Relevant bibliographies by topics / Applied Mechanics. Engineering, Mechanical. Engineering, Environmental / Journal articles

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Journal articles on the topic 'Applied Mechanics. Engineering, Mechanical. Engineering, Environmental'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 12 February 2022

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Sukanto, Heru, Wijang Wisnu Raharjo, Dody Ariawan, Joko Triyono, and Mujtahid Kaavesina. "Epoxy resins thermosetting for mechanical engineering." Open Engineering 11, no. 1 (2021): 797–814. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eng-2021-0078.

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Abstract This review presents various types of epoxy resins and curing agents commonly used as composite matrices. A brief review of cross-linking formation and the process of degradation or decomposition of epoxy resins by pyrolysis and solvolysis is also discussed. Mechanical engineers are given a brief overview of the types of epoxy resin, which are often applied as composite matrices considering that they currently play a large role in the research, design, manufacturing, and recycling of these materials.

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Holt, J. E. "A New Challenge for Mechanical Engineering in Agriculture." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Power and Process Engineering 200, no. 2 (1986): 105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1986_200_015_02.

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The mechanical engineering profession has a long and honourable history of achievements in agriculture. At the present time its contributions seem to be mainly in mechanization and in environmental structures for both plants and animals. The emphasis is on production despite the fact that in the modern food system distribution accounts for the major part of energy use and overall cost. This paper identifies agricultural distribution as an important and urgent area for the commitment of the mechanical engineer. It shows how the engineering method, which lies at the heart of the profession's contributions to society, can be applied to this large and growing sector of the economy.

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Ritchie, R. O., and P. Lubock. "Fatigue Life Estimation Procedures for the Endurance of a Cardiac Valve Prosthesis: Stress/Life and Damage-Tolerant Analyses." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 108, no. 2 (1986): 153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3138595.

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Projected fatigue life analyses are performed to estimate the endurance of a cardiac valve prosthesis under physiological environmental and mechanical conditions. The analyses are conducted using both the classical stress-strain/life and the fracture mechanics-based damage-tolerant approaches, and provide estimates of expected life in terms of initial flaw sizes which may pre-exist in the metal prior to the valve entering service. The damage-tolerant analysis further is supplemented by consideration of the question of “short cracks,” which represents a developing area in metal fatigue research, not commonly applied to data in standard engineering design practice.

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Povrenovic, Dragan. "The application of disperse systems in environmental engineering." Chemical Industry 57, no. 10 (2003): 500–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind0310500p.

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This paper presents the experimental results of spouted and spout-fluid bed investigations and their application in waste treatment in the food industry and the fluid-mechanical investigations of a co-current spouted bed with the aim of its application in water treatment, with immobilized microorganism systems. The Investigated systems were applied in animal blood and plasma drying, as a possible ecological solution in the meat-processing industry and brewery yeast drying. These waste materials are very dangerous pollutants for natural recipients. The concept of a co-current spouted bed as a basis for microbiological water treatment in the nitrification process of ammonium nitrogen is presented in the second part of this paper.

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Steeples, Don W. "Engineering and environmental geophysics at the millennium." GEOPHYSICS 66, no. 1 (2001): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1444910.

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Near‐surface geophysics is being applied to a broader spectrum of problems than ever before, and new application areas are arising continually. Currently, the tools used to examine the near‐surface environment include a variety of noninvasive methods employing electrical, electromagnetic, or mechanical energy sources, along with passive techniques that measure the physical parameters of the earth. Some of the advances of recent years have emerged from breakthroughs in instrumentation and computer‐processing techniques, and some have been driven by societal needs, such as the increasing demand for the accurate geophysical characterization of polluted sites. Other compelling factors, such as the ever‐expanding need for groundwater, the enactment of laws that have spurred geophysical surveying for archaeological purposes, and the necessity for better soil‐physics information in geotechnical engineering and agriculture, are present worldwide. For historical context, the reader is referred to an excellent review concerning the status of shallow exploration techniques in the mid-1980s (Dobecki and Romig, 1985).

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Leonard, C. T. "Mechanical Engineering Issues and Electronic Equipment Reliability: Incurred Costs Without Compensating Benefits." Journal of Electronic Packaging 113, no. 1 (1991): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2905360.

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Temperature is widely viewed as a major influence on failures of electronic equipment. Failure Prediction Methodology (FPM), such as MIL-HDBK-217 is an often quoted reference describing the temperature influence, often depicted as being exponential in effect, affecting wide classes of electronic component parts. The FPM concept of a constant failure rate that is accelerated by various environmental influences is widely applied beyond its validity. Misapplications of the reliability models in current use may cause failure avoidance efforts such as temperature reduction and parts quality selections not to yield anticipated overall results. The cost and complexity effects can be significant: temperature reduction, for example, can result in expensive system implementations in some cases whose costs and complexities may exceed the anticipated benefits in reliability. Due to industry wide continuing improvements in component quality over the years, the continuing quest for electronics reliability should change emphasis from attention to electronic parts to activities that address assembly and processes. This paper discusses the ways the temperature ingredient of reliability and similar concepts may be currently applied, with examples to illustrate disparities between anticipations and realizations. Alternate approaches are offered and their possible implementations are discussed.

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Jug, Jasmin, and Kristijan Grabar. "Methods for reducing the environmental impact of rock mass excavation." Environmental engineering 7, no. 1 (2020): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.37023/ee.7.1.4.

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Many engineering projects and interventions have negative effects on the environment. Rock excavation in civil engineering, either in mining or in construction, often is unthinkable without the use of explosive. However, blasting can have extensive adverse environmental impacts, like vibrations, noise, dust and chemical contamination. Therefore, it is better to avoid blasting activities near urban areas, protected animal habitats, sensitive historic buildings, water protection zones, pipelines, etc. While mechanical excavation is often longer lasting and more expensive, in some cases it may adequately replace blasting, where the applicability of mechanical excavation methods greatly dependent on the rock mass characteristics which should excavate. This paper provides practical examples of using existing methods for the assessment of the applicability of excavation technologies. In order to minimize the project impact on the environment, mechanical excavation was applied in some cases. In one case, the blasting could not be avoided, but controlled careful blasting techniques were applied.

