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Kumar, L. Lenin, M. Srivani, Md Tabassum Nishath, T. Akhil, Arugula Naveen, and K. Charith Kumar. "Monitoring of Soil Nutrients Using Soil NPK Sensor and Arduino." Ecology, Environment and Conservation 30, suppl (2024): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/eec.2024.v30i01s.049.
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Evan, Agil, Moechamaad Sarosa, Lis Diana, Rosa Andri, Mila Kusumawardani, and Dimas Firmanda. "IoT-Based Grapevine Watering System Design and Soil Condition Monitoring." BIO Web of Conferences 117 (2024): 01007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202411701007.
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Cultivating grapevines can be in the yard or together with other plants so that grapes are a plant product that needs to be developed. If you cultivate grapevines by knowing the evaluation of the environmental conditions of the soil, to the need for nutrients and water consistently. Grape plants can be predicted for their quality and yield, and can even identify their development from bud to fertilization. By using an Arduino Nano microcontroller as a control system equipped with sensors to measure and monitor soil environmental conditions. The sensors are NPK, soil moisture sensor, temperature sensor, and pH sensor that complement the Arduino Nano microcontroller. Utilizing the lower and upper limit values to automatically water the water and liquid nutrients based on the measurement results. So that the pump is active according to the condition of NPK and soil moisture. Through the use of IoT technology, this research has monitored the condition of the soil environment. With a strong internet connection, this sensor has collected accurate measured information of soil environmental conditions and can also be seen on the Android App. This has contributed significantly to the development of grape farming. Grape vines are more easily monitored and watered regularly.
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Abdillah, Adinda, Muhammad Nanak Zakaria, and Waluyo Waluyo. "Determination of Quantity Fertilizer for Sugarcane Based on Wireless Sensor Network." Jurnal Jartel Jurnal Jaringan Telekomunikasi 12, no. 4 (2022): 208–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.33795/jartel.v12i4.350.
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Fertilization plays a very large role in crop yields if done in the right way, effective and efficient fertilization will be achieved if the soil fertility conditions are known in advance. However, the problem is that farmer fertilization is still carried out by means of estimates based on land area without estimating the factor of soil needs.In this study the system uses a Wireless Sensor Network where there are 2 nodes installed on the land to monitor the measurement of soil moisture, soil pH, and nutrients using soil moisture sensors, soil pH sensors, and NPK sensors. From these sensors, it will be integrated through the Arduino Uno microcontroller which will later be connected to the LoRa system to send measurement information data on the land to the raspberry pi.The communication system between nodes is designed with a peer to per topology. The results of this study are the use of appropriate fertilizers and then can restore soil conditions to ideal soil conditions. From the experimental results, it is found that the peer to peer communication system can work well.
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K, Spandana, and Pabboju Suresh. "IoT Enabled Smart Agriculture using Digital Dashboard." Indian Journal of Science and Technology 16, no. 1 (2023): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.17485/IJST/v16i1.1680.
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ABSTRACT <strong>Objectives: </strong>To develop an IoT-based smart device to retrieve soil and water parameters by collecting and storing sensor-based data and to make crop recommendations. The primary goal of this work is to create a link between farmers and their farms. <strong>Methods:</strong> This work produces a smart device to predict suitable crop based on several parameters using a technical approach that makes use of the Internet of Things, Machine learning algorithms, and Sensor Networks. The Gaussian Naive Bayes algorithm is used in the Prediction module to predict suitable crop types. Several components are used to make an IoT system like Raspberry Pi, DHT11 sensor, soil moisture sensor, pH sensor, LDR sensor, Ultrasonic sensor, NPK sensor, and other components to collect data related to soil properties and weather conditions. Soil samples were collected from different fields and tested by switching the IoT kit and the message will be passed to the field owner. Dataset is used from the Kaggle database to train the model for crop prediction. Seven parameters have been taken in the trained dataset such as pH, N, P, K, temperature, humidity, and rainfall. All these values were collected through soil properties sensors and weather condition sensors. Existing traditional methods like soil testing laboratories involve lengthy and costly procedures for soil testing and crop prediction. The proposed system will produce results faster at a lesser cost while making digital data available on the cloud server. <strong>Findings:</strong> The proposed system performs efficiently when compared to the previous report with 99.3% accuracy over 97.18%. The existing approach for lab-based soil testing takes approximately 5 – 8 days; whereas the proposed system using an IoT kit can perform n number of soil tests on a single device and the results can be viewed instantly. <strong>Novelty:</strong> Most of the existing systems like smart agriculture system and smart irrigation system use Arduino Uno for soil test which doesn’t support high-end sensors and works only with desktop computer traditional programs. The existing system for nutrient identification uses a soil Ec sensor and color sensor to find N, P, and K values which include multi-steps and are time-consuming. The proposed system uses Raspberry Pi for soil tests which are more compatible with implementing the latest machine-level algorithms. In this system, the NPK sensor is used instead of soil Ec sensor and color sensor which will give the N, P, and K values directly. In the existing system, accuracy is 95% with the Random Forest algorithm but the proposed system will give 99.3% with the Gaussian Naïve Bayes algorithm.
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Arafat, Agil Soni, Ari Yuliati, and R. Yovi Manova M. "Design of a Soil Nutrient Measuring Device for NPK (Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium) Case Study of Cayenne Pepper Based on Arduino Nano V3 ATmega328P." ITEJ (Information Technology Engineering Journals) 8, no. 2 (2023): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24235/itej.v8i2.120.
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Fertile soil electronic soil is essential for plant growth, and its quality significantly impacts crop yields. To help farmers measure the nutrient content of their soil more easily and accurately, innovative technology is required. In this case study, we present the design of a soil nutrient measuring device for Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium (NPK) that focuses on cayenne pepper. The device uses NPK sensors that can detect soil nutrients when inserted into the ground. The data collected by the sensors is sent to an ARDUINO Nano V3 ATMEGA328P, where it is processed and displayed as analog signals on a screen. The device can be customized according to the user's testing or cultivation needs, making it a useful tool for optimizing plant growth and crop yields.
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Chaudhari, Bhushan, Sachin Kamble, Madhuri Patil, et al. "Soil Fertility Detection and Crop Prediction using IoT and Machine Learning." International Journal of Membrane Science and Technology 10, no. 2 (2023): 2391–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.15379/ijmst.v10i2.2855.
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India has huge agriculture heritage. This is the major source of livelihood for most Indian families. Farmers are seen to use fertilizers in inappropriate proportion to enhance crop yield which results in infertile land. To overcome this issue, to check the fertility level of the soil, environment conditions and predicting suitable crop and fertilizers required is need of hour. Soil fertility depends on nutrients like Nitrogen (N), Phosphorous (P), and Potassium (K). It is also affected by environmental factors such as temperature, moisture, humidity, etc. The proposed system provides a cost-effective solution using IoT and Machine Learning based approach to check the NPK concentration present in the soil. Based on which, user can predict the soil suitable crop. The technique used comprises an integrated light transmission and detection system which consists of three LEDs with different wavelengths. Photodiode (LDR sensor module) is used for light detection purposes. The output obtained from the photodiode is handled using a Arduino UNO microcontroller. Based on the inputs received from LDR module, NPK concentration can be evaluated. The model is trained with the Crop Prediction dataset to predict the crop using LightGBM algorithm. The proportion of NPK nutrients and the predicted crop is sent to the user as a text message through the GSM module and ThingSpeak cloud platform.
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Senapaty, Murali Krishna, Abhishek Ray, and Neelamadhab Padhy. "IoT-Enabled Soil Nutrient Analysis and Crop Recommendation Model for Precision Agriculture." Computers 12, no. 3 (2023): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/computers12030061.
