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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Back Reflectors'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Schleussner, Sebastian Michael. "ZrN Back-Contact Reflectors and Ga Gradients in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Solar Cells." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Fasta tillståndets elektronik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-151402.

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Solar cells constitute the most direct way of converting solar energy to electricity, and thin-film solar-cell technologies have lately been growing in importance, allowing the fabrication of less expensive modules that nonetheless have good power-conversion efficiencies. This thesis focuses on solar cells based on Cu(In,Ga)Se2, which is the thin-film technology that has shown the highest conversion efficiency to date, reaching 20.3 % on the laboratory scale. Solar modules still have some way to go to become entirely competitive with existing energy technologies, and there are two possible paths to this goal: Firstly, reducing their manufacturing costs, for instance by minimizing the material usage per module and/or by increasing the throughput of a given factory; and secondly, increasing the power output per module in other words, the module efficiency. The subject matters of this thesis are related to those two approaches. The first issue investigated is the possibility for reducing the thickness of the Cu(In,Ga)Se2 layer and compensating for lost absorption by using a ZrN back reflector. ZrN layers are fabricated by reactive sputtering and I present a method for tuning the sputtering parameters so as to obtain a back reflector with good optical, electrical and mechanical properties. The reflector layer cannot be used directly in CIGS devices, but relatively good devices can be achieved with a precursor providing a homogeneous supply of Na, the addition of a very thin sacrificial Mo layer that allows the formation of a film of MoSe2 passivating the back contact, and optionally a Ga gradient that further keeps electrons away from the back contact. The second field of study concerns the three-stage CIGS coevaporation process, which is widely used in research labs around the world and has yielded small-area cells with highest efficiencies, but has not yet made it to large scale production. My focus lies on the development and the effect of gradients in the [Ga]/[In+Ga] ratio. On the one hand, I investigate 'intrinsic' gradients (ones that form autonomously during the evaporation), and present a formation model based on the differing diffusivity of Ga and In atoms in CIGS and on the development along the quasi-binary tie line between (In,Ga)2Se3 and Cu2Se. On the other hand, I determine how the process should be designed in order to preserve 'extrinsic' gradients due to interdiffusion. Lastly, I examine the electrical effects of Ga-enhancement at the back and at the front of the absorber and of In-enhancement at the front. Over a wide range, In-rich top layers prove to have no or a weakly beneficial effect, while Ga-rich top regions pose a high risk to have a devastating effect on device performance.
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2

Lewis, Brian Wellington. "Silica nanosphere textured back reflectors for increased absorption in thin film amorphous silicon solar cells." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2010. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1476317.

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3

Curtin, Benjamin Michael. "Photonic crystal back-reflectors for light management and enhanced absorption in a-Si:H solar cells." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2009. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1468075.

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4

Boesch, Ryan Paul. "SiO₂ nanosphere textured back reflectors for enhanced light trapping in amorphous and nanocrystalline silicon solar cells." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2009. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1464182.

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5

Hammoud, Mohamad. "Etude et conception d'antennes imprimées sectorielles à faibles lobes arrière pour réseau Wi-Fi outdoor maillé." Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTS032.

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Dans le cadre du réseau maillé Wi-Fi sur la bande 2,4 GHz en environnement outdoor, nous concevons des antennes sectorielles à très faible rapport de rayonnement avant – arrière. Ceci permet de limiter les interférences co-canales. Nous étudions tout d'abord des éléments rayonnants associés à un plan réflecteur en métamatériau. Ce dernier est basé sur une structure de Sievenpiper dite structure « champignon ». Cette structure est constituée de motifs périodiques imprimés sur un substrat. A l’aide de simulations des diagrammes de dispersion, et de la phase du coefficient de réflexion sur ces structures, avec de nombreux résultats issus de la littérature, nous caractérisons ces plans réflecteurs. Nous sommes alors en mesure de proposer des critères sur la géométrie des motifs pour que le comportement haute impédance de la structure coïncide avec la bande électromagnétique interdite. Le comportement des antennes, élément rayonnant et réflecteur, présente des performances de rayonnement et de bandes passantes très intéressantes. Pour des raisons budgétaires cette structure n'est pas retenue. Une partie de cette thèse explore alors l'effet de la géométrie des éléments rayonnants imprimés associés aux réflecteurs sur les performances en gain et sur le rapport avant/arrière. Le choix se porte sur une géométrie de type boucle. Ce travail est mené tant grâce à des simulations électromagnétiques 3D ainsi qu'à des expérimentations. Des mesures sur terrain d'un prototype d'un système constitué de trois antennes tri-sectorielles munis d'un radôme valide et clôt l'étude
In the frame of outdoor meshed Wi-Fi network operating in the 2.4 GHz frequency band, we conceive sectoral antennas with very low front to back radiation ratio. This should limit co-channel interferences between neighboring base stations. We first study radiating elements in microstrip technology associated with a reflector based on metamaterials. The latter is based on the structure of Sievenpiper, the so-called "mushroom" structure. This structure comprises periodic pattern sprinted on a substrate. Simulations of the dispersion diagram and of the phase of the reflection coefficient, linked to numerous results from the literature, allow us to perform a full-through characterization of these reflectors. We can therefore propose a criterion on the geometry of the patterns bringing the high-impedance frequency band within the forbidden electromagnetic bandgap. The behavior of the overall antenna, radiant element and reflector, exhibits very interesting performances considering bandwidth and radiation lobes. For economic reasons, this structure is not retained and we switch to a simple perfect electric conductor plane. A part of this thesis explores the impact of printed antenna geometry and its associated reflector on the gain and front to back ratio characteristics. We finally choose a loop geometry. This work is achieved with 3D electromagnetic simulations and with outdoor measurements. On-field experiments on a prototype comprising 3 tri-sectoral antennas assembled under a Radome validate and concludes the study
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6