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Schrefler, B. A. "F.E. in environmental engineering: Coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical processes in porous media including pollutant transport." Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering 2, no. 3 (1995): 1–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02736173.

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Ceroni, Francesca, Antonio Bonati, Vittorio Galimberti, and Antonio Occhiuzzi. "Effects of Environmental Conditioning on the Bond Behavior of FRP and FRCM Systems Applied to Concrete Elements." Journal of Engineering Mechanics 144, no. 1 (2018): 04017144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)em.1943-7889.0001375.

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Mansfield, John F., Michael D. Thouless, Justin A. Stefano, and Judd Holbrook. "Design and Construction of a Quantitative Uniaxial Straining Stage For The Environmental SEM." Microscopy and Microanalysis 4, S2 (1998): 268–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600021462.

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The environmental scanning electron microscope (or Environmental SEM) is a powerful tool in the materials science laboratory. The large sample chamber and ability to operate in a very poor vacuum (>5Torr) makes it an ideal device for a wide variety of in-situ studies. A three point bending stage has been used in the ElectroScan E3 environmental SEM at the University of Michigan for over four years. The stage is extremely flexible and can be used to view samples in both planar and transverse views. It also allows for quantitative recording of the stress and strain exerted on the sample via a load cell and a linear variable differential transducer. The output s of the load cell are acquired into an Apple Macintosh computer via a National Instruments analog-to-digital acquisition card. To extend the capability of EMAL's in-situ tensile testing laboratory, a uniaxial tensile stage has been constructed in collaboration with the Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics.

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Luo, Yi, Senwei Xia, Xinqian Peng, and Yuye Xu. "A deteriorating model for the prediction of elastic modulus of the aging fiber reinforced polymer under complex environmental effects." Journal of Low Frequency Noise, Vibration and Active Control 39, no. 3 (2018): 588–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461348418811022.

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The fiber reinforced polymer is popularly applied for structural reinforcement and, however, usually suffers from long-term environmental effects, for example exposed to the ultraviolet radiation, alternating changes of moist-heat, and submerged in water chronically. As a result, the material aging and structural performance degradation are inevitable, which could eventually lead to the deterioration of mechanical behavior of fiber reinforced polymer, hence the attenuation or failure of repaired structures. It is very expensive and time consuming to use the experimental method to find out the aging patterns of fiber reinforced polymer. For fiber reinforced polymer with different volume fraction, the upper and lower limit of elastic modulus can be deduced by the energy principle. Combining this theory with tests, a semi-empirical deteriorating method can be used to analyze the change of fiber reinforced polymer mechanics behavior. And a series of empirical coefficients, determined by natural aging tests, are introduced. The coefficients are applied in the revised formula for the prediction of mechanics behaviors of fiber reinforced polymer. The elastic modulus of deteriorating fiber reinforced polymer is influenced by the fiber, the resin matrix, and the volume fraction of the fiber. For different fiber volume fraction, the experimental test is not the unique way to assess the durability of fiber reinforced polymer, as long as the laws of fiber aging, the laws of resin aging, and the fiber volume fraction are already known. The proposed model shows good agreement with the test results, hence can be used to predict the elastic modulus of aging fiber reinforced polymer, which can be utilized as references for engineering design and research in the future.

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Álvarez, Miguel, Moisés Batista, Jorge Salguero, Manuel Sánchez-Carrilero, and Mariano Marcos Bárcena. "Low Environmental Impact Machining Processes of Composite Materials Applied to the Aerospace Sector." Advanced Materials Research 107 (April 2010): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.107.15.

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In the last decades, technologically innovative processes performed in advanced materials such as Carbon Fibre (CF) and Metal Matrix Composites (MMC) have continuously increased because of these materials find increasingly applications in the most of the industrial sectors, particularly in aeronautical industry. This is caused by their excellent relationship weight/mechanical properties. Although there is a high trend to apply and develop non-conventional technologies and methods for machining CF and MMC, other common machining processes are commonly applied for working these materials. Thus, in aeronautical industry, mechanical drilling processes are usually applied for preparing the manufactured elements to be assembled. However, drilling of CF based materials can carry on troubles related to a loss of surface finishing quality and/or quick and high tool wear. This work reports on the results about an evaluation process of the surface quality of drilled CF samples as a function of the cutting conditions and the tool materials.

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Béliveau, J. G. "System identification of civil engineering structures." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 14, no. 1 (1987): 7–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l87-002.

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The comparison of measured dynamic characteristics or response of large structures with that of an appropriate finite element model with all its underlying assumptions often reveals discrepancies. This may be due to improperly determined parameters, such as interstory stiffness, mass of different stories, and the modulus of elasticity of the concrete, as well as the inadequacies of the model.The measured dynamic response generally occurs in one of three forms: time response, frequency response, and modal data. For time response data, either in free vibration or for a known input, parameters are estimated by proper adjustments to match more closely the measured motion. For steady-state frequency response, a sinusoidal load (or synchronized loads) is input mechanically and the response, both in amplitude and in phase, is measured for different frequencies of excitation. Damped resonant frequencies, the associated modal damping ratios, and the corresponding mode shapes are the measured quantities for modal data.The finite element models used for civil engineering structures often incorporate a large number of degrees of freedom. Measured response is sparse and usually limited to the lower frequency range. A procedure for estimating these parameters must be able to allow for the small amount of data and must utilize efficient numerical algorithms to determine the best parameters. Nonlinear least squares, within a Bayesian framework, is such a method. It can be applied to time-history data, steady-state response, and modal characteristics. This method is used to determine aerodynamic coefficients of a scale model of a suspension bridge deck from free response data in a wind tunnel, stiffness parameters from frequency measurements of a 5-story steel building frame loaded by mechanical exciters on the roof, and stiffness parameters from modal data of a 12-story reinforced concrete frame, as obtained from transient wind observation of lateral accelerations.