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Healthy and sufficient crop and food production are very much essential for everyone as the population is increasing globally. The production of crops affects the economy of a country to a great extent. In agriculture, observing the soil, weather, and water availability and, based on these factors, selecting an appropriate crop, finding the availability of seeds, analysing crop demand in the market, and having knowledge of crop cultivation are important. At present, many advancements have been made in recent times, starting from crop selection to crop cutting. Mainly, the roles of the Internet of Things, cloud computing, and machine learning tools help a farmer to analyse and make better decisions in each stage of cultivation. Once suitable crop seeds are chosen, the farmer shall proceed with seeding, monitoring crop growth, disease detection, finding the ripening stage of the crop, and then crop cutting. The main objective is to provide a continuous support system to a farmer so that he can obtain regular inputs about his field and crop. Additionally, he should be able to make proper decisions at each stage of farming. Artificial intelligence, machine learning, the cloud, sensors, and other automated devices shall be included in the decision support system so that it will provide the right information within a short time span. By using the support system, a farmer will be able to take decisive measures without fully depending on the local agriculture offices. We have proposed an IoT-enabled soil nutrient classification and crop recommendation (IoTSNA-CR) model to recommend crops. The model helps to minimise the use of fertilisers in soil so as to maximise productivity. The proposed model consists of phases, such as data collection using IoT sensors from cultivation lands, storing this real-time data into cloud memory services, accessing this cloud data using an Android application, and then pre-processing and periodic analysis of it using different learning techniques. A sensory system was prepared with optimised cost that contains different sensors, such as a soil temperature sensor, a soil moisture sensor, a water level indicator, a pH sensor, a GPS sensor, and a colour sensor, along with an Arduino UNO board. This sensory system allowed us to collect moisture, temperature, water level, soil NPK colour values, date, time, longitude, and latitude. The studies have revealed that the Agrinex NPK soil testing tablets should be applied to a soil sample, and then the soil colour can be sensed using an LDR colour sensor to predict the phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N), and potassium (K) values. These collected data together were stored in Firebase cloud storage media. Then, an Android application was developed to fetch and analyse the data from the Firebase cloud service from time to time by a farmer. In this study, a novel approach was identified via the hybridisation of algorithms. We have developed an algorithm using a multi-class support vector machine with a directed acyclic graph and optimised it using the fruit fly optimisation method (MSVM-DAG-FFO). The highest accuracy rate of this algorithm is 0.973, compared to 0.932 for SVM, 0.922 for SVM kernel, and 0.914 for decision tree. It has been observed that the overall performance of the proposed algorithm in terms of accuracy, recall, precision, and F-Score is high compared to other methods. The IoTSNA-CR device allows the farmer to maintain his field soil information easily in the cloud service using his own mobile with minimum knowledge. Additionally, it reduces the expenditure to balance the soil minerals and increases productivity.
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Bachhav, Sujal S., Aman A. Deshmukh, Lochana G. Kotangale, Yogesh A. Shaniware, and Rahul K. Bhise. "Smart Agriculture: IOT-Driven Soil Nutrient Management System." Journal of Agriculture and Ecology Research International 25, no. 6 (2024): 169–75. https://doi.org/10.9734/jaeri/2024/v25i6650.
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Soil fertility plays a crucial role in determining soil quality, as it indicates how effectively the soil can support plant growth in agriculture. By utilizing soil sensors and Arduino technology, it is possible to assess the nutrient content of the soil quickly. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) are key nutrients required for healthy crop production, and their levels must be measured to determine the additional nutrients needed to enhance soil fertility. NPK sensors can be employed to detect soil nutrient levels, providing valuable data to assess whether the soil is nutrient-rich or deficient. Leveraging technology in agriculture offers numerous benefits for farmers. Preparing the land for cultivating specific crops involves evaluating factors such as soil moisture, mineral content, nutrient levels, and even soil colour. Soil testing has become essential in modern farming to maximize crop yield and profitability within a shorter time frame. Moreover, it helps prevent the overuse of fertilizers, conserving resources, reducing costs, and protecting the environment. This innovative model, designed with IoT technology and sensors, enables the efficient analysis of soil nutrient levels. It is affordable, portable, user-friendly, and offers fast, precise measurements. Unlike traditional detection methods, this approach provides rapid and accurate insights, making it a practical solution for modern agricultural practices.
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Mohammed, Muzakkiruddin Ahmed, and Singathi Sanjay. "IOT based soil NPK monitor via Asynchronous Web-Server using NodeMCU." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 7 (2022): 525–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.45320.
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Abstract: The process of transforming on agricultural production and farming is rising and expanding as a result of the increasing need for food. Utilizing IOT in agricultural and crop production will increase its dependability for farmers, which is a pressing necessity. Crop yield must be enhanced as a result of the population's fast growth. The soil content N (nitrogen), P (phosphorus), and K (potassium) such as are more crucial for producing crops that are more productive. We can assess the crops's rate of nutrient absorption based on the minerals found in the soil. Agricultural yield suffers as a result of the low supply of nutrients. The term "macro nutrients" refers to the main nutritional requirements for required plant development. But for greater development, the proper balance of fertiliser is needed. Due to poor crop yields, labour shortages, high labour costs, a lack of knowledge about advanced cultivation techniques, excessive utilisation of chemical fertilisers and pesticides, and other physical factors, farm owners are experiencing numerous difficulties, and the percentage of agriculture practise has been rapidly declining well over recent years. Producers must've been aware of the quantity of soil nutrients existing in their field in order to limit the abuse of chemical fertilisers. Most farmers don't show any interest in transporting soil samples to testing facilities and waiting for the results, which would be the usual technique for evaluating the level of soil nutrients. Smart farming is the solution to the issues the sector is now experiencing, with a priority on fostering innovation and creativity within agro and crop production. Sensors and IOT devices can be used for that too. Agricultural workers could very well monitor their agricultural production, crops or farm lands and obtain the necessary information and data. Well with support of sensor systems, microcontrollers, web servers IOT unites the entire system. This nutrition monitor displays the elements like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. The ESP8266 NodeMCU would also have to be linked to users local area network in order for user to develop a responsive ESP8266 NodeMCU web server that can be accessible from any device that has a web browser using the Arduino IDE. This implies that the smartphone or PC must be linked to the same network as the ESP8266 NodeMCU device.
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C. Sudha, Et al. "An IoT based Tree Specific Soil Nutrient Management System Using Neural Network for Cashew Cultivation." International Journal on Recent and Innovation Trends in Computing and Communication 11, no. 10 (2023): 499–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/ijritcc.v11i10.8514.
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Anacardium occidentale commonly known as Cashew was introduced into India by Portuguese in 16th century. Farmers of Cuddalore District, Tamil Nadu in India, are interested in Cashew Cultivation due to its export market values. To achieve better yield from cashew cultivation, farmers need to supply balanced nutrition to the soil and by following intercropping method. In literature, Recent Technologies like Artificial Intelligence and IOT are widely used to predict dosage of the fertilizer to be applied. By examining the numerous connected ascribe success locations of Cashew orchards, it was possible to determine how much macronutrients like Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), and Potassium (K) were present in the soil and it will be helpful for the understanding of soil fertility level of the area. In our work, using IOT set up which includes Arduino UNO, NPK sensor and OLED display, we identified NPK values of soil for various cashew trees in a particular area. Along with NPK values of soil, inputs include the local soil type, PH and Tree age. Based on the input factors, DL trained model will provide suggestions of fertilizer dose to be applied for a specific tree for the Cashew cultivating farmers for better yield. In our proposed work, LSTM based Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) Algorithm is used to provide a better prediction of fertilizer. With the help of this research, we can be provided with what intercrop to plant and how much fertilizer to use, in what ratio to supply and fertilizer shop suggestion to enhance agricultural knowledge across the globe using the Internet of Things (IoT) and Artificial Intelligence. The result of RNN model was compared with Random Forest, Linear Regression, Linear Random Classifier, Decision Tree Classifier with proving accuracy of 98.7 %. Together with a decrease in the farmers' input efforts, these strategies will increase the productivity of the fields.
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Matthew C. Okoronkwo, Chikodili H. Ugwuishwu, and Collins N. Udanor. "Internet of Things Based System for Cucurbitaceous Crops Farming." International Journal of Latest Technology in Engineering Management & Applied Science 14, no. 4 (2025): 489–500. https://doi.org/10.51583/ijltemas.2025.140400051.
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Abstract: The current food shortages due to increasing population, especially in developing countries calls for intensification of efforts in the development and adoption of technologies to enhance food production. Soil type and quality is key for crops to grow produce maximally, hence the soil should be properly managed. This is where technology involvement becomes necessary. Smart agriculture using Internet of Things (IoT) system can help farmers to analyse soil properties, monitor and control crops intake of vital nutrients. This research developed a more cost effective Online IoT-based technology for soil testing, analysing soils for better nutrient advisory to cucurbitaceous farmers. The research adopted an experimental method and used the object oriented analysis and design methodology. An IoT based system with Arduino Uno, ESP8266 Node Microcontroller and NPK sensors was developed and used to collect and analyse soil data. The system when deployed will assist farmers to test soil type and nutrient qualities in real/offline time and receive experts advice on cucurbitaceous crops in order to increase crop quality and yields.
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Bharati, Masram, Mehta Harsh, Bokade Harshal, Jain Hritik, and Wankhede Shrawani. "Soil Determination using PH – Nutrient Relatively." International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT) 9, no. 4 (2020): 1885–88. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.D8978.049420.
