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Journal articles on the topic 'Ball Clay'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 July 2024

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Zhang, Weiguang, Jusang Lee, Hyung Jun Ahn, et al. "Field Investigation of Clay Balls in Full-Depth Asphalt Pavement." Materials 12, no. 18 (2019): 2879. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12182879.

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Clay ball is a pavement surface defect which refers to a clump in which clay or dirt is mixed with hot asphalt mixture. Clay ball is typically caused by a combination of aggregate contamination of clay or soil, high aggregate moisture, and low production temperature at the asphalt plant. It usually appears a few weeks or months after paving under traffic load, after being liquefied and knocked from the pavement surface. Clay balls can be the source of potholing, raveling, and other issues such as moisture infiltration and reduced ride quality. This paper presents an investigation of the clay balls on US-31 one winter after construction in Hamilton County, Indiana. In order to understand the pavement condition, their severity was measured using both visual observation and infrared image collection system. In addition, a clay ball amount, its distribution pattern, and cores condition were evaluated. A precipitation effect on clay ball formation was investigated for finding a cause of the clay balls. The investigation found that infrared image collection system was appropriate in detecting the clay balls. The clay balls were elliptic in shape with 2.5 cm to 10 cm in diameter, and the maximum clay ball depth was almost penetrating the entire surface course. It was also found that the asphalt paving on the raining days or right after raining could increase the potential of clay balls. Monitoring of aggregate moisture during construction on or after raining days should be able to reduce the risk of clay balls.

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Wilson, Ian Richard. "The constitution, evaluation and ceramic properties of ball clays." Cerâmica 44, no. 287-288 (1998): 88–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0366-69131998000400002.

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Ball clay is a fine-grained highly plastic, mainly kaolinitic, sedimentary clay, the higher grades of which fire to a white or near white colour. The paper will review the origin of the term "Ball Clay" and the location and origins of several deposits with particular emphasis on the mineralogical, physical and rheological properties which make the clays so important in ceramics bodies. Particular attention will be paid to the well known bay clay deposits of Devon and Dorset in southwest England, which are mined by ECC International Europe and Watts Blake Bearne & Company PLC, and brief descriptions from elsewhere in the world of ball clays from the United States, Germany, Czech Republic, Thailand, Indonesia, Argentina and China. The evaluation of deposits will be covered along with a description of the main types of ball clay for ceramics with details of the mining, processing and blending techniques which are necessary to ensure long term consistency of products. A brief description in given of the ceramic properties of some Brazilian ball clays. The location of some ball clay deposits is shown in Fig. 1.

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Elsafi, Mohamed, Yousry Koraim, Mansour Almurayshid, Fahad I. Almasoud, M. I. Sayyed, and I. H. Saleh. "Investigation of Photon Radiation Attenuation Capability of Different Clay Materials." Materials 14, no. 21 (2021): 6702. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14216702.

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This work aims to experimentally report the radiation attenuation factors for four different clays (red, ball, kaolin and bentonite clays) at four selected energies (emitted from Am-241, Cs-137, and Co-60). The highest relative difference in the mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) is equal to −3.02%, but most of the other results are much smaller than this value, proving that the experimental and theoretical data greatly agree with each other. From the MAC results, the shielding abilities of the clay samples at 0.060 MeV follow the order of: bentonite > red > ball > kaolin. Thus, at low energies, the bentonite clay sample provides the most effective attenuation capability out of the tested clays. The half value layer (HVL) increases as energy increases, which suggests that, only a thin clay sample is needed to sufficiently absorb the radiation at low energies, while at higher energies a thicker sample is needed to shield the same amount of high energy radiated. Furthermore, bentonite clay has the lowest HVL, while the kaolin clay has the greatest HVL at all energies. The radiation protection efficiency (RPE) values at 0.060 MeV are equal to 97.982%, 97.137%, 94.242%, and 93.583% for bentonite clay, red clay, ball clay, and kaolin clay, respectively. This reveals that at this energy, the four clay samples can absorb almost all of the incoming photons, but the bentonite clay has the greatest attenuation capability at this energy, while kaolin clay has the lowest.

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Garinas, Wahyu. "PERBAIKAN MUTU BALL CLAY UNTUK BAHAN BAKU KERAMIK HALUS DENGAN PROSES PENGENDAPAN = THE IMPROVEMENT QUALITY OF BALL CLAY FOR FINE CERAMIC RAW MATERIALS USING PRECIPITATION PROCESS." Majalah Ilmiah Pengkajian Industri 9, no. 3 (2015): 157–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.29122/mipi.v9i3.1646.

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Ball clay quality are derived from within the country is very variety and generally rather difficult to get raw materials as needed. This research used ball clay from the West Kalimantan and West Java area.Ball clay is one of the most important raw materials for the manufacture of fine ceramic. To get the ball clay raw materials in accordance with the standards it is necessary to processing of raw materials. Processing of ball clay in this research conducted by precipitation and filtration magnet. Testing of ball clay raw materials are : test chemical composition by wet methods (SNI. 15-0449-1989) and grain size of raw material (SNI.15-0578-1996). Ball clay that has been processed will be tested with the same method of SNI. Test results before and processed will be compared with a standard of quality ball clay(SNI, NGK, India) for fine ceramic materials. The test results of chemical composition and grain size ball clay raw material showed that samples from west kalimantan qualified for fine ceramic materials and samples from other areas did not meet the standards (SNI, NGK, India).Â ABSTRAKMutu ballclay yang terdapat di dalam negeri sangat beragam dan umumnya agak sulit mendapatkan bahan baku yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan. Pada penelitian ini digunakan ball clay yang berasal dari daerah Kalimantan Barat, Jawa Barat dan Jawa Timur. Ball clay merupakan salah satu bahan baku penting untuk pembuatan keramik halus. Untuk mendapatkan bahan baku ball clay sesuai dengan standar maka perlu dilakukan pengolahan bahan baku. Pengolahan ball clay dalam penelitian ini dilakukan dengan cara pengendapan dan penyaringan magnet. Pengujian terhadap bahan mentah ball clay meliputi : uji komposisi kimia dengan metode basah (SNI. 15-0449-1989) dan pengujian besar butir (SNI.15-0578-1996). Ball clay yang sudah diolah nantinya akan diuji dengan metode SNI yang sama. Hasil uji sebelum dan terolah akan dibandingkan dengan standar mutu ball clay untuk bahan keramik halus. Hasil uji dari komposisi kimia dan besar butir ball clay bahan mentah menunjukan bahwa sampel dari Kalbar memenuhi syarat untuk bahan keramik halus dan sampel dari daerah lainnya ternyata tidak memenuhi standar (SNI, NGK. India).