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Ivanova, Jordanka, and Varbinka Valeva. "Influence of Interface Gap on the Stress Behaviour of Smart Single Lap Joints Under Time Harmonic Load." Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics 47, no. 2 (2017): 83–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jtam-2017-0011.

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AbstractAdhesive joints are frequently used in different composite structures due to their improved mechanical performance and better understanding of the failure mechanics. The application of such structures can be seen in aerospace and high technology components. The authors developed and applied modified shear lag analysis to investigate the hygrothermalpiezoelectric response of a smart single lap joint at environmental conditions (with/without an interface gap along the overlap zone) and under dynamic time harmonic mechanical and electric loads. The main key is the study of the appearance of possible delamination along the interface. As illustrative examples, the analytical closed form solution of the structure shear and the axial stresses response, as well as the interface debond length, including influence of mechanical, piezoelectric, thermal characteristics and frequencies is performed and discussed. All results are presented in figures. The comparison of the shear stress and electric fields for both cases of overlap zone (continuous or with a gap) is also shown in figures and discussed.

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Ghezzo, Fabrizia, Xi Geng Miao, Chun Lin Ji, and Ruo Peng Liu. "On the Damping Properties of a Polyurea Elastomer." Advanced Materials Research 887-888 (February 2014): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.887-888.21.

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The development of materials with high damping and energy absorption properties in the form of bulk materials or coatings is today a target for designing components and structures with improved durability and survivability to serve in fields such as aeronautical, mechanical, civil and environmental engineering. This paper presents the results of the dynamic mechanical characterization conducted on reinforced polyurea composites. The mechanical properties of two types of composite materials utilizing the polyurea elastomer as a matrix are compared with those of the pure polymer. The composite materials show a substantial increase of the damping ability. Such materials can be produced in the form of coatings and successfully applied for maximizing the damping of mechanical and structural vibrations or for limiting the damage effects of impact events on structures and components.

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Zhao, Gang, Li Ming Guo, Zhang Zhang, and Ye Xiang Zhang. "An Approach of Systematic Engineering of Green Manufacturing Based on Optimization of Resources and Environmental Attributes." Applied Mechanics and Materials 532 (February 2014): 650–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.532.650.

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In order to meet manufacturers needs of making progresses in environmental techniques, a practical approach of systematic engineering of green manufacturing (SEGM) based on the optimization of resources and environmental attributes has been applied to plan some general mechanical productions running in a system of workshop. The influencing factors involved in manufacturing productions and the operational and scheduling parameters oriented to environmental attributes is discussed and solved. The solution of the operational variables determines the practical details of the resources and energy running in workshop productions. A practical case for thermoelectricity valves is studied in this paper. Evident clues verify that SEGM approach has taken some optimistic effects on the resources and environmental attributes of general productions in workshop system.

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Sarpkaya, T. "Offshore Hydrodynamics." Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 115, no. 1 (1993): 2–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2920085.

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In this paper, we present several applied as well as fundamental research problems related to the future needs of the offshore engineering. The paper starts out with a detailed discussion of the current uncertainties and constraints. Then, specific research issues on environmental input conditions, on the role of computational fluid dynamics, and on damping and dynamic response are presented. It is suggested that an appreciation of the input parameters, acquisition of extensive data to properly characterize the ocean environment, development of new methods and tools to acquire relevant data, extensive use of the computational methods, basic/applied research on the dynamic response and damping of structures, use of new materials, science-and-technology transfer from sister disciplines (e.g., aerospace industry, keeping in mind the complexities brought about by the presence of the air-water interface), and other related research will significantly enhance our ability to design and build a variety of safer and economical offshore structures in deeper waters as well as over marginal fields in the next few decades. This herculean effort will require several decades of complementary experimental, numerical and analytical studies of ocean-structure interaction which will serve to elucidate the basic as well as applied fluid mechanics phenomena relevant to the offshore mechanics.

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Tebbi, O., F. Guérin, and B. Dumon. "Standard Accelerated Life Testing Model Applied to Mechanical Components." Journal of the IEST 48, no. 1 (2005): 103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17764/jiet.48.1.b0640u145jw81346.

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This paper provides an overview of the application of accelerated life testing (ALT) models to mechanical components. Estimates are based upon a classical test plan using a sample system tested under accelerated conditions (not under operating conditions). The time transfer regression model is considered log-linear. The parametric model, proportional hazards (PH) model, and semiparametric model are studied. This paper illustrates an experimental example on a paper clip.

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Erdogan, F. "Fracture Mechanics of Functionally Graded Materials." MRS Bulletin 20, no. 1 (1995): 43–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400048934.

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In today's highly demanding technological environment, one of the main challenges in new material design is combining seemingly irreconcilable thermomechanical properties in the same component (e.g., high heat and corrosion resistance, high strength in elevated-temperature applications and high resistance to wear, and high toughness in load-bearing elements). In many cases, the problem may be solved by using coatings or by layering dissimilar materials. From a structural viewpoint, a major disadvantage of these techniques, particularly in ceramic coating of metals, has been the resulting high thermal and residual stresses and relatively poor bonding strength. Thus, in thin films, coatings, and layered materials, surface cracking and debonding or delamination have been common forms of mechanical failure. One effective way of reducing residual and thermal stresses and enhancing bonding strength has been to eliminate material-property discontinuities by grading the material composition near the interfaces or through the coating. These new materials, with continuously varying compositions or volume fractions, are known as functionally graded materials (FGMs).In developing FGMs, research on the mechanics, and particularly on the fracture mechanics of these inhomogeneous materials, is needed to provide technical support to materials scientists and to manufacturing and design engineers. In the past, fracture mechanics has been useful both as a screening tool during material processing and as a design and maintenance tool for service-life assessment. Broadly speaking, fracture mechanics involves studying the effect of the applied loads, the component/flaw geometry, and the environmental conditions on the fracture of engineering materials.

