtam." Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences 16, Suppl 5 (2024): S4708—S4711. https://doi.org/10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_875_24.
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ABSTRACT Background: Dhanwanthararishtam is a classical Ayurvedic medicine, primarily used for postnatal care and rejuvenation. Aim: The present study evaluates the antioxidant properties of the Ayurvedic medicine Dhanwanthararishtam, traditionally used for postnatal care to rejuvenate and strengthen the mother. Methods: ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP, were the antibiotic assays carried out following standard protocols. Results: Among these assays, Dhanwanthararishtam exhibited exceptional results at very low concentrations in the FRAP assay, while the ABTS and DPPH assays showed moderate antioxidant activities. Conclusion: These findings clearly demonstrate the antioxidant potential of Dhanwanthararishtam, supporting its medicinal efficacy.
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Darshika, Acharya Meenakshi Vaidya*. "In-vitro antioxidant activity of hydroalcoholic extract of leaves of Hydnocarpus pentandrus (Buch. - Ham) Oken." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2, no. 11 (2024): 167–72. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14030494.
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Cellular damage can arise from the reactions of free radicals with membrane lipids, nucleic acids, proteins, enzymes, and other micro molecules. Free radical-induced cell damage seems to be a primary factor in the aging process and degenerative diseases, including but not limited to cancer, heart disease, cataracts, liver disorders, diabetes mellitus, inflammation, and renal failure. Naturally, the body produces free radicals, and antioxidants scavenge them to shield the body from harmful consequences. This dynamic equilibrium exists between the two. It's possible that there aren't enough antioxidants in the body under typical physiological circumstances to offset the production of free radicals. Thus, it stands to reason that adding antioxidants to our diet will help shield us from dangerous illnesses. Thus, the creation of "natural antioxidants" from plant material has drawn more attention from the food business and preventative medicine. Given the importance of antioxidant activity, a hydroalcoholic crude extract from the leaves of the Achariaceae family plant Hydnocarpus pentandrus (Buch. - Ham) Oken was made, the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) Radical Scavenging Assay, the Ferric Ion Reducing Assay (FRAP), the Nitric Oxide Assay, and the H2O2 Radical Scavenging Assay were used to measure the radical scavenging activity. The antioxidant activity of the hydroalcoholic extract was examined in comparison to the reference; in all four methods, solvent-based findings were observed. Higher antioxidant activity is shown by the FRAP and DPPH assays, which are followed by the nitric oxide, and H2O2 radical assays. DPPH > FRAP > H2O2 > Nitric oxide.
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Surya, Saravanan, Palanisamy Sampathkumar, Shanmugam M. Sivasankaran, et al. "Vanillic acid exhibits potent antiproliferative and free radical scavenging effects under in vitro conditions." International Journal of Nutrition, Pharmacology, Neurological Diseases 13, no. 3 (2023): 188–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijnpnd.ijnpnd_29_23.
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Cells endure oxidative stress as a result of an imbalance between the status of body’s reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants. Higher production of ROS or weak antioxidant defense mechanism in the cell could lead to various pathological disorders, including carcinogenesis. The present study investigated the in vitro free radical scavenging activity and antiproliferative efficacy of vanillic acid using a spectrum of radical scavenging assays and cytotoxic assays, respectively. Vanillic acid’s antioxidant ability was investigated using in vitro antioxidant assays such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), hydroxyl, and superoxide radical scavenging assays. The current study observed an excellent free radical scavenging capacity of vanillic acid, which was comparable to that of ascorbic acid (reference drug). The antiproliferative effect of vanillic acid was assessed in mammary cancer cells (Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 [MCF-7]) by using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, ROS generation potential, changes in mitochondrial membrane potential, and by evaluating its apoptotic induction potential. The cell viability of breast cancer cells was drastically decreased by vanillic acid, and its antiproliferative potential in MCF-7 cells could be due to its ability to induce excessive generation of ROS and its apoptotic induction potential. The present investigation thus explores antioxidant and antiproliferative properties of vanillic acid under in vitro conditions.