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INDIA, an agriculture-based country where the economy is dependent on agriculture and climatic conditions. Primary reason of this project is to fulfil the needs of farming quality by reducing excessive fertilizer abuse by controlling some parameters. So, the parameters are temperature, moisture, light, Ph through which we can identify the suitable crop and its nutrition level. Our project uses 3 types of sensors to increase productivity of the crops. Soil testing for productivity is taken by proposal of supplements needs. We are using Arduino UNO with the sensors. Determining the pH of soil is one of the key parameters for improving crop quality so the amount of the amount of fertilizer used is adequate and not excessive for the crops. Other main sensors used are light and hygrometer sensors. We can classify plants based on their light needs like high, medium or low. So, the light received by the crops depends upon the nearness of light. We should adequately address spatial variation for crop productivity when we consider pH to rejuvenate agriculture.
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Lade, Ms Saniya. "Modification of IoT Enabled Fertibotix Machine." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 7 (2022): 3603–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.45619.
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Abstract: Soil is of great importance to agriculture, especially the moisture and nutrients in the soil are the essential ingredients for growing plants and crops. Therefore, benefits and importance of a soil moisture and nutrient monitoring system in modern agriculture and gardening is undeniable. It can also be an interesting feature of an intelligent home or smart agriculture system using the internet of things (IoT) technology. This paper presents an IoT application in Arduino platform aiming to monitor the change in soil moisture and Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K) (NPK) value for an indoor plant using moisture sensors and optical transducers. Other functionalities and important features of this prototype include online data display infographic as user feedback, level-based nutrient classification for enabling proper type of fertilizer selection, hardware and e-mail notification of moisture and nutrients' easily accessible and user-friendly smartphone app.
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Rautraut, Jenessa, and Wellyn Carol Pasco. "AgriBuddy "SANPhoK" (Soil Analyzer on Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium): An Innovation for Enhanced Nutrient Management." Psychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journal 31, no. 8 (2025): 866–74. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14827924.
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The AgriBuddy “SANPhoK” (Soil Analyzer on Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium) device used in this study aimed to improve nutrient management in agricultural farms. This device utilizes sensors to measure essential soil nutrients–nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K)–providing farmers with accurate, real-time data to optimize fertilizer application. The analyzer offers a cost-effective solution for small to medium-scale farms by integrating Arduino-based technology and a user-friendly interface. This device addresses imbalanced nutrient distribution, decreasing crop yield and soil degradation. Its key components include its ability to determine the amount of nutrient in mg/kg with an indication of “Low, Moderate, or High”. In this study, the researcher experimented with three (3) trials with the same soil, assessing the precision and accuracy of the device. The results indicated that the device achieves similar and close average measurements, ensuring exactitude. T-test for dependent means was used and showed no significant difference between the pre-testing and post-testing with a p value of 0.483, proving the constant and precise ability of the product. Moreover, the product was determined to have similar nutrient level classification with the traditional Soil Test Kits (STKs) and has been more efficient than the conventional method. Farmers can make informed decisions regarding the type and amount of fertilizer needed through precise monitoring. Its real-time feedback can lead to more precise decisions, reduce environmental impacts, and ultimately contribute to more efficient farm operations.
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Rustan, Rustan, Fajar Dwi Ramadhan, M. Ficky Afrianto, Linda Handayani, Ardiyaningsih Puji Lestari, and Fahmida Manin. "PERANCANGAN ALAT PENGUKUR KADAR UNSUR HARA NPK PUPUK KOMPOS." JOURNAL ONLINE OF PHYSICS 8, no. 1 (2022): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/jop.v8i1.20838.
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Pupuk kompos merupakan jenis pupuk organik yang berasal dari penguraian sampah organik seperti daun, jerami, rumput, dedak padi, kotoran hewan, dan bahan organik lain. Pupuk kompos dapat dibuat dengan cara memanfaatkan mikroorganisme untuk mengubah material organik seperti kotoran ternak, sampah, daun, sayuran menjadi kompos. Kandungan unsur hara didalam kompos cukup lengkap, meliputi unsur hara makro (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S), dan unsur hara mikro (Fe, Cu, Mn, Mo, Zn, Cl, B) yang sangat diperlukan tanaman. Namun kandungan unsur hara tersebut tidak bisa diukur pasti oleh para petani, pengukuran kandungan unsur hara saat ini banyak dilakukan dengan cara uji laboratorium yang memerlukan waktu relatif lama sehingga dibutuhkan suatu rancangan sistem yang dapat mengukur nilai kandungan unsur hara didalam pupuk. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merancang alat pengukur nilai kadar unsur hara Nitrogen, Fosfor dan Kalium (NPK) didalam pupuk kompos. Pada penelitian ini digunakan arduino MEGA 2560, Lcd tft 2.4 dan sensor NPK untuk mendeteksi unsur hara NPK yang ada didalam pupuk kompos secara cepat. Sensor NPK berfungsi mengukur kadar Nitrogen (N), Phospor (P), dan Kalium (K) dalam kombinasi. Sensor NPK yang digunakan terdiri dari rangkaian PCB dengan probe berukuran panjang 85 mm dan merupakan sensor digital.Dalam penelitian ini penggunaan sensor NPK sangat penting untuk dapat mendeteksi nilai kandungan unsur hara NPK dalam pupuk kompos. Penelitian ini juga menggunakan lcd TFT untuk menampilkan hasil pembacaan dari sensor NPK, Untuk mengolah sensor dan lcd TFT digunakan arduino MEGA 2560 sebagai mikrokontroler.
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Pratama, Haristian, Amsar Yunan, and Rudi Arif Candra. "Design and Build a Soil Nutrient Measurement Tool for Citrus Plants Using NPK Soil Sensors Based on the Internet of Things." Brilliance: Research of Artificial Intelligence 1, no. 2 (2021): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.47709/brilliance.v1i2.1300.
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A suitable planting medium is a medium of good quality soil that can support plant growth quickly. Fertile soil is the primary need for plants. The quality of the planting medium dramatically affects plant growth. The types of soil needed for plant growth vary, namely sandy soil, red soil, alluvial soil, and humus soil. Using an NPK sensor that functions to detect nutrients in the soil and can work if the tip of the sensor is plugged into the soil they want to detect, the results detected by the sensor will be sent in the form of analog signal data to nodemcu, which will be processed and displayed on the screen. Thingspeak. This tool is controlled by nodemcu with an NPK sensor to detect nutrients in the soil with output to thingspeak. The function of the NPK sensor tool will measure the nutrients in the soil for citrus seedlings, and the results read by the Npk sensor will be sent to the Thingspeak web, making it easier for farmers to seed citrus seeds. The data read by the sensor will be sent to thingspeak, making it easier to monitor nutrients in the soil. From the results of the tests carried out, it is found that the nutrient content in wet soil is higher than in dry soil; from the tests carried out, the NPK sensor accuracy rate is 90%.
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YR, Kenny Philander, Rinto Suppa, and Muhlis Muhallim. "Sistem Penyiraman Tanaman Otomatis Berbasis Arduino." Jurasik (Jurnal Riset Sistem Informasi dan Teknik Informatika) 6, no. 1 (2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.30645/jurasik.v6i1.266.
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This study aims to create an Arduino-based automatic plant watering system, in which the water pump can pump water automatically based on the reading from the soil moisture sensor, which aims to make it easier for people to water plants. This research was conducted at the Palopo City Agriculture Office. The results of this study indicate that users no longer need to water plants manually. In designing an Arduino-based Automatic Plant Watering System, a microcontroller and several components are used, including: Arduino UNO, FC-28 moisture sensor, water pump, relay, 16x2 LCD and breadboard. This tool works by reading data from the soil moisture sensor, if The sensor detects dry soil levels, then the data from the sensor will be read by Arduino. The data that has been read by Arduino will be forwarded to the relay, then the relay will forward the data that will be used to turn on or turn off the water pump
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Adak, Subhas. "Smart Agriculture with NPK Sensors: A Sustainable Approach to Soil Health and Fertiliser Optimisation in Guava Farming." Journal of Scientific Research and Reports 31, no. 7 (2025): 45–52. https://doi.org/10.9734/jsrr/2025/v31i73227.
