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Karim, Md Abdul, and Nasrin Sultana. "Diversity and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Bacteria in Water of Hotel Restaurants in Dhaka City." Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Science 43, no. 2 (2017): 173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jasbs.v43i2.46515.
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Present study was conducted to determine the microbiological status of water from dispensers in different roadside hotel and restaurants of Dhaka city. Samples were collected from seven hotel and restaurants. Aerobic heterotrophic bacterial count ranged between 1.5 × 10 and 8.8 × 103 cfu/ml. Enteric and related bacterial abundance in MacConkey, SS and Cetrimide agar media ranged from 0 to 4.9 × 106, 0 to 2.1 × 105 and 0 to 1.2 × 106cfu/ml, respectively. In total, 28 bacterial isolates were obtained during the study period. Among them, 15 were heterotrophic isolates and 13 were enteric and related bacteria. Among 15 aerobic heterotrophic isolates, 11 were gram positive and five were gram negative. Out of 11 gram positive isolates, 7 belonged to the genus Bacillus viz. B. circulans, B. subtilis, B. stearothermophilus, B. brevis and B. cereus and one to coccus viz. Micrococcus roseus. The other gram positive species were Kurtia gibsonii, Auriobacterium liguefaciens and Curtobacterium luteum. Four gram negative isolates were Neisseria elongate sub. spp. glycolytica, Plesiomonas shigelloides, Pseudomonas fluorescens biovar 1, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. All 13 enteric and related isolates were gram negative, short rod; and non-spore formers and belonged to the genera Escherichia, Klebsiella, Shigella and Pseudomonas. Among all isolates, two were resistant and six were susceptible to all five antibiotics.
 Asiat. Soc. Bangladesh, Sci. 43(2): 173-180, December 2017
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Mohd., Imran*. "ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY EVALUATION OF SOME (Z)-2- (2-OXO-1-((ARYLAMINO)METHYL)INDOLIN-3-YLIDENE)-N- (4-(2-OXO-2H-CHROMEN-3-YL)THIAZOL-2-YL)HYDRAZINE- 1-CARBOXAMIDES." Indo American Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences (IAJPS) 03, no. 09 (2016): 988–895. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.154116.
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Fourteen(Z)-2-(2-oxo-1-((arylamino)methyl)indolin-3-ylidene)-N-(4-(2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl)thiazol-2 yl)hydrazine-1-carboxamides 4a-4n were prepared by treating (Z)-N-(4-(2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl)thiazol-2-yl)-2-(2- oxoindolin-3-ylidene)hydrazine-1-carboxamide 3 with the aryl amines and formaldehyde. The chemical structures of these compounds were elucidated by their physical constants, spectral data and elemental analysis. These compounds were investigated for their antimicrobial activity against five Gram-positive bacteria, namely, S. aureus, E. faecalis, S. epidermidis, B. subtilis and B. cereus; five Gram-negative bacteria, namely, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumoniae, B. bronchiseptica and P. vulgaris; and five fungi, namely, C. albicans, A. niger, A. flavus, M. purpureous and P. citrinum by serial plate dilution method using standard drugs, ofloxacin and ketoconazole, respectively, and their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were also determined. These compounds showed mild to moderate antibacterial activity against Gram positive as well as Gram negative bacteria. However, they exhibited better antifungal activity. The compound 4j (Ar = 1,2,4-Triazol-4-yl) has been identified as the most promising antifungal agent of this series. There is a possibility that the replacement of triazole ring by other azole ring .e.g. imidazole and 1,2,3-triazole; and / or the presence of halogen substituted coumarin ring may produce promising potent antimicrobial agents that are effective against Gram positive bacteria, Gram negative bacteria and fungi. Keywords: Antibacterial activity, antifungal activity, coumarin, isatin, thiazole
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Narakornwit, Worrakanya, and Juree Charoenteeraboon. "Determination of Antimicrobial Activity from Various Plant Parts of <i>Typha angustifolia</i> Using Agar Disc Diffusion and Bioautography." Key Engineering Materials 914 (March 21, 2022): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-6q5lz7.
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Fruit, leaf, fruit stalk, and rhizome of Typha angustifolia, which is abundantly available in Thailand, were investigated for antimicrobial activities. The results showed that fruit ethanolic extract had high activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis similar to the fruit stalk and rhizome extracts whereas the lowest antibacterial activities was found in the leaf extract. Only rhizome extract had antifungal activity against Candida albicans. The fruit extract was chosen for furthur study because of its antibacterial action, ease of collecting, and preparation before usage. This fruit ethanolic extract was semi-purified by partition with petroleum ether, chloroform and ethylacetate, respectively and subsequently tested for antimicrobial activities by disc diffusion against S. aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Sarcina lutea, Streptococcus faecalis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Micrococcus flavus, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus pumillus, B. subtilis, Shigella somnei, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus valgalis, Alcaligenes fecalis, Serratia marcescens, Salmonella paratyphi A, Salmonella typhi, Escherechia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The inhibitory zone against gram-positive bacteria was broader in all partitioned fractions than in gram-negative bacteria and yeast. Furthermore, none of the fractions were able to prevent the development of S. marcescens, P. aeruginosa, or E. coli. The inhibition zone of the ethyl acetate fraction was larger than that of chloroform and petroleum ether. In comparison to the other fractions, the chloroform fraction demonstrated the broadest inhibition zone against B. subtilis. Based on the bioautography investigation, it was reasonable to conclude that there were at least five antibacterial chemicals against B. subtilis. Therefore, fruit of T. angustifolia has the potential for use in the discovery of new antibacterial agents.
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Adamski, Patryk, Zuzanna Byczkowska-Rostkowska, Joanna Gajewska, Arkadiusz Józef Zakrzewski, and Lucyna Kłębukowska. "Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance of Bacillus sp. Isolated from Raw Milk." Microorganisms 11, no. 4 (2023): 1065. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11041065.
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Milk, due to its diversity in terms of its nutritional content, is an important element of the human diet, as well as a good medium for the development of bacteria. The genus Bacillus contains ubiquitous aerobic, rod-shaped, endospore-producing gram-positive bacteria. Representatives of the Bacillus cereus group and the Bacillus subtilis group contribute to shortening the shelf life of milk and dairy products by degrading milk components and its additives. They also produce a number of heat-stable toxins and can cause a number of ailments, mainly in the digestive system. The aim of this research was to identify Bacillus sp. strains isolated from raw milk and to determine their antibiotic resistance. Strains isolated from raw milk samples (n = 45) were identified by MALDI-TOF MS. Ninety strains of Bacillus sp. were identified, for which the antibiotic resistance phenotype was determined. A total of 90 strains of Bacillus were classified in five groups (the Bacillus cereus group (n = 35), B. licheniformis (n = 7), the B. subtilis group (n = 29), B. pumilus (n = 16), and Bacillus sp. (n = 3). All isolates were susceptible to chloramphenicol and meropenem. The antibiotic resistance profiles of the tested groups of Bacillus spp. differed from each other, which is of particular concern in relation to multidrug-resistant representatives of the B. cereus group resistant to cefotaxime (94.29%), ampicillin (88.57%), rifampicin (80%), and norfloxacin (65.71%). Our study provides data on the prevalence and antibiotic sensitivity of Bacillus sp. In raw milk, suggesting a potential risk to health and the dairy industry.
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Graniak, Grzegorz, Alina Olender, and Katarzyna Naylor. "Differentiation of Bacillus anthracis and other Bacillus cereus group bacterial strains using multilocus sequence typing method." Folia Biologica et Oecologica 16 (December 30, 2020): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1730-2366.16.02.
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The study describes the preparation of the phylogenetic differentiation of Bacillus cereus strains. The Bacillus cereus group of bacteria is very important for human and animal health. The multilocus sequence typing scheme has been used to present this group of bacteria’s phylogenetic relationship and structure. The MLST system was established using 60 isolates of B. anthracis, B. cereus sensu stricto, B. thuringiensis, and transitional environment strains of Bacillus spp. As a negative control, five strains of B. subtilis and B. megaterium were used. Primers for amplification and sequencing were designed to target highly conserved internal fragment of seven housekeeping genes: glpF, gmk, ilvD, pta, pur, pycA, and tpi. A total of 22 different sequence types (STs) were distinguished. Analysis of the sequence data showed that all of the Bacillus cereus strains are very closely related. The MLST scheme exhibited a high level of resolution that can be used as an excellent tool for studying the phylogenetic relationship, epidemiology, and population structure of the Bacillus cereus group strains. The MLST method additionally allows us to define the phylogenetic relationship between very closely related strains based on a combination of the sequences of all seven alleles fragments and each of them separately. Thus, this genetic investigation tool is very useful in epidemiological investigation of potential military/ bioterrorist use of B. anthracis.
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Mihok, Emőke, Éva György, and Endre Máthé. "The Carpathian lingonberry, raspberry and blackberry fruit extracts feature variable antimicrobial efficiency." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 1 (May 23, 2019): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/1/2365.
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Wild berry is an excellent source of phytonutrients and/or bioactive compounds associated with significant therapeutic properties, so that they have been utilized in folk medicine and traditional nutrition throughout centuries. Multiple health-promoting effects, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-heart and coronary disease properties were attributed to such wild berries. It has also been proved that berries could feature antimicrobial effects that could be of a great importance for the prevention of food-feed poisoning and fighting back antibiotic resistance.
 In this study, we investigated the antimicrobial properties of lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea), raspberry (Rubus idaeus) and blackberry (Rubus fruticosus) crude and ethanolic extracts prepared from fruits obtained from the spontaneous flora of Eastern Carpathian Mountains situated in Transylvania. The antimicrobial effect of crude and alcoholic extracts were assessed on four Gram-negative, five Gram-positive bacteria and one yeast species using the agar diffusion method. The studied bacteria can cause food or feed spoilage and foodborne diseases. Our results indicate the significant inhibitory effect of lingonberry extracts in the case of Gram-negative bacteria like Proteus vulgaris and Salmonella Hartford, while among Gram-positive bacteria the strongest inhibitory effect was observed for Bacillus species like B. cereus, B. subtilis, B. mojavensis and Micrococcus luteus. The raspberry and blackberry extracts featured milder inhibitory effects in the case of the studied bacteria species. Furthermore, we have studied the crude or ethanolic extract combinations associated antimicrobial effects synergistic/additive or antagonistic properties. Interestingly, the triple and double ethanolic extract mixes had stronger antimicrobial properties, whereas the crude extract mixes showed relatively reduced effects, if any. Our results indicate that the antimicrobial activity of studied fruit extracts obtained from wild berries can vary upon the applied extraction method and their combination formulae, so that all these considerations must be taken into account when such fruit extracts are considered for foodstuff development.
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Rai, Satyam, Priyanka Singh Rao, Vivek Sharma, Diwas Pradhan, and Richa Singh. "Antimicrobial Potential of Panchagavya Formulation from Indian Cow Breeds." International Journal of Bio-resource and Stress Management 13, no. 6 (2022): 613–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.23910/1.2022.2790.