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De Souza Santos, P. "The Use of Clay Particle Morphology Studies to Characterize Industrial Clay Deposits: Examples from Brazil." Clay Minerals 28, no. 4 (1993): 539–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.1993.028.4.05.

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AbstractThe use of transmission electron microscopy in association with other methods is described for the characterization of Brazilian industrial clays, especially kaolinitic-halloysitic clays. Examples are presented from: (a) tubular 7 Å-halloysites and the characterization of mixtures with ordered and disordered kaolinites in residual china clays; (b) tubular kaolinitic clay from Piedade, São Paulo; (c) platey 10 Å-halloysite from Poģos de Caldas, Minas Gerais; (d) rolled forms similar to 10 Å-tubular halloysite formed by repeated K Ac intercalation in well ordered kaolinite; (e) use of particle shape and size of kaolinite crystals in the São Simão, São Paulo ball clays as orientation for good sanitaryware ball clays; (f) characterization of gibbsite crystals in high alumina gibbsite/kaolinite clays; (g) antigorite as a clay mineral; (h) electron optical studies of thermal phase transformations involving tubular kaolinite, halloysites, antigorite, chrysotile, talc and pyrophyllite mono crystals.

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SHEKHAWAT, M. S. "THERMO GRAVIMETRIC AND DIFFERENTIAL THERMAL ANALYSIS OF CLAY OF WESTERN RAJASTHAN (INDIA)." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 22 (January 2013): 458–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194513010519.

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The paper presents the study of thermo gravimetric and differential thermal analysis of blended clay. Western part of Rajasthan (India) is rich resource of Ball clays and it is mainly used by porcelain, sanitary ware, and tile industry. The quality and grade of clay available in the region vary from one deposit to other. To upgrade the fired colour and strength properties, different variety of clays may be blended together. The paper compares the results of thermal analysis one of blended clay B2 with reference clay of Ukraine which is imported by industries owners. The result revealed that the blended clay is having mineral kaolinite while the Ukrainian clay is Halloysite.

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Menezes, R. R., H. S. Ferreira, G. de A. Neves, and H. C. Ferreira. "Caracterização de argilas plásticas do tipo "ball clay" do litoral paraibano." Cerâmica 49, no. 311 (2003): 120–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0366-69132003000300003.

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Os depósitos de argilas plásticas para cerâmica branca ("ball clays") de alta qualidade não são comuns, estando localizados basicamente nos Estados Unidos e no Reino Unido. As "ball clays" são utilizadas em uma série de indústrias que vão desde a indústria cerâmica à de cosméticos. Assim, este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar argilas do tipo "ball clay" extraídas do litoral paraibano, realizando sua caracterização para fins cerâmicos. Sua caracterização foi realizada por meio da determinação da massa específica real, CTC, área superficial (BET), distribuição granulométrica, composição química, ATD/ATG, DRX e MET. Após caracterização, foram conduzidos ensaios tecnológicos para fins cerâmicos com as amostras. Com base nos resultados pode-se concluir que as amostras são argilas basicamente cauliníticas com queima branca em temperaturas de 1250 ºC e 1450 ºC. Além disso, apresentaram propriedades físico-mecânicas dentro das faixas indicadas na literatura para "ball clays" utilizadas em tecnologia cerâmica.

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Wang, Yue, Yuxia Hu, and Muhammad Shazzad Hossain. "Soil flow mechanisms of full-flow penetrometers in layered clays through particle image velocimetry analysis in centrifuge test." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 57, no. 11 (2020): 1719–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2018-0094.

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This paper reports the soil flow mechanisms observed in centrifuge tests around full-flow (T-bar and ball) penetrometers in layered clays. The layered clay samples consisted of soft–stiff, stiff–soft, soft–stiff–soft, and stiff–soft–stiff soil profiles. Particle image velocimetry (PIV), also known as digital image correlation (DIC), allowed accurate resolution of the flow mechanism around the faces of the T-bar and half-ball penetrated adjacent to a transparent window. For the T-bar, overall, a full symmetrical rotational flow around the T-bar dominated the behavior. A novel “trapped cavity mechanism” was revealed in stiff clay layers, with the evolution of the trapped cavity being tracked. No soil plug was trapped at the base of the advancing T-bar regardless of penetration from stiff to soft layer or the reverse. For the ball, two key features of the soil flow mechanism were identified, including (i) a combination of vertical flow, cavity expansion type flow, and rotational flow for a fully embedded ball and (ii) a stiff soil plug trapped at the base of the ball advancing in a stiff–soft clay deposit. For both penetrometers, a squeezing mechanism mobilized as they approached a soft–stiff layer interface.

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SUNDERLAND, J. G. "ELECTROKINETIC DEWATERING OF BALL CLAY." Drying Technology 6, no. 3 (1988): 425–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07373938808916392.

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Becker, E., J. Jiusti, F. D. Minatto, D. G. G. Delavi, O. R. K. Montedo, and A. de Noni Jr. "Use of mechanically-activated kaolin to replace ball clay in engobe for a ceramic tile." Cerâmica 63, no. 367 (2017): 295–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0366-69132017633672077.

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Abstract Ceramic engobe is an intermediate layer between the substrate and the glaze of a ceramic tile. It is basically composed by plastic material, clays, and non-plastic material, feldspar and frit. Light-colored clays with good plasticity and low-fire temperature are used in ceramic engobe formulations, typically ball clays. However, these clays contain different accessory minerals, which can adversely affect the opacity and the whiteness. The use of washed kaolin, with a lower content of accessory minerals, tends to lead to higher opacity and whiteness. In addition, its mechanical activation can increase the plasticity, allowing its use as a replacement for ball clay. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the use of mechanically-activated kaolin to replace ball clay in an engobe employed in the production of ceramic tiles. Samples of kaolin were activated by high energy mill (1 and 4 h, at 500 rpm) and characterized by surface area and particle size measurements, crystallography, infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. Cylindrical specimens of four ceramic engobe formulations were submitted to splitting tensile strength and bulk density tests. The specimens were fired in a laboratory kiln and characterized through the determination of water absorption, bulk density, relative density and by reflectance spectrophotometry. Crystallographic analysis with Rietveld refinement and microstructural analysis by scanning electron microscopy were also carried out. After the high energy milling, the kaolin had less crystallinity and the specific surface area increased from 4.6 to 46.1 m2/g. The use of mechanically-activated kaolin as a replacement for ball clay in a ceramic engobe increased the mechanical strength, crystalline phase content and whiteness.

