Relevant bibliographies by topics / Back Reflectors

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Back Reflectors'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Back Reflectors"

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Lechte, Carsten, Walter Kasparek, Burkhard Plaum, Fritz Leuterer, Martin Schubert, Jörg Stober, and Dietmar Wagner. "Simulation of Polarising and Reflector Gratings for High Power mm Waves." EPJ Web of Conferences 203 (2019): 04010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201920304010.

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High power mm waves for fusion plasma heating need to be elliptically polarised to ensure good absorption in the plasma. In some scenarios, electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) at higher harmonics (X3 and O2) is used, but this has significant shine-through because of low single pass absorption. Grating reflectors at the inboard strike point form a holographic mirror that reflects the beam back into the plasma. This paper investigates the optical properties and ohmic losses of both the polariser and the reflectors with the 3D fullwave code IPF-FD3D. The reflection properties of a reflector for ASDEX Upgrade and the improved ohmic losses of a waveguide polariser were confirmed.
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Soni, V., A. Hadjadj, A. Chaudhuri, and G. Ben-Dor. "Shock-wave reflections over double-concave cylindrical reflectors." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 813 (January 17, 2017): 70–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2016.825.

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Numerical simulations were conducted to understand the different wave configurations associated with the shock-wave reflections over double-concave cylindrical surfaces. The reflectors were generated computationally by changing different geometrical parameters, such as the radii of curvature and the initial wedge angles. The incident-shock-wave Mach number was varied such as to cover subsonic, transonic and supersonic regimes of the flows induced by the incident shock. The study revealed a number of interesting wave features starting from the early stage of the shock interaction and transition to transitioned regular reflection (TRR) over the first concave surface, followed by complex shock reflections over the second one. Two new shock bifurcations have been found over the second wedge reflector, depending on the velocity of the additional wave that appears during the TRR over the first wedge reflector. Unlike the first reflector, the transition from a single-triple-point wave configuration (STP) to a double-triple-point wave configuration (DTP) and back occurred several times on the second reflector, indicating that the flow was capable of retaining the memory of the past events over the entire process.
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Biswas, Rana, Chun Xu, Sambit Pattnaik, Joydeep Bhattacharya, Nayan Chakravarty, and Vikram Dalal. "Photonic and plasmonic crystal based enhancement of solar cells- overcoming the Lambertian classical 4n2 limit." MRS Proceedings 1426 (2012): 137–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2012.1097.

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ABSTRACTLong wavelength photons in the red and near infrared region of the spectrum are poorly absorbed in thin film silicon cells, due to their long absorption lengths. Advanced light trapping methods are necessary to harvest these photons. The basic physical mechanisms underlying the enhanced light trapping in thin film solar cells using periodic back reflectors include strong diffraction coupled with light concentration. These will be contrasted with the scattering mechanisms involved in randomly textured back reflectors, which are commonly used for light trapping. A special class of conformal solar cells with plasmonic nano-pillar back reflectors will be described, that generates absorption beyond the classical 4n2 limit (the Lambertian limit) averaged over the entire wavelength range for nc-Si:H. The absorption beyond the classical limit exists for common 1 micron thick nc-Si:H cells, and is further enhanced for non-normal light. Predicted currents exceed 31 mA/cm2 for nc-Si:H. The nano-pillars are tapered into conical protrusions that enhance plasmonic effects. Such conformal nc-Si:H solar cells with the same device architecture were grown on periodic nano-hole, periodic nano-pillar substrates and compared with randomly textured substrates, formed by annealing Ag/ZnO or etched Ag/ZnO. The periodic back reflector solar cells with nano-pillars demonstrated higher quantum efficiency and higher photo-currents that were 1 mA/cm2higher than those for the randomly textured back reflectors. Losses within the experimental solar architectures are discussed.
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Ooshaksaraei, P., K. Sopian, R. Zulkifli, M. A. Alghoul, and Saleem H. Zaidi. "Characterization of a Bifacial Photovoltaic Panel Integrated with External Diffuse and Semimirror Type Reflectors." International Journal of Photoenergy 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/465837.