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Leki, Karol Giovani Battista, Yahya Febrianto, and Yithro Serang. "Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity in Solanum Ferox (Through DPPH and FRAP Assays)." JURNAL INFO KESEHATAN 23, no. 2 (2025): 309–17. https://doi.org/10.31965/infokes.vol23.iss2.1743.
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The antioxidant properties of natural compounds have garnered significant attention for their potential therapeutic applications. Solanum ferox, a plant traditionally used in several countries for medicinal purposes, has been identified as possessing potential antioxidant properties. However, the extent and efficacy of its antioxidant capacity have not been thoroughly examined, creating a gap in understanding its effectiveness compared to established antioxidants like ascorbic acid. This study aims to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of Solanum ferox using DPPH and FRAP assays across concentrations ranging from 20 to 100 µg/µl, with ascorbic acid serving as a standard reference. The DPPH assay measured the scavenging activity of both samples to assess their radical-quenching properties, while the FRAP assay evaluated their reducing power. Findings indicate that ascorbic acid exhibits significantly higher scavenging activity than Solanum ferox across all concentrations, with consistent activity ranging between 88.4% and 90.88% in the DPPH assay and from 45.16% to 83.89% in the FRAP assay. In contrast, Solanum ferox shows a gradual but much lower increase in activity, from 6.8% to 35.5% in the DPPH assay and from 10.59% to 33.82% in the FRAP assay, suggesting limited antioxidant potential. The study contributes to the understanding of the antioxidant properties of Solanum ferox, highlighting its limited efficacy compared to ascorbic acid and suggesting that further research is needed to explore its potential at higher concentrations or through alternative methods. These insights provide a foundational basis for future studies investigating Solanum ferox as a potential natural antioxidant source.
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Yamauchi, Moeka, Yukino Kitamura, Haruka Nagano, Junya Kawatsu, and Hiroaki Gotoh. "DPPH Measurements and Structure—Activity Relationship Studies on the Antioxidant Capacity of Phenols." Antioxidants 13, no. 3 (2024): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox13030309.
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The consumption of foods that are high in antioxidant capacity is believed to contribute to good health. Moreover, the addition of highly antioxidant compounds to foods is believed to prevent food deterioration. Among the known antioxidants in food, phenols have been identified as the primary antioxidants. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay is a simple, inexpensive, and rapid method widely used to evaluate the antioxidant capacity. Although the results of the DPPH assay depend on conditions such as the reaction time and concentration, the experimental conditions have not been standardized. Further, previous research that compared the antioxidant capacity determined through the DPPH assay largely focused on the differences in the specific substructures of approximately several dozen compounds. In this study, we conducted DPPH assays on 169 phenols under the same experimental conditions and summarized the correlation between their structures and activity. This DPPH assay study is the first single-laboratory investigation of the largest number of components in terms of their Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacities. Further, the analysis method was reproduced in an interlaboratory collaborative study, enabling its application in the reproduction and comparison of measurements in other laboratories.
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Kiss, Attila, Vivien Anna Papp, Anna Pál, et al. "Comparative Study on Antioxidant Capacity of Diverse Food Matrices: Applicability, Suitability and Inter-Correlation of Multiple Assays to Assess Polyphenol and Antioxidant Status." Antioxidants 14, no. 3 (2025): 317. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14030317.
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Antioxidants play a crucial role in mitigating oxidative stress and preventing cellular damage caused by free radicals. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of three antioxidant assays—DPPH, TEAC, and FRAP—in quantifying the antioxidant capacity of 15 plant-based spices, herbs, and food materials from five distinct plant families. The relationship between these assays and total polyphenol content (TPC) as well as total flavonoid content (TFC) was also investigated. The results showed that FRAP exhibited the strongest correlation with TPC (r = 0.913), followed by TEAC (r = 0.856) and DPPH (r = 0.772). Lamiaceae species, such as rosemary and thyme, consistently demonstrated high antioxidant activities across all assays. The study highlights the complementary nature of these assays in assessing antioxidant capacity and underscores their utility in profiling polyphenol- and flavonoid-rich plants for potential nutritional and therapeutic applications.