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Enoch, Olalere Folasayo, Ab Aziz Shuaib, and Khairul Azhar bin Mat Daud. "Potential of Clay Deposits in Kelantan for Ceramic Production: A Literature Analysis." Advanced Materials Research 980 (June 2014): 74–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.980.74.

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Kelantan state, regarded as the cradle of Malay culture is not only known for her unique cultural heritage, but also a land blessed with both metallic and non-metallic minerals. These include enormous clay deposits discovered in six (6) districts with estimated total reserve of 29.4 million tonnes of ball clay and 51.5 million tonnes of mottled clay. Hence, this paper investigates the physiochemical and mineralogical properties of the clay deposits. This was achieved by reviewing existing literatures and reports at the Mineral and Geoscience Department, Malaysia. The properties investigated were green and fired clay colour, plasticity, green strength, dry and fired shrinkage, porosity, chemical and mineral composition. The properties of the clay revealed that they have geographical IP potential; particularly, the predominantly off-white fired colour of the ball clay at temperature range of 900-11000C can secure an identity for Kelantan ceramics in the local, national or international market. Based on these properties, the ball clay is applicable for table ware, earthenware and local tile production while the mottled clay has a potential use for vitrified clay pipe, local tile and brick production.

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Blessing, Stephen C., and Michael N. Dana. "Post-Transplant Root System Expansion in Juniperus chinensis L. as Influenced by Production System Mechanical Root Disruption and Soil Type." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 5, no. 4 (1987): 155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-5.4.155.

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Juniperus chinensis (L.) ‘Sea Green’ from 3.8 1 (#.1) containers (CG) and comparably sized field grown plants balled and burlapped (B&B) were planted in clay and loam soil in mid-June. Prior to transplanting, root balls of the CG plants were either mechanlcally disrupted by vertical cuts (D/CG) or left undisturbed (CG). Root growth beyond the original root ball and shoot extension growth in loam soil were determined at 8 and 12 weeks, while similar data were collected from loam and clay soils at 16 wks. B&B plants and D/CG plants produced greater dry weight of new roots, but less shoot growth at 8 wks than CG plants with an undisturbed root ball. By 16 wks, B&B plants had produced greater new root dry weight than either CG treatment and shoot growth was not different among treatments. In clay soil B&B plants produced greater dry weight of new roots than CG plants. Root ball disruption reduced new root growth in the heavy soil compared to CG plants. Shoot growth was not different among treatments in the heavy soil, but was significantly diminished compared to shoot growth on the lighter, loam soil.

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Zainal@Zulkifli, Norshaheeda Mohd, and Agus Geter Edy Sutjipto. "Study on the Development of Ceramic Ball Based on Selendang Clay." Materials Science Forum 1056 (March 14, 2022): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-o78wu3.

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An inert ceramic ball was prepared by using three kind of raw materials i.e. Selendang clay, silica sand, feldspar and distilled water. Selendang clay, silica sand, feldspar and distilled water were pre-mixed manually and compounded using a beaker. Universal testing machine (UTM) was used to test mechanical strength. Electron scanning microscope (SEM-EDX) was used for the study morphological feature and element mapping in the ceramic balls. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) was used to determine the phase of crystalline material. The optimum sintering temperature was 1300 °C23 and got the strength of 238.8 kgf.

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Bwayo, E., and S. K. Obwoya. "Coefficient of Thermal Diffusivity of Insulation Brick Developed from Sawdust and Clays." Journal of Ceramics 2014 (December 29, 2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/861726.

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This paper presents an experimental result on the effect of particle size of a mixture of ball clay, kaolin, and sawdust on thermal diffusivity of ceramic bricks. A mixture of dry powders of ball clay, kaolin of the same particle size, and sawdust of different particle sizes was mixed in different proportions and then compacted to high pressures before being fired to 950°C. The thermal diffusivity was then determined by an indirect method involving measurement of thermal conductivity, density, and specific heat capacity. The study reveals that coefficient of thermal diffusivity increases with decrease in particle size of kaolin and ball clay but decreases with increase in particle size of sawdust.

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Bastida, J., M. T. Lores, J. De la Torre, P. Pardo, and A. M. López Buendía. "Modificación microestructural de minerales arcillosos en ball clays de Teruel mediante tratamiento térmico." Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Cerámica y Vidrio 45, no. 1 (2006): 38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/cyv.2006.v45.i1.327.

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Hamdan, Nur Masyitah, and Khairul Anuar Mat Amin. "Scaffolds Materials from Gellan Gum Incorporated Ball Clay as Dressing Materials." Materials Science Forum 1023 (March 2021): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1023.83.

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The demand for wound management treatment especially advanced and active wound care products is huge. In this study, the scaffolds were prepared from gellan gum (GG) incorporated ball clay (BC) at different concentrations to investigate their swelling properties, water vapor transmission rates (WVTR), mechanical characteristic and thermal behavior. There are three different concentrations of BC were added into the GG scaffolds which were 5% w/w (GG/BC5), 10% w/w (GG/BC10) and 15% w/w (GG/BC15). Swelling ratio of GG scaffolds were increased upon addition of ball clay, while WVTR values of all scaffolds were decreased in the range of 1081–1164 g m−2 d−1. The mechanical performance results show that the GG/BC10 has the highest compressive stress at break (26 ± 5 MPa) and compressive strain at break (110 ± 21%). For thermal behavior, it shows that the thermal stability of GG scaffolds had improved after the addition of ball clay attributed to the interaction between GG and ball clay. The results show that the GG/BC scaffolds could be a potential candidate to be used as an active wound care product.

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Ngo, Truong Ngoc Mai, Minh Nhut Nguyen, Luu Ngoc Hanh Cao, Thi Bich Quyen Tran, Viet Nhan Hoa Nguyen, and Nguyen Phuong Lan Tran. "Study of the activation of Truc Thon ball clay by acids." CTU Journal of Innovation and Sustainable Development 15, no. 3 (2023): 92–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.22144/ctujoisd.2023.054.

