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Loulou, Rafi, Pierre Sibille, and Jules Houde. "Étude des assemblages boulonnés soumis à la flexion gauche." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 19, no. 5 (1992): 781–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l92-089.
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In this article, the problem of bolted connections subjected to biaxial bending is considered. Such a problem has not, up to now, been treated theoretically. Indeed, structural steel construction manuals normally propose various checking procedures and generally present design methods for connections subjected to various loadings. However nothing is said about bolted connections subjected to biaxial bending. First, a complete theoretical formulation of the problem is presented. It is based on elastic analysis principles and the assembly is treated classically. The resulting system of three equations is reduced to a system of two equations that can be solved numerically through iterative processes included in an algorithm with calculations done on a microcomputer. Interaction curves for various load combination are supplied. These results are used to validate the derivation and solve typical applications. Key words: bolted connection, biaxial bending, axial force, elastic analysis, computing.
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Gornet, Laurent, Romain Hamonou, Frédéric Jacquemin, Stéphane Auger, and Pierre Chalandon. "Détermination de la souplesse hors plan d’un assemblage de composites boulonnés à l’aide d’une démarche d’homogénéisation." Matériaux & Techniques 106, no. 3 (2018): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/mattech/2018052.
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Dans de nombreux secteurs industriels, les matériaux composites tissés à fibres de carbone et matrices thermoplastiques semblent être une alternative prometteuse aux matériaux métalliques pour alléger les structures. Les matrices composites thermoplastiques ont un coût plus adapté à la fabrication de pièces composites avec de grandes cadences. Les assemblages de structures peuvent être des jonctions mécaniques à base de rivets, de vis ou de boulons. Dans cette étude, nous proposons de développer une approche expérimentale et numérique pour identifier les souplesses hors plan des constituants élémentaires d’un assemblage boulonné. Il n’y a actuellement aucune règle de conception pour prédire la rupture des liaisons boulonnées constituées de substrats composites thermoplastiques. Par conséquent, une étude expérimentale d’une liaison boulonnée utilisant la technique de corrélation d’images est présentée. Simultanément, des modèles éléments finis tridimensionnels d’assemblages associés à une approche d’équivalence en énergie ont été développés afin de déterminer la souplesse des éléments de l’assemblage. Ces modèles éléments finis ont ensuite été comparés avec succès à des résultats expérimentaux.
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Blok, Anders. "Urban Green Assemblages." Science & Technology Studies 26, no. 1 (2013): 5–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.23987/sts.55306.
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In this article, I sketch an STS-theoretical approach to world-wide growing concerns with urban climate risks and sustainable urbanism more generally in terms of what I call ‘urban green assemblages’. This approach draws inspiration from recent attempts to bring actor-network theory (ANT) closer to urban studies, infusing urban political economies with STS sensibility towards the contingencies of eco-socio-technical design and transformation processes. ANT, I argue, off ers a new ontology for the city, allowing the study of those concrete and plural sites at which urban sustainability is known, practiced, scaled, negotiated and contested, in heterogeneous and dynamic assemblages of humans and non-humans. I explore the analytical potentials of this ANT urban ontology through a case study of how architects, engineers, and urban planners currently perform Nordhavn, one of Europe’s large scale sustainable city building projects, as a site of multiple matters of public-political concern with urban natures.
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Waltham, N. J., and R. M. Connolly. "Artificial waterway design affects fish assemblages in urban estuaries." Journal of Fish Biology 71, no. 6 (2007): 1613–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2007.01629.x.
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Mousavian, Elham, and Claudia Casapulla. "Structurally informed design of interlocking block assemblages using limit analysis." Journal of Computational Design and Engineering 7, no. 4 (2020): 448–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcde/qwaa038.
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Abstract This paper presents a computational framework to design assemblages of interlocking blocks and to analyze their structural feasibility. The core of this framework is an extension of limit analysis to corrugated interfaces with orthotropic sliding behavior. Such block interfaces are made of a number of locks (i.e. projections on the corrugated faces, locking the blocks together) with rectangular cross section. The sliding resistance at the block interfaces is governed by the shear resistance of the locks and Coulomb’s friction law, normal to and along the locks, respectively. This resistance is assumed as a function of different interface geometric parameters and the stress state on an interface is represented by using a number of contact points distributed over the lock centerlines. The abstraction model has been validated through the comparison of the torsion–shear behavior of an interface obtained by the proposed model and experimental tests reported in the literature. The extended limit analysis has been implemented to model single-layer shells. When the model is infeasible, the geometry of the overall shell, blocks, and interlocking interfaces can be adjusted by the designer to make the model structurally feasible. The performance of the framework is presented through several examples, which demonstrate the relationships between the geometry of the interlocking interfaces and the stability of the assemblages.
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Curley, Belinda G., Michael J. Kingsford, and Bronwyn M. Gillanders. "Spatial and habitat-related patterns of temperate reef fish assemblages: implications for the design of Marine Protected Areas." Marine and Freshwater Research 53, no. 8 (2002): 1197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf01199.
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Patterns of rocky reef fish assemblages (composition and relative abundance of species) were examined to provide data on the design of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), which aim to protect these organisms. A hierarchical design was used to investigate changes in fish assemblages at scales of metres to kilometres along-shore, and among reef habitat types within two 10-km areas on the central coast of New South Wales, Australia. Influences of physical and biological attributes of a reef on assemblages of fish were also examined. The greatest variation in fish assemblages occurred at scales of 2–6 km along-shore. Eighty percent of species recorded were found within a 6-km section of coastline. The most predictable differences in assemblages were found between reef habitats (urchin-grazed barrens, Ecklonia forest and sponge habitat), and between depths. Marine Protected Areas should ideally incorporate all available habitats over the entire depth range at which they occur. This may require MPAs larger than 2–6 km, or multiple MPAs that have been specifically located to include these features, as representation of habitats was found to vary at scales of kilometres to tens of kilometres along shore.
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Howell, K. L., J. S. Davies, and B. E. Narayanaswamy. "Identifying deep-sea megafaunal epibenthic assemblages for use in habitat mapping and marine protected area network design." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 90, no. 1 (2010): 33–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315409991299.