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Xie, Yulu, Xican Li, Jingyu Chen, Yuman Deng, Wenbiao Lu, and Dongfeng Chen. "pH Effect and Chemical Mechanisms of Antioxidant Higenamine." Molecules 23, no. 9 (2018): 2176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23092176.
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In this article, we determine the pH effect and chemical mechanism of antioxidant higenamine by using four spectrophotometric assays: (1) 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide radical (PTIO•)-scavenging assay (at pH 4.5, 6.0, and 7.4); (2) Fe3+-reducing power assay; (3) Cu2+-reducing power assay; and (4) 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH•)-scavenging assay. The DPPH•-scavenging reaction product is further analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography, coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS) technology. In the four spectrophotometric assays, higenamine showed good dose-response curves; however, its IC50 values were always lower than those of Trolox. In UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS/MS analysis, the higenamine reaction product with DPPH• displayed three chromatographic peaks (retention time = 0.969, 1.078, and 1.319 min). The first gave m/z 541.2324 and 542.2372 MS peaks; while the last two generated two similar MS peaks (m/z 663.1580 and 664.1885), and two MS/MS peaks (m/z 195.9997 and 225.9971). In the PTIO•-scavenging assays, higenamine greatly decreased its IC50 values with increasing pH. In conclusion, higenamine is a powerful antioxidant—it yields at least two types of final products (i.e., higenamine-radical adduct and higenamine-higenamine dimer). In aqueous media, higenamine may exert its antioxidant action via electron-transfer and proton-transfer pathways. However, its antioxidant action is markedly affected by pH. This is possibly because lower pH value weakens its proton-transfer pathway via ionization suppression by solution H+, and its electron-transfer pathway by withdrawing the inductive effect (-I) from protonated N-atom. These findings will aid the correct use of alkaloid antioxidants.
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Zahin, Maryam, Farrukh Aqil, Fohad Mabood Husain, and Iqbal Ahmad. "Antioxidant Capacity and Antimutagenic Potential ofMurraya koenigii." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/263509.
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It is well known that the intake of antioxidants with increased consumption of fruits and vegetables and medicinal herbs contributes towards reduced risk of certain diseases including cancers. This study aims to evaluate the broad-spectrum antioxidant and antimutagenic activities as well as to elucidate phytochemical profile of an Indian medicinal plantMurraya koenigii(curry) leaves. Leaves of the plant were successively fractionated in various organic solvents. Benzene fraction demonstrated the highest phenolic content followed by petroleum ether. The benzene fraction showed maximum antioxidant activity in all tested assays, namely, phosphomolybdenum, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) assays. Based on the promising broad-spectrum antioxidant activity, benzene fraction was further evaluated for antimutagenic activity and showed a dose-dependent antimutagenic response in AmesSalmonellamutagenicity assay. It inhibited 72–86% mutagenicity induced by sodium azide, methyl methanesulfonate, benzo(a)pyrene, and 2-aminoflourene at the maximum tested concentration (100 μg/mL) inSalmonella typhimuriumtester strains. At least 21 compounds were detected by GC/MS. The findings clearly demonstrated that phenolic-rich benzene fraction has promising broad-spectrum antioxidant and antimutagenic property and needs further evaluation to exploit its therapeutic potential.
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Jassal, Prabhjot Singh, and Gagandeep Kaur. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND PHYTOCHEMICAL CONTENTS IN ETHANOLIC LEAF EXTRACTS OF IN VITRO AND FIELD GROWN WITHANIA SOMNIFERA." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 9, no. 5 (2016): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2016.v9i5.13370.