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Natural clay minerals have attracted attention for their availability and economical cost as adsorbents in the treatment of contaminants in aquatic environments. In this study, Truc Thon white ball clay from Hai Duong province, Vietnam was activated by different acids including H2SO4, HCl and H3PO4 at 110°C from 6 to 18 hours under refluxing conditions. The chemical composition and structure changes before and after the activation of the clay were characterized by X-ray fluorescence, X-Ray Diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The raw clay is mainly composed of minerals containing alumina and silica while in activated clay, silica is dominant in amorphous phase. The specific area of clay particles was increased significantly after acid treatment from 10.55 m2.g-1 to 178.53 m2.g-1. Images from a scanning electron microscope also reveal more porous structure of activated clay. These behaviors make acid activated clay highly effective in various adsorption applications.

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Wonghom, Yannawut, Siripan Nilpairach, Charusporn Mongkolkachit, Thanataon Pornphatdetaudom, and Thanakorn Wasanapiarnpong. "Effects of Bituminous Coal Ash Addition in Pottery Products." Key Engineering Materials 798 (April 2019): 242–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.798.242.

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Bituminous coal ash, fly ash (FA) and bottom ash (BA), from coal power plant were studied in this research for utilizations in ceramic and pottery industries. Both fly ash and bottom ash mixed with four different ball clays from two kinds of ceramic pottery products such as flowerpot and construction brick, Ratchaburi, Chantaburi, Angthong and Chonburi ball clay. The mixtures were varying ratio between ashes and clays depend on clay sources. After mixing, the bodies were formed to test pieces and were then fired at 800-1200 °C. The results indicated that, added fly ash 0-40 wt% significantly decreased water absorption and increased bending strength when fired at 1150 °C or above. For color effect, CIE L*a*b* color space, both fly ash and bottom ash revealed the samples less lightness, more red and yellow appearance. These results are obvious when fired at 1150oC or above. Following the results, fly ash is possible to be used in ceramic pottery industries replaced with other addition such as sand and pottery stone.

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Yahya, Hamdan, Mohd Roslee Othman, and Zainal Arifin Ahmad. "Study on the Potential of Kaolinitic Clay from Perak State, Malaysia for Aluminosilicate Ceramic Ball." Materials Science Forum 840 (January 2016): 112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.840.112.

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Commercially made kaolin is identified as one of the important materials for production of aluminosilicate for catalyst bed support. In this work, an attempt is made to study the potential of local clay for production of aluminosilicate. Three area were identified as kaolin sources in Perak state as they are Trong, Simpang Pulai and Bidor, and labelled as TC, SP and BC, respectively. For preparation of aluminosilicate, formulation using 30% clay and the rest used feldspar (40%) and silica sand (30%). Each batch were formed into ball shapes’ before fired at 1250°C at controlled firing rate of 3°C/min. From the investigation, it is found that only two local clays (CBTC and CBSP) highly potential to be used to produce ceramic ball for catalyst support. In addition, the crushing strength is 100% better than the commercial made product which also have less than 1% water absorption.

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Rosli, N. R., Jariah Mohd Juoi, A. Shaaban, and N. F. Ayoob. "Characterisation and Properties of Sintered Recycled Glass Utilising CIP Method." Key Engineering Materials 471-472 (February 2011): 245–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.471-472.245.

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Recycling glass is chosen as an alternative raw material in upgrading ceramic into glass ceramic. The main objectives are to determine the effect of sintering temperature and the recycled glass to ball clay weight ratio on glass ceramic produced from recycled glass. The recycled glass powders are prepared by crushing and grinding waste glass bottles to a particles size distribution below than 75 µm. The raw materials (recycled glass powder and ball clay) are characterised by Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) and its composition is determine by X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF). The recycled glass powder are then mixed with the ball clay according to the ratio of SLSG to ball clay of 95:5 wt.%, 90:10 wt.% and 85:15 wt.%. Green samples of glass ceramic are then fabricated using Cold Isostatic Pressing (CIP) with constant pressure at 40 MPa. Sintering process is conducted at three different temperatures at 750°C, 850°C and 950°C with 1 h holding time. The sintered glass ceramic were then characterised using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analyses. Results of physical analyses and microhardness testing conducted according to ASTM C 373 and ASTM C 1327 showed that better properties is achieved at batch composition compromised of 85:15 wt.% ratio of recycling glass to ball clay and sintered at 850 °C. SEM micrographs showed that samples produced from this optimum batch composition provide more homogeneous and dense surface. Furthermore, XRD analysis indicates that crystalline phases evolved during sintering contributes to the final strength of the glass ceramic. These encourage further development on the glass ceramic samples which intended for structural applications.

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Mohd Rosli, Zulkifli, Nur Hamizah Ahmad Rusli, Jariah Mohamad Juoi, and Mazidah Zainudi. "The Effect of Ceramic Substrates Surface Roughness on the Deposition of AgTiO₂ Coatings." Applied Mechanics and Materials 699 (November 2014): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.699.9.

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This research aims to determine the effect of ceramic substrates surface roughness on the deposition of silver-titania (AgTiO2) coating. The ceramic substrates were prepared from three batch mixture of waste glass namely transparent glass (99 wt. %): carbon black (1 wt. %), green glass (85 wt. %): ball clay (15 wt. %) and transparent glass (85 wt. %): ball clay (15 wt. %) deposited with AgTiO2 using sol gel dip coating method. Ti and Ag phases have been identified via glancing angle X-Ray diffraction analysis (GAXRD). The thickness and morphology of coatings were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Analyses conducted have confirmed that AgTiO2 coating layers have been successfully deposited into various types of selected ceramic substrates. Microstructure analysis shows that coatings deposited on ceramic substrate with a moderate surface roughness of 2.13 (green glass: ball clay) produced the most homogeneous surface and uniform thickness.

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Xu, Shao Chun, Zi Jing Wang, Ya Ming Zhang, Qiang Zhi, Xu Dong Wang, and Jian Feng Yang. "The Preparation and Properties of Clay Bonded Silicon Carbide by Using Silicon Carbide Dusting Powder." Materials Science Forum 922 (May 2018): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.922.143.