Mokoena, Onthatile Mmathabo. "Conditions for a Successful/Unsuccessful Reintegration Process back to High School : Former Adolescent Mothers’ Recollections/Reflections." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/78586.

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The following study explores the conditions under which former adolescent mothers were successfully or unsuccessfully reintegrated back into high school before and after giving birth. 12 semi-structured, in-depth, interviews were conducted with former adolescent mothers aged 22-23. An exploratory qualitative research approach was adopted as the study sought to acquire information that was specific to the social context and opinions of the former adolescent mothers. In addition, the study sought to explore the factors that contributed to the successful or unsuccessful reintegration of former adolescent mothers back into schools making sense of their recollections of their experiences before and after giving birth. The findings show that despite the interlinked causal factors that may have led to the unplanned pregnancies of adolescent mothers, the journey of adolescent pregnancy and motherhood worked to reinforce their motivation to complete school. Furthermore, the findings indicate that successful reintegration into high school and dealing with adolescent pregnancy and motherhood required various interventions that involved schools, families and the community to ensure the best possible chances for successful reintegration into high school. Recommendations were suggested in the study to enhance the provision of support interventions in managing adolescent pregnancy and parenthood, including, revised curriculum of sexual education, educator training and development, as well as provision of support by families and communities.
Mini Dissertation (MSoSci)--University of Pretoria, 2020.
Sociology
MSoSci
Unrestricted
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7

Hayward, Nathan. "Marine geophysical study of the Eurasian-African plate boundary in the vicinity of Gorringe Bank." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1996. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:e2ca90ad-c2e3-4495-97da-f5cc8bcf1e74.

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The Gorringe Bank region is located at the eastern end of the Azores-Gibraltar plate boundary, which plate kinematic studies show to progressively change from extension at the Azores, through pure right lateral strike slip at the Gloria fault to compression at Gibraltar. The region is dominated by high relief (4-5 km), highly deformed, uncompensated, ENE-WSW trending seamounts and intervening abyssal plains with basin sediment thicknesses in excess of 4 km and minimal surface deformation. Gorringe Bank, which was formed by overthrusting of the African plate upon the Eurasian plate at about 10 Ma along the plate boundary, is supported in part by exure of the Eurasian plate, as indicated by pre-loading sediments and basement to the north which are tilted towards Gorringe Bank. Broken plate models show the Eurasian plate to have an elastic thickness of about 35 km which is in agreement with that expected for the crustal age (130-135 Ma) at the time of loading. Coral Patch Ridge was formed by a combination of thrust faulting and whole crustal buckling resulting from the past 20 Ma compression and was partially uplifted before deposition of an olistostrome in the Middle Miocene. Recent compressional deformation is distributed over a wide region, as indicated by the dispersed shallow seismicity and has a trend which rotates from approximately N45oE to N70oE from west to east across the region, near perpendicular to westward verging plate motion vectors. The majority of extensional and strike-slip deformation is explained by a regional strike-slip strain ellipse model, including an antithetic NNE-SSW strike slip fault between Gettysburg and Hirondelle seamounts which marks the boundary between the Eastern and Western Horseshoe Basins. Isostatic models for the Madeira-Tore Rise, which initially formed at the Mid Atlantic Ridge, give an elastic thickness of approximately 15 km indicating that significant material was added to the Rise as it moved away from the Ridge.
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8

Comanescu, Anton. "To talk or not to talk: reflections on Central Bank communication from a behavioral perspective." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210078.