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ABSTRACTObjective: The present study was planned to compare antioxidant activity in vitro and field grown Withania somnifera was assessed using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and nitric oxide (NO) assays. Medicinal plants are a major source of phytochemicals used for the treatments ofhuman diseases. W. somnifera has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties.Methods: Antioxidant activity and phytochemical contents in W. somnifera were determined spectrophotometrically.Results: The results of antioxidant activity of field grown ethanolic leaf extract of W. somnifera showed maximum inhibition of 72.08% and 77.85%in DPPH (50 µg/ml) and NO (100 µg/ml) scavenging assays, respectively. Field grown ethanolic leaf extract of W. somnifera showed maximumconcentrations of phenolics, flavonoids, and carotenoids, as active phytochemicals, determined spectrophotometrically, which were found as676.5 µg/ml, 557.5 µg/ml, and 469 µg/ml, respectively, as compared to in vitro plant extracts.Conclusions: This study demonstrated that antioxidant activity and phytochemical contents of field grown ethanolic leaf extract of W. somnifera werefound to be comparatively higher than in vitro plant extracts. Leaf extracts of W. somnifera are a potential source of antioxidants and could preventmany free radical-related diseases.Keywords: Carotenoids content, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl scavenging assay, Flavonoids content, Nitric oxide radical scavenging assay, Phenoliccontent.
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Turiman, N. S. R., S. A. A. Muttalib, W. B. Sunarharum, Raseetha S., and E. T. T. Tan. "Antioxidant potencies in enzymatic hydrolysates from cup and corner sections of edible bird's nest." Food Research 8, Supplementary 8 (2025): 14–21. https://doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.8(s8).10.
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Edible Bird's Nest (EBN) has many health-promoting properties, including antioxidants. Although the antioxidant properties of the EBN hydrolysates have been reported in the previous literature, little study has been done on the antioxidant potencies of the enzymatic hydrolysates within different sections of EBN. Thus, this study investigated the antioxidant potencies of the enzymatic hydrolysates from both the cup and corner sections of EBN. Therefore, using different enzymatic hydrolysis durations (1, 2, and 3 hr), this study examined the antioxidant potencies of enzymatic hydrolysates from cup and corner sections of EBN. The antioxidant potencies of alcalase-treated EBN hydrolysates were evaluated using in-vitro chemical assays (DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS). The hydrolysates from the corner section of EBN consistently exhibited significantly higher (p<0.05) DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS values compared to the hydrolysates from the cup section of EBN at all hydrolysis times, except FRAP assay at the 2-hr hydrolysis time. Meanwhile, the antioxidant values obtained from this study suggest that, despite the variations in hydrolysis time, certain data points exhibited comparable antioxidant potencies between cup and corner samples in FRAP and ABTS assays. It is also noteworthy that the ABTS assay demonstrated higher sensitivity in detecting antioxidant activity in the hydrolysates of EBN compared to DPPH and FRAP. In conclusion, the hydrolysates from the corner section of EBN showed stronger antioxidant potencies when treated with alcalase compared to the cup hydrolysates. These results open way for further investigation into the factors influencing the antioxidant activity of the hydrolysates from the cup and corner sections of EBN.
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Hanson, Peter M., Ray-yu Yang, Jane Wu, et al. "Variation for Antioxidant Activity and Antioxidants in Tomato." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 129, no. 5 (2004): 704–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.129.5.0704.
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Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is among the most widely consumed vegetables worldwide and an important source of certain antioxidants (AO) including lycopene, β-carotene, and vitamin C. Improvement of tomato for content of AO and overall antioxidant activity (AOA) could potentially benefit human health in many countries. We evaluated 50 L. esculentum and three L. pimpinellifolium (L.) Mill. entries for contents of lycopene, β-carotene, ascorbic acid, total phenolics, and two assays for antioxidant activity [anti-radical power (ARP) and inhibition of lipid peroxidation (ILP)] for 2 years during the same period in south Taiwan. We detected high levels of genetic diversity for the AO and AOA measured in this study. Group means of the L. pimpinellifolium entries were significantly higher than L. esculentum group means for ARP, ILP, lycopene, ascorbic acid, phenolics, and soluble solids concentration, suggesting that introgression of alleles from L. pimpinellifolium may have potential to improve cultivated tomato for these traits. Ranking of entries for ILP and ARP were consistent between years, particularly for those entries with the highest means and these assays could be adopted by tomato breeders. Results from ILP and ARP assays were highly correlated (r = 0.82**) and it would be unnecessary to use both assays for tomato. Lycopene, β-carotene, ascorbic acid, soluble solids, and total phenolics were all positively correlated with ARP. Among AO, total phenolics content was most closely associated with ARP (r = 0.90**) and ILP (r = 0.83**); this suggests that phenolics make a major contribution to AOA in tomato fruit. Fruit size was negatively correlated with ARP (r = -0.74**) and ILP (r = -0.71**), indicating that combining large fruit size and high AOA will be challenging.