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In this paper, clay bonded silicon carbide was prepared through pressureless sintering process with silicon carbide dusting powder as raw materials and clay as sintering additive. The effects of the ball-milling method, sintering temperature and clay contents on the density, microstructure and mechanical properties of clay bonded silicon carbide refractory were studied. The planetary ball-milling was a good method to improve the density of the green body, and the density was increased simultaneously with an increase of the clay content. The liquid phase derived from low-melting eutectic mixtures of clay could prevent the superlative oxidation of silicon carbide. The mass increment of sintered samples decreased firstly and then increased at the sintering temperature range from 1250 to 1500 °C. The open porosity of samples decreased with the clay addition at a content range from 10 to 30 wt.%. The bending strength of the samples decreased firstly and then increased with the clay addition increasing. The optimum condition for preparing clay bonded silicon carbide with silicon carbide dusting powder was sintering at 1350 °C with 20 wt.% clay, and the obtained sample with a porosity of 24% achieved the bending strength of 78±7 MPa.

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Qiao, Huanhuan, Xuening Liu, Ruixian Zhou, Huan He, Peng Peng, and Zhen Jiang. "Influence of Penetration Rate on Full-Flow Penetrometer Resistance in Underconsolidated Clay." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 12, no. 3 (2024): 427. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse12030427.

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In the past few years, offshore site investigations have extensively utilized full-flow penetrometers like the Ball and T-bar penetrometers to assess penetration resistance and subsequently analyze the strength characteristics of marine clay. The relationship between penetration rate and the measured resistance to penetration and shear strength in clays has been extensively documented through full-flow penetration tests. Although previous studies have shown empirical correlations between undrained shear strength and penetration resistance, the resistance factor utilized in these correlations is typically suggested for cohesive soils that are overconsolidated or normally consolidated, rather than underconsolidated soils. The effects of penetration rate undrained penetration resistances in underconsolidated marine clay are investigated in this study by considering the outcomes of variable rate penetration testing and twitch penetration testing using full-flow penetrometers in laboratory model tests. The discussion focuses on penetration resistances depending on the normalized velocity of the full-flow penetrometers (Ball and T-bar).

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Ayoob, N. F., Jariah Mohd Juoi, Zulkifli Mohd Rosli, and N. R. Rosli. "Characterisation and Properties of Sintered Glass-Ceramics Produced from Recycling Glass by Using Pressure-Less Method." Key Engineering Materials 471-472 (February 2011): 933–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.471-472.933.

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The aim of this research is to develop glass ceramic produced from recycling glass. Waste glass (e.g. container and bottles) of soda lime silica (SLS) glasses is utilised as main raw materials for the formulation of glass ceramic batch composition with the addition of ball clay. The ball clay was added in order to favour shaping. The recycled glass powder are then mixed with the ball clay according to the ratio of SLSG to ball clay of 95:5 wt.%, 90:10 wt.% and 85:15 wt.%. Differential Thermal Analyses (DTA) was carried out in order to determine the thermal characteristic glass powder prior to the batch formulation. The glass was then crushed, milled and sieved to < 75µm and mixed with the ball clay before it was pressed to a pellet by pressure-less method. This pressure-less route is conducted as an approach to a simple fabrication route of the glass-ceramic samples. The green samples are then sintered at different temperature. The dense and strong glass ceramic samples were obtaining at 850oC, with holding time of one hour and morphological characterized with X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analyses. Results shown that glass ceramic samples produced at this optimized sintering profile had high density and microhardness value with low porosity and negligible water absorption. Overall results indicates that glass ceramic samples have good mechanical properties (e.g. microhardness exceeding 700Hv) and physical properties (e.g. water absorption, density, porosity making them attractive to the structural application. These results are also utilised as a comparison to a glass ceramic samples produced via Cold Isostatic Press (CIP) from the same batch composition formulation and sintering profiles for the purpose of optimizing the waste glass utilization.

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Nascimento, J. J. S., F. A. Belo, and Antônio Gilson Barbosa de Lima. "Experimental Drying of Ceramics Bricks Including Shrinkage." Defect and Diffusion Forum 365 (July 2015): 106–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.365.106.

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This work presents an experimental study on the behavior of clays during the drying process. Experimental tests were carried out with clay material for the production of red ceramics and white ceramic (ball clay). Different dimensions and the material initial moisture content plus temperature and relative air-drying humidity were taken into account. Drying kinetics and volume changes of parallelepiped-shaped samples were shown and analyzed. It has been verified that air-drying temperatures and body shape have an enormous influence on the drying rate process. The drying process occurs during the falling drying period and the volume changes display two linear periods.

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Rudd, John W. M., Carol A. Kelly, Patricia Sellers, Robert J. Flett, and Bruce E. Townsend. "Why the English–Wabigoon river system is still polluted by mercury 57 years after its contamination." FACETS 6 (January 1, 2021): 2002–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/facets-2021-0093.

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Between 1962 and 1969, 10 tonnes of mercury were discharged from a chlor-alkali plant in Dryden, Ontario, to the English–Wabigoon River. Present-day fish mercury concentrations are amongst the highest recorded in Canada. In 2017, the Grassy Narrows Science Team found no evidence of ongoing discharges from the plant site to the river water, even though large quantities of mercury remain at the site. Instead, our data suggest that ongoing erosion of high mercury particles by the river, as it meanders through contaminated floodplains, is responsible for present-day transport of mercury to Clay Lake and to Ball Lake, located 154 km downstream. In Clay Lake, surface sediment total mercury concentrations and inflow water concentrations are still about 15 times above background (86 km downstream), and in Ball Lake mercury concentrations in sediments appeared to be still increasing. The remobilization of legacy inorganic mercury from riverbank erosion between Dryden and Clay Lake stimulates methyl mercury production there, in Clay Lake, and in Ball Lake. The large quantities of methyl mercury produced between Dryden and Clay Lake are mostly dissolved in water and are swept downstream, elevating concentrations in water and biota throughout the system. Several options for remediating the ongoing contamination are discussed.

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Ahmad, Norhayati, Nurhanna Binti Mohd Zaidan, and Maisarah Mohd Bazin. "Fabrication and Characterization of Ceramic Membrane by Gel Cast Technique for Water Filtration." Advanced Materials Research 686 (April 2013): 280–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.686.280.