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Silicon wafer accounts for almost one-half the cost of a photovoltaic (PV) panel. A bifacial silicon solar cell is attractive due to its potential of enhancing power generation from the same silicon wafer in comparison with a conventional monofacial solar cell. The bifacial PV cell is able to capture solar radiation by back surface. This ability requires a suitable reflector appropriately oriented and separated from the cell’s rear surface. In order to optimize the bifacial solar cell performance with respect to an external back surface reflector, diffuse and semimirror reflectors were investigated at various angles and separations from the back surface. A simple bifacial solar panel, consisting of four monocrystalline Si solar cells, was designed and built. Reflection from the rear surface was provided by an extended semimirror and a white-painted diffuse reflector. Maximum power generation was observed at 30° with respect to ground for the semimirror reflector and 10° for diffuse reflector at an optimized reflector-panel separation of 115 mm. Output power enhancement of 20% and 15% from semimirror and diffuse reflectors, respectively, were observed. This loss from diffuse reflector is attributed to scattering of light beyond the rear surface capture cross-section of the bifacial solar panel.
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Li, Zeyu, Rusli E, Chenjin Lu, Ari Prakoso, Martin Foldyna, Rasha Khoury, Pavel Bulkin, et al. "Optical Study and Experimental Realization of Nanostructured Back Reflectors with Reduced Parasitic Losses for Silicon Thin Film Solar Cells." Nanomaterials 8, no. 8 (August 18, 2018): 626. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano8080626.

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We study light trapping and parasitic losses in hydrogenated amorphous silicon thin film solar cells fabricated by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition on nanostructured back reflectors. The back reflectors are patterned using polystyrene assisted lithography. By using O2 plasma etching of the polystyrene spheres, we managed to fabricate hexagonal nanostructured back reflectors. With the help of rigorous modeling, we study the parasitic losses in different back reflectors, non-active layers, and last but not least the light enhancement effect in the silicon absorber layer. Moreover, simulation results have been checked against experimental data. We have demonstrated hexagonal nanostructured amorphous silicon thin film solar cells with a power conversion efficiency of 7.7% and around 34.7% enhancement of the short-circuit current density, compared with planar amorphous silicon thin film solar cells.
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Narasimhan, M. S., and K. R. Govind. "Front-to-back ratio of paraboloidal reflectors." IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 39, no. 7 (July 1991): 877–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/8.86904.

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Pattnaik, Sambit, Nayan Chakravarty, Rana Biswas, D. Slafer, and Vikram Dalal. "Light-trapping in Thin Film Silicon Solar Cells with a Combination of Periodic and Randomly Textured Back-reflectors." MRS Proceedings 1426 (2012): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2012.888.

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ABSTRACTLight trapping is essential to harvest long wavelength red and near-infrared photons in thin film silicon solar cells. Traditionally light trapping has been achieved with a randomly roughened Ag/ZnO back reflector, which scatters incoming light uniformly through all angles, and enhances currents and cell efficiencies over a flat back reflector. A new approach using periodically textured photonic-plasmonic arrays has been recently shown to be very promising for harvesting long wavelength photons, through diffraction of light and plasmonic light concentration. Here we investigate the combination of these two approaches of random scattering and plasmonic effects to increase cell performance even further. An array of periodic conical back reflectors was fabricated by nanoimprint lithography and coated with Ag. These back reflectors were systematically annealed to generate different amounts of random texture, at smaller spatial scales, superimposed on a larger scale periodic texture. nc-Si solar cells were grown on flat, periodic photonic-plasmonic substrates, and randomly roughened photonic-plasmonic substrates. There were large improvements (>20%) in the current and light absorption of the photonic-plasmonic substrates relative to flat. The additional random features introduced on the photonic-plasmonic substrates did not improve the current and light absorption further, over a large range of randomization features.
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Liu, Jun-Chin, Chen-Cheng Lin, Yu-Hung Chen, Chien-Liang Wu, Chia-Ming Fan, Yu-Ming Wang, and Chung-Yuan Kung. "Enhancing Light-Trapping Properties of Amorphous Si Thin-Film Solar Cells Containing High-Reflective Silver Conductors Fabricated Using a Nonvacuum Process." International Journal of Photoenergy 2014 (2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/627127.