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International efforts are currently being made to establish networks of marine protected areas (MPAs) for the purposes of conservation of marine biodiversity. One of the primary objectives of MPA networks is to achieve representation of all marine biological diversity. Since we do not know the extent of biological diversity nor its distribution and function, we use surrogates to represent biological diversity. At a broad scale, measures of the physical environment are used, however at a fine scale biological assemblages have been shown to provide better representation of known biological diversity. While there are well known descriptions of assemblages for shallow water environments, few such descriptions of deep-sea benthic assemblages have been attempted. This paper provides descriptions of deep-sea epibenthic megafaunal assemblages based on a broad-scale video and stills image survey of the upper bathyal (200–1000 m) regions of the Rockall Trough and eastern Faroe–Shetland Channel. One thousand nine hundred and eighty-seven images were analysed from 139 video transects sampled from Dangaard and Explorer Canyons, Rosemary Bank Seamount, Hatton Bank, Wyville-Thomson Ridge, and the continental slope west and north-west of Shetland. Quantitative data obtained were analysed using cluster analysis and SIMPER analysis in Primer V.6 to identify benthic assemblages and their characterizing species. Thirty-one epibenthic megafaunal assemblages are defined by their characterizing species, and their distribution in terms of site, depth, temperature and substratum type. These 31 ‘biotopes’ provide consistent units for use in biological mapping efforts and assessments of representativeness in MPA network design. To facilitate the incorporation of these biotopes into existing deep-sea classification systems the biotopes have been assigned to broad substratum types. This is consistent with the use of substratum as a surrogate in many existing systems.
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Boetzl, Fabian A., Elena Ries, Gudrun Schneider, and Jochen Krauss. "It’s a matter of design—how pitfall trap design affects trap samples and possible predictions." PeerJ 6 (June 25, 2018): e5078. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5078.
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Background Pitfall traps are commonly used to assess ground dwelling arthropod communities. The effects of different pitfall trap designs on the trapping outcome are poorly investigated however they might affect conclusions drawn from pitfall trap data greatly. Methods We tested four pitfall trap types which have been used in previous studies for their effectiveness: a simple type, a faster exchangeable type with an extended plastic rim plate and two types with guidance barriers (V- and X-shaped). About 20 traps were active for 10 weeks and emptied biweekly resulting in 100 trap samples. Results Pitfall traps with guidance barriers were up to five times more effective than simple pitfall traps and trap samples resulted in more similar assemblage approximations. Pitfall traps with extended plastic rim plates did not only perform poorly but also resulted in distinct carabid assemblages with less individuals of small species and a larger variation. Discussion Due to the obvious trait filtering and resulting altered assemblages, we suggest not to use pitfall traps with extended plastic rim plates. In comprehensive biodiversity inventories, a smaller number of pitfall traps with guidance barriers and a larger number of spatial replicates is of advantage, while due to comparability reasons, the use of simple pitfall traps will be recommended in most other cases.
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BEDINI, R., L. BONECHI, and L. PIAZZI. "Spatial and temporal variability of mobile macro-invertebrate assemblages associated to coralligenous habitat." Mediterranean Marine Science 15, no. 2 (2014): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.442.
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The study aimed to investigate patterns of spatial and temporal variability of mobile macroinvertebrate assemblages associated to coralligenous habitat. A multi-factorial sampling design was used to test the hypotheses that the structure of assemblages and their spatial and temporal variability changed in relation to substrate inclination. Moreover, macroalgae and sessile macro-invertebrates were also investigated in order to detect eventual relationship between sessile and mobile assemblages. A total of 236 mobile macro-invertebrate taxa were identified, among them 2 Platyhelminthes, 4 Sipuncula, 6 Nemertea, 27 Mollusca, 86 Annelida, 103 Arthropoda, 8 Echinodermata. Results of the study showed that mobile macro-invertebrate assemblages of coralligenous habitat were little influenced by the inclination of substrate and by the morphology of sessile organisms, as patterns of variation were different between the two assemblages. Mobile macro-invertebrate assemblages changed among sampling dates within one year period and they showed high variability at the spatial scale examined.
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Rokka, Joonas, and Robin Canniford. "Heterotopian selfies: how social media destabilizes brand assemblages." European Journal of Marketing 50, no. 9/10 (2016): 1789–813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejm-08-2015-0517.
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Purpose Digital technologies are changing the ways in which the meanings and identity of both consumers and brands are constructed. This research aims to extend knowledge of how consumer-made “selfie” images shared in social media might contribute to the destabilization of brands as assemblages. Design/methodology/approach Insights are drawn from a critical visual content analysis of three popular champagne brand accounts and consumer-made selfies featuring these brands in Instagram. Findings This study shows how brands and branded selves intersect through “heterotopian selfie practices”. Accentuated by the rise of attention economy and “consumer microcelebrity”, the authors argue that these proliferating selfie images can destabilize spatial, temporal, symbolic and material properties of brand assemblages. Practical implications The implications include a consideration of how selfie practices engender new challenges for brand design and brand management. Originality/value This study illustrates how a brand assemblage approach can guide investigations of brands at multiple scales of analysis. In particular, this paper extends knowledge of visual brand-related user-generated content in terms of how consumers express, visualize and share selfies and how the heterotopian quality of this sharing consequently shapes brand assemblages.
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Mulholland, Susan C., George Rapp Jr., and Amy L. Ollendorf. "Variation in phytoliths from corn leaves." Canadian Journal of Botany 66, no. 10 (1988): 2001–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b88-273.
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This paper examines variation of phytoliths in leaves of corn (Zea mays L.) as part of an ongoing project to establish accurate, reliable, phytolith "signatures." Factors investigated include leaf part, individual plant, leaf node, geographic location, and corn variety. Counts of 100 phytoliths were made on 24 separate samples, classifying shapes into dumbbell, cross, and irregular categories. Resulting assemblages were compared using chi-square and NANOVA test statistics. Results indicate that different leaf parts and corn varieties significantly affect phytolith assemblages. Base, midsection, and tip of leaf blades consistently produce different assemblages; two North Dakota native corn varieties also produce different assemblages (when part variation is eliminated). Variation due to leaf node and individual plant is not consistent; variation due to geographic location is generally not significant. It is suggested that researchers use entire leaf blade sections as samples in phytolith analysis. This sampling design will incorporate variation exhibited within the leaf blade and avoid characterization of plants by inaccurate phytolith assemblages.
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Edwards, Rhys A., and Stephen D. A. Smith. "Subtidal assemblages associated with a geotextile reef in south-east Queensland, Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 56, no. 2 (2005): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf04202.