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Sayong ball clay membrane can be fabricated without the assistance of high-tech sophisticated machineries and complicated production methods make the filters particularly attractive as a point-of-use treatment. This work was concerned with the study of Sayong ball clay membrane as a water filtration by Gel Cast technique. Gel cast involves mixing process of Sayong ball clay with the solvent, monomer, dispersant, initiator and catalyst in a certain composition Tubular membrane was designed and fabricated by controlling the Gel Cast monomer (5, 10, 15, 20 MAM percentage) at sintering temperature of 1300°C. The physical measurements (shrinkage, apparent porosity, bulk density), microstructure analysis, filtration process (flow rate) and water quality assessments (pH, color, COD, SS) were carried out at different percentage of MAM. The porosity and density of membranes were measured by using Archimedes method. The effect of monomer percentage on microstructure of the membranes has been investigated using FESEM. The experimental results showed that the apparent porosity and bulk density of Sayong Ball Clay Gel Cast with 5% MAM and sintered at temperature of 1300°C for 20 minutes were 15.39% and 1.87 g/cm3, respectively. It gives improvement in water quality with the lowest suspended solid (192 mg/L), lowest COD (4 mg/L) and most colorless (1.1 Gardner units) filtered wastewater as compared to others.

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Pereira, I. D. S., V. N. F. Lisboa, I. A. Silva, J. M. R. Figueirêdo, G. A. Neves, and R. R. Menezes. "Bentonite Clays from Sossego, Paraiba, Brazil: Physical and Mineralogical Characterization." Materials Science Forum 798-799 (June 2014): 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.798-799.50.

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In the northeastern region Brazil, especially in the State of Paraíba, there is a large incidence of non-metallic minerals, among which we may highlight the bentonite clay, ball clay, smectitic clay, kaolin... limestone and mica. In past years, there has been an intense research for discovering new deposits in the State of Paraíba, thus creating expectations for widening the mineral raw production in that region. So, this work is intended to make the physical, mineralogical and technological characterization of smectitic clays from the town of Sossego, PB, Brazil. The characterization was made by means of the following techniques: granulometric analysis by laser diffraction (GA), themogravimetric and differential thermal analysis (TG and DTA), chemical analysis (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results evidence that the studied clays present the following mineral phases: smectitic, kaolinite and accessory minerals such as quartz, carbonates feldspars and mica.

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Di, Yong Jiang, Bi Jia, and Jun Wang. "Synthesis and Microstructure of Porous Ceramics Made from Industrial Solid Residues." Key Engineering Materials 602-603 (March 2014): 179–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.602-603.179.

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Industrial solid residues and poor quality clay as main raw material were used to prepare porous ceramic balls by ceramics process with coal and wood powder as pore-forming additive to improve the porosity of the ceramics ball. Effect of pore-forming additive on the properties of ceramic ball was investigated. The phase composition and section morphology of the ceramics balls was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The apparent porosity and crushing force of the ceramic balls were tested by Archimedes hydrostatic weighing method and crushing strength tester respectively. The tested results showed that the apparent porosity of the porous ceramic balls mainly influenced by species and addition amount of the pore-forming additive. The apparent porosity increases with the adding of the pore-forming additive. The apparent porosity and crushing force of the optimized porous ceramic balls was 49.68% and 1.17 kN respectively, which is a potential candidate used for waste water filtration.

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Dastider, Abhishek Ghosh, Divya SK Mana, Santiram Chatterjee, and Prasenjit Basu. "Free Fall Penetration of Ball Penetrometers in Clay." International Journal of Offshore and Polar Engineering 30, no. 2 (2020): 248–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17736/ijope.2020.cl16.

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Ahmad, Norhayati, and Nurhanna Binti Mohd Zaidan. "Effect of Sintering Temperature on Membrane Properties of Sayong Ball Clay." Applied Mechanics and Materials 315 (April 2013): 349–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.315.349.

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Sayong ball clay membrane can be fabricated as a cheap membrane material and available commonly at Malaysia. This work was concerned with the study of Sayong ball clay membrane as a water filtration by gel casting technique. Gel casting involves mixing process of Sayong ball clay with the solvent, monomer, dispersant, initiator and catalyst in a certain composition. Tubular membrane was fabricated by controlling the sintering temperature (1000, 1100, 1200, 1300°C). The physical measurements (shrinkage, apparent porosity, and bulk density), microstructure analysis, filtration process (flow rate) and water quality assessments (pH, color, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), solid suspended (SS)) were carried out at different sintering temperature. Apparent porosity and bulk density of the samples were measured by using Archimedes method. The effect of sintering temperature on microstructure of the membranes has been investigated using SEM. The experimental results showed that the shrinkage and bulk density increase with increasing sintering temperature. It gives the improvement in water quality with the lowest SS (192 mg/L), lowest COD (4 mg/L) and most colorless (1.1 Gardner units) filtered wastewater as compared to others.

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Rao, Rifaqat Ali Khan, and M. Kashifuddin. "Adsorption studies of Cd(II) on ball clay: Comparison with other natural clays." Arabian Journal of Chemistry 9 (November 2016): S1233—S1241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2012.01.010.

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Watson, Gary, Gary Kupkowski, and Kerstin von der Heide-Spravka. "The Effect of Backfill Soil Texture and Planting Hole Shape on Root Regeneration of Transplanted Green Ash." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 18, no. 3 (1992): 130–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.1992.029.

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Forty-five Summit green ash trees (Fraxinus pennsylvanica 'Summit') were planted on a compacted clay soil site. Unamended soil, amended soil, and friable topsoil were used as backfill, in combination with holes slightly larger than the root ball, twice, and 3 times the diameter of the root ball. Numerous roots were able to penetrate the interface between backfill soil and clay subsoil in all treatment combinations. Root densities were higher in all backfill soils, but not significantly, due to the differences in soil characteristics rather than inability to grow through the interface. Larger planting holes with sloped sides helped to direct roots up to the more favorable soil at the surface if they were not able to penetrate the clay subsoil, preventing them from being trapped in the planting hole.

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Zhu, Hong Gang, Ricky S. C. Woo, Christopher K. Y. Leung, and Jang Kyo Kim. "Wear Resistance of Organic Nanocomposites." Key Engineering Materials 334-335 (March 2007): 605–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.334-335.605.

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The wear resistance of epoxy-based nanocomposites reinforced with octadecylamine-modified clay was studied. Two testing methods, including the ball-on-disc abrasion test and the nanoscratch test, were used to measure the macro- and micro-wear behaviors. The ball-on-disc abrasion test suggests that the short- and long-term wear behaviors of neat epoxy and 5wt% nanoclay composites were similar, although the wear resistance as measured by the volume of material removed was greater for the clay nanocomposite than for the neat epoxy. The incorporation of nanoclay into the epoxy showed little effect on the coefficient of friction.

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Trask, Parker D., and James E. H. Close. "EFFECT OF CLAY CONTENT ON STRENGTH OF SOILS." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 6 (2011): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v6.50.