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Soil health is deteriorating due to excessive use of fertilisers. As a part of smart agriculture NPK sensor can improve the soil fertility status. The study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of NPK sensors for soil health management in smart agriculture. The study was carried out during the winter season (2024) at the Guava (Psidium guajava L.) Farm, Baruipur, South 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India. The experiment was laid out in a Randomised Block Design with two treatments and five replications. The treatments consisted of T1: Control, T2: NKP Sensor. During the study, data were recorded and analysed through formulas using Microsoft Excel. The total nitrogen ranged from 215.5 kg ha-1 to 224.3 kg ha-1, which indicated the low nitrogen content in soil (<280 kg ha-1). The available phosphorus status (P2O5) in the plots was high (>90 kg ha-1), whereas the available potassium (K2O) was medium (150-340 kg ha-1). The average total nitrogen for T1 required per plant was 614.04 g, whereas in T2, the average nitrogen requirement was 128.2 g. The application frequency was higher in T2 (5). The N sensor saved 79% of nitrogen. The average amount of phosphorus was 367.28 g per plant in T1, whereas it was 120.32 g. The P sensor saved 67.24% of phosphorus fertiliser. The average potassium fertiliser applied for T1 without NPK sensor was 508.62 g per plant, whereas it was only 122.7g for T2. It was found that the sensor resisted the excess use of potassic fertilisers and saved 75.87 %. The yield was increased by 99.69 % in T2 (23.012) compared to T1(11.524). Overall total amount of fertilisers decreased (72.37%) when the NPK sensors were utilised for soil health monitoring in smart agriculture. The study concluded that the NPK sensor improved the soil health through smart agriculture.
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Gottemukkala, Lavanya, Sai Tharun Reddy Jajala, Akash Thalari, Sai Ram Vootkuri, Vikas Kumar, and G. Mounika Naidu. "Sustainable Crop Recommendation System Using Soil NPK Sensor." E3S Web of Conferences 430 (2023): 01100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202343001100.
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The effective management of nutrient resources in agricultural practices is crucial for optimizing crop yields and ensuring sustainable farming. Traditionally, farmers have relied on manual methods or expert knowledge to determine the appropriate amount and type of nutrients required by crops. However, these methods often lack precision and can lead to suboptimal fertilization, resulting in reduced productivity and environmental degradation. In recent years, advancements in sensor technology have paved the way for more accurate and efficient crop management systems. One such innovation is the NPK sensor, which enables real-time monitoring of soil nutrient levels. Our proposed system utilizes NPK sensor data to offer personalized fertilization recommendations to farmers. The system integrates sensor technology, machine learning algorithms, and agronomic expertise to provide precise and tailored nutrient recommendations based on the specific requirements of different crops and soil conditions. The system collects data from NPK sensors deployed in the field that includes soil nutrient levels. Machine learning algorithms analyze this data to identify patterns and correlation between nutrient levels and crop performance. By leveraging historical data and agronomic knowledge, the system can generate accurate and timely recommendations for nutrient application. In conclusion, the crop recommendation system presented here offers a novel approach to crop management by leveraging NPK sensor technology and machine learning. By providing accurate and personalized nutrient recommendations, the system has the potential to revolutionize modern agriculture, enhancing productivity while promoting environmental stewardship. Further research and field trials are needed to validate and refine the system’s performance and usability, but the preliminary results show promising potential for the adoption of such system in real-world agricultural settings.
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Gunawan, I. Kadek Agus Riki, Ni Putu Rahayu Artini, I. Wayan Tanjung Aryasa, and I. Kadek Arya Sugianta. "Rancang Bangun Alat Pengukur Unsur Hara dan Kelembapan Tanah Menggunakan Sensor NPK, Sensor Kelembapan Kapasitif, dan Mikrokontroller Arduino Nano." Jurnal RESISTOR (Rekayasa Sistem Komputer) 7, no. 2 (2024): 91–99. https://doi.org/10.31598/jurnalresistor.v7i2.1608.
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Perkembangan teknologi yang pesat mendorong inovasi di sektor pertanian. Di Indonesia, produksi padi sangat dipengaruhi oleh kesuburan tanah, namun banyak petani yang tidak mengetahui tingkat kesuburan tanahnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merancang dan merealisasikan sistem monitoring digital untuk mengukur nitrogen (N), fosfor (P), kalium (K), dan kelembaban tanah guna meningkatkan hasil padi. Sistem menggunakan mikrokontroler Arduino Nano, sensor JXCT NPK, dan sensor kelembaban tanah kapasitif, dan data ditampilkan pada dua layar OLED. Eksperimen menunjukkan bahwa perangkat tersebut dapat mendeteksi kandungan NPK dengan akurasi 80% dan dapat mengukur kelembapan tanah secara efektif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sawah 2 mempunyai kandungan nitrogen dan kalium paling tinggi, sawah 3 mempunyai variasi kandungan nitrogen dan fosfor paling besar, dan sawah 1 mempunyai kandungan unsur hara yang stabil namun rendah. Kelembaban tanah pada ketiga sawah tersebut seragam pada 100% dari tingkat optimal. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat membantu petani dalam mengelola lahannya dengan lebih efektif sehingga meningkatkan produktivitas padi.
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Bhoyar, Dinesh B. "Ph and NPK Sensor Based Soil Testing System." Bioscience Biotechnology Research Communications 13, no. 14 (2020): 385–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21786/bbrc/13.14/89.
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Kumar K N, Mr Anil. "Smart NPK Monitoring and Control System for Precision Agriculture." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 09, no. 05 (2025): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem47457.
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Abstract— Precision agriculture is revolutionizing traditional farming by integrating advanced monitoring and control systems to optimize resource utilization and enhance crop productivity. This project, "Smart NPK Monitoring and Control System for Precision Agriculture," is designed to monitor and manage soil nutrients and moisture levels using an ESP32 microcontroller. The system incorporates an NPK sensor to measure nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) concentrations, along with a soil moisture sensor to assess hydration levels.
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Aryansyah Pratama and Ilham Ari Elbaith Zaeni. "Perancangan Sensor NPK, pH, Suhu, dan Kelembapan Tanah Berbasis IoT dan Arduino untuk Pertanian Modern." JUPITER : Journal of Computer & Information Technology 6, no. 1 (2025): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.53990/jupiter.v6i1.410.
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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kinerja sensor NPK, pH, suhu, dan kelembapan tanah berbasis IoT dan Arduino pada berbagai kondisi kelembapan tanah. Sensor-sensor ini diuji pada tiga kondisi tanah yang berbeda: basah, lembab, dan sangat kering. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa pada kondisi tanah basah dan lembab, sensor mampu melakukan pembacaan parameter tanah secara akurat dan mengirimkan data ke smartphone secara real-time. Data yang diperoleh mencakup kadar Nitrogen (N), Fosfor (P), Kalium (K), pH, suhu, dan kelembapan tanah. Namun, pada kondisi tanah yang sangat kering, sensor mengalami kesulitan untuk tertancap dengan kuat, sehingga pengujian tidak dapat dilakukan dan data tidak dapat diperoleh. Temuan ini menekankan pentingnya memastikan sensor dapat berfungsi dengan baik pada berbagai kondisi tanah untuk mendapatkan hasil yang akurat dan dapat diandalkan. Pengembangan lebih lanjut diperlukan untuk mengatasi masalah pada kondisi tanah sangat kering agar sensor dapat berfungsi optimal di semua kondisi.
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Sintia, Wulantika, Dedy Hamdani, and Eko Risdianto. "Rancang Bangun Sistem Monitoring Kelembaban Tanah dan Suhu Udara Berbasis GSM SIM900A DAN ARDUINO UNO." Jurnal Kumparan Fisika 1, no. 2 (2018): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.33369/jkf.1.2.60-65.
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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merancang dan membuat alat monitoring kelembaban tanah dan suhu udara pada tanaman berbasis GSM SIM900A dan Arduino Uno, serta mengukur kelembaban tanah dan suhu udara pada tanaman berbasis GSM SIM900A dan Arduino Uno. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Research and Development. Adapun tahap pengembangan dalam penelitian ini meliputi perencanaan, produksi, dan evaluasi. Sistem monitoring kelembaban tanah dan suhu udara tersusun atas komponen-komponen elektronika, yaitu Arduino Uno sebagai pengendali sistem dari semua rangkaian, sensor DHT11 untuk mengukur suhu udara, GSM SIM900A untuk mengirimkan SMS kepada pemilik tanaman, dan soil moisture sensor untuk mengukur kelembaban tanah, dengan cara manancapkan probe pada tanah. Jika nilai yang dihasilkan sensor kecil berarti tanah dalam keadaan lembab, dan sebaliknya. Selanjutnya, dilakukan pengujian alat secara keseluruhan untuk mengetahui apakah alat berjalan sesuai dengan tujuan. Dari hasil pengujian telah terukur bahwa sistem monitoring kelembaban tanah dan suhu udara berbasis GSM SIM900A dan Arduino Uno dapat mendeteksi kelembaban tanah dan suhu udara kemudian sms gateway bekerja secara otomatis untuk mengirimkan SMS kepada pemilik tanaman.Kata kunci: Sensor DHT11, Soil Moisture sensor, Arduino Uno, dan GSM SIM900A
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Ananingtyas, Ratika Sekar Ajeng, Ragil Ellang Sakti, Muhammad Helmi Hakim, Rizka Rizqi Robby, and Rachmadania Akbarita. "Design of Automatic Watering System Prototype with Arduino-Based Soil Moisture Sensor for Strawberry Plants (Fragaria Ananassa)." Journal of Development Research 7, no. 1 (2023): Process. http://dx.doi.org/10.28926/jdr.v7i1.295.