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Su, Jun Feng, Sheng Bao Wang, and Zhen Huang. "Fabrication and Mechanical Properties of Double-Shell Thermal Energy Storage Microcapsules Applied as Environmental Temperature-Controlling Materials in Building." Advanced Materials Research 96 (January 2010): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.96.81.

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The aim of the present work was to fabricate heat energy storage microcapsules, which could be used in indoor-wall materials as environmental temperature-controller. Melamine formaldehyde resin (MF) double-shell structure microcapsules were fabricated and the mechanical properties of shell were investigated. The average diameter of microcapsules was in the range of 5-10 μm, and the globular surface was smooth and compact. The mechanical properties of shell were evaluated through observing the surface morphological structure change after pressure by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that a yield point was found both on single and double shell, and when the press was beyond the point the microcapsules showed plastic behavior. In addition, the mechanical intensity of double-shell microcapsules was better than that of single shell. Analysis of DSC indicated that the phase change temperature was not affected by the double –shell structure.

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Ajam, Lassaâd, Mohamed Belgaied, and Samir Jomaa. "Mechanical and environmental study of the valorization of waste tires in bituminous concrete applied in Tunisia." International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology 13, no. 3 (2020): 313–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42947-020-0031-2.

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Yang, X. H., Y. Zhang, Y. T. Hu, and C. Y. Chen. "Continuum Damage Mechanics for Thermo-Piezoelectric Materials." Journal of Mechanics 22, no. 2 (2006): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s172771910000438x.

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AbstractWith rapidly increasing use of piezoelectric materials in high-temperature environment, it is becoming increasingly important for reliable design of piezoelectric devices to study thermo-electroelastic damage and fracture mechanism. As the first step, a thermo-piezoelectric damage constitutive model is presented from continuum damage mechanics and effective properties of a damaged material are connected with both damages and the initial coefficients according to the theorem of energy equivalence in this paper. Then the finite element equations for a thermo-electroelastic damage problem are given by use of the virtual work principle. Finally, as a numerical illustration example, damage fields around a crack-tip in a three-point bending PZT-5H beam subjected to different thermal loads are calculated and analyzed. It is shown from both the damage curves and contours that influence of environmental temperature on the mechanical damage distribution is great but slight on the electrical damage.

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Battles, Eoin P., Habib J. Dagher, and Beckry Abdel-Magid. "Durability of Composite Reinforcement for Timber Bridges." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1696, no. 1 (2000): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1696-54.

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Fiber-reinforced polymeric (FRP) composites are materials that are increasing in use in civil engineering applications. Despite the excellent mechanical properties and corrosion resistance offered by these organic matrix materials, their susceptibility to the synergistic effects of stress and environmental weathering hinders their widespread acceptance in civil engineering. The durability of a specific formulation of wood-compatible, pultruded, E-glass–phenolic composite is characterized. This composite is unique because its layered structure and void content make it compatible with standard structural wood adhesives. The durability of this wood-compatible FRP reinforcement cannot be directly determined from published work on the durability of E-glass composites because of its unique design. A durability test matrix was generated according to specifications and test standards from the International Conference of Building Officials Evaluation Service, Inc., and from the California Department of Transportation. Physical and mechanical properties that were used as indicators of degradation mechanisms and that applied to the bridge environment included tensile behavior, interlaminar shear strength, void content, and glass-transition temperature. Environmental testing involved exposure to various storage media, such as moisture, saline solutions, and calcium carbonate, followed by mechanical testing. Other exposure treatments included dry heat, cyclic freeze-thaw, accelerated weathering, and natural weathering. In addition to the strength-retention determination after environmental conditioning, control and exposed specimens were examined visually with optical and scanning electron microscopy to determine surface changes and their effect on failure and fracture modes.

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Hernández-Morales, Luis, Yunier Valeriano-Medina, Luis Hernández-Santana, and Ernesto Mesa-Suarez. "Nonlinear guidance law algorithm applied to a small unmanned surface vehicle." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part M: Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment 234, no. 3 (2020): 623–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1475090220901431.

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The unmanned surface vehicles have been used most frequently in recent years in different applications, like environmental research. For this vehicles to accomplish their autonomous missions, a path-following algorithm is necessary to reduce the cross-track error in the presence of environmental disturbance. This article presents a control scheme based on the path-following nonlinear guidance law for a small unmanned surface vehicle called Krick Felix which follows a straight path. A dynamic model of 3 degrees of freedom for this vehicle is presented. The control scheme consists of a cascade control loop that is capable of guaranteeing zero cross-track error in the presence of environmental disturbance without adding an integral action. A nonlinear Lyapunov stability analysis is carried out for this control scheme taking in consideration the dynamics of both the inner loop and the external loop. The simulation was realized by implementing the 3-degree-of-freedom nonlinear model of the Krick Felix. The simulation also took account of the environmental factors, that is, marine currents. An experimental test is carried out with the Krick Felix where the control scheme present satisfactory results.

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Giudice, Ben D., Arash Massoudieh, and Thomas M. Young. "Evaluating Management Decisions to Reduce Environmental Risk of Roadside-Applied Herbicides." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1991, no. 1 (2007): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1991-04.

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Nagengast, Bernard. "It's a Cool Story." Mechanical Engineering 122, no. 05 (2000): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2000-may-3.

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This article discusses about domestic refrigeration and comfort air conditioning. Refrigeration engineers introduced eccentric shaft, closed-crankcase reciprocating compressors, replacing crosshead or crank types, allowing higher operating speeds and smaller size. Leaky stuffing boxes were replaced with rotary mechanical shaft sea is that minimized leaks. Thermostatic controls were applied to refrigeration systems, making them responsive to the vagaries of system load that varied with room temperature, frequency of door opening, and so on. Engineering brought us those old refrigerators in the garage that still run after 50 years. Those that we buy now we plug in and forget—except when the power goes out. Engineering brought us indoor environmental systems that operate so well and are so well hidden that one might think heating or cooling were nothing more than a thermostat on the wall. From impossible dream to luxury, and finally to necessity, refrigerators and air conditioners were indeed a feat of modern technical alchemy that made our lives better.