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The paper investigates the role of central bank communication for monetary policy implementation. Firstly, we use a multi-disciplinary approach to disentangle several problematic contingencies of central bank communication, analyzing from this perspective the role of complex phenomena such as public opinion, perceptions, beliefs, framing, subjective probability, rhetoric, persuasion, cognitive limits and distortions, psychological and cultural biases etc. The result is a comprehensive survey of theory and practice in central bank communication, from the perspective of political science, social-psychology and media studies. Secondly, we attempt to draw on more psychological realism to central bank communication in the context of financial crises, using a parallel with risk management in the case of natural disasters. Thirdly, we conceive central bank information as a public good, thereby we construct a novel schematic model of supply and demand based on two respective behavioral logistic functions, in order to derive central bank informational equilibrium.
Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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9

Hill, Christopher Austin. "“But It Was Changing,” “And Now I Can’t Go Back”: Reflections of a Changing Ireland In the Work of Conor McPherson." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1274909465.

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10

Attygalle, Dinesh. "Electrochemical Deposition of Transparent Conducting Oxides for Photovoltaic Applications." Connect to full text in OhioLINK ETD Center, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1229464154.

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11

Hass, Andrew Wilfred. "Poetics and the philosophy of reflection : with particular attention to W.H. Auden's The sea and the mirror as it reflects back to its predecessors and forward to postmodernism." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1996. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/3530/.

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This thesis examines how a poetics may emerge from both the possibilities and the limits peculiar to the metaphor of the mirror and the concept of reflection. Working from a particular history of Western ideas that moves from Plato through to postmodernism, the examination focuses on W.H. Auden, whose treatment and utilization of reflection within The Sea and the Mirror, a long and variegated poem and commentary upon Shakespeare's late play The Tempest, act as a template for an expanded notion of poetics. It is argued that this poetics affirms the creative process by a breaking down of the borders between reflection and what is being reflected, thereby necessitating a reinscribing of those borders self-reflexively and ironically, and in tum necessitating a reevaluation of the respective tasks and boundaries of philosopher, artist and theologian. As suggested by Auden and The Sea and the Mirror, this poetics draws upon texts from a variety of historical periods and a variety of theoretical disciplines. The texts investigated in this thesis include: the "text" of a certain history of ideas defmed as the philosophy of reflection; Shakespeare's The Tempest; Robert Browning's Caliban Upon Setebos; Auden's later poem Friday's Child as well as many of his critical writings; and the theoretical notions and theologies of such contemporary thinkers as Jean-Luc Marion and Jacques Derrida as they themselves interact with the texts of the Bible, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Heidegger, and many other thinkers who have been critical of the West's metaphysical and onto-theological traditions. The bringing together of such texts is meant to show that, upon a continual reinvention of previous texts, the distinctions between an original and a copy, a poem and a commentary, or imaginative and theoretical discourse, begin to blur, and that the resulting negations and recreations, as variously represented by the figure of the "0", mark out a new inclusive arena for philosophy, art and theology. It is argued that this circular arena or stage does not, however, preclude the possibility of a "Wholly Other", but that, in line with the traditlolJ;,~~~5lIive theology, any theology seeking an non-idolatrous notion of GOd'"fWil1:.IJtq;lnd upon a doctrine of creation l~ ~ .... -'. . as suggested by Auden, where reverential silence is reached through the ironiesand inversions of conscious artifice as a "rite". In this sense, it is thus suggested that any philosophy or art probing the paradoxes and fissures of its own mirrorlike creations necessarily opens up new theological possibilities
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12

Dahal, Lila R. "Spectroscopic Ellipsometry Studies of Thin Film a-Si:H Solar Cell Fabrication by Multichamber Deposition in the n-i-p Substrate Configuration." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1365202814.

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13

"Optimization of Back Reflectors for Bifacial Photovoltaic Modules." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.53954.