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We proposed a low-cost and highly reflective liquid organic sheet silver conductor using back contact reflectors in amorphous silicon (a-Si) single junction superstrate configuration thin-film solar cells produced using a nonvacuum screen printing process. A comparison of silver conductor samples with vacuum-system-sputtered silver samples indicated that the short-circuit current density (Jsc) of sheet silver conductor cells was higher than 1.25 mA/cm2. Using external quantum efficiency measurements, the sheet silver conductor using back contact reflectors in cells was observed to effectively enhance the light-trapping ability in a long wavelength region (between 600 nm and 800 nm). Consequently, we achieved an optimal initial active area efficiency and module conversion efficiency of 9.02% and 6.55%, respectively, for the a-Si solar cells. The results indicated that the highly reflective sheet silver conductor back contact reflector layer prepared using a nonvacuum process is a suitable candidate for high-performance a-Si thin-film solar cells.
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Gondek, Ewa, and Paweł Karasiński. "One-dimensional photonic crystals as selective back reflectors." Optics & Laser Technology 48 (June 2013): 438–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2012.11.012.

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Ding, I.-Kang, Jia Zhu, Wenshan Cai, Soo-Jin Moon, Ning Cai, Peng Wang, Shaik M. Zakeeruddin, et al. "Plasmonic Back Reflectors: Plasmonic Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells." Advanced Energy Materials 1, no. 1 (December 30, 2010): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201190003.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Back Reflectors"

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Schleussner, Sebastian Michael. "ZrN Back-Contact Reflectors and Ga Gradients in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Solar Cells." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Fasta tillståndets elektronik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-151402.

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Solar cells constitute the most direct way of converting solar energy to electricity, and thin-film solar-cell technologies have lately been growing in importance, allowing the fabrication of less expensive modules that nonetheless have good power-conversion efficiencies. This thesis focuses on solar cells based on Cu(In,Ga)Se2, which is the thin-film technology that has shown the highest conversion efficiency to date, reaching 20.3 % on the laboratory scale. Solar modules still have some way to go to become entirely competitive with existing energy technologies, and there are two possible paths to this goal: Firstly, reducing their manufacturing costs, for instance by minimizing the material usage per module and/or by increasing the throughput of a given factory; and secondly, increasing the power output per module in other words, the module efficiency. The subject matters of this thesis are related to those two approaches. The first issue investigated is the possibility for reducing the thickness of the Cu(In,Ga)Se2 layer and compensating for lost absorption by using a ZrN back reflector. ZrN layers are fabricated by reactive sputtering and I present a method for tuning the sputtering parameters so as to obtain a back reflector with good optical, electrical and mechanical properties. The reflector layer cannot be used directly in CIGS devices, but relatively good devices can be achieved with a precursor providing a homogeneous supply of Na, the addition of a very thin sacrificial Mo layer that allows the formation of a film of MoSe2 passivating the back contact, and optionally a Ga gradient that further keeps electrons away from the back contact. The second field of study concerns the three-stage CIGS coevaporation process, which is widely used in research labs around the world and has yielded small-area cells with highest efficiencies, but has not yet made it to large scale production. My focus lies on the development and the effect of gradients in the [Ga]/[In+Ga] ratio. On the one hand, I investigate 'intrinsic' gradients (ones that form autonomously during the evaporation), and present a formation model based on the differing diffusivity of Ga and In atoms in CIGS and on the development along the quasi-binary tie line between (In,Ga)2Se3 and Cu2Se. On the other hand, I determine how the process should be designed in order to preserve 'extrinsic' gradients due to interdiffusion. Lastly, I examine the electrical effects of Ga-enhancement at the back and at the front of the absorber and of In-enhancement at the front. Over a wide range, In-rich top layers prove to have no or a weakly beneficial effect, while Ga-rich top regions pose a high risk to have a devastating effect on device performance.
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Lewis, Brian Wellington. "Silica nanosphere textured back reflectors for increased absorption in thin film amorphous silicon solar cells." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2010. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1476317.

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Curtin, Benjamin Michael. "Photonic crystal back-reflectors for light management and enhanced absorption in a-Si:H solar cells." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2009. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1468075.

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Boesch, Ryan Paul. "SiO₂ nanosphere textured back reflectors for enhanced light trapping in amorphous and nanocrystalline silicon solar cells." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2009. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1464182.

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Hammoud, Mohamad. "Etude et conception d'antennes imprimées sectorielles à faibles lobes arrière pour réseau Wi-Fi outdoor maillé." Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTS032.