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Li, Li, and Michel Aubertin. "A general relationship between porosity and uniaxial strength of engineering materials." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 30, no. 4 (2003): 644–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l03-012.

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The mechanical behavior of engineering materials, whether of natural or artificial origin, varies with their internal structure. As the uniaxial strength σu is commonly used to characterize basic responses to external loading, it is of value to evaluate the effect of porosity n on the magnitude of σu. The authors first review some existing relationships developed and applied to quantify the influence of n on uniaxial strength, in compression (σc) and in tension (σt). A new general formulation, applicable to various materials over a wide range of porosities, is then proposed. Using experimental data from different sources, the validity of this new relationship is demonstrated and briefly discussed.Key words: uniaxial strength, compression, tension, porosity, porous media, experimental results, soil, rock, concrete.

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Altman, Gregory H., Helen H. Lu, Rebecca L. Horan, et al. "Advanced Bioreactor with Controlled Application of Multi-Dimensional Strain For Tissue Engineering." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 124, no. 6 (2002): 742–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1519280.

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Advanced bioreactors are essential for meeting the complex requirements of in vitro engineering functional skeletal tissues. To address this need, we have developed a computer controlled bench-top bioreactor system with capability to apply complex concurrent mechanical strains to three-dimensional matrices independently housed in 24 reactor vessels, in conjunction with enhanced environmental and fluidic control. We demonstrate the potential of this new system to address needs in tissue engineering, specifically toward the development of a tissue engineered anterior cruciate ligament from human bone-marrow stromal cells (hBMSC), where complex mechanical and biochemical environment control is essential to tissue function. Well-controlled mechanical strains (resolution of <0.1μm for translational and <0.1° for rotational strain) and dissolved oxygen tension (between 0%-95%±1%) could be applied to the developing tissue, while maintaining temperature at 37+/−0.2°C about developing tissue over prolonged periods of operation. A total of 48 reactor vessels containing cell culture medium and silk fiber matrices were run for up to 21 days under 90° rotational and 2 mm translational deformations at 0.0167 Hz with only one succumbing to contamination due to a leak at an medium outlet port. Twenty-four silk fiber matrices seeded with human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSCs) housed within reactor vessels were maintained at constant temperature 37+/−0.2°C, pH 7.4+/−0.02, and pO220+/−0.5% over 14 days in culture. The system supported cell spreading and growth on the silk fiber matrices based on SEM characterization, as well as the differentiation of the cells into ligament-like cells and tissue (Altman et al., 2001).

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Voellinger, Leonard, and Claudia Oakes. "Regional Place-Systems Analysis Applied to Long-Range Transportation Planning." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1518, no. 1 (1996): 19–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196151800104.

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The Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA) requires the integration of environmental considerations into transportation planning. Although previous legislation has required the consideration of environmental elements during project planning, ISTEA necessitates a different approach. During project-specific planning, each environmental element is researched to determine baseline conditions, and project plans are superimposed to determine potential impacts and the need for mitigative measures. This approach is appropriate for project-specific planning, but it presents only a snapshot of existing conditions because environmental data are changing constantly. The integration of environmental considerations into long-range plans requires a much broader focus. It must allow dynamic systems to change without affecting the plan's validity. A case study is presented of the Oklahoma statewide intermodal transportation plan, which uses recent geographic theory to integrate planning and human activity at varying scales. This theoretical framework is based on ecological and societal units of interaction called bioregions or place-systems. The environmental baseline and analysis for Oklahoma begin with the identification of place-systems in the state: areas of biophysical and cultural similarity and context. The delimitation of such regional place-systems is sufficiently generalized and flexible to accommodate many data types and sources, yet rigid enough to be useful for planning. Both quantitative data and descriptive information are included in an analytical framework suitable to relational data bases and geographic information systems applications. These are used to create a series of map and data overlays to project potential environmental impacts and constraints, as well as opportunities for developing future transportation projects. The methods used to delineate regional place-systems in Oklahoma and their subsequent use in environmental analyses and planning are described.

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Pantokratoras, Asterios. "Comment on the paper “Theoretical & Applied Mechanics Letters 7 (2017) 235–242”." Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Letters 9, no. 4 (2019): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.taml.2019.0c.001.

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Liu, Zheng, and Xin Liu. "Storage reliability assessment for the stored equipment under periodical inspection." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 10, no. 6 (2018): 168781401878231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814018782312.

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Some equipment of special types can be stored for a very long time. During storage, the equipment can be affected by temperature, humidity, mechanical stress, and so on, and the study on their storage reliability is very significant. Many theories and methods are proposed for storage reliability assessment in the literature, but few are applied into practice or verified by the actual conditions of the engineering project. Besides, the performance degradation of the equipment with a long storage time is not evident, the performance degradation model is hard to build. Thus, in this article, a storage reliability assessment method under periodical inspection for the equipment with a long storage time is studied. In the method, the storage reliability curves of “repaired as good as new” and “degenerated after repaired” are constructed to describe the different states of the stored equipment after periodical inspection, the environmental factor is used to deal with the data coming from accelerated life tests, and the study is based on an engineering project, thus the effectiveness can be verified.

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Barad, Michael F., Phillip Colella, and S. Geoffrey Schladow. "An adaptive cut-cell method for environmental fluid mechanics." International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 60, no. 5 (2009): 473–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fld.1893.

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Suman, Alessio, Elettra Fabbri, Annalisa Fortini, Mattia Merlin, and Michele Pinelli. "On the design strategies for SMA-based morphing actuators: state of the art and common practices applied to a fascinating case study." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 234, no. 14 (2020): 2114–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954410020925687.