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The Sanskrit word panchagavya means the “mixture of five cow products”, viz. dung, urine, milk, curd and ghee. The present study involves standardization of method for preparation of panchagavya formulations on the basis of antimicrobial activity. For that, panchagavya prepared in three different ratios (A, B and C) were kept for fermentation at two different temperatures (37° and 25°C) up to 30 days. At 10 days interval, raw samples and their distillates were analyzed for pH and antimicrobial activities against selected indicator strains. The ratio A, B and C had pH value 7.49±0.09, 8.01±0.16 and 8.23±0.26, respectively at 0 day while distillate of corresponding samples showed pH towards the alkaline side. On fermentation the pH value of RA and its distillate shifted towards acidic side while that of ratio B and C and their distillate towards alkaline side. No antibacterial activity was observed against gram negative bacteria. The distillate of ratio A (DRA) fermented at 37°C showed maximum activity against the two-gram positive bacteria i.e.,Bacillus. subtilis and Bacillus. cereus on 20th day. Similarly in antifungal activity, the distillate of ratio A (DRA) fermented at 37°C showed maximum activity against Candida. Butyri, Rhodotorulaglutinis, Penicillium camemberti and Aspergillus niger. Overall, the highest antimicrobial activity was observed in the distillate of panchagavya prepared by mixing all the raw ingredients in equal ratio, fermented at 37°C up to 20 days. The activity was more predominant in panchagavya distillate of Gir and Sahiwal compared to Tharparkar and Karan Fries.
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Hussain, Nadia, Farhan Mohiuddin, Fatima Muccee, Saboor Muarij Bunny, and Amal H. I. Al Haddad. "Isolation, Molecular, and Metabolic Profiling of Benzene-Remediating Bacteria Inhabiting the Tannery Industry Soil." Polish Journal of Microbiology 74, no. 1 (2025): 33–47. https://doi.org/10.33073/pjm-2025-003.
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Abstract Benzene is a pervasive contaminant and human carcinogen. Its remediation from environmental resources using conventional procedures has always been challenging due to high cost and incomplete benzene degradation. The present study was designed to explore highly efficient bacteria with benzene degrading potential from tannery industry soil, which might be used as an alternative to these conventional benzene removal remedies. Bacterial isolation was performed using benzene (80 μl/1,000 ml) supplemented with minimal salt media (MSM). Characterization of isolates was carried out by performing growth curve analysis, Gram staining, biochemical characterization via Remel RapID™ NF PLUS System (Thermo Scientific™, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., USA), antibiotic sensitivity profiling, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, benzene removal efficiency estimation assay, FTIR, and GC-MS profiling. Five bacteria isolated in the present study were identified as Paracoccus aestuarii PUB1, Bacillus tropicus PUB2, Bacillus albus PUB3, Bacillus subtilis PUB4, and Bacillus cereus PUB6. All of these fast-growing bacteria were Gram-positive except P. aestuarii PUB1. Maximum benzene removal efficiency (30 mg/l per 25 h) was found in B. tropicus PUB2. Comparing the FTIR spectra of bacterial culture supernatant versus control revealed the peaks shifting corresponding to benzene ring bonds breaking. GC-MS analysis identified the metabolic intermediates from benzoate methylation and benzaldehyde pathways. These bacteria can be employed for benzene degradation via enzyme-based nanoparticle synthesis or cloning of relevant genes in eco-friendly expression systems.
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Nord, David, Eduard Torrents, and Britt-Marie Sjöberg. "A Functional Homing Endonuclease in the Bacillus anthracis nrdE Group I Intron." Journal of Bacteriology 189, no. 14 (2007): 5293–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00234-07.
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ABSTRACT The essential Bacillus anthracis nrdE gene carries a self-splicing group I intron with a putative homing endonuclease belonging to the GIY-YIG family. Here, we show that the nrdE pre-mRNA is spliced and that the homing endonuclease cleaves an intronless nrdE gene 5 nucleotides (nt) upstream of the intron insertion site, producing 2-nt 3′ extensions. We also show that the sequence required for efficient cleavage spans at least 4 bp upstream and 31 bp downstream of the cleaved coding strand. The position of the recognition sequence in relation to the cleavage position is as expected for a GIY-YIG homing endonuclease. Interestingly, nrdE genes from several other Bacillaceae were also susceptible to cleavage, with those of Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus epidermidis (nrdE1), B. anthracis, and Bacillus thuringiensis serovar konkukian being better substrates than those of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus lichenformis, and S. epidermidis (nrdE2). On the other hand, nrdE genes from Lactococcus lactis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, and Corynebacterium ammoniagenes were not cleaved. Intervening sequences (IVSs) residing in protein-coding genes are often found in enzymes involved in DNA metabolism, and the ribonucleotide reductase nrdE gene is a frequent target for self-splicing IVSs. A comparison of nrdE genes from seven gram-positive low-G+C bacteria, two bacteriophages, and Nocardia farcinica showed five different insertion sites for self-splicing IVSs within the coding region of the nrdE gene.
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Adesina, Abiola Olanike. "Exploring the Antibacterial Activity of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles against Some Selected Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria." Saudi Journal of Biomedical Research 10, no. 04 (2025): 131–39. https://doi.org/10.36348/sjbr.2025.v10i04.002.
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Increase in microbial resistance of commonly used antibiotics is a major health concern globally this has necessitated researchers to focus on cheaper alternative materials which could perform the role of antibiotics. This study aimed at investigating the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO Nps) and exploring the synthesized nanoparticles as sources of antimicrobials. The antimicrobial activity of the synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles was tested against ten different bacteria namely; Enterobacter agglumerans, Corynebacterium bovis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Micrococcus luteus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus cereus. The results from this study revealed that four out of the test organisms (S. aureus, B. cereus, E. coli and Bacillus subtilis) were susceptible to the ZnO nanoparticles. The diameter of the zones of inhibition (ZOI) ranging from 14.50 – 25.50 mm. The synthesized nanoparticles showed the highest activity with S. aureus (ZOI = 25.50 mm, followed by B. cereus (22.00 mm), E. coli and B. subtilis (14.50 mm). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) results showed that ZnO NPs was most effective against S. aureus and B. cereus at 25% concentration while minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was at 50%. These findings revealed that zinc oxide nanoparticles have great potentials for inhibiting clinical isolates; thus, their use as an alternative means for new drug discovery should be encouraged.
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Ibraheem, Khalida Jhalil. "Antimicrobial Activity of Extracts Bacillus Species Isolated From Baghdad Soil Against Some Human Pathogenic Microorganisms." Al Mustansiriyah Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 16, no. 2 (2016): 82–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.32947/ajps.v16i2.114.
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Bacillus species are the predominant soil bacteria because of their resistant endospore formation and can produce many different antimicrobial substances.
 The main aim of this study was to isolate Bacillus species from soil and investigate their antimicrobial activity against some pathogenic bacteria and fungi isolated from human.
 48 soil samples were collected from different region of Baghdad city (Rashidiya, Mahmudiyah, Alkraat and Aldora) during December 2015 and analyzed for the presence of Bacillus species. Bacterial isolates were identified by using different microscopical examination, cultural characteristics, biochemical tests and confirmed by VITEK 2 bacterial identification system. The antimicrobial effects of Bacillus species extracts against some pathogenic bacteria (Gram-positive, Gram-negative) and fungi were examined. The identified Bacillus species included B. polymyxa, B. cereus, B. licheniformis, B. mycoides, B. firmus and B. subtilis.
 The results indicate that the bacterial isolates showed antimicrobial activity against all tested pathogenic bacteria and fungi. B. polymyxa showed best activity against most test organisms compare to other Bacillus isolates, follow by B. subtilis, B. cereus, B. licheniformis, B. firmus and B. mycoides.
 This study reveals that some Bacillus species have the ability to produce antimicrobial compounds that can be used to control microbial infections in future.
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maniyan, Gandhi, and Ranjith C. "STUDIES ON THE ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY AND PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF ROSA INDICA L." International journal of multidisciplinary advanced scientific research and innovation 1, no. 5 (2021): 60–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.53633/ijmasri.2021.1.5.
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Medicinal plants are extensively used in traditional medicine to cure various infectious diseases in human. Plant based natural constituents can be derived from any part of the plant like bark, leaves, flowers, roots, fruits, seeds, etc. Medicinal plants are commonly used in the cure of diseases since times immemorial. In the present study methanol, chloroform and aqueous extracts of Rosa indica L. leaf were subjected for antimicrobial activity by well-diffusion method in the case of evaluate the antibacterial activity of Petroleum ether extract of Rosa indica L.extract against gram-positive cultures include B. cereus, B. subtilis. Gram-negative cultures include Vibrio cholera, Klebsiella pneumonia. The maximum antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus (Zone of inhibition in mm 14.2), B. subtilis (zone of inhibition 13.1) and athanolic the lowest activity against Vibrio cholera (Zone of inhibition 12.6), Klebsiella pneumonia (Zone of inhibition 12.3). The gram positive bacteria more susceptible than the gram negative bacteria. The phytochemical characteristics of Rosa indica L. plants tested were summarized in the, it could be seen that, carbohydrates, cardiac glycosids, Flavonoids, Saponins (Foam test) Amino acids , Terpenoids, Phenols and Tannins were present in Rose indica plant extract.
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de Been, Mark, Christof Francke, Roland J. Siezen та Tjakko Abee. "Novel σ B regulation modules of Gram-positive bacteria involve the use of complex hybrid histidine kinases". Microbiology 157, № 1 (2011): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.045740-0.
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A common bacterial strategy to cope with stressful conditions is the activation of alternative sigma factors that control specific regulons enabling targeted responses. In the human pathogen Bacillus cereus, activation of the major stress-responsive sigma factor σ B is controlled by a signalling route that involves the multi-sensor hybrid histidine kinase RsbK. RsbK-type kinases are not restricted to the B. cereus group, but occur in a wide variety of other bacterial species, including members of the the low-GC Gram-positive genera Geobacillus and Paenibacillus as well as the high-GC actinobacteria. Genome context and protein sequence analyses of 118 RsbK homologues revealed extreme variability in N-terminal sensory as well as C-terminal regulatory domains and suggested that RsbK-type kinases are subject to complex fine-tuning systems, including sensitization and desensitization via methylation and demethylation within the helical domain preceding the H-box. The RsbK-mediated stress-responsive sigma factor activation mechanism that has evolved in B. cereus and the other species differs markedly from the extensively studied and highly conserved RsbRST-mediated σ B activation route found in Bacillus subtilis and other low-GC Gram-positive bacteria. Implications for future research on sigma factor control mechanisms are presented and current knowledge gaps are briefly discussed.
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Zibareva, Larisa Nikolayevna, Elena Sergeevna Filonenko, Irina Sergeevna Andreeva, Nadezhda Alekseevna Solovyanova, and Svetlana Vladimirovna Nesterova. "ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF BUTANOL COMPLEXES AND ISOLATED SECONDARY METABOLITES OF SOME SPECIES OF GENUS SILENE OF THE FAMILY CARYOPHYLLACEAE." chemistry of plant raw material, no. 2 (June 26, 2023): 185–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/jcprm.20230211950.