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abstract: Demand for green energy alternatives to provide stable and reliable energy solutions has increased over the years which has led to the rapid expansion of global markets in renewable energy sources such as solar photovoltaic (PV) technology. Newest amongst these technologies is the Bifacial PV modules, which harvests incident radiation from both sides of the module. The overall power generation can be significantly increased by using these bifacial modules. The purpose of this research is to investigate and maximize the effect of back reflectors, designed to increase the efficiency of the module by utilizing the intercell light passing through the module to increase the incident irradiance, on the energy output using different profiles placed at varied distances from the plane of the array (POA). The optimum reflector profile and displacement of the reflector from the module are determined experimentally. Theoretically, a 60-cell bifacial module can produce 26% additional energy in comparison to a 48-cell bifacial module due to the 12 excess cells found in the 60-cell module. It was determined that bifacial modules have the capacity to produce additional energy when optimized back reflectors are utilized. The inverted U reflector produced higher energy gain when placed at farther distances from the module, indicating direct dependent proportionality between the placement distance of the reflector from the module and the output energy gain. It performed the best out of all current construction geometries with reflective coatings, generating more than half of the additional energy produced by a densely-spaced 60-cell benchmark module compared to a sparsely-spaced 48-cell reference module.ii A gain of 11 and 14% was recorded on cloudy and sunny days respectively for the inverted U reflector. This implies a reduction in the additional cells of the 60-cell module by 50% can produce the same amount of energy of the 60-cell module by a 48-cell module with an inverted U reflector. The use of the back reflectors does not only affect the additional energy gain but structural and land costs. Row to row spacing for bifacial systems(arrays) is reduced nearly by half as the ground height clearance is largely minimized, thus almost 50% of height constraints for mounting bifacial modules, using back reflectors resulting in reduced structural costs for mounting of bifacial modules
Dissertation/Thesis
Masters Thesis Mechanical Engineering 2019
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14

Chen, You-jiun, and 陳宥均. "Efficiency Enhancement of Blue Light-Emitting Diodes with a Back-Surface Reflector." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/48993322446670727247.

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碩士
國立臺南大學
光電工程研究所
99
Nitride-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with a backside reflector combining a SiO2/TiO2 distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) and an Ag mirror were simulated and fabricated. With combining the 3-pair SiO2/TiO2(n=1.47,d=78nm / n=2.09,d=55nm) DBR and an Ag mirror, it was found that we can significantly enhance the 96% reflectance of Ag mirror to 99.1% with an incident angle of 0o. Furthermore, reflectance of the proposed reflector depends slightly on incident light wavelength and the incident angle. With 350-mA current injection, it was found that the output powers were 122, 138, 151, 153, 156, and 158 mW for the LEDs without reflector, with an Al mirror, with 8-pair DBR, with Al+3DBR mirror, with an Ag mirror, and with Ag+3DBR mirror, respectively. After annealing at800oC for 10 min，reflectance of the Ag+3DBR mirror with 1nm Ni capping layer is still 93.5%. TiO2 films deposited from Ti3O5 material have higher refractive index and packing density than from TiO2 material.
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15

Kuang-ChiehLai and 賴光傑. "Improvement of thin film solar cells efficiency by using high light trapping-based back reflector." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/28461660467147585785.

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16

Tung, Min Hung, and 冬旻弘. "Investigation and fabrication of GaN-based light-emitting diodes with reflector and heat spreader at the back side of sapphire substrate." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/21680283464131882147.

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碩士
長庚大學
光電工程研究所
97
In this thesis, we studied and developed the GaN-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with reflector and heat spreader at the back side of sapphire substrate. We used the 3H2SO4:1H3PO4 mixture solution at 300℃ to patterned the back side of the sapphire substrate, and then deposited the reflector on the substrate after standard LED fabrication process. Moreover, copper was used for metal via to fill the patterned sapphire substrate by electroplating technique. The intensity of output luminescence (@20 mA) of the LEDs with reflector after lapping and polishing process is 30% higher than that of the conventional one. The LEDs with reflector and patterned sapphire substrate has at least 160% EL intensity increase. Furthermore, with the copper via to fill the patterned sapphire substrate, the LEDs has 220% EL intensity increase when operating at 20 mA and less peak wavelength shift at high injection current; the roll-off current during L-I measurement can achieve at least 300 mA has also been observed. We successfully reduced the joule heating effect, and improved the luminescence efficiency by the copper via to fill the patterned sapphire substrate of the GaN-based LEDs.
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17

Sun, Hua-Chuan, and 孫華顓. "Reflections on International Investment Arbitration and Regulatory Space: Lessons from Chang Hwa Bank and Surfeit Case." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/j54ha2.