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Engineers have worked greatly on measuring the strength of soils but relatively little on the fundamental geologic causes of strength. Strength depends principally upon the content of (1) water, (2) clastic materials and (3) plastic materials. Soils are primarily of two types (1) cohesionless soils in which the strength is produced mainly by the friction of clastic particles against one another, and (2) cohesive soils in which the strength, among other things, is influenced by forces between clay particles. The present investigation is a study of the effect of clay content upon the strength of cohesive soils. The strength was measured by a shear vane device working upon synthetic mixtures of clays of known composition. In each mixture strength varies inversely with water content in a straight line relationship when strength is plotted logarithmically and water arithmetically. Mixtures of glycerine with vol-clay (a montmorillonite) give a curvilinear relationship. For given water content the strength increases with respect to type of clay from kaolin through illite, ball clay to montmorillonite. Strength also increases progressively with increasing clay-sand ratio for all types of clay. In clay-sand mixtures of given clay composition strength increases with increasing fineness of grain of the sand mixed with clay. The liquid limit likewise increases regularly with increasing clay concentration and varies with clay type fci the same way as does strength. Strength varies inversely with temperature to a slight extent, changingjess than one percent per degree Centrigrade. Hydrogen kaolin clay, for given water content is several times stronger than sodium clay.

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Somrang, Parinya, Anucha Wannagon, Watcharee Sornlar, Pattarawan Choeycharoen, Sitthisak Prasanphan, and Witaya Shongkittikul. "Lampang Raw Material Characterization to Assess the Suitability for Ceramics Industry." Key Engineering Materials 690 (May 2016): 187–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.690.187.

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Lampang, a province in northern Thailand, is the important source of ceramics raw materials, such as kaolin, pottery stone, and ball clay. This study aims to investigate the new ceramics bodies by using these local raw materials. About 50 samples from 15 sources were collected to analyze the chemical composition, mineral composition, and physical properties. Kaolin samples principally consisted of quartz and kaolinite. Its greyish color after firing at 1200 °C made it suitable for stoneware product that does not require white body. The principal ball clay mineral is kaolinite, associated with illite and quartz. All ball clay samples are high strength, which are suitable for tableware production. Pottery stone which can be found at Kaolin deposit, showed a mixed mineralogy of quartz, albite, and muscovite, while some samples showed the presence of kaolinite. It showed significantly low on shrinkage. Pottery stone are widely used as flux in both ceramics body and glaze. These analyzed characteristics were put into the ceramics raw materials database which can be searched on-line. This data is useful for the researching of ceramics body compositions with mainly contained raw materials from Lampang.

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Priyono, Joko, Ismail Yasin, and Bustan Bustan. "Modifikasi Sifat Mineralogi dan Fisiko-Kimia Bahan Tanah Vertik dengan Ball Mill Berenergi Tinggi." JURNAL SAINS TEKNOLOGI & LINGKUNGAN 7, no. 1 (2021): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jstl.v7i1.203.

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test of modifying the properties of vertic material by using a ball milling technique was carried out with the primary aim to eliminate the vertic (swelling-shrinking) property and increase the electrical charge of the material. The clay fraction of Vertisol was dried and ball milled for 5, 10, and 20 minutes. Results reveal that the clay fraction of the soil material was dominated by montmorillonite mineral, and ball milling for > 5 minutes transformed the crystalline montmorillonite into amorphous (non-crystalline) particles. Those changes were followed by increasing the vertic features, cation exchange capacity, water holding capacity, and suspension effect of the milled material. The improvement of vertic characteristics might be due to the increase of electric charge of the milled particles. Thus, high-energy ball milling was an effective technique to improve the reactivity and vertic property of vertic material of Vertisols. Further studies are needed to evaluate the potential uses of modified vertic materials as ceramic material, cement component, adsorbent of heavy metals, and other contaminants, or catalysator

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Costa, Ana Rita Damasceno, and Jardel Pereira Gonçalves. "Milling parameters and solid waste characterisation to use as supplementary cementitious materials." Ambiente Construído 22, no. 4 (2022): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1678-86212022000400626.

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Abstract Despitethe increasing number of publications on residual raw materials as supplementary cementitious materials (SCM), the milling beneficiation process and its parameters have been underexplored and presented. In this context, this study aims to evaluate the milling parameters for marble, clay tile, clay brick, and phosphogypsum waste processing for recycling as SCM. The raw materials were benefitted by grinding, sieving, and milling in a planetary ball mill, varying the time and rotation speed parameters. The waste was characterised by helium gas pycnometry, DSC, BET specific surface area, XRF, TGA, and XRD/Rietveld. Waste materials in which the mineral composition of phases was formed at higher temperatures were associated with higher demands for specific milling energy and lower grindability indexes. Marble waste (MW) has a mineral composition similar to commercial limestone and phosphogypsum (PG) can be an alternative to natural gypsum in cementitious materials. Clay brick waste (CBW) and clay tile waste (CTW) have the potential to be used as SCM to replace calcined natural clays, although CTW requires higher energy during milling processes.

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Lopes, Wilton C., Francisco M. Brito, Francisco E. Neto, et al. "Development of a New Clay-Based Aerogel Composite from Ball Clay from Piauí, Brazil and Polysaccharides." Polymers 15, no. 11 (2023): 2412. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15112412.

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The incorporation of polymeric components into aerogels based on clay produces a significant improvement in the physical and thermal properties of the aerogels. In this study, clay-based aerogels were produced from a ball clay by incorporation of angico gum and sodium alginate using a simple, ecologically acceptable mixing method and freeze-drying. The compression test showed a low density of spongy material. In addition, both the compressive strength and the Young’s modulus of elasticity of the aerogels showed a progression associated to the decrease in pH. The microstructural characteristics of the aerogels were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The chemical structure was studied by infrared spectroscopy with Fourier transform (FTIR). The TGA curves from a non-oxidizing atmosphere indicated that the clay had a mass loss of 9% above 500 °C and that due to the presence of polysaccharides, the aerogels presented a decomposition of 20% at temperatures above 260 °C. The DSC curves of the aerogels demonstrated a displacement in higher temperatures. In conclusion, the results showed that aerogels of ball clay with the incorporation of polysaccharides, which are still minimally studied, have potential application as thermal insulation considering the mechanical and thermal results obtained.

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Watson, Gary W., Gary Kupkowski, and Kerstin G. von der Heide-Spravka. "Influence of Backfill Soil Amendments on Establishment of Container-grown Shrubs." HortTechnology 3, no. 2 (1993): 188–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.3.2.188.