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In marine habitats, the use of geotextile materials as a ‘soft-engineering’ solution is increasingly being considered as an alternative to hard structures. However, very little is known about biological assemblages that develop on geotextile structures. This study provides the first ecological comparison of subtidal assemblages between Narrowneck Artificial Reef (NAR), a geotextile reef in south-east Queensland, Australia, and three nearby natural reefs. Benthic community structure, fish assemblages and habitat complexity were compared between reef types using an asymmetrical design. Although natural reefs supported distinct biotic assemblages, as a class, these reefs differed significantly from NAR. The artificial reef was dominated by macroalgae and supported fewer benthic categories, whereas the natural reefs were characterised by a diverse range of sessile invertebrates. Benthic and demersal fish assemblages were less diverse on NAR, but pelagic fish assemblages were similar on both reef types. The substratum of NAR was less complex than that of the natural reefs; this physical variable was correlated with some of the differences in benthic communities and benthic and demersal fish assemblages. It is likely that the key determinants of the biotic patterns observed in this study are interactions between the age of NAR and the physical properties of geotextile substratum.
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Gestoso, Ignacio, Celia Olabarria, and Jesús S. Troncoso. "Variability of epifaunal assemblages associated with native and invasive macroalgae." Marine and Freshwater Research 61, no. 6 (2010): 724. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf09251.
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Marine macroalgae harbour abundant and diverse assemblages of epifauna. Patterns of distribution and abundance of epifauna, which are often variable in space and time, differ markedly among macroalgae species. Non-indigenous seaweeds may alter composition and structure of epifaunal assemblages and therefore harbour different assemblages from those associated with native macroalgae. In this study, we analysed the epifaunal assemblages associated with the native algae Bifurcaria bifurcata and the invasive alga Sargassum muticum on the southern part of the Galician coast (north-west Spain). In particular, we tested the hypothesis that there were differences in the epifaunal assemblages associated with the native and invasive algae. We used a hierarchical spatial sampling design to identify if these differences were consistent over space and time. Results indicated that there were significant differences between epifaunal assemblages associated with both algae. The fact that such differences were, in general, consistent at different spatial scales suggests that biological factors related to the specific habitat might play a more important role than physical factors as determinants of epifaunal distribution. This study also showed that S. muticum seems to supply a new and additional habitat for the native epifauna, contributing to increases in the spatial and temporal variability of epifaunal assemblages.
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CHRISTIAN, ALAN D., and JOHN L. HARRIS. "Development and Assessment of a Sampling Design for Mussel Assemblages in Large Streams." American Midland Naturalist 153, no. 2 (2005): 284–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1674/0003-0031(2005)153[0284:daaoas]2.0.co;2.
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Iken, K., F. Mueter, J. M. Grebmeier, L. W. Cooper, S. L. Danielson, and B. A. Bluhm. "Developing an observational design for epibenthos and fish assemblages in the Chukchi Sea." Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 162 (April 2019): 180–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2018.11.005.
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Hartley, Kris, and Michael Howlett. "Policy Assemblages and Policy Resilience: Lessons for Non-Design from Evolutionary Governance Theory." Politics and Governance 9, no. 2 (2021): 451–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/pag.v9i2.4170.
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Evolutionary governance theory (EGT) provides a basis for holistically analyzing the shifting contexts and dynamics of policymaking in settings with functional differentiation and complex subsystems. Policy assemblages, as mixes of policy tools and goals, are an appropriate unit of analysis for EGT because they embody the theory’s emphasis on co-evolving elements within policy systems. In rational practice, policymakers design policies within assemblages by establishing objectives, collecting information, comparing options, strategizing implementation, and selecting instruments. However, as EGT implies, this logical progression does not always materialize so tidily—some policies emerge from carefully considered blueprints while others evolve from muddled processes, laissez faire happenstance, or happy accident. Products of the latter often include loosely steered, unmoored, and ‘non-designed’ path dependencies that confound linear logic and are understudied in the policy literature. There exists the need for a more intricate analytical vocabulary to describe this underexplored ‘chaotic’ end of the policy design spectrum, as conjuring images of ‘muddles’ or ‘messes’ has exhausted its usefulness. This article introduces a novel metaphor for non-design—the bird nest—to bring studies of policy design and non-design into lexical harmony.
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Tajiri, Seitaro, and Akira Moriya. "Static loading test on RC beam-column sub-assemblages with walls." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 50, no. 4 (2017): 555–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.50.4.555-564.
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It is needed to establish a design capacity curve of beams/columns with RC standing, hanging and wing walls for utilizing such walls as structural members in RC buildings in Japan. This paper presents the results of static loading tests on RC beam-column sub-assemblages with such walls, which were conducted to evaluate their strength, ductility, stiffness and damage. The flexural yield strength of beams with the walls can be well estimated by a flexural analysis assuming the plane section remain plane. The flexural ultimate strength can be accurately estimated at the full plastic moment. The proposed method, which is a modification of a practical design method in a distance from the centre of tensile reinforcements to the extreme compression fibre, can evaluate the secant stiffness at the yield point more precisely than the practical design method.
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Gordon, Ross, and Lauren Gurrieri. "Towards a reflexive turn: social marketing assemblages." Journal of Social Marketing 4, no. 3 (2014): 261–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsocm-02-2014-0015.
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Purpose – The purpose of this article is to demonstrate why the time is ripe for a reflexive turn in social marketing, in response to criticisms of social marketing as neo-liberal, positivist and lacking critical introspection. Design/methodology/approach – The paper traces the development of three paradigms in the field, highlighting the entrenchment of a traditionalist paradigm that heretofore has stifled critical debate and reflexive practice. However, the emergence of social ecologist and critical social marketing paradigms has stimulated the imperative for a reflexive turn. Insights into reflexivity, its relevance and applicability for researchers, participants and other stakeholders in social marketing are considered. Findings – The paper offers a conceptualisation of social marketing assemblages using the lens of actor-network theory and identifies how this can stimulate engagement and reflexive practice for researchers, participants and other stakeholders (such as non-governmental organisations and Government departments involved in delivering programmes). Originality/value – The article presents relevant theoretical and practical benefits from a reflexive turn in social marketing, highlighting how this will furthermore contribute to discipline building.
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Bissoli, Lorena B., and Angelo F. Bernardino. "Benthic macrofaunal structure and secondary production in tropical estuaries on the Eastern Marine Ecoregion of Brazil." PeerJ 6 (February 28, 2018): e4441. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4441.
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Tropical estuaries are highly productive and support diverse benthic assemblages within mangroves and tidal flats habitats. Determining differences and similarities of benthic assemblages within estuarine habitats and between regional ecosystems may provide scientific support for management of those ecosystems. Here we studied three tropical estuaries in the Eastern Marine Ecoregion of Brazil to assess the spatial variability of benthic assemblages from vegetated (mangroves) and unvegetated (tidal flats) habitats. A nested sampling design was used to determine spatial scales of variability in benthic macrofaunal density, biomass and secondary production. Habitat differences in benthic assemblage composition were evident, with mangrove forests being dominated by annelids (Oligochaeta and Capitellidae) whereas peracarid crustaceans were also abundant on tidal flats. Macrofaunal biomass, density and secondary production also differed between habitats and among estuaries. Those differences were related both to the composition of benthic assemblages and to random spatial variability, underscoring the importance of hierarchical sampling in estuarine ecological studies. Given variable levels of human impacts and predicted climate change effects on tropical estuarine assemblages in Eastern Brazil, our data support the use of benthic secondary production to address long-term changes and improved management of estuaries in Eastern Brazil.