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The request of even more stringent restrictions, regarding efficiency and environmental impact of industrial components, determines an optimized use of primary energy but also entails the design of more lightweight, smart and flexible devices, able to adapt their operation as a function of several different inputs. In this framework, the use of a fascinating class of metallic materials, called Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs), could represent a valid support for the designers. The capability of these materials to react to an external stimulus, without continuing to supply energy to external actuators, represents, especially in the aerospace engineering field, a technological breakthrough. The present paper reports the basic ideas and summarizes the important aspects related to the development of SMA-based actuators in relation to the present state of the art. A case study of morphing blades, equipped with embedded SMA strips, for an automotive cooling fan is reported. Finally, some hints, regarding the design process of SMA-based actuators, are proposed.

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Cabral Miramontes, José, Gabriela Karina Pedraza Basulto, Citlalli Gaona Tiburcio, Patricia Del Carmen Zambrano Robledo, Carlos Agustín Poblano Salas, and Facundo Almeraya Calderón. "Coatings characterization of Ni-based alloy applied by HVOF." Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace Technology 90, no. 2 (2018): 336–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeat-09-2016-0146.

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Purpose The thermal spraying technique of High-Velocity Oxygen Fuel (HVOF) coating was used to deposit coatings of an alloy composed of Ni-based substrates on stainless steel AISI 304. The aim of this study was to determine the mechanical properties such as hardness and bond strength that these coatings have when the spray distance is varied, as well as the microstructure and phases formed during the thermal spray process. Design/methodology/approach The coatings were applied by HVOF and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, image analysis, X-ray diffraction, microhardness and bond strength to analyze the mechanical properties. Findings The microstructure of the coatings showed low porosity, oxide content and interface contamination in the substrate–coating interface, without the presence of unmolten particles. The microhardness values reached 600 HV for the three spray distances used and the bond strength values reached over 55 MPa. Practical implications The use of coatings on aircraft components is growing dramatically owing to the high costs of advanced materials and the growing lifecycle requirements for high-performance systems, which are taken into account because of the variety of coatings and complexity of environmental factors. Originality/value The originality of this study lies in the development of new coating materials for the manufacture and protection of various turbine components. The value is based on the development of materials and processes to be used to manufacture them.

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Yan, Zhang, Wang Dao-zeng, and Fan Jing-yu. "Experimental investigations on diffusion characteristics of high concentration jets in environmental currents." Applied Mathematics and Mechanics 23, no. 12 (2002): 1429–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02438382.

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Auciello, Orlando, and Dean M. Aslam. "Review on advances in microcrystalline, nanocrystalline and ultrananocrystalline diamond films-based micro/nano-electromechanical systems technologies." Journal of Materials Science 56, no. 12 (2021): 7171–230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-020-05699-9.

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AbstractA comprehensive review is presented on the advances achieved in past years on fundamental and applied materials science of diamond films and engineering to integrate them into new generations of microelectromechanical system (MEMS) and nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS). Specifically, the review focuses on describing the fundamental science performed to develop thin film synthesis processes and the characterization of chemical, mechanical, tribological and electronic properties of microcrystalline diamond, nanocrystalline diamond and ultrananocrystalline diamond films technologies, and the research and development focused on the integration of the diamond films with other film-based materials. The review includes both theoretical and experimental work focused on optimizing the films synthesis and the resulting properties to achieve the best possible MEMS/NEMS devices performance to produce new generation of MEMS/NEMS external environmental sensors and energy generation devices, human body implantable biosensors and energy generation devices, electron field emission devices and many more MEMS/NEMS devices, to produce transformational positive impact on the way and quality of life of people worldwide.

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Dong, Duc Tuan, and Wei Cai. "Life-cycle assessment of ships: The effects of fuel consumption reduction and light displacement tonnage." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part M: Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment 234, no. 1 (2019): 143–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1475090219858810.

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Life-cycle assessment has been widely applied in many industry sectors for years and there are some applications of this method in the shipping sector. Fuel consumption and material consumption are considered as crucial factors in the life cycle of ship. This study uses the life-cycle assessment method to show the effects of fuel consumption reduction and light displacement tonnage on the environmental performance of ships. This is done by comparing the environmental impacts of 25 investigated scenarios with different fuel consumption and light displacement tonnage. CML2001 methodology is used to evaluate the impact assessment and the results are calculated using GaBi software. The results show that fuel consumption reduction could cut down the environmental impacts. However, some scenarios are not environmentally beneficial due to the increase in light displacement tonnage. The effects of fuel consumption and light displacement tonnage on 12 CML2001 environmental indicators are different. It is recommended that the life-cycle assessment method should be used to fully assess the environmental impacts of ships before applying any techniques in order to achieve the environmental benefits.

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Daniel, Yahaya Shagaiya, Zainal Abdul Aziz, Zuhaila Ismail, and Faisal Salah. "Response to (Comment on the paper “Theoretical & Applied Mechanics Letters 7 (2017) 235–242”)." Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Letters 9, no. 4 (2019): 274–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.taml.2019.0c.002.

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Torres, Sandino, Roberto Ortega, Pablo Acosta, and Edisson Calderón. "Hot Incremental Forming of Biocomposites Developed from Linen Fibres and a Thermoplastic Matrix." Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 67, no. 3 (2021): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5545/sv-jme.2020.6936.

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The use of biodegradable materials has a growing field of application due to environmental concerns, however, scientific research on incremental forming using biomaterials is scarce. Thus, this study focuses on the single point incremental forming (SPIF) process applied to a composite sheet that combines a biodegradable thermoplastic matrix (Solanyl) reinforced with natural fibres (flax). The influence of the process parameters on the final geometry is determined, evaluating the effect of the following factors: step depth, wall angle and temperature reached during the process. Additionally, a heated aqueous medium is incorporated which facilitates the formability of the composite sheets. This method is especially useful for materials that have poor formability at room temperature. The benefits of using controlled heat include the reduction of formation forces applied to the plate, improved accuracy due to the reduction of elastic recovery, and the manipulation of the samples remarkably close to the glass transition temperatures. Through this experimental study with the variables analysed, a maximum shaping depth of 310 mm is obtained. These results confirm that the single point shaping used with bioplastic materials is possible and has positive outcomes for incremental forming.