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Automatic water management using an Arduino-based humidity sensor as a microcontroller provides practicality in strawberry cultivation, especially in high temperature areas such as in Blitar City. The purpose of this research is to design and test a automatic watering system prototype with an arduino-based soil moisture sensor for strawberry plants (fragaria ananassa). In this study, the method used was designing a prototype automatic watering system with an arduino-based soil moisture sensor for strawberry plants (fragaria ananassa) according to the design so that the prototype could work properly and testing the prototype for strawberry plants (fragaria ananassa) to get moisture data and the right time for giving water every certain period of time. The research activities were carried out in 4 stages including the needs analysis stage, the prototype design stage, the test and evaluation stage, and the final product stage. From the results of product design and development, it was found that the soil moisture sensor, arduino and water pump work according to the input or command.
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Hakim, Galang Persada Nurani, Eko Ramadhan, and Diah Septiyana. "Soil Energy Harvester for Batteryless Wireless Sensor Network Node using Redox Method." Jurnal Teknologi Elektro 14, no. 1 (2023): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.22441/jte.2023.v14i1.009.
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The Wireless Sensor Network technologies has great advantage that provide us with cheap solution to deal with telecommunication infrastructure problem that don’t exist in extreme and isolated area. However, the biggest problem exist within wireless sensor network was WSN node limited power. In this paper we try to provide battery less power sources for Wireless Sensor Network Node using Redox method. Using 9 combinations of electrodes circuits, it can provide 6.53 volt and turn on Arduino Mini Pro microcontroller. However, the second it turns on Arduino Mini Pro the voltage drops to 1.73 Volts. Hence this energy harvester can provide power to the Arduino Mini Pro microcontroller with unstable power supply.
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Fahrurrozi, Muhammad, and Eddy Nurraharjo. "AUTOMONITORING KELEMBABAN MEDIA TANAM." Jurnal Dinamika Informatika 12, no. 2 (2020): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.35315/informatika.v12i2.8273.
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Perkembangan teknologi yang semakin pesat menyebabkan perkembangan industri elektronika sejalan dengan, perkembangan teknologi. Perubahan sistem analog menjadi sistem digital merupakan salah satu hal yang menjadikan perkembangan perangkat elektronika. Banyak peralatan canggih yang diciptakan dari perubahan sistem analog ke sistem digital misal dalam bidang pertanian, yang membutuhkan alat untuk memonitoring kelembaban media tanamnya.
 Dasar pemikiran tersebut maka penulis akan membuat alat monitoring kelembaban media tanam dengan menerapkan sensor soil moisture dengan menggunakan arduino dan berbasis android. Alat ini dirancang dengan menggunakan perangkat keras seperti Arduino Uno R3, Modul Wifi Esp8266, Smartphone serta menggunakan sensor soil moisture untuk mendeteksi kelembaban media tanam.
 Sensor soil moisture akan mendeteksi kelembaban media tanam yang akan dikontrol oleh arduino uno R3 sebagai mikrokontrolernya. Selanjutnya dari arduino akan mengirim data kelembaban secara real time ke server thingspeak menggunakan koneksi internet, aplikasi kelembaban pada smartphone akan menampilkan data kelembaban yang telah diambil dari server thingspeak menggunakan koneksi internet.
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Dr.P.Aravind, D.Benitorichardson, G.K.DharsanPrabu, R.Lokesh, and R.Akilan. "Automatic Irrigation System using Arduino." International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research Transactions 4, no. 4 (2022): 110–17. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6449193.
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Now a days its a challenge to improve development of plant in respect of its growth and to reduce costs which leads to an innovative idea of using an automated irrigation system which will further help in better management of water and human resources .An automated irrigation system have been developed using sensors technology with Arduino to efficiently utilize water for irrigation purpose. The system has soil moisture sensor inserted into the soil of the plants and a water level sensor placed in a water container from where water will be pumped to plants for irrigation.
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Darmawan, I. W. B., I. N. S. Kumara, and D. C. Khrisne. "SMART GARDEN SEBAGAI IMPLEMENTASI SISTEM KONTROL DAN MONITORING TANAMAN BERBASIS TEKNOLOGI CERDAS." Jurnal SPEKTRUM 8, no. 4 (2022): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/spektrum.2021.v08.i04.p19.
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Smart garden is a control system application to monitor watering/plant care that utilizesintelligent technology. This study reviews the components used in smart gardens and theapplication of smart gardens in community life. The components commonly used in smartgarden such as BLYNK App, Antares, wireless sensor and actuators networks, SMS Gateway,capacitive soil moisture sensor, temperature sensor, light sensor, Arduino nano, Arduino unoR3, Arduino mega 2560, and Raspberry Pi. Smart garden has been applied in agriculture andfarm with the aim of monitoring plant growth, optimizing harvest activities, developingecotourism and Adiwiyata program.
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Yong, Zhi Jiang, Wai Kit Wong, Thu Soe Min, and Eng Kiong Wong. "AUTOMATIC SOLAR-POWERED PLANT WATERING SYSTEM FOR HOME GARDENING." ICTACT Journal on Microelectronics 10, no. 2 (2024): 1763–68. https://doi.org/10.21917/ijme.2024.0305.
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The article covers the development of an automated solar-powered plant watering system that will help home gardeners who struggle with locating sufficient time to irrigate their plants. The system monitors the surrounding plantation and the state of the soil beneath the plants using DHT11 humidity temperature sensors and soil moisture sensors. Utilising the Arduino IDE programme, the Arduino Uno R3 (Atmega 328p) receives the readings from these sensors to determine the state of the plant. In order to determine if the plant is receiving enough water and to regulate the water pump to irrigate it, the Arduino IDE programme computes the sensor values and determines whether the soil condition is above or below the threshold value. For the automated plant watering system to function, a five-volt solar panel and an MPPT charging controller are required. The DHT11 Sensor and Soil Moisture Sensor recommended ranges are clearly stated and documented in the article.
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Zulhaq, Slamet Riyadi, Pamor Gunoto, and Endang Susanti. "SISTEM PEMANTAUAN NUTRISI PADA TANAMAN BERBASIS INTERNET OF THINGS (IoT)." SIGMA TEKNIKA 8, no. 1 (2025): 062–69. https://doi.org/10.33373/sigmateknika.v8i1.7659.
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Pertanian modern semakin berkembang dengan penerapan teknologi berbasis Internet of Things (IoT) untuk meningkatkan efisiensi dan produktivitas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merancang dan mengembangkan sistem pemantauan nutrisi pada tanaman berbasis IoT menggunakan ESP32, sensor NPK, dan arduino cloud. Sistem ini memungkinkan pemantauan kondisi nutrisi tanaman secara real-time dan kemudian mengirimkan data ke platform arduino cloud untuk diakses dari jarak jauh. Selain itu, LCD I2C digunakan sebagai tampilan lokal agar pengguna dapat melihat informasi secara langsung. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini meliputi perancangan perangkat keras, pemrograman mikrokontroler, serta integrasi dengan arduino cloud untuk pengelolaan data. Sensor yang digunakan mampu mendeteksi parameter penting dalam nutrisi tanaman, seperti kelembaban tanah dan tingkat nutrisi, sehingga pengguna dapat mengambil keputusan yang lebih tepat dalam perawatan tanaman. Data yang dikirimkan secara real-time membantu meningkatkan efisiensi dalam pengelolaan pertanian, mengurangi intervensi manual, dan mengoptimalkan penggunaan sumber daya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sistem ini dapat berfungsi dengan baik dalam memantau kondisi nutrisi tanaman dan memberikan data yang akurat serta mudah diakses. Pengguna dapat memperoleh informasi secara langsung melalui LCD I2C maupun secara online melalui arduino cloud. Dengan adanya sistem ini, pemantauan tanaman menjadi lebih praktis dan efisien, sehingga dapat membantu meningkatkan produktivitas pertanian
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Olayaki-Luqman, Mutiat, Olusayo Adekunle Ajeigbe, Jelili Aremu Oyedokun, Olusegun William Adelere, and Opeyemi Pamela Babafemi. "Development of an Automated Irrigation System for Enhancing Water-Use Efficiency." Advances in Research 26, no. 2 (2025): 498–509. https://doi.org/10.9734/air/2025/v26i21317.