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Extracts of 9 species of the Caryophyllaceae family were screened for antimicrobial activity on the example of 17 types of strains of microorganisms. The inhibitory activity of 7 butanol extracts has been shown against a number of pathogenic strains belonging to the species Mycobacterium smegmatis, Phroteus mirabilis, Serratia marcescens, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis. The extracts studied were most effective on the bacteria Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis. It was found that all the studied plant species of the genera Lychnis and Silene contain ecdysteroids and flavonoids. The isolated individual compounds contained in all the studied species showed antimicrobial action on strains of a number of bacteria: the ecdysteroid 20-hydroxyecdysone suppressed the growth of the strain of R. mirabilis, while the flavonoid shaftoside inhibited strains of bacteria S. aureus, B. cereus, B. subtilis, R. mirabilis, M. smegmatis. Gram-negative bacteria Salmonella typhimurium, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Shigella sonnei, Pseudomonas aeruginosa are not susceptible to the antimicrobial action of extracts under experimental conditions.
 Determination of antimicrobial activity was carried out by methods – diffusion and joint incubation of plant extracts and cells of test strains of microorganisms in a liquid nutrient medium LB at the ratio sample : medium 1 : 2 and 1 : 1. Increase in the concentration of secondary metabolites of ecdysteroids and flavonoids in experiments with butanol complexes of substances with a sample ratio the 1 : 1 environment led to an increase in antimicrobial activity up to the complete inhibition of Gram-positive bacteria B. subtilis and B. cereus by extracts of plant species Silene graefferi, S. colpophylla, S. sendtneri, S. linicola, S. jenisseensis S. viridiflora (seeds) and individual shaftoside.
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Zare, Zahra, Ahmed Majd, Taher Nejad Sattari, Alireza Iranbakhsh, and Sedigue Mehrabian. "Antimicrobial activity of leaf and flower extracts of Lippia Nodiflora L. (Verbenacea)." Journal of Plant Protection Research 52, no. 4 (2012): 401–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10045-012-0065-9.
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Abstract Antimicrobial activities of the methanolic extracts from the leaves and flowers of Lippia nodiflora L. (Verbenaceae), were studied by the disk diffusion method. The extracts showed antimicrobial impact on bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis, B. cereus, Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, K. oxytoca and Esherichia coli as well as fungi such Aspergillus niger and Candida albicanse. The results showed that increasing concentrations of extracts increased the antimicrobial activities in all of the microorganisms. Bacteria were more sensitive than fungi, and gram positive bacteria were more sensitive than gram negative ones.
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L. Al-Malki, Abdulrahman, Etimad A. Huwait, and Said S. Moselhy. "Synthesis, Characterization and In vitro Antibacterial Activity of A Novel Strigolactones Analogues TIT3." Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology 14, no. 4 (2020): 2425–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22207/jpam.14.4.20.
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Traditional antibiotic abuse caused increased the incidence of bacteria resistance to treatment. Strigolactones (SLs) are phytohormones that play a vital role in the plant growing root, shoot and flowering. We previously reported that, SLs analogues exert pro-apoptotic effects on HepG2 cell lines. The current study investigated the antimicrobial activity of selected SLs analogue TIT3 against different strains of bacteria including gram positive and gram negative bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimuriu, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoni and B. subtilis. The results obtained were compared with 100 µg amoxicillin. Results obtained showed that, TIT3 inhibited the growth of S. cereus (50 µg), Salmonella typhimuriu (20 µg), Escherichia coli (30µg), Klebsiella pneumoni (50 µg) and B. subtilis (50 µg) with mean inhibition zones diameter being 12.1 mm , 13.2 mm, 12.5, 8.9 and 12.9 mm respectively. It was concluded that, TIT3 is promising effective antibacterial agents compared with amoxicillin for different strains of bacteria that resistant to different antibiotics.
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Abdullah, Abdulmageed B., Abdulbaki Al-zaemey, Rasheed Hasan Mudhesh Al-Husami, and Mofeed Al-Nowihi. "Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Acacia etbaica Water Extract Leafs against Some Pathogenic Microorganisms." Journal of Biomedical Research & Environmental Sciences 2, no. 11 (2021): 1132–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.37871/jbres1358.
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The antimicrobial activity about water extract of Acacia etbaica was examined by using agar well diffusion methods against five gram-positive and negative bacteria[Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC653-8), Pseudomonas aeruginosa MTCC2453, Bacillus cereus (ATCC6633), Escherichia coli MTCC739, and one local isolate (Staphylococcus epidermides)] in addition to Candida albicans (ATCC2019). this results designated that the water extract of Acacia etbaica possess antimicrobial efficacy against all tested microorganisms either (gram-positive and negative bacteria) or fungi (Candida albicans).Whereas the gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus, S. epidermides and B. cereus) with inhibition zones (21, 19.5 and 16.5) respectively was more sensitive than gram-negative bacteria (P. aeruginosa and E. coli) and C. albicans with inhibition zones 16 and 14.5 respectively. The antimicrobial effect was directly proportional with concentration of water extract where the highest inhibition zone at higher concentration 30% equal 21mm against S.aureus and the lower inhibition zone at lower concentration 5% equal 10mm against C. albicans...
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Saha, Mihir Lal, Khondokar Nowshin Islam, Taslima Akter, Iffat Ara Rahman, Tahmina Islam, and Tahsin Khan. "Isolation and identification of amylolytic bacteria from garbage and garden soil." Bangladesh Journal of Botany 48, no. 3 (2019): 537–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v48i3.47915.
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An analysis for the abundance and diversity of amylolytic bacteria of two different soil types viz. garbage and garden soil was carried out. pH of the garbage and garden soil samples ranged between 7.73 and 9.84, 6.88 and 7.93, respectively. Average bacterial load on both NA and PYG agar media was found to be higher in garbage than garden soils. Bacterial load of garbage soil samples ranged from 2.08 × 108 to 3.79 ×108 cfu/g and 1.45 × 108 to 2.74 × 108 cfu/g on NA and PYG agar, respectively. On the other hand, bacterial load of the garden soil samples ranged from 3.3×106 to 9.7 ×106 cfu/g on NA and 2.9 × 106 to 9.35 × 106 cfu/g on PYG agar. A total of 200 bacterial isolates (100 from each soil type) were primarily selected for their amylolytic potential. Among them, the percentage of amylolytic bacteria was higher in garbage soil (46) than garden soil (38). Finally, a total of 8 (4 from each soil type) amylolytic potential isolates were selected for detailed study and identification. All 4 isolates from garbage soil and 3 from garden soil were found to be Gram positive and by conventional identification belonged to the genus Bacillus with six different species viz. Bacillus azotoformans (2), B. stearothermophilus (1), B. acidocaldarius (1), B. subtilis (2) and B. megaterium (1) and the only Gram negative isolate was identified as Acetobacter liquefaciens. The conventional identification was further confirmed by molecular technique and isolates were identified as Bacillus sp. T5-12, B. cereus MSW, Bacillus sp. FJAT-14266, B. toyonensis KK25A, B. cereus T10, Stenotrophomonas sp. ZJZG10, B. subtilis XF-1 and Pseudomonas sp. NCCP-1179. As significance of amylase enzyme in various industries and biotechnological processes are on the rise, it is important to find better and cheaper source for it. This piece of work focuses on finding out which can be a better source for amylolytic bacteria between two different soil types.
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H. AL – Badri, Samah R., and NIDHAL M. S. AL-Janabi2. "TESTING THE INHIBITORY EFFECT OF TRICIN AGAINST SOME FOODBORNE BACTERIA AND ESTIMATE ITS PHENOL COEFFICIENT." Iraqi Journal of Market Research and Consumer Protection 15, no. 2 (2023): 83–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.28936/jmracpc15.2.2023.(9).
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The inhibitory effect of the hot aqueous extract of commercial jasmine rice bran (HAE) and the purified tricin compound on the growth of some food-borne pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli, E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Shigella spp, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis) and compared with phenol coefficient using several dilutions of water: purified tricin (70:1, 90:1, 1:100, 1:120 and 1:150). and water: purified tricin (70:1, 90:1 and 1:100),at the same concentration, sterilized with microbial filters .Tricin purified showed higher efficiency then the aqueous extract HAE against growth of gram-positive and negative bacteria. The highest significant inhibition activity of purified Tricin compound was at P≤0.05 effect against B. subtilis , B. cereus and S. aureus with inhibitory diameter of 29, 27.5 and 27.5 mm respectively. White the aqueous extract HAE had loupe effectiveness than it against the same bacteria with a diameter of inhibition7,8.5 and 10.5 mm respectively After incubation at 37°C for 24 h, the last reading was the highest inhibition activity of the extract HAE. As for the results of the susceptibility of tricin as an antiseptic towards Gram-negative bacteria S. typhi and Gram-positive S. aureus compared to phenol using several dilutions of each, high dilutions had a clear inhibition in the growth of S. aureus and S. typhi bacterial isolates, especially when compared with phenol when The higher dilution (1:100) showed bacterial growth, while we did not find growth for these isolates at the same dilution coefficient of tricin for periods (5, 10, and 15) min After incubation at 37°C for 48 h. S. typhi was less sensitive than S. aureus towards phenol and tricin.
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WANG, WENYUE, RUI WANG, GUIJU ZHANG, FANGLI CHEN, and BAOCAI XU. "In Vitro Antibacterial Activities and Mechanisms of Action of Fatty Acid Monoglycerides Against Four Foodborne Bacteria." Journal of Food Protection 83, no. 2 (2020): 331–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-19-259.
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ABSTRACT Naturally occurring monoglyceride esters of fatty acids have been associated with a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activities. We used an automated turbidimetric method to measure the MIC and assess the antimicrobial activity of five monoglycerides (monocaprin, monolaurin, monomyristin, monopalmitin, and monostearin) against pathogenic strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli. The antibacterial activity of monocaprin was highest because its carbon chain is shorter than those of other monoglycerides. The MICs of monocaprin against S. aureus, B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli were 0.32, 0.32, 2.5, and 2.5 mg/mL, respectively. Monocaprin had antibacterial activity under neutral and alkaline conditions (pH 7.0 to 9.0) but had no inhibitory effect on S. aureus, B. subtilis, and E. coli under weakly acidic conditions (pH 6.0). The antibacterial mechanism of monocaprin against gram-positive strains (S. aureus and B. subtilis) resulted from destruction of the cell membrane. In contrast, the antibacterial activity of monocaprin against gram-negative strains (P. aeruginosa and E. coli) was attributed to damage to lipopolysaccharides in the cell walls. Because of its inhibitory effect on both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, monocaprin could be used as an antibacterial additive in the food industry. HIGHLIGHTS
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Tsakiridou, Melpomeni, Ioannis Tsagkalias, Rigini M. Papi, and Dimitris S. Achilias. "Synthesis of Novel Nanocomposite Materials with Enhanced Antimicrobial Activity based on Poly(Ethylene Glycol Methacrylate)s with Ag, TiO2 or ZnO Nanoparticles." Nanomaterials 14, no. 3 (2024): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano14030291.