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Dans le cadre du réseau maillé Wi-Fi sur la bande 2,4 GHz en environnement outdoor, nous concevons des antennes sectorielles à très faible rapport de rayonnement avant – arrière. Ceci permet de limiter les interférences co-canales. Nous étudions tout d'abord des éléments rayonnants associés à un plan réflecteur en métamatériau. Ce dernier est basé sur une structure de Sievenpiper dite structure « champignon ». Cette structure est constituée de motifs périodiques imprimés sur un substrat. A l’aide de simulations des diagrammes de dispersion, et de la phase du coefficient de réflexion sur ces structures, avec de nombreux résultats issus de la littérature, nous caractérisons ces plans réflecteurs. Nous sommes alors en mesure de proposer des critères sur la géométrie des motifs pour que le comportement haute impédance de la structure coïncide avec la bande électromagnétique interdite. Le comportement des antennes, élément rayonnant et réflecteur, présente des performances de rayonnement et de bandes passantes très intéressantes. Pour des raisons budgétaires cette structure n'est pas retenue. Une partie de cette thèse explore alors l'effet de la géométrie des éléments rayonnants imprimés associés aux réflecteurs sur les performances en gain et sur le rapport avant/arrière. Le choix se porte sur une géométrie de type boucle. Ce travail est mené tant grâce à des simulations électromagnétiques 3D ainsi qu'à des expérimentations. Des mesures sur terrain d'un prototype d'un système constitué de trois antennes tri-sectorielles munis d'un radôme valide et clôt l'étude
In the frame of outdoor meshed Wi-Fi network operating in the 2.4 GHz frequency band, we conceive sectoral antennas with very low front to back radiation ratio. This should limit co-channel interferences between neighboring base stations. We first study radiating elements in microstrip technology associated with a reflector based on metamaterials. The latter is based on the structure of Sievenpiper, the so-called "mushroom" structure. This structure comprises periodic pattern sprinted on a substrate. Simulations of the dispersion diagram and of the phase of the reflection coefficient, linked to numerous results from the literature, allow us to perform a full-through characterization of these reflectors. We can therefore propose a criterion on the geometry of the patterns bringing the high-impedance frequency band within the forbidden electromagnetic bandgap. The behavior of the overall antenna, radiant element and reflector, exhibits very interesting performances considering bandwidth and radiation lobes. For economic reasons, this structure is not retained and we switch to a simple perfect electric conductor plane. A part of this thesis explores the impact of printed antenna geometry and its associated reflector on the gain and front to back ratio characteristics. We finally choose a loop geometry. This work is achieved with 3D electromagnetic simulations and with outdoor measurements. On-field experiments on a prototype comprising 3 tri-sectoral antennas assembled under a Radome validate and concludes the study
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Mokoena, Onthatile Mmathabo. "Conditions for a Successful/Unsuccessful Reintegration Process back to High School : Former Adolescent Mothers’ Recollections/Reflections." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/78586.

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The following study explores the conditions under which former adolescent mothers were successfully or unsuccessfully reintegrated back into high school before and after giving birth. 12 semi-structured, in-depth, interviews were conducted with former adolescent mothers aged 22-23. An exploratory qualitative research approach was adopted as the study sought to acquire information that was specific to the social context and opinions of the former adolescent mothers. In addition, the study sought to explore the factors that contributed to the successful or unsuccessful reintegration of former adolescent mothers back into schools making sense of their recollections of their experiences before and after giving birth. The findings show that despite the interlinked causal factors that may have led to the unplanned pregnancies of adolescent mothers, the journey of adolescent pregnancy and motherhood worked to reinforce their motivation to complete school. Furthermore, the findings indicate that successful reintegration into high school and dealing with adolescent pregnancy and motherhood required various interventions that involved schools, families and the community to ensure the best possible chances for successful reintegration into high school. Recommendations were suggested in the study to enhance the provision of support interventions in managing adolescent pregnancy and parenthood, including, revised curriculum of sexual education, educator training and development, as well as provision of support by families and communities.
Mini Dissertation (MSoSci)--University of Pretoria, 2020.
Sociology
MSoSci
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Hayward, Nathan. "Marine geophysical study of the Eurasian-African plate boundary in the vicinity of Gorringe Bank." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1996. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:e2ca90ad-c2e3-4495-97da-f5cc8bcf1e74.