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Bortolotti, Andrea. "Assemblages of private waste management and recycling." Society and Business Review 14, no. 2 (2019): 174–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sbr-12-2017-0113.
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Purpose The paper aims to build a political understanding of private waste management. Although the politics of waste is a matter of increasing interest across the social sciences, private sector choices about waste prevention and recycling – and their impacts on society – receive little attention in waste scholarship. Design/methodology/approach Leveraging assemblage thinking and the actor-network theory, this paper provides an empirical analysis of waste prevention and recycling practices in the marketplace of Anderlecht, in Brussels. This particular case is of interest because it concerns the largest and most popular city marketplace and a resource for the most socioeconomically precarious among Brussels’ population. Findings Over the past decade, under the banner of sustainability, the private company that managed the site developed multiple initiatives to prevent litter and control the costs of waste management by introducing new regulations and engaging with both the private and non-profit sectors. Originality/value Yet, the impact of these initiatives remains unknown with regard to the community served by the market and its vendors in particular. This paper presents the results of a series of fieldwork activities and interviews with key informants and actors in waste management conducted over more than a year since November 2016.
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Kim, Hyeong-Gi, Lawrence E. Hawkins, Jasmin A. Godbold, et al. "A comparison of epiphytic nematode diversity and assemblages in Corallina turves on British and South Korean coasts across hierarchical spatial scales." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 99, no. 7 (2019): 1481–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315419000523.
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AbstractCosmopolitan habitat-forming taxa of algae such as the genus Corallina provide an opportunity to compare patterns of biodiversity over wide geographic scales. Nematode assemblages inhabiting Corallina turves were compared between the south coasts of the British Isles and South Korea. A fully nested design was used with three regions in each country, two shores in each region and replicate samples taken from three patches on each shore to compare differences in the taxonomic and biological trait composition of nematode assemblages across scales. A biological traits approach, based on functional diversity of nematodes, was used to make comparisons between countries, among regions, between shores and among patches. The taxonomic and biological trait compositions of nematode assemblages were significantly different across all spatial scales (patches, shores, regions and countries). There is greater variation amongst nematode assemblages at the scale of shore than at other spatial scales. Nematode assemblage structure and functional traits are influenced by the local environmental factors on each shore including sea-surface temperature, the amount of sediment trapped in Corallina spp. and tidal range. The sea-surface temperature and the amount of sediment trapped in Corallina spp. were the predominant factors determining nematode abundance and composition of assemblages and their functional diversity.
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Sabadin, D. E., L. O. Lucifora, S. A. Barbini, D. E. Figueroa, and M. Kittlein. "Towards regionalization of the chondrichthyan fauna of the Southwest Atlantic: a spatial framework for conservation planning." ICES Journal of Marine Science 77, no. 5 (2020): 1893–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsaa064.
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Abstract Biogeographic regionalization identifies natural species assemblages of a given region. In this study, the geographic distribution of chondrichthyan species richness and species assemblages for the Southwest Atlantic were identified. The geographic distribution of 103 chondrichthyans was estimated through modelling. Based on the obtained binary maps, the distribution of chondrichthyan richness was obtained at four taxonomic levels: class Chondrichthyes (chondrichthyans), subclass Holocephali (chimaeras), division Selachii (sharks), and division Batomorphi (batoids). The continental shelf off Uruguay and southern Brazil presented the highest levels of chondrichthyan richness, and a smaller peak was found in El Rincón (northern Argentina). Shark richness concentrated mainly off Lagoa dos Patos (southern Brazil). Batoid richness was maximal off Uruguay and northern Argentina, including modes in El Rincón, San Jorge Gulf, and slope of the Argentinean shelf. Classification analyses revealed the presence of a hierarchical regionalization, with three main and six minor assemblages. Main assemblages are hierarchically identifiable as provinces and minor ones as ecoregions or districts. Two of the main assemblages correspond with the Argentinean and Magellanic Provinces; the third one is identified here for the first time, the Patagonian Slope Province. This regionalization provides the basis for the design of protected area networks for conservation or management purposes.
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Ward-Campbell, Belinda, Karl Cottenie, Nicholas E. Mandrak, and Robert McLaughlin. "Fish assemblages in agricultural drains are resilient to habitat change caused by drain maintenance." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 74, no. 10 (2017): 1538–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2016-0361.
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A better understanding of how human activities affect biodiversity can be important for effective resource management. We tested how excavation (maintenance) of agricultural drains (ditches) altered fish assemblages. Uncertainty regarding the effects of drain maintenance on fish assemblages has been a source of tension between landowners, drain superintendents, and fishery managers. Fish assemblages in eight southwestern Ontario drains were sampled repeatedly from before to 2 years after drain maintenance using a replicated before–after, control–impact (BACI) design. Relative to reference sites, we found no evidence for short- or long-term decreases in the number of species and total abundance of fishes following drain maintenance, nor any consistent change in assemblage composition, despite clear changes in physical habitat. The fish assemblages in drains were resilient to drain maintenance and did not show changes expected to concern fishery managers. Our findings provide fishery managers with the information needed to manage drain maintenance more effectively under the Fish Protection Program of the Fisheries Act and to develop drain maintenance practices that balance the needs of agriculture with the protection of fish biodiversity.
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Gökçe, G. "Design, deployment and fish assemblages of artificial reefs in Iskenderun Bay, Turkey: initial experiences." Journal of Applied Ichthyology 31 (December 2015): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jai.12949.
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Stevens, T. "Scales of similarity in soft sediment epibenthic assemblages: implications for marine protected area design." Marine Biology 146, no. 2 (2004): 345–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-004-1454-z.
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Mousavian, Elham, and Claudia Casapulla. "Automated Shape Adjustment of Interlocking Joints for Structurally Informed Design of Masonry Block Assemblages." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1044, no. 1 (2021): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1044/1/012006.
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BEN LAMINE, EMNA, PAOLO GUIDETTI, MOHAMED SALAH ROMDHANE, and PATRICE FRANCOUR. "Fish assemblages along the coasts of Tunisia: a baseline study to assess the effectiveness of future Marine Protected Areas." Mediterranean Marine Science 19, no. 1 (2018): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.14206.