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The aim of this investigation was to prepare novel hybrid materials with enhanced antimicrobial properties to be used in food preservation and packaging applications. Therefore, nanocomposite materials were synthesized based on two stimuli-responsive oligo(ethylene glycol methacrylate)s, namely PEGMA and PEGMEMA, the first bearing hydroxyl side groups with three different metal nanoparticles, i.e., Ag, TiO2 and ZnO. The in situ radical polymerization technique was employed to ensure good dispersion of the nanoparticles in the polymer matrix. FTIR spectra identified the successful preparation of the corresponding polymers and XRD scans revealed the presence of the nanoparticles in the polymer matrix. In the polymer bearing hydroxyl groups, the presence of Ag-NPs led to slightly lower thermal stability as measured by TGA, whereas both ZnO and TiO2 led to nanomaterials with better thermal stability. The antimicrobial activity of all materials was determined against the Gram-negative bacteria E. coli and the Gram-positive S. aureus, B. subtilis and B. cereus. PEGMEMA nanocomposites had much better antimicrobial activity compared to PEGMA. Ag NPs exhibited the best inhibition of microbial growth in both polymers with all four bacteria. Nanocomposites with TiO2 showed a very good inhibition percentage when used in PEGMEMA-based materials, while in PEGMA material, high antimicrobial activity was observed only against E. coli and B. subtilis, with moderate activity against B. cereus and almost absent activity against S. aureus. The presence of ZnO showed antimicrobial activity only in the case of PEGMEMA-based materials. Differences observed in the antibacterial activity of the polymers with the different nanoparticles could be attributed to the different structure of the polymers and possibly the more efficient release of the NPs.
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Nabilah, Ahmad Alhadi, Muhamad HairulShahril, Mohamed Rehan Maryam, Mat Radzi Salina, and Mohd Noor Hanina. "ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF EXTRACELLULAR PROTEINS SECRETED BY BACILLUS SUBTILIS ATCC21332 AFTER BEING INDUCED WITH CYMBOPOGON FLEXUOSUS ESSENTIAL OIL AND CULTURED IN DIFFERENT GROWTH CONDITIONS." International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research 5, no. 5 (2018): 103–12. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1291184.
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Extracellular proteins secreted by diverse bacteria with broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity can be used as an alternative treatment against antibiotic resistant and spoilage microorganisms. However, the extracellular proteins produced by bacteria are affected by environmental stress factors and growth conditions. Therefore, antimicrobial activity of extracellular proteins secreted by Bacillus subtilis ATCC21332 in the presence of Cymbopogon flexuosus as stress inducer and cultivated in different growth conditions was evaluated against four selected strains of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Shigella sonnei and Staphylococcus epidermidis by agar-well diffusion test and microdilution assay. Agar-well diffusion test was carried out to identify the antimicrobial susceptibility, while microdilution assay was done to determine the inhibition and bactericidal effects. B. subtilis ATCC21332 cells were treated with a low concentration (0.01 MIC) of C. flexuosus essential oil and cultured in various growth conditions such as different pH media (pH 6, pH 7 and pH 8) or nutrient sources, including 1% (w/w) of carbon (glucose, sucrose and starch), 1% (w/w) of nitrogen (casein, gelatin and urea) and 1% (w/w) of inorganic salt (sodium nitrate, calcium chloride and sodium dihydrogen phosphate). After 72 h of fermentation at 30°C, the secreted extracellular proteins were then extracted and analysed for antimicrobial activity. Results showed that the extracellular proteins secreted by stress induced B. subtilis ATCC21332 and cultivated in media with 1% of sucrose exhibited antimicrobial activity against two bacterial strains which are S. epidermidis and B.
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Zulkhairi Amin, Fatin Aina, Suriana Sabri, Maznah Ismail, et al. "Probiotic Properties of Bacillus Strains Isolated from Stingless Bee (Heterotrigona itama) Honey Collected across Malaysia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 1 (2019): 278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010278.
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This study aimed to isolate, identify, and evaluate the probiotic properties of Bacillus species from honey of the stingless bee Heterotrigona itama. Bacillus spp. were isolated from five different H. itama meliponicultures, and the isolates were characterized through Gram-staining and a catalase test. Tolerance to acidic conditions and bile salt (0.3%), hydrophobicity, and autoaggregation tests were performed to assess the probiotic properties of the selected isolates, B. amyloliquefaciens HTI-19 and B. subtilis HTI-23. Both Bacillus isolates exhibited excellent antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and possessed significantly high survival rates in 0.3% bile solution for 3 h. Their survival rates in acidic conditions were also comparable to a commercial probiotic strain, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. Interestingly, the hydrophobicity and autoaggregation percentage showed no significant difference from L. rhamnosus GG, a commercial probiotic strain. The results from this study suggest that B. amyloliquefaciens HTI-19 and B. subtilis HTI-23 isolated from stingless bee honey have considerably good probiotic properties. Therefore, more studies should be done to investigate the effects of these bacteria cultures on gastrointestinal health.
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Rahman, Md Mizanur, Md Raquib Shahriar, Nigar Sultana Meghla, Tasneema Ishika, Pravas Chandra Roy, and Md Kamruzzaman. "Antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plant extracts against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria in Bangladesh." Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 3, no. 4 (2018): 405–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ajmbr.v3i4.35329.
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Antibacterial active compounds isolated from higher plants appear to be one of the most important alternative approaches to contain antibiotic resistance and the management of disease. The present study was aimed at to investigate the antibacterial activity of some medicinal plant species including seeds namely Centella asiatica, Oxalis corniculata, Phoenix dactylifera, Clitoria ternatea and Nigella sativa. The methanolic and ethanolic extract of Centella asiatica, Oxalis corniculata, Phoenix dactylifera and Clitoria ternatea was investigated for antimicrobial activity at different concentrations by using disc diffusion method against some bacterial strains with standard antibiotic cephachlore (10 μg). The result demonstrated that all the extracts showed antibacterial activities against the isolates, which were dose dependent. The ethanolic extract of Oxalis corniculata at a concentration of 50 μl/disc had the highest effect on the test organism B. subtilis, Salmonella typhi and E. coli with 9.3, 9.7 and 10.8 mm diameter of zone of inhibition respectively while at the same concentration the extract of Clitoria ternatea had a higher antimicrobial activity on Bacillus cereus with 11.3 mm diameter of zone of inhibition. The activities of the plant extracts on the tested pathogens were not as effective as the standard commercial antibacterial disc but was significant. In case of Nigella sativa, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was sensitive to both the ethanolic extract and oils at different concentration. Salmonella typhi shows the same degree of inhibition for ethanolic extract as Bacillus cereus, but greater inhibition for oils. Of all the bacteria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most sensitive bacteria against ethanolic extract and oils, while Bacillus cereus was the most resistant bacteria. Generally, the oils of Nigella sativa sample had higher antibacterial activity against bacteria than ethanolic extract. All the extracts are inhibitory to most common human pathogen S. typhi. The results suggest that the different plant extracts has a significant scope to develop a novel broad spectrum of antibacterial herbal formulations.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. December 2017, 3(4): 405-411
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Aqueveque, Pedro, Carlos Leonardo Céspedes, José Becerra, Marcelo Dávila, and Olov Sterner. "Bioactive compounds isolated from submerged fermentations of the Chilean fungus Stereum rameale." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 70, no. 3-4 (2015): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2015-5005.
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Abstract Liquid fermentations of the fungus Stereum rameale (N° 2511) yielded extracts with antibacterial activity. The antibacterial activity reached its peak after 216 h of stirring. Bioassay-guided fractionation methods were employed for the isolation of the bioactive metabolites. Three known compounds were identified: MS-3 (1), vibralactone (2) and vibralactone B (3). The three compounds showed antibacterial activity as a function of their concentration. Minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of compound 1 against Gram-positive bacteria were as follows: Bacillus cereus (50 μg/mL), Bacillus subtilis (10 μg/mL) and Staphylococcus aureus (100 μg/mL). Compounds 2 and 3 were active only against Gram-negative bacteria. The MBC of compound 2 against Escherichia coli was 200 μg/mL. Compound 3 inhibited significantly the growth of E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with MBC values of 50 and 100 μg/mL, respectively.
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Tempelaars, Marcel H., Susana Rodrigues, and Tjakko Abee. "Comparative Analysis of Antimicrobial Activities of Valinomycin and Cereulide, the Bacillus cereus Emetic Toxin." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77, no. 8 (2011): 2755–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02671-10.
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ABSTRACTCereulide and valinomycin are highly similar cyclic dodecadepsipeptides with potassium ionophoric properties. Cereulide, produced by members of theBacillus cereusgroup, is known mostly as emetic toxin, and no ecological function has been assigned. A comparative analysis of the antimicrobial activity of valinomycin produced byStreptomycesspp. and cereulide was performed at a pH range of pH 5.5 to pH 9.5, under anaerobic and aerobic conditions. Both compounds display pH-dependent activity against selected Gram-positive bacteria, includingStaphylococcus aureus,Listeria innocua,Listeria monocytogenes,Bacillus subtilis, andBacillus cereusATCC 10987. Notably,B. cereusstrain ATCC 14579 and the emeticB. cereusstrains F4810/72 and A529 showed reduced sensitivity to both compounds, with the latter two strains displaying full resistance to cereulide. Both compounds showed no activity against the selected Gram-negative bacteria. Antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria was highest at alkaline pH values, where the membrane potential (ΔΨ) is the main component of the proton motive force (PMF). Furthermore, inhibition of growth was observed in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Determination of the ΔΨ, using the membrane potential probe DiOC2(3) (in the presence of 50 mM KCl) in combination with flow cytometry, demonstrated for the first time the ability of cereulide to dissipate the ΔΨ in sensitive Gram-positive bacteria. The putative role of cereulide production in the ecology of emeticB. cereusis discussed.
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Falilat Toyin Akinruli, Adewale Oluwasogo Olalemi, and Daniel Juwon Arotupin. "Detection of virulence genes in bacteria associated with microplastics from selected Rivers in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria." International Journal of Science and Research Archive 15, no. 3 (2025): 1240–53. https://doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2025.15.3.1851.