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The Gorringe Bank region is located at the eastern end of the Azores-Gibraltar plate boundary, which plate kinematic studies show to progressively change from extension at the Azores, through pure right lateral strike slip at the Gloria fault to compression at Gibraltar. The region is dominated by high relief (4-5 km), highly deformed, uncompensated, ENE-WSW trending seamounts and intervening abyssal plains with basin sediment thicknesses in excess of 4 km and minimal surface deformation. Gorringe Bank, which was formed by overthrusting of the African plate upon the Eurasian plate at about 10 Ma along the plate boundary, is supported in part by exure of the Eurasian plate, as indicated by pre-loading sediments and basement to the north which are tilted towards Gorringe Bank. Broken plate models show the Eurasian plate to have an elastic thickness of about 35 km which is in agreement with that expected for the crustal age (130-135 Ma) at the time of loading. Coral Patch Ridge was formed by a combination of thrust faulting and whole crustal buckling resulting from the past 20 Ma compression and was partially uplifted before deposition of an olistostrome in the Middle Miocene. Recent compressional deformation is distributed over a wide region, as indicated by the dispersed shallow seismicity and has a trend which rotates from approximately N45oE to N70oE from west to east across the region, near perpendicular to westward verging plate motion vectors. The majority of extensional and strike-slip deformation is explained by a regional strike-slip strain ellipse model, including an antithetic NNE-SSW strike slip fault between Gettysburg and Hirondelle seamounts which marks the boundary between the Eastern and Western Horseshoe Basins. Isostatic models for the Madeira-Tore Rise, which initially formed at the Mid Atlantic Ridge, give an elastic thickness of approximately 15 km indicating that significant material was added to the Rise as it moved away from the Ridge.
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Comanescu, Anton. "To talk or not to talk: reflections on Central Bank communication from a behavioral perspective." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210078.

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The paper investigates the role of central bank communication for monetary policy implementation. Firstly, we use a multi-disciplinary approach to disentangle several problematic contingencies of central bank communication, analyzing from this perspective the role of complex phenomena such as public opinion, perceptions, beliefs, framing, subjective probability, rhetoric, persuasion, cognitive limits and distortions, psychological and cultural biases etc. The result is a comprehensive survey of theory and practice in central bank communication, from the perspective of political science, social-psychology and media studies. Secondly, we attempt to draw on more psychological realism to central bank communication in the context of financial crises, using a parallel with risk management in the case of natural disasters. Thirdly, we conceive central bank information as a public good, thereby we construct a novel schematic model of supply and demand based on two respective behavioral logistic functions, in order to derive central bank informational equilibrium.
Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Hill, Christopher Austin. "“But It Was Changing,” “And Now I Can’t Go Back”: Reflections of a Changing Ireland In the Work of Conor McPherson." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1274909465.

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Attygalle, Dinesh. "Electrochemical Deposition of Transparent Conducting Oxides for Photovoltaic Applications." Connect to full text in OhioLINK ETD Center, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1229464154.

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Books on the topic "Back Reflectors"

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Back to beginnings: Reflections on the Tao. Boston: Shambhala, 1994.

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Reflections from man to God and back. Huntington Station, NY: Quixotic Publishing, 2007.

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Zicheng, Hong. Back to beginnings: Reflections on the Tao. Boston: Shambhala, 1990.

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Bank, Asian Development. ADB reflections & beyond. Mandaluyong City, Metro Manila, Philippines: Asian Development Bank, 2009.

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Nokkentved, Niels Sparre. Back road daydreams: Reflections on the great outdoors. [United States: N.S. Nokkenved], 2010.

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Campbell, Roderic. Looking back: Gordon Samuels : a university chancellor reflects. Sydney: UNSW Archives, 2005.

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Reminiscences and reflections. Kathmandu: Himalaya Shumsher, 2012.

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Gardner, Jenny. Looking back-- reflections on 25 years, 1965 to 1990. Nedlands, W.A: University of Western Australia, Dept. of Social Work and Social Administration, 1990.

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Sherlock, Patti. Taking back our lives: Reflections for survivors of child abuse. Chicago: ACTA Publications, 2003.

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Swan, Charles A. No turning back now: Reflections on life and experience in ministry. Halifax, Nova Scotia: Oxford Street Press, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Back Reflectors"

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Fretheim, B. Solveig. "Back to Bach." In Narratives and Reflections in Music Education, 237–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28707-8_18.

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Howie, Ian. "From Melbourne and Back Again." In Reflections on a United Nations' Career, 1–12. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77063-1_1.