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This paper presents the development and calibration of an automated irrigation system designed using Arduino Uno, a micro pump, soil sensors, a relay module, and programmed in C++. The system aims to enhance irrigation efficiency by delivering water to crops based on real-time soil moisture levels. The Arduino Uno serves as the central control unit, continuously receiving data from the sensors embedded in the soil. When the moisture level falls below a predefined threshold, the Arduino activates the micro pump through the relay module to initiate irrigation. The system was programmed using C++ to ensure precise sensor readings, responsive control actions, and reliable operation. Calibration of the sensors and pump operation was conducted under controlled conditions to ensure accurate detection of soil moisture and appropriate water delivery. The developed system, powered by a solar-rechargeable battery setup, successfully automated irrigation based on real-time soil and environmental data, reducing water usage by an estimated 30–40% compared to manual irrigation methods. Key components included an Arduino Uno microcontroller, DHT22 sensor, 4-in-1 soil sensor (temperature, moisture, pH, EC), and a micro pump controlled via a relay module. Sensor calibration ensured high accuracy, with moisture and pH readings showing deviations within ±3% and ±0.2 pH units, respectively. The system maintained operational stability for over 48 hours without sunlight and responded to soil moisture changes within 2–3 seconds, triggering timely irrigation. Results demonstrate the system's capability to reduce water waste and support optimal soil moisture maintenance. This low-cost, scalable solution is suitable for small- to medium-scale farming applications and contributes to sustainable water resource management in agriculture.
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Laili Tamami Hutapea, Alvin, Muhammad Hafizd, and Budi Supriyadi. "ALAT PENYIRAMAN TANAMAN OTOMATIS MENGGUNAKAN SENSOR KELEMBABAN TANAH DAN SENSOR ULTRASONIK BERBASIS ARDUINO." Akrab Juara : Jurnal Ilmu-ilmu Sosial 8, no. 1 (2023): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.58487/akrabjuara.v8i1.2052.
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Watering activities are an important thing in the maintenance of plants because they can
 support the optimal growth of plants in addition to the watering of plants must be done
 promptly. In the right conditions and can also minimize human work, it takes an application of a
 system that can regulate the watering of plants in good conditions. The problem experienced by
 farmers is the difficulty to monitor soil moisture which is a major factor in agriculture. By
 utilizing technology to be able to monitor soil moisture. Environmental factors that can affectthe
 growth of plants are soil moisture. Innovation of information and communicationtechnology in
 agriculture is the use of Arduino sensors. By using information andcommunication technology
 equipment, it can know the soil moisture that becomes the mainplanting medium of crops. It will
 be very useful if you can know the moisture value of the soil tobe able to determine the handling
 or step of the soil. Observation is a way of retrieving data byusing vision as a tool to make direct
 observations. The author conducts direct observations onplant growth and yields on hydroponic
 plants in thousand of islands.
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Widodo, Alvito Romandhika, Wendhi Yuniarto, Hasan Hasan, Taufik Muzakir, and Medi Yuwono Tharam. "Rancang Bangun Prototype Sistem Monitoring Dan Kontrol Otomatis Pada Tanaman Wortel Berbasis Mikrokontroler Arduino Uno." Jurnal ELIT 6, no. 1 (2025): 71–80. https://doi.org/10.31573/elit.v6i1.983.
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Carrots are rich in vitamins A, B complex, C, D, E, K, antioxidants, and contain calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, and sodium. However, its growth is difficult in hot temperatures such as in West Kalimantan. The research developed an Arduino Uno-based Automatic Monitoring and Control System to improve carrot growth. The system uses DHT22 sensor for temperature, soil pH sensor, and soil moisture sensor. Arduino Uno controls the fan if the temperature exceeds 29°C and the water pump to adjust soil pH and moisture for 10 seconds as needed. The results of testing the system have been able to monitor and control environmental conditions properly and display real-time data on the LCD screen, with an average difference in DHT22 sensor readings with a thermometer of 0.26 ° C, soil pH sensor with pH meter of 0.15, and soil moisture sensor with moist meter of 0.57%. This system can be a solution for environmental monitoring and control in carrot farming, especially in tropical areas such as West Kalimantan.
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Kanade, Prakash, and Jai Prakash Prasad. "Arduino based Machine Learning and IoT Smart Irrigation System." International Journal of Soft Computing and Engineering 10, no. 4 (2021): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijsce.d3481.0310421.
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We all depend on farmers in today's world. But is anybody aware of who the farmers rely on? They don't suffer from various irrigation issues, such as over-irrigation, under irrigation, underwater depletion, floods, etc. We are trying to build a project to solve some of the problems that will help farmers overcome the challenges. Owing to inadequate distribution or lack of control, irrigation happens because of waste water, chemicals, which can contribute to water contamination. Under irrigation, only enough water is provided to the plant, which gives low soil salinity, leading to increased soil salinity with a consequent build-up of toxic salts in areas with high evaporation on the soil surface. This requires either leaching to remove these salts or a drainage system to remove the salts. We have developed a project using IoT (Internet of Things) and ML to solve these irrigation problems (machine learning). The hardware consists of different sensors, such as the temperature sensor, the humidity sensor, the pH sensor, the raspberry pi or Arduino module controlled pressure sensor and the bolt IOT module. Our temperature sensor will predict the area's weather condition, through which farmers will make less use of field water. At a regular interval, our pH sensor can sense the pH of the soil and predict whether or not this soil needs more water. Our main aim is to automatically build an irrigation system and to conserve water for future purposes.
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Prakash, Kanade, and Prakash Prasad Jai. "Arduino Based Machine Learning and IoT Smart Irrigation System." International Journal of Soft Computing and Engineering (IJSCE) 10, no. 4 (2021): 1–5. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijsce.D3481.0310421.
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We all depend on farmers in today's world. But is anybody aware of who the farmers rely on? They don't suffer from various irrigation issues, such as over-irrigation, under irrigation, underwater depletion, floods, etc. We are trying to build a project to solve some of the problems that will help farmers overcome the challenges. Owing to inadequate distribution or lack of control, irrigation happens because of waste water, chemicals, which can contribute to water contamination. Under irrigation, only enough water is provided to the plant, which gives low soil salinity, leading to increased soil salinity with a consequent build-up of toxic salts in areas with high evaporation on the soil surface. This requires either leaching to remove these salts or a drainage system to remove the salts. We have developed a project using IoT (Internet of Things) and ML to solve these irrigation problems (machine learning). The hardware consists of different sensors, such as the temperature sensor, the humidity sensor, the pH sensor, the raspberry pi or Arduino module controlled pressure sensor and the bolt IOT module. Our temperature sensor will predict the area's weather condition, through which farmers will make less use of field water. At a regular interval, our pH sensor can sense the pH of the soil and predict whether or not this soil needs more water. Our main aim is to automatically build an irrigation system and to conserve water for future purposes.
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Duarte, Jean Rodrigues, and Daniel Noe Coaguila Nuñez. "Low-cost soil moisture sensor calibration." Brazilian Journal of Science 3, no. 2 (2024): 132–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/bjs.v3i2.517.
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Brazil has been experiencing several instabilities regarding the climate. There is a great climatological variation in the cultures that have been suffering drastically from this stress, mainly water. Therefore, it is necessary to quickly and efficiently check the soil moisture rate, before any operation in the field, avoiding production losses and unnecessary extra expenses for the producer. Methods for measuring soil moisture are extremely important for carrying out adequate irrigation, thus optimizing water resources and saving water. Humidity directly affects seed quality, germination rate and crop yield, other unit operations. In this study the low-cost WeMos sensor was evaluated regarding its efficiency and possible calibration in comparison to high-cost equipment with an average of US$: 405,75 dollars. The gravimetric method was used to calibrate the sensor, which consists of sample preparation, drying, determination of its mass and evaluation calculation. The gravimetric method was used to calibrate the sensor, which consists of sample preparation, drying, determination of its mass and evaluation calculation. From the data obtained, the equation was used, which was first inserted into the programming carried out in the Arduino system transmitted to the WeMos sensor. The results obtained by the WeMos sensor were consistent with the gravimetric humidity results obtained. It is concluded that the WeMos Arduino sensor presents reliability in sampled data and that it is an economically viable option for rural producers who need to obtain an answer regarding the humidity of the planting soil.