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This study investigated the detection of virulence genes in bacteria associated with microplastics in selected rivers in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. Water samples were collected biweekly over a period of 24 months from the rivers (Ureje, Emirin, Ogbese, Odo-Ayo and Elemi). Isolation of bacteria, antibiotics susceptibility testing of the isolates and detection of virulence genes were carried out using standard methods. The bacteria isolated include Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysenteriae, Bacillus subtilis, B. licheniformis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Micrococcus luteus, Enterobacter aerogenes, B. cereus, Citrobacter freundii, Aeromonas spp, Proteus vulgaris. Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The antibiotic susceptibility profile of the isolates showed that both Gram negative and Gram positive bacterial isolates exhibited multiple antibiotic resistance. Of the 423 bacterial isolates, 226 were positive to biofilm formation, 78 to heamolysin formation, 87 to phospholipase and 76 to gelatinase production. Virulence genes stn, spvC and invA were detected in Salmonella typhi (EM22), fimH and sxt1genes were detected in E. coli (Urj.23) and Shigella dysenteriae (EM6), fimH, rmpA and entB genes were detected in Klebsiella pneumoniae (Ogb4). In Bacillus cereus (EM4), nheA, hblC and hblD genes were detected while oprL, exoS and oprI genes were detected in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ELE12). The findings of this study suggests that water from the rivers are of poor microbial qualities, the bacterial isolates were multiple antibiotic resistant with various virulence genes. Therefore, water from the rivers must be adequately treated before use.
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Gupta, Monika, Baljeet Kaur, Shailender Pratap Singh, and Vivek Kumar Gupta. "Synthesis, Spectral Studies and Antimicrobial Activity of imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole derivatives." Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Research 5, no. 04 (2017): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.30750/ijpbr.5.4.7.
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Thiadiazole is a heterocyclic compound containg both two nitrogen atom and one sulfur atom as a part of the aromatic five-membered ring. The imidazo [2,1-b]-1,3,4-thiadiazole ring system is the core skeleton of well known immunomodulator levamisole. The synthesis and antimicrobial activity of nine 6-Phenyl-2- substituted imidazo [2,1-b]-1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives were reported against Gram +ve bacteria Bacillius subtilis (MTCC 121), Staphyloccus aureus (MTCC 87), Gram –ve bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 424), Escherichia coli (MTCC 40), and fungal strains Candida albicans (MTCC 183), Fusarium solani (MTCC 2935), Fusarium oxyporium (MTCC 2840). Ciprofloxacin and Fluconazole were used as standard drug for antibacterial and antifungal activity respectively. The synthesized compound (6) and (5b) had moderate antibacterial activity especially with Gram negative Escherichia coli (MTCC 40) where (5a) and (5f) had good antibacterial activity. The structures of the synthesized compounds were established by IR, NMR and Mass spectral studies.
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Itohowo, Okon Akpan, Achugasim Ozioma, Christian Eruteya Onoriode, and Enyidiya Ogali Regina. "Biochemical profiling of leaf, stem bark and root of Enantia Chlorantha native to Akwa Ibom, Nigeria: A comparative analysis." Chemistry International 7, no. 2 (2021): 145–54. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4572671.
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The present investigation was carried out to explore the bio-activities of <em>Enantia chlorantha Oliv</em> (Annonaceae) commonly known as African yellow wood. The root, stem and leaf of <em>E. chlorantha</em> were extracted with ethanol in soxhlet extractor. Their phytochemical analysis revealed presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, steroids, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, anthraquinones, proteins, aldehydes/ketones and carboxylic acids in all the extracts except leaves extract which contain tannins in addition. The extracts were screened in vitro for their antibacterial activities against Gram-positive bacteria (<em>Bacillus thuringensis strain EB-151, Bacillus tequilensis strain ADIP3, Bacillus cereus strain SB2, Bacillus pumilus strain m414, Sphingobacterium mizutaii strain AUMC b-161, Bacillus subtilis strain AIMST 2ME1, Bacillus cereus strain CF7 and Lysinbacillus sphaericus III</em>) and Gram-negative bacteria (<em>Providencia rettgeri strain RCB 200, Proteus vulgaris strain MWG 20141026, Alcaligenes faecalis strain L48, Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PG1</em>, <em> Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain 335K55 </em>and<em> Escherichia coli strain sanji.</em>); out of which eight of strains were susceptible to the extracts and six were resistant to all the extracts. This study has opened a frontier for the possible application of the extracts in the control of potential pathogens.
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Timi, David, Subramaniyam Gopalakrishnan, and Macquin Maino. "Antimicrobial Application and Assessment of Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles Using Aqueous Leaf Extract of Ficus Copiosa." Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Imaging 6, no. 3 (2019): 06–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/jbemi.63.7641.
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Plant mediated green-synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and the bioactivity on pathogenic micro-organisms is discussed. In the present investigation, aqueous leaf extracts of a medicinal plant, Ficus copiosa was utilized to construct AgNPs. The synthesized AgNPs was characterized by Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis), Fourier Transform-infrared (FT-IR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) spectrometer and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis. The phytosynthesized AgNPs exhibited comparable antimicrobial activity with two reference antibiotics against five indicator micro-organisms including two gram-positive (G+) bacteria, two gram-negative (G-) bacteria and a Protozoa (Pz). Study of the minimum inhibition concentration shows the two gram-negative bacteria to be more susceptible to AgNPs than the two gram-positive bacteria. The organisms included in the study are namely, B. Subtilis (G+), S. aureus (G+), E. coli (G-), S. pneumonia (G-) and T. vaginalis (Pz). Agar Disc diffusion technique was employed to assess the efficacy of the silver nanoparticles on the micro-organisms.
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Fereidoonnezhad, Masood, and Salar Nosrati. "Antimicrobial Activity of Diphenyl Pyridine Phosphine Gold(I)-thiolate Compounds and their Molecular Docking With Thioredoxin Reductase Enzyme." Jundishapur journal of Medical Sciences 21, no. 2 (2022): 218–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/jsmj.21.2.2231.
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Background and Objectives Despite several studies and abundant efforts to control microbial agents, humans have not yet been able to eliminate these agents. Recent studies have shown that gold(I) compounds are promising candidates for making antimicrobial drugs. The interest in gold-based drugs is increasing day by day. Inhibition of the thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) enzyme is the most important biological target for antimicrobial gold(I) compounds. Subjects and Methods In this study, the antimicrobial properties of five diphenyl pyridine phosphine gold(I)-thiolate compounds against gram-positive bacteria (P. aeruginosa, E. coli), gram-negative bacteria (S. aureus, B. subtilis), a fungus (C. albicans), and a yeast (S. cerevisiae) were evaluated. The molecular docking studies were carried out using AutoDock 4.2 to find the best compound in the active site of the TrxR enzyme (PDB ID: 4CBQ). Results The gold(I) compounds had a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value ranged from 3 to 100 μg/mL. The most active compound was Au3 which had a MIC of 3.89, 3.15, 4.36, 5.44, 6.13, and 8.37 μg/mL against P. aeruginosa, E. coli, S. aureus, B. subtilis, C. albicans and S. cerevisiae, respectively. Conclusion The gold(I) compounds act better on gram-negative bacteria and yeast strains compared to auranofin as antirheumatic drug. These compounds, especially the Au3, are potentially valuable for the control of antimicrobial agents.
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A., K. Indrayan, Kumar Rajeev, and K. Rathi Anuj. "Multibeneficial natural material - Dye from heartwood of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk." Journal of Indian Chemical Society Vol. 81, Dec 2004 (2004): 1097–101. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5833631.
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Department of Chemistry, Gurukula Kangri University, Hardwar-249 404, India <em>E-mail:</em> akindray@sancharnet.in <em>Fax</em> : 91-1334-246366 <em>Manuscript received 30 September 2004</em> Material isolated from the heartwood of <em>Artocarpus</em> <em>heterophyllus</em> is found to be of multiple diversified use. It could be used as a direct dye for wool and silk; had a sufficient antibacterial activity against certain bacteria the gram positive <em>Bacillus subtilis</em>, <em>B. cereus</em>, <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> and gram negative <em>Escherichia coli</em>, <em>Klebsiella pneumoniae</em> and finds several medicinal uses; could be used as a neutralization indicator in wider range of concentrations 10<sup>-2</sup> to 4 <em>N</em>) than the conventional indicators. The structures of the indicator in acid and basic mediums suggested.
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Whiliki,, Oscar, Ayobola Ehwarieme, and Ejiro Dowe. "EVALUATION OF THE ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF SOME COMMONLY USED TOOTHPASTES AGAINST SOME PATHOGENIC MICROORGANISMS." Nigerian Journal of Science and Environment 22, no. 1 (2024): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.61448/njse221241.
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The efficacy of any toothpaste lies in its ability to eliminate pathogenic oral microflora. This study was aimed at evaluating the in vitro antimicrobial activity of five commonly used toothpastes (Oral B, CloseUp, Macleans, Colgate and Dabur Herbal) against some selected clinical isolates (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyrogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coliand Candida albicans).The antimicrobial activity was assessed by measuring the zones of inhibition by well diffusion method. Further laboratory experiment was carried out to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations of the toothpastes on the different organisms. The results suggested that all the toothpastes had antimicrobial activity against the selected organisms and the activity of the various toothpastes increased with increase in concentration. Oral B gave the highest zone of inhibition (25.0mm). The gram positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylooccusaureus)were found to be more susceptible to the different concentrations of the different toothpaste than the gram negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli). Bacillus subtiliswas the most susceptible while Pseudomonas aeruginosawas the least susceptible organism.
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Miranda, José M., Marcos Trigo, Jorge Barros-Velázquez, and Santiago P. Aubourg. "Antimicrobial Activity of Red Alga Flour (Gelidium sp.) and Its Effect on Quality Retention of Scomber scombrus during Refrigerated Storage." Foods 11, no. 7 (2022): 904. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11070904.
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This study analyzed the antimicrobial effect of aqueous extracts of flour obtained from red alga (Gelidium sp.) both in vitro, against most common food pathogenic and spoilage bacteria, and in a food model system during the chilled storage of Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus). Results of in vitro assays allowed the conclusion that the aqueous flour extracts have antimicrobial activity against Gram-negative bacteria such as Enterobacteriaceae (Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, and Klebsiella pneumoniae) and proteobacteria (Vibrio alginolyticus), and against Gram-positive bacteria such as Bacillus cereus and B. subtilis. In the food model study, different concentrations of the flour extract were present in the icing medium, microbial and chemical analyses being carried out in fish muscle at different storage times. An inhibitory effect (p < 0.05) on microbial growth (aerobes, psychrotrophs, Enterobacteriaceae, and proteolytic and lipolytic bacteria) and on chemical quality indices (pH, total volatile amines, and trimethylamine) was concluded. This effect was more pronounced when the flour extract concentration in the ice increased and at advanced storage times. This study provides a first approach to the beneficial use of flour of the alga Gelidium as a new preserving strategy for chilled fish.
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Lv, Huawei, Kebo Wang, Yaxin Xue, et al. "Three New Metabolites From the Marine-Derived Fungus Aspergillus sp. WHUF03110." Natural Product Communications 16, no. 10 (2021): 1934578X2110550. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x211055009.