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The present study investigated coastal fish assemblages, using Underwater Visual Census (UVC) transects, in Tunisia (south Mediterranean basin). The rationale behind this work is to get i) a suggestive evidence about the status of fish assemblages, and ii) baseline data at 3 locations in Tunisia where 3 MPAs will be established, before the implementation of protection measures. At each location, we used a sampling design where fish censuses were performed in two types of zone: zones that will be inside MPAs, and zones that will remain outside. On the whole, 49 taxa belonging to 19 families were censused. Data reveal clear symptoms of overfishing, especially in terms of dominance of small- and medium-sized individuals of commercially relevant species. Our analyses, moreover, did not show any significant difference in whole fish assemblage structures (considering both density and biomass), patterns of average species richness, total fish density and biomass, density and biomass of different trophic categories of fishes, size distribution of commercially relevant species, between future-protected and unprotected zones. Overall, results suggest that 1) current fish assemblages at the three studied locations are likely to be seriously impacted by fishing activities, and 2) these data could be used as reliable baselines to assess the effectiveness of protection measures within the MPAs that will be established in the future. Our study is the first in Tunisia, and in North African coasts, that assessed distribution patterns of coastal fish assemblages by means of UVC, using a formal spatially replicated sampling design for resource management.
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Tuckey, Troy D., and Mary C. Fabrizio. "Influence of Survey Design on Fish Assemblages: Implications from a Study in Chesapeake Bay Tributaries." Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 142, no. 4 (2013): 957–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00028487.2013.788555.
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Le Bagousse-Pinguet, Yoann, Nicolas Gross, Hugo Saiz, et al. "Functional rarity and evenness are key facets of biodiversity to boost multifunctionality." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 7 (2021): e2019355118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2019355118.
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The functional traits of organisms within multispecies assemblages regulate biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning. Yet how traits should assemble to boost multiple ecosystem functions simultaneously (multifunctionality) remains poorly explored. In a multibiome litter experiment covering most of the global variation in leaf trait spectra, we showed that three dimensions of functional diversity (dispersion, rarity, and evenness) explained up to 66% of variations in multifunctionality, although the dominant species and their traits remained an important predictor. While high dispersion impeded multifunctionality, increasing the evenness among functionally dissimilar species was a key dimension to promote higher multifunctionality and to reduce the abundance of plant pathogens. Because too-dissimilar species could have negative effects on ecosystems, our results highlight the need for not only diverse but also functionally even assemblages to promote multifunctionality. The effect of functionally rare species strongly shifted from positive to negative depending on their trait differences with the dominant species. Simultaneously managing the dispersion, evenness, and rarity in multispecies assemblages could be used to design assemblages aimed at maximizing multifunctionality independently of the biome, the identity of dominant species, or the range of trait values considered. Functional evenness and rarity offer promise to improve the management of terrestrial ecosystems and to limit plant disease risks.
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Park, R. "Evaluation of ductility of structures and structural assemblages from laboratory testing." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 22, no. 3 (1989): 155–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.22.3.155-166.
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Definitions for the required and available ductility used in seismic design are discussed. Methods for estimating the yield deformation and the maximum available deformation are described and suggestions are made for appropriate definitions. Examples are given of different imposed histories of inelastic displacement which have been used in the experimental testing of structures and structural assemblages in which cycles of quasi-static loading are applied. A quasi-static procedure for establishing the available ductility factor of a subassemblage by laboratory testing is recommended.
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Beaulieu, D., and A. Picard. "Résultats d'essais sur des assemblages soudés excentriques en flexion." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 12, no. 3 (1985): 494–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l85-057.
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The development, by Butler and Kulak, of equations for the calculation of fillet weld resistance with relation to the angle of load application has improved the understanding of the limit states behavior of welded connections. For the design of welded connections subjected to shear and moment, Dawe and Kulak developed a method of analysis based on the principle of instantaneous center of rotation, which accounts for the actual load–deformation characteristics of the weld. Due to its complexity, the method of Dawe and Kulak requires the use of a computer. In order to make the method more attractive to the designer, Neis suggested some simplifying assumptions and at the same time criticized the work done by Dawe and Kulak. In the discussions that followed the publication of his results, various researchers expressed diverging opinions on several matters related to the theories.Since the proposed methods were based on the results of only 8 laboratory tests done by Dawe and Kulak, we have carried out a series of 24 tests. The results of these tests were compared with the theoretical ultimate loads obtained from the methods of Dawe and Kulak and Neis, and demonstrate that the proposed methods are adequate as long as they are used within certain limits and respect certain conditions.
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Ecklu-Mensah, Gertrude, Sammy T. Sackey, Hilary G. Morrison, Mitchell L. Sogin, Leslie G. Murphy, and William S. Reznikoff. "Assessment of bacterial diversity in western Accra, Ghana, drinking water samples." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 9, no. 4 (2019): 644–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2019.123.
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Abstract The design and performance characteristics of municipal drinking water systems can profoundly influence public health. To assess the operational attributes of an Accra, Ghana drinking water distribution system, high-throughput 454 pyrosequencing was employed to characterize its bacterial community composition. Samples from the waterworks and four household sources (one household tap and three polytank storage units) were analyzed within one of the Accra's distribution networks over a 4-month period. Samples provided between 9,059 and 20,076 reads (average = 13,056) that represented a broad range of bacterial diversity, including rare genera. Minimum Entropy Decomposition (MED) analysis showed that the sequences described four major assemblages. Assemblages 1 and 2 dominated the waterworks and household tap samples while polytank storage unit samples, with one exception, contained assemblages 3 or 4. The considerable bacterial taxonomic difference between different sources suggests that contamination and/or selective growth shapes bacterial community structures after treatment at the waterworks. Of particular interest are the major differences between the polytank samples following storage and the tap/waterworks samples, suggesting that water storage (stagnation) can select for unique microbial populations.
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Andam, Kwesi A. "Numerical evaluation of shear strength of structural masonry assemblages." Computer-Aided Design 19, no. 7 (1987): 355–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-4485(87)90035-2.
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Price, Megan, and Alan Lill. "Does pedestrian traffic affect the composition of ?bush bird? assemblages?" Pacific Conservation Biology 14, no. 1 (2008): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc080054.