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Song, Zezhuo, Jin Liu, Yuxia Bai, et al. "Laboratory and Field Experiments on the Effect of Vinyl Acetate Polymer-Reinforced Soil." Applied Sciences 9, no. 1 (2019): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9010208.

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Soil stabilizer can enhance the soil properties, which can improve ecological environmental problems such as soil erosion and slope instability. This study investigates the water-related and mechanical properties of soil stabilization using a polymer soil stabilizer solution synthesized from vinyl acetate polymer. The water properties test, mechanical properties test, durability test and seed growth test were carried out in the laboratory. Also, the effect of vinyl acetate polymer was verified by field tests. The results revealed that vinyl acetate polymer can enhance the water-retaining property, anti-erosion resistance, strength property and durability of soil, all of which increase with the increase of polymer concentration. At the same time, the polymer also has a certain promoting effect on vegetation growth. In addition, field tests proved that vinyl acetate polymer has good effects on soil engineering. These results could be applied as a reference for vinyl acetate polymer-improved soil engineering.

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Zarei-nia, Kurosh, Amin Yazdanpanah Goharrizi, Nariman Sepehri, and Wai-keung Fung. "EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF BILATERAL CONTROL SCHEMES APPLIED TO HYDRAULIC ACTUATORS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 33, no. 3 (2009): 377–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-2009-0027.

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In this paper, we present experimental results of implementing five bilateral control schemes, widely used for electro-mechanical systems, to a hydraulic actuator. The goal is to investigate the applicability of each control scheme to a hydraulic actuator and compare their performances on a common system. The considered schemes are ‘force reflection’, ‘position error’, ‘shared compliant control’, ‘force reflection with passivity’ and ‘four channels architecture’ schemes. The evaluation is conducted in terms of position tracking, force tracking, and fidelity of perceived stiffness by the operator. It is shown that force reflection and four channels architecture control schemes perform best in terms of both position tracking and force tracking during interaction with an environment emulated by different springs. Position error scheme, on the other hand, exhibits good position tracking capability, but cannot track environmental force encountered at the master site. It, however, produces a feel to the operator, based on position error between the slave and the master arms, which is potentially desirable during unconstrained motion control of the actuator.

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Liu, Qun Di, Jia Ying Sun, and Ying Han. "Research on Performance of Steel Slag and Porous Cement Concrete Made by Steel Slag Aggregate." Advanced Materials Research 214 (February 2011): 306–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.214.306.

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Porous cement concrete, which has some superiority in environmental protection compared with normal concrete, has been more widely applied. Performance of Steel Slag and influence of the steel slag aggregate on physical and mechanical properties and durability of porous cement concrete were studied in this paper. Based on study of porous cement concrete properties, the paper puts forward several typical pavement structure forms in engineering application of porous cement concrete from finite element analysis method.

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Zhu, P., Y. Zhang, and G.-L. Chen. "Metamodel-based lightweight design of an automotive front-body structure using robust optimization." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 223, no. 9 (2009): 1133–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544070jauto1045.

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Both conventional automobiles and new energy cars require urgently lightweight design to realize energy economy and environmental protection in a long run. The weight reduction of the body structure plays a rather important role in decreasing the weight of the full vehicle. In real engineering problems, the variation in sheet gauge, geometrical size, and material parameters caused by environmental factors and other uncertainties may affect the structural performances of body components. Therefore, a lightweight design without considering this kind of tolerance may result in the loss of feasibility and reliability in engineering application. From the viewpoint of crashworthiness performance, this paper presents a study on the lightweight design of the automotive front-body structure based on robust optimization, considering the variation in design variables including sheet gauge and yield limit of materials. Coupled with the design and analysis of a computer experiment, four metamodelling techniques, namely support vector regression, kriging, radial basis functions, and artificial neural networks, are employed to build the metamodels of structural crashworthiness performance indicators for comparison of approximation accuracy. An adaptive deterministic optimization process is used to upgrade further the approximation accuracy of metamodels for the following robust optimization. A double-loop strategy is chosen when solving the robust optimization formulation and the basic Monte Carlo simulation method is applied to perform a reliability analysis. A genetic algorithm solver is used to obtain both the deterministic and the robust optimum results for comparison. The reduced weight obtained by using robust optimization is 7.8003kgf (19.45 per cent) and the result achieved from robust optimization is more conservative than that obtained through deterministic optimization as expected. However, the robust optimum design is ensured to be feasible and reliable when the variation in design variables works in a real engineering application.

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Hong, H. P., M. A. Nessim, and I. J. Jordaan. "Environmental Load Factors for Offshore Structures." Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 121, no. 4 (1999): 261–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2829577.

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An analysis of the impact of model uncertainties on the design factors for environmental loads on offshore structures was carried out. Considering uncertainties in environmental processes, the load effect models and the member resistance, an approach was developed that gives explicit consideration to model uncertainty in codified design. For frequent environmental load effects, a two-factor approach was developed that defines the overall load factor as the product of two components: a basic factor accounting for uncertainty in the environmental process and a separate factor accounting for model uncertainty. The overall load factor is to be applied to the specified load, which is defined as the load corresponding to the environmental process value associated with a specified return period. This load can be calculated from the environmental process without considering model uncertainty. The model uncertainty factor was defined as a linear function of the mean and the standard deviation of the model uncertainty parameter. It can be estimated based on a specific model and reliability analysis. This two-factor approach has two advantages: (a) it allows for reductions in the load factor if conservative or more accurate models are used; and (b) it eliminates the need for the designer to consider model uncertainty in estimating the specified load. The approach was used to develop a set of load factors for environmental loads on offshore structures. These factors were calibrated to produce reliability levels consistent with those implied by the load factors in CSA-S471.