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Chan, Chris K. C. "6. Where Have All the Workers Gone? Reflections on the Role of Trade Unions during the Umbrella Movement." In Take Back Our Future, edited by Ching Kwan Lee and Ming Sing, 123–43. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/9781501740930-007.

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Kaiser, Wolfram. "Bringing People and Ideas Back in: Historical Research on the European Union." In Reflections on European Integration, 22–39. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230232839_3.

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Joerges, Bernward. "Reflections on the Millennium, Calendars, and the Gregorian Hegemony." In Social Studies of Science and Technology: Looking Back, Ahead, 261–91. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0185-4_13.

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Korte, Barbara. "Mumbai's Slums on London's South Bank: Ethics and Aesthetics of Staging Poverty ˋGlobally'." In Representations & Reflections, 27–42. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.14220/9783737013208.27.

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Dhume, Rajashree, and Puran Gour. "Bandwidth Enhancement by Using Spiral Back Reflector for Wireless Communication." In Proceedings of the International Conference on Soft Computing Systems, 471–80. New Delhi: Springer India, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2671-0_45.

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Beccalli, Elena. "Evaluating the Performance of Investments in IT: Reflections on the Productivity and Profitability Paradox." In IT and European Bank Performance, 42–68. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230591981_3.

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Hunt, Xanthe, Leslie Swartz, Stine Hellum Braathen, Mark T. Carew, Mussa Chiwaula, and Poul Rohleder. "The Meaning of Participation: Reflections on Our Study." In Physical Disability and Sexuality, 139–49. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55567-2_10.

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AbstractIn Chapter 10.1007/978-3-030-55567-2_1 we provided a discussion of participatory research as a method for doing research, and provided an outline of what we did in the research project upon which this book is based. In this final chapter, we reflect back on our experiences of doing a participatory research project of this kind.
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Ekman, Peter, Eva Maaninen-Olsson, and Angelina Sundström. "Bringing Practitioner into the Classroom: Student Reflections and Learning Types: An Abstract." In Back to the Future: Using Marketing Basics to Provide Customer Value, 677–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66023-3_219.

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Conference papers on the topic "Back Reflectors"

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Tan, Lin Tze, and Sergio Pellegrino. "Stiffness Design of Spring Back Reflectors." In 43rd AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2002-1498.

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Martin, Pedro Jesse, and Govindasamy Tamizhmani. "Optimization of Back Reflectors for Bifacial Photovoltaic Modules." In 2019 IEEE 46th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pvsc40753.2019.8980783.

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Lu, Chen-Han, Hsiu-Wei Su, and Yung-Jr Hung. "Backside-illuminated CMOS photodiodes with polysilicon grating back-reflectors." In CLEO: Applications and Technology. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_at.2017.jth2a.97.

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Haug, Franz-Josef, Jia Li, and Christophe Ballif. "Parasitic absorption effects in metallic back reflectors with texture." In 2014 IEEE 40th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pvsc.2014.6925586.

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Adhikari, Sushil, Mukul Dubey, Zhihe Zhao, David Galipeau, and Qi Hua Fan. "Quantitative evaluation of texture characteristics of solar cell back reflectors." In 2013 IEEE International Conference on Electro/ Information Technology (EIT). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eit.2013.6632648.

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Aho, Timo, Tapio Niemi, Federica Cappelluti, Antti Tukiainen, Farid Elsehrawy, and Mircea Guina. "Structured Metal/Polymer Back Reflectors for III–V Solar Cells." In Optical Nanostructures and Advanced Materials for Photovoltaics. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/pv.2017.jw5a.23.

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Tukiainen, Antti, Arto Aho, Timo Aho, Ville Polojarvi, and Mircea Guina. "Design considerations on GaInNAs solar cells with back surface reflectors." In 2017 IEEE 44th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pvsc.2017.8366600.

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Wang, C. A. "Wafer-Bonded Internal Back-Surface Reflectors for Enhanced TPV Performance." In THERMOPHOTOVOLTAIC GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY: Fifth Conference on Thermophotovoltaic Generation of Electricity. AIP, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1539402.

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Smay, Joshua, Ola Rashwan, James Then, and Darien Perez. "Investigation of Parasitic Absorption in Back Contact of CdTe Solar Cells." In ASME 2018 12th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2018 Power Conference and the ASME 2018 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2018-7533.