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Two new xanthone derivatives, spinosusones A (1) and B (2), and a new tryptoquivaline analogue, asperdiazapinone G (3), together with nine known compounds (4-12) were isolated from the EtOAc extract of the marine-derived fungus Aspergillus sp . WHUF03110. The structures of 1-3 were determined by spectroscopic analysis, and comparison with literature data. Most of these isolated compounds were evaluated for their antimicrobial activities against ten Gram-negative and seven Gram-positive bacteria, Mycobacterium smegmatis ATCC 607, Candida albicans ATCC SC5314, and C. albicans YY-1-4. Compound 10 displayed strong antibacterial activity against five Gram-positive bacteria ( Bacillus subtilis 168, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923, S. aureus NEWMAN, S. aureus USA300, S. aureus NRS 271) with MIC values ranging from 1.0 to 2.0 μg/mL, and displayed moderate antibacterial activity against four Gram-negative bacteria ( Helicobacter pylori 26695, H. pylori G27, H. pylori 159, H. pylori 129) and M. smegmatis ATCC 607 with a MIC value of 8.0 μg/mL.
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Ericksen, Bryan, Zhibin Wu, Wuyuan Lu та Robert I. Lehrer. "Antibacterial Activity and Specificity of the Six Human α-Defensins". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 49, № 1 (2005): 269–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.49.1.269-275.2005.
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ABSTRACT We developed a kinetic, 96-well turbidimetric procedure that is capable of testing the antimicrobial properties of six human α-defensins concurrently on a single microplate. The defensins were prepared by solid-phase peptide synthesis and tested against gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus) and gram-negative bacteria (Enterobacter aerogenes and Escherichia coli). Analysis of the growth curves provided virtual lethal doses (vLDs) equivalent to conventional 50% lethal doses (LD50s), LD90s, LD99s, and LD99.9s obtained from colony counts. On the basis of their respective vLD90s and vLD99s, the relative potencies of human myeloid α-defensins against S. aureus were HNP2 > HNP1 > HNP3 > HNP4. In contrast, their relative potencies against E. coli and E. aerogenes were HNP4 > HNP2 > HNP1 = HNP3. HD5 was as effective as HNP2 against S. aureus and as effective as HNP4 against the gram-negative bacteria in our panel. HD6 showed little or no activity against any of the bacteria in our panel, including B. cereus, which was highly susceptible to the other five α-defensins. The assay described provides a quantitative, precise, and economical way to study the antimicrobial activities of host-defense peptides. Its use has clarified the relative potencies of human α-defensins and raised intriguing questions about the in vivo function(s) of HD6.
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Soltani, El-Khamsa, Kamel Mokhnache, Samia Mezaache-Aichour, et al. "Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of Algerian propolis against fish pathogenic bacteria." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 10, no. 2 (2020): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v10i2.3904.
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Five different varieties of propolis from four sites from Sétif region (East of Algeria) (Babor, Setif; Ain-Abbassa and El-Hamma), and one site from the center of Algeria (Tizi-Ouzou) were chemically analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. One hundred and two compounds were identified including aromatic acids, linear hydrocarbons and their acids, terpenes and alcaloïdes. Furthermore, the in vitro bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities of the aqueous extracts were evaluated against one Gram positive (Bacillus subtilis, used as probiotics in aquaculture) and two Gram negative (Vibrio anguillarum and Vibrio harveyi, pathogenic for fish) bacteria. The obtained results showed that all aqueous extracts of propolis inhibit the growth of B. Subtilis while the growth inhibition of fish pathogens was achieved when using higher propolis concentrations. These antibacterial properties would warrant further studies on the clinical applications of propolis in aquaculture field.
 Keywords: Bactericidal activity; Chemical characterization; Propolis; Vibrio.
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Treesuwan, Khemmapas, Wannee Jirapakkul, Sasitorn Tongchitpakdee, Vanee Chonhenchob, Warapa Mahakarnchanakul, and Kullanart Tongkhao. "Antimicrobial Mechanism of Salt/Acid Solution on Microorganisms Isolated from Trimmed Young Coconut." Microorganisms 11, no. 4 (2023): 873. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11040873.
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This study investigated the inhibitory activity of organic solutions containing 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30% (w/v) sodium chloride and citric acid solution and 15:10, 15:15, 15:20 and 15:30% (w/v) sodium chloride (NaCl) combined with citric acid (CA) solution (salt/acid solution) for 10 min against microorganisms isolated from trimmed young coconut: Bacillus cereus, B. subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Serratia marcescens, Candida tropicalis, Lodderromyces elongisporus, Aspergillus aculeatus and Penicillium citrinum. Commercial antimicrobial agents such as potassium metabisulfite and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) were used as the controls. Results showed that 30% (w/v) NaCl solution displayed antimicrobial properties against all microorganisms, with s reduction range of 0.00–1.49 log CFU/mL. Treatment of 30% (w/v) CA solution inhibited all microorganisms in the reduction range of 1.50–8.43 log CFU/mL, while 15:20% (w/v) salt/acid solution was the minimum concentration that showed a similar antimicrobial effect with NaOCl and strong antimicrobial effect against Gram-negative bacteria. The mode of action of this solution against selected strains including B. cereus, E. aerogenes and C. tropicalis was also determined by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. B. cereus and E. aerogenes revealed degradation and detachment of the outer layer of the cell wall and cytoplasm membrane, while cytoplasmic inclusion in treated C. tropicalis cells changed to larger vacuoles and rough cell walls. The results suggested that a 15:20% (w/v) salt/acid solution could be used as an alternative antimicrobial agent to eliminate microorganisms on fresh produce.
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Sanchez-Yañez, Juan Manuel, Celeste Saucedo-Martínez, Iván León-Balderas, Juan Luis Ignacio de la Cruz, and Elda María Beltrán-Peña. "Genetic characterization of bacteria in bioremediation of soil polluted by waste motor oil: safe vegetal consume." Journal of Applied Biotechnology & Bioengineering 11, no. 4 (2024): 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/jabb.2024.11.00365.
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Waste motor oil (WMO) is a mixture of insoluble aliphatic hydrocarbon molecules with chains between C11-C20 and C20-C35, as well as of aromatic, polycyclic and halogenated compounds. In Mexico, this mixture is classified as hazardous waste, according to the “General Law of Ecological Balance and Environmental Protection". WMO is generated in mechanical workshops due to use in agricultural machinery and its inadequate final disposal that occasion an environmental problem. WMO in soil has negative effects that limit agricultural production including health problem in humans. An alternative solution is biostimulation, first with biodetergents that emulsified them, followed of enrichment with a mineral solution that contents nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. The effective mineralization of WMO is based in the fact that soil is a source of diversity of bacteria able to eliminate WMO. The aims of this research were: i) to isolate and select bacteria capable oxidate WMO due that biodetergent and lipolytic activity and ii) the genetic identification of these soil bacteria involved in oxidation WMO. Results show that some microorganisms were isolated from soil contaminated by two concentrations of WMO, from soil contaminated by 60,000 WMO: Achromobacter denitrificans, a short Gram-negative rod, two species of the sporulated genus Gram-positive Bacillus, B. horneckiae and B. subtilis, and an actinomycete Gordonia amicalis, a Gram-positive coccobacillus. From soil contaminated by 80,000 ppm and WMO, another member of the Bacillus genus, B. cereus strain 2, was isolated and according to the molecular identification that places them as part of a metagenome it has the capacity to synthesize detergents and with ist lipolytic activity to oxidant WMO. These results support that in agricultural soils contaminated by waste motor oil there is a diversity of bacteria, which synthesize biodetergents simultaneously with lipolytic activity, both useful tools for soil bioremediation and the recovery of healthy plant productive capacity, safe for human and animal consumption.
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Gänzle, Michael G., Alexandra Höltzel, Jens Walter, Günther Jung, and Walter P. Hammes. "Characterization of Reutericyclin Produced by Lactobacillus reuteri LTH2584." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66, no. 10 (2000): 4325–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.66.10.4325-4333.2000.
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ABSTRACT Lactobacillus reuteri LTH2584 exhibits antimicrobial activity that can be attributed neither to bacteriocins nor to the production of reuterin or organic acids. We have purified the active compound, named reutericyclin, to homogeneity and characterized its antimicrobial activity. Reutericyclin exhibited a broad inhibitory spectrum including Lactobacillus spp., Bacillus subtilis, B. cereus, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria innocua. It did not affect the growth of gram-negative bacteria; however, the growth of lipopolysaccharide mutant strains ofEscherichia coli was inhibited. Reutericyclin exhibited a bactericidal mode of action against Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis, Staphylococcus aureus, and B. subtilis and triggered the lysis of cells of L. sanfranciscensis in a dose-dependent manner. Germination of spores of B. subtilis was inhibited, but the spores remained unaffected under conditions that do not permit germination. The fatty acid supply of the growth media had a strong effect on reutericyclin production and its distribution between producer cells and the culture supernatant. Reutericyclin was purified from cell extracts and culture supernatant of L. reuteri LTH2584 cultures grown in mMRS by solvent extraction, gel filtration, RP-C8 chromatography, and anion-exchange chromatography, followed by rechromatography by reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography. Reutericyclin was characterized as a negatively charged, highly hydrophobic molecule with a molecular mass of 349 Da. Structural characterization (A. Höltzel, M. G. Gänzle, G. J. Nicholson, W. P. Hammes, and G. Jung, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 39:2766–2768, 2000) revealed that reutericyclin is a novel tetramic acid derivative. The inhibitory activity of culture supernatant of L. reuteri LTH2584 corresponded to that of purified as well as synthetic reutericyclin.
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Čobanović, Radovan, Dejan Maletić, Sunčica Kocić-Tanackov, et al. "Comparison of the Bacterial Inactivation Efficiency of Water Activated by a Plasma Jet Source and a Pin-to-Pin Electrode Configuration Source." Processes 11, no. 12 (2023): 3286. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11123286.
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In this comparative study, the bacterial inactivation efficiency of plasma-activated water (PAW) generated by two distinct plasma reactors, one utilizing a nitrogen plasma jet electrode and the other a hybrid argon plasma reactor, was explored. The present study involved the assessment of antimicrobial activity against suspensions of three Gram-positive and three Gram-negative bacterial strains in their planktonic cell state. Bacterial suspensions were introduced into PAW five days after generation. Subsequently, the viability of the bacteria was assessed at various time intervals, specifically at 0.5, 1, 3, 5, 10, and 24 h, in order to evaluate the effect of inactivation. Structural changes in bacteria after PAW treatment were assessed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The physicochemical properties of PAW, including pH, conductivity, and concentrations of H2O2, NO2−, and NO3− during aging were measured. The present study demonstrated the effective inactivation of the tested bacterial strains by PAW. Gram-positive bacteria displayed greater resistance compared to Gram-negative species, with the lowest reductions in bacterial counts observed for B. cereus, and the highest for Escherichia coli O157:H7. Morphological damage was evident across all bacterial species examined. Physicochemical measurements showed slow decay of the reactive species in the aging process. This study illustrated the potential utility of PAW as an alternative disinfectant.
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Al-Deen, Rudwan Badr, Bassam Aloklah, and Lina Al-Amir. "Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of the peel essential oils extracted from citrus fruits." Journal of Agriculture and Applied Biology 2, no. 2 (2021): 114–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.11594/jaab.02.02.06.