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Outdoor recreational activities (e.g., bushwalking and bird-watching) can increase participants? environmental awareness, but can also cause environmental damage and impact negatively on wildlife if conducted irresponsibly and/or in large numbers. A field experiment with a before-after-control-impact design conducted in Wyperfeld National Park, Victoria determined whether simulated bushwalking by researchers over a 4-week period had an immediate impact on the composition of breeding bird assemblages on ten 1-ha mallee plots. Birds were surveyed with point counts preand post-intrusion. Species richness, diversity and composition of bird assemblages were unaffected by the pedestrian traffic regime imposed. Results suggest that normal pedestrian traffic in spring and summer may not influence ?bush bird? assemblage composition very markedly in the short-term in Victorian parks. However, the birds could have responded to intrusion, but less dramatically than by leaving the plots. That bushwalking and allied activities may have other adverse effects on the behaviour and physiology of Australian ?bush birds? still needs to be investigated.
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Aimers, James J., and Prudence M. Rice. "ASTRONOMY, RITUAL, AND THE INTERPRETATION OF MAYA “E-GROUP” ARCHITECTURAL ASSEMBLAGES." Ancient Mesoamerica 17, no. 1 (2006): 79–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956536106060056.
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E-group architectural assemblages, constructed and used for more than a millennium in the Maya Lowlands, are among the most distinctive and enduring forms in Mesoamerican monumental architecture. Since the 1920s, E-groups have been thought to mark the solstices and equinoxes, but more recent investigations have shown that these alignments were rarely accurate. We argue that accurate solar alignment was probably only a minor element, and primarily an early one, of a larger set of metaphorically linked design considerations that included concepts of sacred geography, ritual performance in reference to yearly solar and agricultural cycles, and longer cycles of time, especially katuns, that played a role in Lowland Maya geopolitical structuring.
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Trebitz, Anett S., John C. Brazner, Mark S. Pearson, Gregory S. Peterson, Danny K. Tanner, and Debra L. Taylor. "Patterns in habitat and fish assemblages within Great Lakes coastal wetlands and implications for sampling design." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 66, no. 8 (2009): 1343–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f09-090.
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Discerning fish–habitat associations at a variety of spatial scales is relevant to evaluating biotic conditions and stressor responses in Great Lakes coastal wetlands. Ordination analyses identified strong, geographically organized associations among anthropogenic stressors and water clarity, vegetation structure, and fish composition at both whole-wetland and within-wetland spatial scales. Lacustrine-protected wetlands were generally internally homogeneous in fish composition, whereas riverine or barrier-beach lagoon wetlands could be more heterogeneous, especially if they had large tributaries and complex morphology or if the mouth area was more directly exposed to the adjacent lake than were other areas. A tendency towards more turbidity-tolerant fish but fewer vegetation spawners, nest guarders, or game and panfish differentiated both more-disturbed from less-disturbed wetlands and open-water from vegetated areas within wetlands. Variation in vegetation structure related to wetland hydromorphology and anthropogenic impacts makes standardizing fish sampling protocols by microhabitat impractical across broad spatial or disturbance gradients. We recommend distributing sampling effort across available microhabitats and show that both fish and habitat can be adequately characterized with a single field day of effort.
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George, Scott D., Daniel S. Stich, and Barry P. Baldigo. "Considerations of variability and power for long-term monitoring of stream fish assemblages." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 78, no. 3 (2021): 301–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2020-0013.
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Little attention has been given to optimizing statistical power for monitoring stream fish assemblages. We explored the relationship between temporal variability and statistical power using 34 metrics from fish community data collected annually at six sites over 10 years via electrofishing. Metric variability differed by the life stage and group of species considered, use of abundance or mass data, and data standardization technique. Lower variability was associated with community data, abundance data, and time-based standardizations, while greater variability was associated with young-of-the-year data, mass data, and area-based standardizations. Simulation-based power analysis indicated metric choice, and to a lesser degree, monitoring design (annual, biennial, endpoints, or haphazard sampling) influenced power to detect change. Across a fixed number of surveys (N = 60), endpoints sampling performed best. The N needed to detect change was heavily dependent upon metric choice for all monitoring designs, with the most biologically specific metrics requiring greater N. Large savings in effort and resource expenditure can be obtained utilizing biologically relevant metrics that are robust to temporal noise within an appropriate sampling design.
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Blanchette, Melanie L., and Mark A. Lund. "Aquatic Ecosystems of the Anthropocene: Limnology and Microbial Ecology of Mine Pit Lakes." Microorganisms 9, no. 6 (2021): 1207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9061207.
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Mine pit lakes (‘pit lakes’) are new aquatic ecosystems of the Anthropocene. Potentially hundreds of meters deep, these lakes are prominent in the landscape and in the public consciousness. However, the ecology of pit lakes is underrepresented in the literature. The broad goal of this research was to determine the environmental drivers of pelagic microbe assemblages in Australian coal pit lakes. The overall experimental design was four lakes sampled three times, top and bottom, in 2019. Instrument chains were installed in lakes and measurements of in situ water quality and water samples for metals, metalloids, nutrients and microbe assemblage were collected. Lakes were monomictic and the timing of mixing was influenced by high rainfall events. Water quality and microbial assemblages varied significantly across space and time, and most taxa were rare. Lakes were moderately saline and circumneutral; Archeans were not prevalent. Richness also varied by catchment. Microbial assemblages correlated to environmental variables, and no one variable was consistently significant, spatially or temporally. Study lakes were dominated by ‘core’ taxa exhibiting temporal turnover likely driven by geography, water quality and interspecific competition, and the presence of water chemistry associated with an artificial aquifer likely influenced microbial community composition. Pit lakes are deceptively complex aquatic ecosystems that host equally complex pelagic microbial communities. This research established links between microbial assemblages and environmental variables in pit lakes and determined core communities; the first steps towards developing a monitoring program using microbes.
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Baldigo, Barry P., Anne G. Ernst, Dana R. Warren, and Sarah J. Miller. "Variable Responses of Fish Assemblages, Habitat, and Stability to Natural-Channel-Design Restoration in Catskill Mountain Streams." Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 139, no. 2 (2010): 449–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/t08-152.1.
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Kristensen, Esben Astrup, Annette Baattrup-Pedersen, and Hans Estrup Andersen. "Prediction of stream fish assemblages from land use characteristics: implications for cost-effective design of monitoring programmes." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 184, no. 3 (2011): 1435–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-011-2052-4.
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Glasby, T. M. "Estimating spatial variability in developing assemblages of epibiota on subtidal hard substrata." Marine and Freshwater Research 49, no. 5 (1998): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf98008.