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Michael, Farid Y., and David B. Waller. "A New Monohull Form Development as Applied to an Offshore Drilling Unit." Marine Technology and SNAME News 23, no. 01 (1986): 55–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/mt1.1986.23.1.55.

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A new monohull form has been developed specifically in an attempt to combine certain advantages of the semisubmersible and conventional ship shape drilling vessel into a vessel of unique design. The new hull form represents a well-balanced workable design particularly suited to ships where seakeeplng, environmental operability and overall cost-effectiveness are the primary requirements. The basic advantages of the new monohull form when applied to a drillship are as follows:excellent motion characteristics (motions approach those of a comparable semisubmersible);economical advantages in hull fabrication due to the use of straight line framing and developable surfaces;high payload-to-displacement ratio compared with a semisubmersible;large usable deck area compared with a conventional drillship;safety—substantially improved intact stability characteristics, thus incorporating a major advantage of a semisubmersible; anda hull configuration that provides good structural integrity when compared with a semisubmersible.

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He, Li Ping, Yong Tian, and Lu Lin Wang. "Study on Ramie Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene Composites (RF-PP) and its Mechanical Properties." Advanced Materials Research 41-42 (April 2008): 313–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.41-42.313.

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Natural fiber reinforced polypropylene composites (NF/PP) have attracted a lot of attention because of their light weight, good mechanical properties, recyclable and environmental friendly features. This work has successfully fabricated ramie fiber reinforced polypropylene composites (RF/PP) with a hybrid method of melt-blending and injection molding. Different RF/PP eco-materials have been fabricated by varying the fiber length, fiber content and way of fiber pre-treatment. This paper studied the mechanical properties of the fabricated RF/PP composites in depth by investigating the mechanical behaviors of RF/PP and microstructures of the ruptured surfaces. The results show that the increases of fiber length and fiber content can improve the tensile strength, flexural strength and compression strength apparently, but result in negative influences on the impact strength and elongation behaviors of RF/PP composites. The optimal addition amount of ramie fiber is around 20 wt%. The pre-treatment of ramie fiber in 10%~15% NaOH is good to the mechanical properties of RF/PP. The fiber length can be varied in the range of 3-8 mm. It is expected that the fabricated RF/PP composites can be applied to automobile industry as environmental friendly eco-materials.

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Si, Hu, Xiao Hong Li, and Yan Ming Xie. "Damage Analysis and Simulation of Rock under High Pressure Waterjet." Key Engineering Materials 462-463 (January 2011): 774–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.462-463.774.

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The high pressure waterjet is widely applied for mine industry, mechanical manufacture, environmental engineering, and medicine field due to its particular characteristic. Recently, the application of high pressure waterjet for gas drainage in mine has been receiving increasing attention with the development of exploitative technology. The micro-damage mechanism of coal under high pressure water jet is key to drain gas effectively. Based on damage mechanics and rock dynamics, the paper analyzed the micro-structure deformation and damage of rock and the impulsive effect under high pressure water jet and developed the dynamic model. Further, on the assumption of that rock was homogeneous and isotropic, a computational model was established based on the Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) fluid-solid coupling penalty function method. The rock damage under high pressure water jet was simulated by the dynamic contact method. The results showed that the damage and breakage of ruck was mainly attributed to impacting effect and was characterized by local effect, and the evolvement of rock breakage went through three stages and the figure of rock breakage trended a funnel. On the whole, numerical results agreed with experimental results.

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Berthiaume, R., and C. Bouchard. "EXERGY ANALYSIS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF PAVING MATERIAL MANUFACTURE." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 23, no. 1B (1999): 187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-1999-0013.

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Exergy analysis permits accurate measurement of the degradation of matter and energy using a single concept. A macroscopic exergy accounting method is proposed and applied to assess the environmental impact of road covering material manufacturing. Cement concrete and asphalt covers are examined. From the manufacturing process mass balances and exergy analyses conducted primarily by Szargut and his co-workers, the net exergy consumption for each type of paving material is calculated. This exergy consumption broadly reflects the minimum work required to reform the raw materials and restore the environment to its initial state. This minimum work may serve as a thermodynamic measure of the environmental impact of an entire manufacturing process, from the resource drawn from the environment to the finished product. In the two cases under study, the environmental impact depends on the type, thickness and manufacturing process of the paving material. An older technology, such as the manufacture of cement concrete using the wet process, appears disadvantageous, as is the production of asphalt cover which is manufactured during the fall. The proposed exergy indicator permits ranking of the materials according to their overall long-term impact on the environment.

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Hartjes, S., and HG Visser. "Efficient trajectory parameterization for environmental optimization of departure flight paths using a genetic algorithm." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 231, no. 6 (2016): 1115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954410016648980.

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In this study, a genetic optimization algorithm is applied to the design of environmentally friendly aircraft departure trajectories. The environmental optimization has been primarily focused on noise abatement and local NOx emissions, whilst taking fuel burn into account as an economical criterion. In support of this study, a novel parameterization approach has been conceived for discretizing the lateral and vertical flight profiles, which reduces the need to include nonlinear side constraints in the multiparameter optimization problem formulation, while still permitting to comply with the complex set of operational requirements pertaining to departure procedures. The resulting formulation avoids infeasible solutions and hence significantly reduces the number of model evaluations required in the genetic optimization process. The efficiency of the developed approach is demonstrated in a case study involving the design of a noise abatement departure procedure at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol in The Netherlands.

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Michaud, Franck, Patrick Castéra, Christophe Fernandez, and Amadou Ndiaye. "Meta-heuristic Methods Applied to the Design of Wood—Plastic Composites, with Some Attention to Environmental Aspects." Journal of Composite Materials 43, no. 5 (2009): 533–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998308097681.

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