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Citrus peel is an important source of essential oils (EOs). However, these EOs are not invested, although the annual production of citrus is high in Syria. The current study aimed to investigate chemical composition and antibacterial activity of some citrus peel EOs, namely: lemon (Citrus limon), orange (C. sinensis), grapefruit (C. paradisi), mandarin (C. reticulata) and bitter orange (C. aurantium). Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS) (gas chromatograph type: Agilent 7890A, auto sampler type: Agilent 7683B coupled to mass spectrometer, type Agilent 5975C, using DB–1 capillary column. EOs. concentration 1: 10 v/v in chloroform, injection volume 1 µl, split ratio 1: 80), was used to identify the chemical composition of the EOs, which were extracted by hydrodistillation technique, and chemical composition was expressed as Mean ± SD of three replications using SPSS V17 software. Minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) was used to determine the antibacterial activity against five Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus cereus, B. licheniformis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, S. lugdunensis, Enterococcus faecalis) and five Gram negative bacteria (Klebsiella oxytoca, Citrobacter koseri, Serratia liquefaciens, Pseudomonas fluorescens and P. luteola). Limonene formed the vast majority of EOs (between 62.16 and 95.26% in lemon and orange EOs, respectively), but there were other active components, such as α–Pinene and β–Pinene. Lemon EO was the most effective one, with MBC values ranged between 4 μl.ml–1 (against Bacillus cereus) and 50 μl.ml–1 (against Serratia liquefaciens). Pseudomonas luteola (a Gram-negative bacterium) was the most sensitive species to citrus EOs (MBC values ranged between 4 and 50 μl.ml–1 for lemon and orange EOs, respectively); while S. liquefaciens (a Gram-negative bacterium) was the most resistant bacterium (MBC values were 50 and 150 μl.ml–1 for lemon and mandarin EOs, respectively) among all species studied in the current research.
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Natalia, Lily, and Rahmat Setya Adji. "Rapid identification of Bacillus anthracis by cell wall and capsule components direct fluorescent antibody assay." Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner 13, no. 2 (2014): 140–49. https://doi.org/10.14334/jitv.v13i2.607.
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During the outbreak of anthrax, early diagnosis is critical for effective treatment. Numerous attempts have been made to design antigen based detection tests and to rapidly identify truly anthrax specific antigens for B. anthracis. In Indonesia, standard identification of B. anthracis relies on a combination of time consuming steps including bacterial culture and Ascoli precipitin test, which can take several days to provide a diagnosis. In this study, two component (cell wall and capsule) direct fluorescent antibody assay (DFA) were developed to rapidly identify and to directly detect capsulated B. anthracis. The component used in cell wall DFA (CW-DFA) assay is polysaccharide-peptidoglycan complex, which was prepared from B. anthracis culture by cell lysis, guanidine and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) extraction. The component used in capsule DFA (CAP-DFA) is poly-D-glutamic acid (PGA) which were prepared by extraction of B. anthracis capsule. Component of polysaccharide-peptidoglycan complex and PGA conjugated with hemocyanin were then used as immunogen for immunizing rabbits using Freund’s complete/incomplete adjuvant. The hyperimmune sera were then collected, purified and conjugated to Fluorecent Iso Thiocyanate (FITC). B. anthracis isolates and non B. anthracis isolates were tested by the CW-DFA and CAP-DFA Assays. B. cereus, B. subtilis, other Bacillus sp. and other Gram positive rod bacteria were negative, while capsulated B anthracis gave positive results. The two component (CW DFA and CAP-DFA) assay are specific rapid confirmatory test for capsulated B. anthracis. Key Words: Bacillus anthracis, Cell Wall and Capsule Direct Fluorescent Antibody Assay
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Sfaxi, Ameni, Szilvia Tavaszi-Sárosi, Kovács Flórián, Katalin Patonay, Péter Radácsi, and Ákos Juhász. "Comparative Evaluation of Different Mint Species Based on Their In Vitro Antioxidant and Antibacterial Effect." Plants 14, no. 1 (2025): 105. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14010105.
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In our research six different mint species (peppermint, spearmint (five different chemotypes), Horse mint, mojito mint, apple mint (two different chemotypes), bergamot mint) have been evaluated by referring to their chemical (essential oil (EO) content and composition) and in vitro biological (antibacterial, antioxidant effect) characteristics. The EO amount of the analyzed mint populations varied between 1.99 and 3.61 mL/100 g d.w. Altogether, 98 volatile compounds have been detected in the oils. Antibacterial effects (inhibition zones, MIC, IC50 and MBC) were evaluated against Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus. The best antibacterial effect was given by a carvacrol–thymol chemotype spearmint population (inhibition zone: 18.00–20.00 mm, MIC: 0.06 v/v%, IC50: 0.01–0.03 v/v%, MBC: 0.06, >2.00 v/v%). The least effective oil in the case of Gram-negative bacteria was bergamot mint (inhibition zone: 7.67–8.67 mm, MIC: 2.00, >2.00 v/v%, IC50: 0.11–0.25 v/v%, MBC: 2.00, >2.00 v/v%), while in the case of Gram-positive bacteria, oils containing dihydrocarvone as the main compound possessed the weakest antibacterial effect (inhibition zone: 9.00–10.00 mm, MIC: 1.00–2.00 v/v%, IC50: 0.22–0.37 v/v%, MBC: >2.00 v/v%). Interestingly, none of the oils could kill B. cereus in the applied concentrations.
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Castagliuolo, Giusy, Federica Dell’Annunziata, Sara Pio, et al. "Spectroscopic Characterization and Biological Effects of 1-Oxo-bisabolone-rich Pulicaria burchardii Hutch. subsp. burchardii Essential Oil Against Viruses, Bacteria, and Spore Germination." Plants 14, no. 1 (2024): 68. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14010068.
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Pulicaria species are used as herbal medicine and in the preparation of decoctions in several Asian and African regions. Among them, the plant Pulicaria burchardii is known for its medicinal properties, but comprehensive studies on its biological activity are still limited. This study examined the properties of the essential oil (EO) extracted by P. burchiardii and collected in Morocco during the flowering period. The focus was on its antimicrobial, anti-germinative, antioxidant, and antiviral activities, with the aim of evaluating its potential use in food preservation and beyond. The EO was subjected to various analyses to determine its chemical composition and biological efficacy. Specifically, GCMS and NMR analyses revealed that the EO is rich in oxygenated sesquiterpenes (72.59%), with 1-oxo-bisabolone being the predominant component (65.09%). The antimicrobial activity was tested against various Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, demonstrating a significant inhibition of bacterial growth, particularly against Bacillus subtilis (MIC value of 0.6 mg/mL). The anti-germinative property was evaluated on spores of B. subtilis and other bacilli, such as Bacillus cereus, revealing a notable ability to prevent germination. For antiviral activity, the EO was tested against several pathogenic viruses including SARS-CoV-2 and HSV-1, showing an effective broad-spectrum reduction in viral replication in vitro. This study demonstrated that P. burchardii essential oil had excellent antibacterial and antiviral capabilities. The future challenge will focus mainly on the principal compound, 1-oxo-bisabolone, to demonstrate its real effectiveness as an antibacterial and/or antiviral.
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Andreeva, Irina S., Aleksandr S. Safatov, Larisa I. Puchkova, et al. "Occurrence and characteristics of Bacillus cereus group bacterial atmospheric aerosols in Novosibirsk region." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Biologiya, no. 56 (2021): 60–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/19988591/56/3.
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The microbial diversity of atmospheric bioaerosols involves microorganisms that can cause allergic and infectious diseases or toxic effects. They include bacteria of the Bacillus cereus group (B. cereus, B. thuringiensis, B. anthracis, B. mycoides, B. pseudomycoides, etc.), which can result in diarrhea, pneumonia, meningitis, septicemia, and other infectious diseases. Accordingly, monitoring the presence of Bacillus cereus group bacteria in aerosols is critical. However, practically no data exist on Bacillus cereus and other cereus-group bacteria in southwestern Siberia’s poorly investigated atmospheric aerosol environment. Bacteria of the cereus group are capable of effective production of various biologically active compounds, with important implications for biotechnology; microorganism strains with new capabilities are being investigated. This study aimed to determine the occurrence and characteristics of B. cereus group bacteria in ground-level and high-altitude atmospheric aerosols in Novosibirsk region of southwestern Siberia, and to evaluate the biotechnological potential of the obtained microbial isolates. High-altitude atmospheric samples were collected over Karakan Pine Forest, approximately 50 km south of Novosibirsk, at altitudes of 7000, 5500, 4000, 2000, 1500, 1000, and 500 m, by aircraft sounding. Вoundaries of the aircraft flight path: 54° 26'38'' N, 82° 30'47'' E; 54°10'55'' N, 81° 44'00'' E. Ground-level samples were collected at various sites in Koltsovo settlement, Novosibirsk region. Impingers with a flow rate of 50 L/min containing 50 ml of Hanks’ solution were used for air sampling. The obtained aerosol samples were sown on a set of nutrient media and incubated at 28–30°C and 6–10 °C. The titers of microorganisms in high-altitude and ground-level samples were determined in terms of 1 m3 of atmospheric air. Standard microbiological methods were employed to study the phenotypic characteristics of the identified microbial isolates. Lipolytic activity was determined on yolk agar and LB agarized medium containing fatty acid esters with 0.01% CaCl2 . The substrates used were 1.0% monolaurate (tween-20) and monooleate (tween-80). Amylolytic activity of the cultures was determined by their isolation on starch-ammonia agar, and proteolytic activity by their ability to hydrolyse milk gelatin and casein (Maniatis T et al., 1984). The ability to hemolysis was taken into account when cultures were plated on LB medium with the addition of ram’s blood. Nuclease activity was studied on LB medium with the addition of Sigma DNA (USA) (Maniatis T et al., 1984). The content of plasmid DNA in the isolates was determined by screening according to Maniatis T et al. (1984). The capacity for RNAase secretion in culture medium (peptone - 9.27 g/l, yeast extract - 5 g/l, NaCl - 3.00; 10 ml of 50% glycerin, 2 ml of 20% glucose; pH 7.07.2) during cultivation of bacteria at 30 °С, for 18-24 h, was determined by the accumulation of acid-soluble products, formed upon hydrolysis of high-polymer RNA of yeast (1 mg/ml). Antibiotic activity of the studied strains was determined by cross-strics (Yasuda T et al., 1992) on LB medium at 37 °C. The following pathogenic test strains were used: Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Candida albicans 620, Klebsiella pneumoniae B-4894, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Salmonella typhimurium 2606, and Shigella sonnei 32 (collection of FSBI State Research Centre Vektor of the Rospotrebnadzor). The genetic analysis of bacterial isolates was performed using PCR with specific primers on 16S rRNA. The calculation of the number of cultivated microorganisms in the samples was carried out according to the Kerber method [Bottone EJ, 2010], and the number of microorganisms was averaged over three parallels of the inoculated samples. The annual average numbers of cultivated microorganisms were calculated as a mean ± the confidence interval at a significance level of 95% of t-Student’s (p < 0.05). Percentages of spore-forming cultured bacteria in aerosol samples varied significantly across the years of observation (1998–present): in high-altitude samples, the minimum and maximum were 0.5% (in 2005) and 55% (in 2011), respectively, and, in ground-level samples, the minimum and maximum were 0.1% (in 2002) and 83% (in 2016), respectively (See Fig. 1 and 2). Annual averages of total concentration of microorganisms ranged from < 1 to 5×105 CFU/m3 . The number of cereus-group bacteria also varied significantly from sample to sample, with averages ranging from 0.01% to 6.5% of the total number of isolated microorganisms. A total of 2.025 bacterial isolates, of which 62 formed endospores, were isolated from ground-level and highaltitude aerosol samples collected during the predominance of south-westerly winds from Kazakhstan in autumn 2016, and were characterized by increased dust-component content. Spore-forming bacteria were identified as belonging to the genera Bacillus, Paenibacillus, Brevibacillus, Lysinibacillus, and some others. Both high-altitude and ground-level aerosol samples were shown to contain bacteria of the cereus group: Bacillus cereus (Bc) and Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), Bt ssp. kurstaki, Bt ssp. galleriae subspecies; Bt strains with indefinite serotype were also found. Notably, Bacillus anthracis species were not found (See Table 1). Screening for enzyme secretion revealed Bt and Bc strains with pronounced proteolytic, phosphatase, lipolytic, and amylolytic activities in a medium pH range from 5.0 to 9.0 (See Table 2). An atypical strain of B. thuringiensis Cb-527, which demonstrates high production of RNase, was isolated. All strains demonstrated hemolysis capability, were multi-resistant to antibiotics (resistant to 6-15 drugs (See Table 3), and suppressed the growth of the pathogenic yeast, Candida albicans, to varying degrees. The Bt Cb-527 strain, as well as several Bc strains, also effectively inhibited the growth of Gram-positive test strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis. Gram-negative bacterial test strains were low-sensitive to the action of metabolites of the studied Bc and Bt strains (See Table 4). In high-altitude and ground-level samples of the studied atmospheric aerosols, bacteria of the cereus group belonging to Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis species were found in amounts ranging from 0.01 to 6.5% of the total number of cultured microorganisms isolated under experimental conditions. The presence of aggression enzymes such as phospholipases, hemolysins, proteases, and nucleolytic enzymes typical of representatives of these taxa, was found. We isolated Bc and Bt strains with high levels of secretion of enzymes and metabolites that possess antibiotic activity; these strains are promising as producers. The Bacillus thuringiensis Cb-527 strain (with a pronounced secretion of the RNase complex) can be used for the development of anti-RNA-containing virus drugs. The isolated Bc and Bt strains demonstrated multiple antibiotic resistance, which confirms literature data on the increasing prevalence of polyresistance among the identified natural microbial isolates. The paper contains 4 Figures, 4 Tables, and 41 References.