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A nested hierarchical sampling design was used to estimate the scales of natural variability in developing assemblages of subtidal epibiota on rocky reefs. The appropriate spatial scales were needed for sampling to test for environmental impact in this habitat. Sandstone settlement plates were used to mimic the natural substratum. They were designed and deployed in such a way that the effects of any supporting structures were minimized. Differences in recruitment of epibiota were found at all of the spatial scales examined (10s, 100s and 1000s of metres). When differences were found at the smallest spatial scale, they were generally still detected at the two larger scales. The results highlighted the need for adequate small- and large-scale spatial replication for studies of environmental impact.
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Roberts, DE. "Patterns in subtidal marine assemblages associated with a deep-water sewage outfall." Marine and Freshwater Research 47, no. 1 (1996): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9960001.
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The macrobenthic assemblages living on hard substrata in the vicinity of the Sydney deep-water ocean outfall at North Head were sampled from March 1991 to April 1994. The main objective of the study was to determine whether spatial and temporal patterns in macrobenthic diversity and abundance were affected by the outfall. The assemblages were sampled according to an experimental design that had three sites nested within each of three locations. These locations were North Head (outfall location), Long Reef and Bungan Head (control locations). Ten replicate quadrats at each site were photographed with a jump camera. These photographs were then sampled to provide estimates of the number and abundance of the major component phyla and also abundances of individual species. An asymmetrical analysis of variance detected a significant time × outfall versus control interaction for the total number of species, bryozoans and cnidarians and for the abundances of two bryozoan species and a silt matrix. Smaller-scale interactions among sites through time occurred for many taxa, representing both inherent 'noise' and some evidence for outfall effects at these smaller spatial scales. This study demonstrates that there is correlative evidence of an effect of the outfall, but in general the assemblages showed various spatial and temporal fluctuations that should not be attributed to sewage.
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Daniels, Karen Dianne. "Moving hands in classroom assemblages: puppet play in a post-world." English Teaching: Practice & Critique 19, no. 4 (2020): 389–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/etpc-11-2019-0143.
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Purpose This paper aims to propose a reading of children’s small toy/puppet play that takes account of bodily movements within classroom assemblages. The researcher/author created representations of episodes of activity that focused on children’s ongoing bodily movements as they followed their interests in one Early Years classroom in England. Design/methodology/approach By drawing a contrast between a traditional logocentric interpretation of puppet play and an embodied theorisation, this paper provides a way of understanding young children’s literacy practices where these are seen as generated through bodily movement and affective atmospheres within classroom assemblages. Findings Analysis suggests that affective atmospheres were produced by the speed, slowness, dynamics and stillnesses of children’s hand movements as they manipulated the small toys/puppets. Three interrelated contributions are made that generate further understandings of embodied meaning making. First, this paper theorises relations between hand movements, materials and affective atmospheres within classroom assemblages. Second, the technique of analysing still shots of hand movements offers a way of understanding the semiotic and affective salience of hand movement and stillness. Finally, the paper offers a methodology for re-examining taken-for-granted pedagogical practices such as puppet play. Originality/value Together these contributions re-explore literacy as an embodied and affective endeavour, thereby countering logocentric framings of early literacy.
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Park, Yonghwan, Chang-Jun Kim, Moon-Bo Choi, and Yuno Do. "A Comparative Study of Carabid Beetles in Green Spaces and Former Natural Habitats." Diversity 12, no. 12 (2020): 479. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12120479.
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Urban expansion threatens ecosystems through direct habitat conversion. To secure urban biodiversity and enhance ecosystem services, a common focus of planning and growth management efforts is to establish green spaces. This study aimed to understand the formation process of newly created green spaces after urban development. We investigated the carabid beetle assemblages in its current habitat in a new city and in its former habitats for assessing the loss of species diversity by urban development and to identify the initial status of species assemblages in the current urban habitats, including green spaces. The diversity and composition of the carabid beetle assemblages significantly changed in the new city. The former habitat loss by urban development leaves large numbers of carabid species to dramatically decline. Carabid assemblages in current habitats may show a critical response to habitat loss, although former habitats were converted to green spaces. Some carabid species were only present in current habitats, including the green space from former habitats. In addition, the current habitat, including green spaces and other habitats, have similar carabid assemblages. Our results indicated that the loss of former habitat has a much greater effect on species diversity persistence than changes in habitat configuration and the creation of green spaces. Consequently, most carabid beetles were already lost during development. Urban habitats in new cities, including green spaces, represent simple and homogeneous habitats, although the development was designed and planned to enhance biodiversity. The present design and planning practice for green spaces that destroyed all former habitats to prepare the ground of urban areas and thereby created urban habitats, including green space, may need to be changed to secure biodiversity. Designing and planning the green spaces should consider the species’ former habitats, for instance, creating a similar type of green space to agricultural land, forest, and wetland, and thereby the former habitat remains intact to enhance biodiversity and function.
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Dieter, Michael, and David Gauthier. "On the Politics of Chrono-Design: Capture, Time and the Interface." Theory, Culture & Society 36, no. 2 (2019): 61–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263276418819053.
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This article makes a contribution to interface criticism through the notion of chrono-design: the deliberate shaping of experiences of temporality and time through contemporary software techniques and digital technologies. This notion is articulated through discussions of network optimisation, user experience design, behavioural tracking, Hansen’s work on 21st-century media and Hayles’ framework of cognitive assemblages. In particular, the argument considers how contemporary user interfaces complicate conventional notions of the rational, self-reflexive subject by operating beyond consciousness at vast environmental dimensions and accelerated micro-temporal speeds. These conditions, we argue, provide opportunities for new forms of behavioural suspense and captivation best exemplified through the figure of the trap. The politics and aesthetics of captivation, accordingly, should be considered as central to any expanded ecology of cognition. The article then concludes with a short demonstration of experimental uses of chrono-design methods applied critically to political economies of user tracking and data capture as a prompt for further interdisciplinary applied research in this domain.
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Chan, T. W. K., T. Rezansoff, and M. U. Hosain. "Behavior of headed shear studs in stub–girder stub assemblages." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 13, no. 1 (1986): 106–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l86-014.
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The paper summarizes the results of push-off tests conducted on 42 end stub assemblages. Written for conventional composite construction, the current Canadian Standards Association (CSA) standard on stud connectors offers little guidance for stub–girder design. A stud spacing of four times the stud diameter (the CSA requirement) does not appear to be adequate for a full development of the potential shear capacity of a stud connector in the stub–girder system. The required minimum stud spacing appears to be between five and six times the stud diameter for the case of 13 mm studs. Moreover, the CSA-recommended shear capacity of stud connector should be reduced to reflect the effect of prying forces. A modification factor of 0.9 is suggested for a 13 mm diameter stud connector. Test results for specimens with 19 mm studs indicated a further decrease in the shear capacity. However, a definite recommendation is postponed pending further tests.In addition to prying forces, stud configuration and spacing and the amount and location of transverse reinforcement must also be taken into account in determining the shear capacity of a stud connector. For a connection with 13 mm studs arranged in a single row, a reduction factor equal to stud spacing divided by six times the stud diameter is suggested when the stud spacing is less than six times the stud diameter. For a connection with staggered studs, the corresponding factor is obtained by dividing the stud spacing by five times the stud diameter when the stud spacing is less than five times the stud diameter. Key words: headed stud, shear capacity, minimum stud spacing, prying force.