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Thin film solar cells (TFSC) differ from the conventional wafer solar cell panels in that they are a fraction of the thickness, hence they boast reduced material costs, lighter weight, and possible flexibility. To improve their light-trapping and absorption efficiency, manufacturers currently use nanometer scale texturing. When manufacturing nano textured thin film solar cells in the substrate configuration, the back reflector is also textured. It has been observed that a textured back reflector leads to parasitic light absorption in silicon solar cells. This occurrence reduces the back reflector effectiveness, and thus reduces absorption in the absorber layer and overall efficiency. However, there is little to no similar research done for thin film (CdTe/CdS) solar cells devices. In this work, wave optical analyses of thin film CdTe/CdS solar cells with and without nano texturing on the metal back reflectors were simulated using ANSYS ANSOFT High Frequency Structural Simulator (HFSS). The optical analyses yielded percentage absorptions for unit cells with four absorber thicknesses range between 250- to 1000 nm, with and without a textured back reflector over six wavelengths range from 360nm to 860 nm, and with 3 different back contact metals (Au, Ag, and Al). It was noted that the textured back contacts show a substantial increase in the absorption in the active CdTe layer in the infrared range. Additionally, back reflector texturing increases the parasitic absorption in the metal back reflector layer as well, especially with ultrathin absorber layer. It was also found that additional parasitic absorption due to a textured back reflector has less of an impact on absorption as the active absorber thickness increases to 500 nm, 750 nm, or 1000 nm. Finally, silver (Ag) as back contact outperforms both aluminum (Al) and gold (Au). This finding might be crucial to solar cell manufacturers because it could possibly be an overlooked factor in achieving higher efficiencies for relatively thin cells.
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Guo, Jia, Xiaolu Liao, and Jian-Jun He. "Tunable Single-Mode Half-Wave Coupled Laser Using Two Back-to-Back Corner-Connected TIR Reflectors." In Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Pacific Rim. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleopr.2018.w1j.5.

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Reports on the topic "Back Reflectors"

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C.A. Wang, P.G. Murphy, P.W. O'Brien, D.A. Shiau, A.C. Anderson, Z.L. Liau, D.M. Depoy, and G. Nichols. Wafer-Bonded Internal Back-Surface Reflectors for Enhanced TPV Performance. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/821703.

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RK Huang, CA Wang, MK Connors, GW Turner, and M Dashiell. Hybrid Back Surface Reflector GaInAsSb Thermophotovoltaic Devices. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/836454.

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Fischer, Stanley. Reflections on One Year at the Bank of Israel. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w12426.

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C.A. Wang, R.K. Huang, D.A. Shiau, M.K. Connors, P.G. Murphy, P.W. O'brien, A.C. Anderson, D.M. DePoy, G. Nichols, and M.N. Palmasiano. GaInAsSb/A1GaAsSb/Sb Thermophotovoltaic Devices With an Internal Back-Surface Reflector Formed by Wafer Bonding. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/821864.

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Klein, Richard, Katy Harris, Inès Bakhtaoui, Andrea Lindblom, and Marcus Carson. Building climate diplomacy back better: imagining the UNFCCC meetings of tomorrow. Stockholm Environment Institute, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51414/sei2021.019.

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Could the future of our planet be decided on Zoom? The feasibility of “online climate negotiations” was the issue the OnCliNe project initially set out to assess. However, experiences over the last 18 months illustrated that many of the diverse activities organised under the umbrella of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) could be held online, albeit with challenges. The real question was whether they could be held in ways that increase the effectiveness, inclusiveness and transparency of the UNFCCC process. This report reflects the sentiment of many stakeholders that there is an opportunity to harness the interruption and introspection that the pandemic imposed into a “positive disruption” of the process. If actions taken now can transcend the tendency to return to “business as usual” as soon as circumstances allow, and instead work towards a meaningful transformation of the climate talks, the UNFCCC process can be made more fit for purpose for tackling one of humanity’s greatest challenges. This will require creativity, courage, and active and decisive leadership.
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Looking Back, Looking Forward: Reflections and Recommendations for the Next Phase of Community First: Impacts of Community Engagement (CFICE). Carleton University, May 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.22215/cfice-2015-01.

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Office of Institutional Integrity and Sanctions System: Annual Report 2020. Inter-American Development Bank, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003291.

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This Annual Report reflects the work of the Office of Institutional Integrity (OII), the Sanctions Officer (SO) and the Sanctions Committee (SNC), which together are responsible for overseeing the management of integrity risk at the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) Group.
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