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碩士
國立清華大學
科技法律研究所
106
International investment agreements (hereinafter “IIAs”) protect foreign investors and its investment from host states’ inappropriate intervention, and provide foreign investors both substantial and procedural protection. The investor-to-state dispute settlement mechanism (hereinafter “ISDS”) means foreign investors can settle investment disputes with host state relies on arbitration rather than domestic courts. ISDS mechanisms are very common in IIAs. Because the foreign investors may have concerns to domestic courts and the investment disputes are highly technical, they prefer to settle the disputes through international investment arbitration. However, ISDS mechanisms raise several concerns and critics that ISDS mechanism unduly, improperly affect and constrain the regulatory space of host states, especially when the disputes are related to public health, human right or financial regulation. In 2017, the corporate control fight of Chang Hwa Bank, between Taishin Financial Holdings and Ministry of Finance, is sub judice at Supreme Court. Originally, it seems like a purely domestic disputes. However, Surfeit Harvest Investment Holding, a Singaporean investor, filed this case to international investment arbitration under the Agreement between Singapore and the Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu on Economic Partnership (ASTEP), then it aroused lots of concerns on procedural issues of international investment arbitration. This article will focus on the procedural issues of international investment arbitration and discuss the influence of regulatory space of host states, and relationship between domestic courts and international investment arbitration tribunals. Also, this article will review and comment on the judgments made by courts in the first and second instance. In the end, this article will analyze and predict the development of the Surfeit case.
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18

Kirunda, Robert. "Unfettering the political mandate: reflections on political prohibition, the world bank’s role in the protection of human rights and the chad – Cameroon pipeline." 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/3752.

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Magister Legum - LLM
As a case study, the paper analyzes the Bank’s role in the Chad-Cameroon Petroleum Development and Oil Pipeline project (the project) in which the Bank has been involved since the year 2000. The paper presents the lessons, challenges and implications from this protection of human rights.
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19

Smith, Allison R. "Islamophobia, Anti-Semitism, and Censorship: Reflections on Religious and Political Radicalism in John Adams’s The Death of Klinghoffer." 2017. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/masters_theses_2/537.

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The issue of anti-Semitism in John Adams’s 1991 opera, The Death of Klinghoffer, has been widely discussed by scholars such as Richard Taruskin, Robert Fink, and others. For instance, Taruskin asserts that Adams favors the Palestinians through musical grandiosity and by describing them as “men of ideals.” However, this fails to consider the possibility that Adams intended to portray an evenhanded view of diverse religious groups. Through close readings of the libretto and select numbers from Klinghoffer, such as the “Chorus of Exiled Palestinians,” the “Chorus of Exiled Jews,” and the “Aria of the Falling Body,” my thesis maintains that Adams treats both sides equally. Although he depicts each group differently through a contrasting approach to text, orchestration, and texture, he nevertheless does not favor one group over the other. Additionally, a close reading of the “Aria of the Falling Body” provides Adams’s possible solution to this conflict – reconciliation between religious communities. Adams does so through portraying Leon Klinghoffer as a scapegoat. This aria is sung by Leon Klinghoffer’s body after he is sacrificed by the Palestinian hijackers – his sacrifice ensured the safety of the remaining passengers on board. Adams thus presents Klinghoffer as religious commentary – not only by vividly depicting the warring religious communities – but also by offering a solution to a centuries-old conflict.
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Kirunda, Robert. "Unfettering the Political Mandate: Reflections on Political Prohibition, The World Bank’s Role in the Protection of Human Rights and the Chad – Cameroon Pipeline." Thesis, 2008. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_6072_1262739977.

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As a case study, the paper analyzes the Bank&rsquo
s role in the Chad-Cameroon Petroleum Development and Oil Pipeline project (the project) in which the Bank has been involved since the year 2000. The paper presents the lessons, challenges and implications from this protection of human rights.

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21

Stasko, Carly. "A Pedagogy of Holistic Media Literacy: Reflections on Culture Jamming as Transformative Learning and Healing." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/18109.

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This qualitative study uses narrative inquiry (Connelly & Clandinin, 1988, 1990, 2001) and self-study to investigate ways to further understand and facilitate the integration of holistic philosophies of education with media literacy pedagogies. As founder and director of the Youth Media Literacy Project and a self-titled Imagitator (one who agitates imagination), I have spent over 10 years teaching media literacy in various high schools, universities, and community centres across North America. This study will focus on my own personal practical knowledge (Connelly & Clandinin, 1982) as a culture jammer, educator and cancer survivor to illustrate my original vision of a ‘holistic media literacy pedagogy’. This research reflects on the emergence and impact of holistic media literacy in my personal and professional life and also draws from relevant interdisciplinary literature to challenge and synthesize current insights and theories of media literacy, holistic education and culture jamming.
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