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Castillo-Figueroa, Dennis, Daniela Martínez-Medina, Miguel E. Rodríguez-Posada, and Sandra Bernal-Vergara. "Structural differences in mammal assemblages between savanna ecosystems of the Colombian Llanos." Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 59 (April 3, 2019): e20195914. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-0205/2019.59.14.
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The Colombian Orinoquia region is characterized by a high diversity of mammals, which is associated with complex ecosystems that include large extensions of Neotropical savannas (known locally as “Llanos Orientales”). Despite accelerated anthropogenic transformations in savanna ecosystems, the knowledge to design effective conservation strategies, such as the distribution of mammal assemblages, is still lacking for this region. In this paper, we evaluate if assemblages of medium and large mammals (i.e., species richness, relative abundance and the contribution of the different trophic guilds) are homogeneous across the Colombian Llanos by comparing three savanna ecosystems: floodplains savannas associated with an Andean river, aeolian floodplains savannas and highland savannas. After a sampling effort of 3,150 camera trap/days, we recorded 16 mammal species from the three savanna ecosystems. We compared the three assemblages and their constituent trophic guilds by ANOSIM and SIMPER non-parametric permutation tests. The three assemblages differed in composition, structure and trophic guilds. The floodplains savannas, associated to an Andean river, present the highest diversity, contrastingly, the high-plain associated with the Guyanese Shield presents the lowest diversity. This pattern could be explained due to the greatest floristic diversity, complex vegetation structure and more fertile soils present in the riparian forests of the floodplains savannas, despite being the most anthropogenically transformed. The carnivores were the most variable category and herbivores were the most abundant. Our results show that the diversity of medium and large mammals is heterogeneously distributed in the Colombian Llanos. Therefore, it is necessary to implement targeted conservation strategies according to the characteristics, local fragility of each ecosystem in the territory and each species response by local conditions.
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Umbrello, Steven. "The Ecological Turn in Design: Adopting a Posthumanist Ethics to Inform Value Sensitive Design." Philosophies 6, no. 2 (2021): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/philosophies6020029.
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Design for Values (DfV) philosophies are a series of design approaches that aim to incorporate human values into the early phases of technological design to direct innovation into beneficial outcomes. The difficulty and necessity of directing advantageous futures for transformative technologies through the application and adoption of value-based design approaches are apparent. However, questions of whose values to design are of critical importance. DfV philosophies typically aim to enrol the stakeholders who may be affected by the emergence of such a technology. However, regardless of which design approach is adopted, all enrolled stakeholders are human ones who propose human values. Contemporary scholarship on metahumanisms, particularly those on posthumanism, have decentred the human from its traditionally privileged position among other forms of life. Arguments that the humanist position is not (and has never been) tenable are persuasive. As such, scholarship has begun to provide a more encompassing ontology for the investigation of nonhuman values. Given the potentially transformative nature of future technologies as relates to the earth and its many assemblages, it is clear that the value investigations of these design approaches fail to account for all relevant stakeholders (i.e., nonhuman animals). This paper has two primary objectives: (1) to argue for the cogency of a posthuman ethics in the design of technologies; and (2) to describe how existing DfV approaches can begin to envision principled and methodological ways of incorporating non-human values into design. To do this, the paper provides a rudimentary outline of what constitutes DfV approaches. It then takes up a unique design approach called Value Sensitive Design (VSD) as an illustrative example. Out of all the other DfV frameworks, VSD most clearly illustrates a principled approach to the integration of values in design.
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McLaren, Brian, Kyle Emslie, Terry Honsberger, Tim McCready, F. Wayne Bell, and Robert Foster. "Monitoring and Understanding Mammal Assemblages: Experiences From Bending Lake, Fallingsnow, and Tom Hill." Forestry Chronicle 87, no. 02 (2011): 225–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc2011-010.
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We monitored mammal assemblages in treatment areas in three studies, two involving competition control (with live capture) in Ontario and one involving commercial thinning (with snow tracking) in Alberta. Abundant and opportunistic species were relatively unaffected by treatments, while species preferring open habitats or a dense shrub layer thrived in herbicide-treated and thinned areas, respectively. A few populations declined, but returned to levels in reference areas within two years of treatment. Most populations fluctuated both seasonally and annually, making other trends difficult to detect. We discuss several issues related to using a broadcast approach to mammal monitoring, including design improvements, with a view towards better future decisions in an adaptive management framework.
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Azzurro, E., G. La Mesa, and E. Fanelli. "The rocky-reef fish assemblages of Malta and Lampedusa islands (Strait of Sicily, Mediterranean Sea): a visual census study in a changing biogeographical sector." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 93, no. 8 (2013): 2015–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315413000799.
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The rising impact of invasive species and climate change on Mediterranean fish biodiversity highlight the urgency to evaluate the current status of natural assemblages. Here we investigated the rocky-reef fish of Malta and Lampedusa (Strait of Sicily, Mediterranean Sea), two islands of high biogeographical importance subjected to a different level of protection and anthropic pressure. By using underwater visual census, a total of 192 counts were performed in May–June and September–October 2007 using a hierarchical spatial design and four depth layers. Overall, 23 families and 61 different taxa were recorded. Out of them, two highly invasive species were censused (i.e. Siganus luridus and Fistularia commersonii) with relatively low abundances. Native Labridae and Sparidae shape the assemblage structure of both islands, and thermophilic species such as Sparisoma cretense and Thalassoma pavo occur with high densities. The fish assemblages of Malta and Lampedusa were relatively similar in species composition, richness and total abundance. Nevertheless, multivariate analysis depicted significant differences between these two islands, mainly attributable to the unevenness of Labridae. Significant differences in the size distribution of the most abundant species were detected between islands, with parallel variation across time. The pattern of spatio-temporal variability of the whole assemblage structure strongly resembled that of nekto-benthic fish, hence pointing out the relevance of this guild as an indicator species group in future monitoring activity. This study will serve as a current baseline against which future changes in the central Mediterranean fish assemblages can be assessed.