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Suzuki, Akihiko, and Miwa Suzuki. "Antimicrobial Activity of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis Isolated from a Stranded Cuvier’s Beaked Whale (Ziphius cavirostris) against Gram-Positive and -Negative Bacteria." Microorganisms 9, no. 2 (2021): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9020243.
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In the present study, we isolated and characterized Lactococcus lactis (L. lactis) subsp. lactis from a female Cuvier’s beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris) stranded in Shizuoka, Japan. Only five isolates (CBW1-5), grown on Lactobacilli de Man Rogosa Sharpe (MRS) agar plates prepared using 50% artificial seawater, were positive in L. lactis species-specific primer PCR. Their 16S rRNA sequences were highly similar to those of L. lactis subsp. lactis JCM 5805T. The Gram reaction, motility, gas production from glucose, catalase production, and growth conditions were consistent with those of the type strain. Additionally, carbohydrate utilization of the strains was consistent with previously reported marine organism-derived strains. The pH-neutralized cell-free culture supernatant of strain CBW2 inhibited the growth of Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis ATCC 6051 and Vibrio alginolyticus ATCC 17749, whereas protease treatment eliminated or diminished its inhibitory activity. The strain possesses a precursor of the nisin structural gene (nisA), which showed 100% homology with nisin Z, and nisin biosynthesis-related genes (nisB, nisC, nisT, nisP, nisF, nisI, and nisRK), suggesting that the strain produces a nisin-like substance. This study provides fundamental information on whale-derived L. lactis subsp. lactis which may be useful for reducing the carriage of B. subtilis subsp. subtilis and V. alginolyticus.
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Amit and Narender Singh. "Studies on antimicrobial activity of Lawsonia inermis L. against different strains of bacteria and fungi." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 14, no. 1 (2022): 247–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v14i1.3337.
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Natural plant products are a significant source of synthetic and traditional medicines. The majority of the world population, especially in developing countries, is dependent on herbal formulations for their primary health care needs. Lawsonia inermis is a popular medicinal plant and possess many pharmacological properties. The present study was carried out to estimate the antimicrobial activity of L inermis leaves of the mother plant, regenerated plants and callus extract to justify the pharmaceutical aspect of the plant to provide herbal plant products as phytochemistry in Ayurveda as well as ethnobotanical aspect of the plant.The antimicrobial activity was determined with the help of the agar well diffusion method by using some Gram-positive;Bacillu subtilius MTCC441, Bacillus cereus MTCC430, Staphylococcus aureus MTCC96,Gram-negative; Escherichia coli MTCC1885,Pseudomonas aeruginosa MTCC424 and fungal strains Candida albicans MTCC227.Leaves and callus extract were tested against these microorganisms in different types of solvent as Methanolic, Ethanolic, Aqueous, Acetone, Hexane, Chloroform and Diethyl ether were investigated by agar well diffusion method. Different extraction procedures were done by using the soxhlet apparatus.Dilutions were made for the extract and it was noticed that the zones of inhibitions were increased ith the concentration of the extracts. Methanolic leaves extract was found best extract for antimicrobial activity of L. inermis in comparison to other extracts.The maximum zone of inhibition was 13.79±1.7mm in methanolic extracts of leaves against B. subtilis and the minimum zone of inhibition was noticed 09.40±1.7 mm against B. cereus.The value of the zone of inhibition was more in the case of leaves extracts as compared to callus extracts.This study showed that methanolic leaves extracts of L. inermis inhibit the growth of microorganisms dose-dependently.The leaves of Lawsonia inermis support the traditional use of the plant in therapy of bacterial infection.
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Adamu, Zainab, Humphery Chukwuemeka Nzelibe, Hajiya Mairo Inuwa, Yunusa Pala Yahaya, and AbdulRahman Umar Abubakar. "Purification of antibacterial proteins from Coffee senna (Senna occidentalis) seeds." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 7, no. 2 (2019): 118–26. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4294630.
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<em>Senna occidentalis</em> (L.) Link formally known as <em>Cassia occidentalis</em> is a popular herb in folk medicine for the treatment of a wide range of microbial infections. Crude, ammonium sulphate precipitated and dialyzed proteins of <em>S. occidentalis</em> seeds were evaluated for their antibacterial potential by agar well diffusion and broth dilution techniques, against ten bacterial isolates made up of five Gram positive bacteria; <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>, <em>Streptococcus pyogenes</em>, Enterococcus Sp, <em>Listeria monocytogene</em> and <em>Bacillus subtilis</em> and five Gram negative bacteria; <em>Escherichia coli</em>, <em>Klebsiella pneumonia</em>, <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em>, <em>Salmonella typhi</em> and <em>Shigella dysentria</em>. The proteins were isolated by gel filtration on sephadex G-75 column and tested for antibacterial activity. The crude, dialyzed and precipitated proteins were active against all Gram positive bacterial isolates tested but were inactive against all Gram negative bacterial isolates used. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the crude, precipitated and dialyzed proteins against the most significantly (p < 0.05) sensitive bacterial B. subtilis were 0.67, 0.73 and 3.34 mg/ml respectively while the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were 2.67, 1.46 and 6.67 mg/ml respectively. Isolation however, resulted in total loss of antibacterial activities. SDS/PAGE analysis showed that the seed contains different proteins with molecular weights ranging from 14,400 to 66,200 kDa. The results of this study suggest that <em>S. occidentalis</em> seed contains proteins that have narrow spectrum, synergetic antibacterial activity against important food spoilage bacterial and can therefore be exploited for the development of novel antibacterial agent(s) for food preservation.
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Al-Romaizan, Abeer N. "Behavior of 3-hydrazino-6-aryl-1,2,4-triazin-5-one as a strong nucleophile towards active electrophilic compounds and their antibacterial evaluation." Mediterranean Journal of Chemistry 9, no. 3 (2019): 279–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.13171/mjc93191014920aar.
Full textAbstract:
The behavior of 3-hydrazino-6-aryl-1,2,4-triazin-5-one towards the active electrophilic compounds in polar and/ or non-polar solvents and various times and temperatures, has been studied. N-[2-(3-(3/5-(4-Nitrophenyl)-5/3-thioxo-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-5-oxo-1,2,4-triazin-6-yl)phenyl]pivalamides were obtained from the reaction of N-(2-(3-hydrazineyl-5-oxo-1,2,4-triazin-6-yl)phenyl)-pivalamide with 4-nitrobenzoyl isothiocyanate in THF and/ or EtOH-piperidine respectively. Also, N-(2-(3-hydrazineyl-5-oxo-1,2,4-triazin-6-yl)phenyl)-pivalamide was shown a strong nucleophilic behavior by reaction with N-phenyl-thiourea to produce N-[2-(5-oxo-3-(2-(phenylcarbamothioyl)-hydrazineyl)-1,2,4-triazin-6-yl)phenyl]pivalamide, which upon cyclization with diethyl carbonate produced N-(2-(5-oxo-3-(5-oxo-4-phenyl-3-thioxo-1,2,4-triazolidin-1-yl)- 1,2,4-triazin-6-yl)phenyl)pivalamide. Moreover, N-(2-(3-hydrazineyl-5-oxo-1,2,4-triazin-6-yl)phenyl)pivalamide studied its behavior by reaction with cyanoacetic acid, chloroacetonitrile, and/ or benzoyl carbonitrile to produce N-(2-(3-amino-4,8-dioxo-4H-[1,2,4]triazino[4,3-b][1,2,4]triazin-7-yl)phenyl)pivalamide,N-(2-(4-amino-8-oxo-2H-[1,2,4]triazino[4,3-b][1,2,4]triazin-7-yl)phenyl)pivalamide and N-(2-(4-imino-8-oxo-3-phenyl-4H-[1,2,4] triazino [4,3-b][1,2,4]triazin-7-yl)phenyl)pivalamide. Structure of the products was established upon their elemental analysis and FT-IR, 1H/ 13C NMR, and MS. The new compounds were evaluated as antibacterial agents some Gram-positive and negative bacteria. Some compounds were showed the highest inhibition activity towards Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, and Sarcina lutea bacteria and lowest inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli bacteria.