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Hanson, Peter M., Ray-yu Yang, Jane Wu, et al. "Variation for Antioxidant Activity and Antioxidants in Tomato." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 129, no. 5 (2004): 704–11. https://doi.org/10.21273/jashs.129.5.704.
Full textAbstract:
Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is among the most widely consumed vegetables worldwide and an important source of certain antioxidants (AO) including lycopene, β-carotene, and vitamin C. Improvement of tomato for content of AO and overall antioxidant activity (AOA) could potentially benefit human health in many countries. We evaluated 50 L. esculentum and three L. pimpinellifolium (L.) Mill. entries for contents of lycopene, β-carotene, ascorbic acid, total phenolics, and two assays for antioxidant activity [anti-radical power (ARP) and inhibition of lipid peroxidation (ILP)] for 2 years during the same period in south Taiwan. We detected high levels of genetic diversity for the AO and AOA measured in this study. Group means of the L. pimpinellifolium entries were significantly higher than L. esculentum group means for ARP, ILP, lycopene, ascorbic acid, phenolics, and soluble solids concentration, suggesting that introgression of alleles from L. pimpinellifolium may have potential to improve cultivated tomato for these traits. Ranking of entries for ILP and ARP were consistent between years, particularly for those entries with the highest means and these assays could be adopted by tomato breeders. Results from ILP and ARP assays were highly correlated (r = 0.82**) and it would be unnecessary to use both assays for tomato. Lycopene, β-carotene, ascorbic acid, soluble solids, and total phenolics were all positively correlated with ARP. Among AO, total phenolics content was most closely associated with ARP (r = 0.90**) and ILP (r = 0.83**); this suggests that phenolics make a major contribution to AOA in tomato fruit. Fruit size was negatively correlated with ARP (r = -0.74**) and ILP (r = -0.71**), indicating that combining large fruit size and high AOA will be challenging.
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Ghani, Md Ahsan, Celia Barril, Danny R. Bedgood, Geoffrey E. Burrows, and Paul D. Prenzler. "Multi-Dimensional Antioxidant Screening of Selected Australian Native Plants and Putative Annotation of Active Compounds." Molecules 28, no. 7 (2023): 3106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28073106.
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Acacia implexa, Eucalyptus rossii and Exocarpos cupressiformis are native plants of Australia, which were used by the First Peoples for medicinal purposes. In this study, 70% aqueous ethanol crude extracts were prepared from A. implexa bark and leaves, E. rossii leaves and E. cupressiformis leaves, and partitioned via sequential extraction with n-hexane, dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate and ethanol. The crude extracts and fractions were screened for antioxidant activity using a novel, high-throughput lipid-based antioxidant assay, as well as the aqueous ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) assay and the Folin–Ciocalteu test for total phenols. In the lipid-based assay, non-polar n-hexane and DCM fractions showed higher antioxidant activity against the formation of peroxides and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) than the other fractions, whereas the non-polar fractions were not effective in aqueous assays. This illustrates that the high potential of the lipid-soluble n-hexane and DCM fractions as antioxidants would have been missed if only aqueous-based assays were used. In addition, the potent antioxidant compounds were putatively annotated using liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-qTOF-MS). Gallic acid, (+)-catechin, (−)-epicatechin and tannins were found in most crude extracts.