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Setiawan, Iman, Junaidi Junaidi, Fadjryani Fadjryani, and Fika Reski Amaliah. "Automatic Plant Watering System for Local Red Onion Palu using Arduino." Jurnal Online Informatika 7, no. 1 (2022): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/join.v7i1.813.
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Central Sulawesi Province in Indonesia has great potential for horticultural commodities, namely local red onion Palu. In the current climate change, local farmers are still watering plants in the conventional way. The automatic watering system simplifies the work of local farmers. This device uses a soil moisture sensor as a soil moisture detector and Arduino as a program brain. This study aims to determine the position of soil moisture sensor, the optimal length of watering time and analyze the quality of data stored. The experiment was carried out using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The position of the soil moisture sensor was analyzed by Profile Analysis. The optimal length of watering time was determined by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Least Significant Difference (LSD). The quality of data stored was determined by a number of missing values and frequency of watering. The results showed that in soil planting media the position of soil moisture sensor had no significant effect, while in others planting media (water and combination of water and soil) the position of the sensor had a significant effect. The optimal watering time was 3 seconds. The stored data has low quality in terms of missing values and lack of consistency.
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Sanjaya, Purba, R. A. Diana Widyastuti, Tumiar Katarina Manik, and Niluh D. Pusvika. "UTILIZATION OF ARDUINO MICROCONTROLLER FOR PRECISE WATER SUPPLY MANAGEMENT TO ENHANCE WATER SPINACH (Ipomoea reptans Poir) GROWTH." Jurnal Agrotek Tropika 13, no. 1 (2025): 139. https://doi.org/10.23960/jat.v12i3.9620.
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In Indonesia, traditional methods still dominate agricultural practices, particularly in plant care and maintenance. The integration of an Arduino UNO microcontroller with a soil moisture sensor presents a significant advancement for farmers by facilitating precise soil moisture management. This study explores the application of the Arduino UNO microcontroller in the cultivation of water spinach (Ipomoea reptans Poir) under various moisture levels: 80-100%, 60-80%, 40-60%, and 20-40% of field capacity. The objectives of this research are to: (i) optimize the use of the Arduino microcontroller to enhance the growth of water spinach, (ii) evaluate the impact of different soil moisture levels on the growth of water spinach precisely regulated by the Arduino microcontroller, and (iii) identify the optimal moisture level for water spinach growth. The findings demonstrate that the Arduino microcontroller, in conjunction with the soil moisture sensor, operates effectively according to the programmed parameters, ensuring automated irrigation that meets the water requirements of water spinach. The results further indicate that varying moisture levels significantly influence the growth outcomes of water spinach, with a moisture content of 80-100% of field capacity yielding the most favorable growth and production. Additionally, water spinach plants maintained at 40-60% of field capacity produced crops suitable for marketability.
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Saehana, S., and A. Lala. "Liquefaction alarm prototype using arduino uno microcontroller." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2126, no. 1 (2021): 012002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2126/1/012002.
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Abstract This study aims to create an alarm tool that can detect disasters such as earthquakes and liquefaction in Palu City. It was laboratory research conducted in Sub department of Physics Education, Tadulako University. Research and experiments with modelling tools were conducted to simulate soil conditions during the earthquake and liquefaction. The research sample was focused on soil samples that have been affected by liquefaction disasters. The method used was the waterfall with the procedures of requirements analysis, system design, implementation, and testing of Arduino programs and software as ground movement monitoring. This study indicated that a liquefaction alarm prototype using a microcontroller component in the form of Arduino Uno, soil moisture sensor, and MPU6050 sensor could detect a natural liquefaction disaster was signed by a siren sound.
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Satria Munandar, Muhammad Fadhel, Lela Nurpulaela, and Insani Abdi Bangsa. "Implementasi Penyiraman Otomatis dengan Sensor Gy-302 dan Yl-69 pada Alat Penyiram Tanaman." JE-Unisla 7, no. 1 (2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.30736/je-unisla.v7i1.750.
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Perkembangan pada zaman ini semakin meningkat, manusia mengharapkan sebuah alat atau teknologi yang dapat membantu pekerjaan manusia, sehingga teknologi menjadi kebutuhan manusia. Alat penyiram tanaman otomatis bertujuan untuk menggantikan penyiraman manual menjadi otomatis sesuai waktu yang diinginkan oleh pengguna, adapun manfaat yang didapatkan dari alat ini adalah dapat mempermudah pekerjaan manusia dalam penyiraman. Alat ini menggunakan RTC (Real Time Clock) DS3231 yang berfungsi mengatur waktu yang diinginkan untuk melakukan penyiraman, sensor soil moisture yang berfungsi mendeteksi tingkat kelembaban tanah, sensor cahaya GY-302 yang berfungsi mengukur tingkat intensitas cahaya matahari lalu mengirim perintah kepada Arduino Nano untuk menghidupkan relay agar pompa dapat menyiram air sesuai kebutuhan tanah secara otomatis tanpa perlu melakukan penyiraman secara manual. Kata Kunci: Arduino Nano, RTC DS3231, Sensor Soil Moisture, Sensor GY-302
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Rustan, Rustan, Jesi Pebralia, Tika Restianingsih, Frastica Deswardani, Nurhidayah Nurhidayah, and Iful Amri. "APLIKASI SENSOR KELEMBABAN DAN FLEX SENSOR BERBASIS ARDUINO UNO UNTUK SISTEM PENDETEKSI LONGSOR." JOURNAL ONLINE OF PHYSICS 7, no. 1 (2021): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.22437/jop.v7i1.14805.
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Early detection of landslides is very important to minimize the number of deaths. Technological developments allow humans to predict the signs of landslides more accurately, quickly, and scientifically. In this study, sensors were tested to measure landslide disaster parameters, namely humidity sensors to measure soil moisture and flex sensors to measure soil movement. The sensor is controlled using a microcontroller Arduino Uno. A functionality test was carried out to test the ability of the sensors. The functionality test was carried out using the unit testing method. The unit testing method is carried out by comparing the functional test results of each sensor to the expected response. The moisture sensor functionality test shows that the sensor is able to respond to changes in water content in the soil with changes in voltage. The linear equation resulting from the calibration of the humidity sensor is y = -0.126x + 2.666 with R2 = 0.871. The flex sensor functionality test shows that the sensor is able to detect soil movement in the presence of changes in voltage. The linear equation resulting from the flex sensor calibration is y = -2.861x + 2507 with R2 = 0.964. This shows that the humidity sensor and flex sensor are good enough to be applied in the design of a landslide detection system.
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Rahardjo, Pratolo. "Sistem Penyiraman Otomatis Menggunakan Sensor Kelembaban Tanah Berbasis Mikrokontroler Arduino Mega 2560 Pada Tanaman Mangga Harum Manis Buleleng Bali." Majalah Ilmiah Teknologi Elektro 21, no. 1 (2022): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/mite.2022.v21i01.p05.
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Intisari— Dalam perkembangan teknologi, penerapan sistem otomatis mulai marak diterapkan dalam berbagai bidang. Sistem otomatis mampu memberikan kemudahan dalam penerapannya, baik dari segi efisiensi waktu dan tenaga. Peneliti merancang sebuah perangkat yang mampu bekerja secara otomatis untuk melakukan proses penyiraman tanaman berdasarkan pada keadaan tanah dari tanaman tersebut. Sistem otomatis yang dirancang oleh peneliti menggunakan mikrokontroler Arduino Mega 2560 sebagai kendali utama dan soil moisture sensor untuk mendeteksi tingkat kelembaban tanah. Proses penyiraman tanaman terjadi berdasarkan tingkat kelembaban yang telah dideteksi oleh soil moisture sensor. Berdasarkan pada pengujian yang telah dilakukan, proses penyiraman dilakukan saat tingkat kelembaban tanah bernilai kurang dari 20%. Sedangkan, ketika tingkat kelembaban tanah bernilai lebih dari 20%, maka proses penyiraman akan berhenti.
 Kata Kunci—Arduino Mega 2560, Soil Moisture Sensor, Sistem Otomatis, Mangga Harum Manis
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Kanagala, Santoshi, Mazing Humaid Said Salim Al Khalaifin, Ahmed Amur Rashid Sultan Al-Harthi, and Sulaiman Saif Amur Al-ahdhami. "Greenhouse Farm Monitoring is Automated with Smart Controls." International Academic Journal of Science and Engineering 10, no. 1 (2023): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.9756/iajse/v10i1/iajse1005.
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In the modern day, greenhouses have emerged as a well-liked option for sustainable agriculture due to the growing worry about climate change and the rising demand for food production. Because of the growing concern about climate change and the increased demand for food production, greenhouses are becoming a preferred approach for sustainable agriculture. To get around these problems, clever control systems using Arduino microcontrollers have been developed to automatically monitor and regulate the ambient conditions within the greenhouse. Before a problem arises, intelligent control systems can identify and mitigate possible hazards. A more ecologically friendly and productive approach to farming may be achieved via the use of sophisticated management systems in greenhouses. The major objective of the project is to build greenhouses that provide a suitable environment with a high production capacity, protect endangered plants, and conserve peoples time and energy. We ll use the Arduino to help us automate this process. The Arduino is a device that has outputs that are used in greenhouses and inputs (sensors) that can be programmed in C++ on a computer. The tools and materials we utilize for the project are an Arduino, a fan, a spray can, a humidity sensor, a lighting sensor, and a temperature sensor. The temperature sensor in our project is utilized to measure temperature. It will send a sensor to Arduino when the temperature rises or falls. To maintain a temperature that is comfortable for the plants, the fan or air conditioner is switched on. When there is insufficient light, the light sensor sends a signal to the Arduino to switch on the lights. It measures the moisture content of the soil. It will be transmitted to Arduino if the soil needs water. Through a DC motor, water flows. In order to provide an appropriate climate for plants without a human to take care of them, a smart control of greenhouse utilizing Arduino is used.
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Fathima N, Roshiya. "Multi Sensor IOT Driven System for Permeability Assessment on Sandy Clay Soil." International Scientific Journal of Engineering and Management 04, no. 05 (2025): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.55041/isjem03570.
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Abstract - The evaluation of permeability, a key element to geotechnical engineering, has traditionally been determined using labour-intensive laboratory methods. In this study, a new automated system for assessing soil permeability has been designed through an Arduino microcontroller. Real-time hydraulic head is maintained by the sensors that collect real-time water flow and pressure information together with automated control. Through the utilization of the Arduino platform, the system is able to acquire, process and control data autonomously hence enable continuous and autonomous testing. Calibration and validation of the system were performed relative to the conventional permeability test procedures, employing several soil materials. Precise coefficients were recorded, test times were significantly reduced, and human error potential was limited by the system. The developed system shows a cost-efficient and quick permeability assessment technique that can be applied in the lab or the field ensuring better quality of data and repeatability. Key Words: Permeability, Arduino, Automation, Soil Testing, Geotechnical Engineering
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Fathima N, Roshiya. "Multi Sensor IOT Driven System for Permeability Assessment on Sandy Clay Soil." International Scientific Journal of Engineering and Management 04, no. 05 (2025): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.55041/isjem03568.
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Abstract - The evaluation of permeability, a key element to geotechnical engineering, has traditionally been determined using labour-intensive laboratory methods. In this study, a new automated system for assessing soil permeability has been designed through an Arduino microcontroller. Real-time hydraulic head is maintained by the sensors that collect real-time water flow and pressure information together with automated control. Through the utilization of the Arduino platform, the system is able to acquire, process and control data autonomously hence enable continuous and autonomous testing. Calibration and validation of the system were performed relative to the conventional permeability test procedures, employing several soil materials. Precise coefficients were recorded, test times were significantly reduced, and human error potential was limited by the system. The developed system shows a cost-efficient and quick permeability assessment technique that can be applied in the lab or the field ensuring better quality of data and repeatability. Key Words: Permeability, Arduino, Automation, Soil Testing, Geotechnical Engineering
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Adhikary, Rahul, Suvra Jyoti Choudhury, and Tanmoy Shankar. "Real-Time Soil Nutrient Monitoring Using NPK Sensors: Enhancing Precision Agriculture." International Journal of Experimental Research and Review 45, Spl Vol (2024): 197–202. https://doi.org/10.52756/ijerr.2024.v45spl.015.
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Prediction of various parameters in the agriculture field using sensors is a significant topic nowadays. However, in many scenarios, the sensor data does not accurately detect the real parameter(/s) in the agriculture field. The sensor data may vary due to various external factors, whereas the real parameters don’t vary too much for a particular agriculture field. The present work introduces a modified neural network approach to predict real agricultural parameters from sensor data with accuracy caused by several external factors and demonstrates enhanced predictive accuracy and adaptability. The neural network takes the sensor data as input in various weather conditions and tries to find out the original real parameters of that sensor data. The real-time sensor data was collected from multiple agricultural sites. The results demonstrated high predictive accuracy, with the neural network outperforming traditional statistical methods in forecasting soil moisture and other vital variables. Additionally, the model’s ability to generalize across different environmental conditions enhances its applicability in various crop management scenarios. The study concludes that neural networks hold significant potential for improving the efficiency of smart agriculture systems by providing timely, data driven insights for farmers and agronomists. Further research will explore the integration of deep learning models and edge computing to enhance scalability and realtime responsiveness in field applications. The aforementioned research highlights the significance of NPK sensors in sustainable farming methods, namely in enabling accurate nutrient management via real-time data.
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Sitepu, Surianto. "PENYIRAMAN TANAMAN SECARA OTOMATIS MENGGUNAKAN SENSOR SUHU DAN KELEMBABAN BERBASIS MICROCONTROLER." METHODIKA: Jurnal Teknik Informatika dan Sistem Informasi 51, no. 1 (2019): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.46880/mtk.v5i1.413.
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Has designed a tool that serves to maintain the plant to grow well. Plants that grow well in need of treatment were quite good, especially in maintaining soil moisture. So that the land remains under inert conditions in accordance with the standard requirements necessary plants enough water. For that need attention regularly for watering plants. The automatic Plant Watering prototype uses temperature sensors and inertial-based Microcontroller Arduino Uno can be used in the treatment plant without the need to set watering schedules. In order for watering is not carried out during the day or during the scorching sun, the temperature sensor is used. Arduino microcontroller pin which has 14 digital input/output, which serves as the center of the brain process or the automatic sprinklers. The system was designed using a motor driver to drive the motor to pump water watering. Watering can prototype uses temperature sensors and inertial-based microcontroller Arduino Uno to move in automation tools for soil moisture has not been reached. If the soil moisture has been reached then the pump will stop watering the plants.
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Pramono, Subur, Miftahul Ulum, Rudiana, and Ramona Dyah Safitri. "Desain Sistem Monitoring Kelembapan Tanah, Suhu, dan Intensitas Ultraviolet Menggunakan Arduino Mega 2560 Berbasis Internet of Things (IoT)." JFT: Jurnal Fisika dan Terapannya 11, no. 2 (2025): 122–35. https://doi.org/10.24252/jft.v11i2.52790.
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Kami telah berhasil membangun sistem monitoring kelembapan tanah, pH, suhu, dan intensitas ultraviolet (UV) berbasis Internet of Things (IoT) menggunakan Arduino mega 2560. Sensor yang digunakan untuk mengukur kelembapan tanah, suhu, dan ultraviolet adalah sensor soil moisture, sensor DHT-11, dan sensor GY-ML8511. Aplikasi Node MCU ESP8266 digunakan untuk komunikasi antara Arduino Mega 2560 dan smartphone. Luaran dari sensor kelembapan tanah dihubungkan dengan water pump pada kelembapan di bawah dan blower pada kelembapan di atas 80%. Adapun sensor suhu dan sensor UV hanya digunakan untuk monitoring sistem yang ditinjau. Data intensitas terbesar yang didapatkan menggunakan sensor UV GY-ML8511 adalah dengan nilai ADC sendor 213 dan tegangan 1,01 V. berdasarkan pengujian sistem, didapatkan bahwa sistem berjalan secara optimal
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Akanksha, K. "Crop Cultivation in a Greenhouse using IOT." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (2021): 4432–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.36108.
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Nowadays gardening has become a hobby for everyone. Everyone is showing interest in growing their own plants in their houses like terrace farming. So we have decided to do a project which can be useful for everyone even the farmers can be benefitted by our project. In our project we are preparing a greenhouse for cultivating different kinds of crops. Our greenhouse consists of arduino UNO, sensors like (temperature sensor, soil moisture sensor, colour sensor and light sensor), actuators. All these are used in sensing the outside environment and giving signals to arduino so that it sends the signal through GSM module and this GSM module will give us a message alert through our mobile phones like for example if the moisture is less in soil then we will get alert “your moisture has decreased water the plants” so that we can turn on our motor pumps to water. Here we are using thingspeak cloud for coding the arduino through IOT. Our project will also do its watering by itself when the moisture level decreases, this is done by soil moisture sensor. It is very reasonable and complete greenhouse can be constructed under Rs.10,000 which can save lots of money for the farmers. The crop yield will also be very good and this will be useful in increasing the economy of farming.