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Cotoneaster apiculata and Juniperus chinensis `Pfitzeriana Compacta' were planted on a site with compacted clay soil. Plants were placed in holes the same size as the root ball (no backfill), or in holes three times the diameter of the root ball with sloping sides. The three backfill soils used were composed of site-soil (50%) amended with sand (40%) and leaf compost (10%), site-soil (75%) amended with mushroom compost (25%), and unamended site-soil. After 14 months, root density was not different in any of the treatments, and root densities were not different in the compacted clay soil outside of the planting hole, indicating that root growth was not inhibited at the interface between the backfill soil and the compacted site clay soil. Shoot growth of C. apiculata grown in backfill amended with sand and leaf compost was larger than shoot growth of plants grown in other backfills.

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Auechalitanukul, Chiraporn, Ryan C. McCuiston, Tarit Prasartseree, Pongpat Pungpipat, and Smatcha Olaranont. "Properties of Sintered Brick Containing Lignite Bottom Ash Substitutions." Key Engineering Materials 659 (August 2015): 138–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.659.138.

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This study examined the feasibility of utilizing lignite bottom ash as a partial substitute for ball clay in an insulating brick composition. Lignite bottom ash is a waste byproduct that is high in alumina and silicates and is therefore a candidate material for replacing aluminosilicate minerals such as clay. The lignite bottom ash powder was obtained from the Mae Moh power plant, Thailand. Small brick specimens were produced by die pressing a mixture of lignite bottom ash, ball clay and aluminum hydroxide. The composition of the mixture contained a fixed amount of aluminum hydroxide, while the lignite bottom ash replaced from 30 to 70% of the ball clay. The pressed samples were sintered at 1300 oC for 1 hour in air. The density, porosity, strength and thermal properties of the samples were measured. A microstructural analysis of the sintered brick was also performed. It was found that the porosity of the samples increased from 35 to 45% with increased lignite bottom ash content. The modulus of rupture and the thermal conductivity of the bricks were reduced with increased lignite bottom ash content, likely due to the increased amount of porosity. Dilatometric analysis found that the thermal expansion increased with increased amounts of lignite bottom ash, possibly as a result of an increased amount of glassy phase. Despite the high thermal expansion coefficient at high temperature, the feasibility of using lignite bottom ash in the insulating brick composition was demonstrated.

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Thirumoorthy, K., and S. K. Krishna. "Preparation and Characterization of Ball Clay-Manganese Dioxide Nanocomposites." Asian Journal of Chemistry 31, no. 1 (2018): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2019.21546.

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Mohamed Bazin, Maisarah, Norhayati Ahmad, and Yuzo Nakamura. "Preparation of porous ceramic membranes from Sayong ball clay." Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies 7, no. 4 (2019): 417–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21870764.2019.1658339.

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Sunderland, J. G. "Electrokinetic dewatering and thickening. II. Thickening of ball clay." Journal of Applied Electrochemistry 17, no. 5 (1987): 1048–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01024370.

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Lokhat, David, Irshaan Sewlala, Diajal Hooblal, and Bradley Paul. "Beneficiation of Sugarcane Bagasse Boiler Ash via Production of Syntactic Foams and Thermal Refractory Materials." Key Engineering Materials 779 (September 2018): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.779.89.

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Aqueous solutions of sodium polytungstate were used to fractionate samples of sugarcane bagasse ash by heavy media separation. Practically no cenospheres were recovered from the ash samples. The method was successful in separating fibrous carbonaceous particles with a uniform surface from particles containing more silica and having a less uniform surface. A geopolymer refractory brick having satisfactory durability was produced from sugarcane bagasse ash with metakaolin and ball clay fillers and a sodium metasilicate/hydroxide activator liquor. Drying and firing shrinkage, bulk density and ultimate compressive strength tests were performed to determine the most feasible combination of ingredients. Geopolymer samples produced using aluminium powder instead of ball clay were found to be very brittle and unsuitable for refractory service.

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Sallem, Fawzy H., M. I. Sayyed, Dalal Abdullah Aloraini, Aljawhara H. Almuqrin, and K. A. Mahmoud. "Characterization and Gamma-ray Shielding Performance of Calcinated and Ball-Milled Calcinated Bentonite Clay Nanoparticles." Crystals 12, no. 8 (2022): 1178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12081178.

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The current investigation deals with the fabrication of two various composite-based bentonite clay minerals. The characterization and radiation shielding parameters for the two fabricated composites (calcinated and ball-milled calcinated bentonite) were studied. X-ray diffraction was utilized to illustrate the crystalline phase of the fabricated composites. Furthermore, Williamson and Hall’s method was used to determine the grain size of both the calcinated and ball-milled calcinated composites. The particle size, according to the calculation was 39.84 nm, and the strain was 0.216 for the calcinated bentonite, while the particle size of the ball-milled bentonite was 26.96 nm, and the strain was 0.219. In comparison, the transmission electron microscope (TEM) showed that the grain size of the calcinated bentonite was 566.59 nm, and it was 296.21 nm for the ball-milled calcinated bentonite. The density of the fabricated composites varied between 1.60 and 186 g/cm3 for the calcinated bentonite and between 1.83 and 2.075 g/cm3 for the ball-milled calcinated bentonite. Moreover, the radiation shielding capacity of the composites was analyzed. The results show that the gamma-ray attenuation capacity of ball-milled calcinated bentonite is high compared to ordinary calcinated bentonite. These results confirm the effect of particle grain size on optimizing the gamma-ray shielding capacity of the fabricated materials.

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Sundari, Komang Nelly, Subari, and Bagus Dinda Erlangga. "Characterization of Buleleng clay and improvement of its ceramic properties." Mining of Mineral Deposits 16, no. 4 (2022): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.33271/mining16.04.029.

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Purpose. The research focuses on the improvement of local clay-based ceramic pottery bodies from Alas Angker in Buleleng Regency in Bali. The main purpose is to utilize the clay which meets the standards of ceramics such as smooth and hard earthenware, especially to reduce its water absorption property. Methods. Firstly, the clay is analyzed for its physical and chemical composition. Two ceramic body formulations are made using the clay with the BWNAA1 and BWNAA2 codes. The specimens are measured in terms of clay ceramics properties including plasticity, dry shrinkage, firing shrinkage and water absorption. The cracked ceramic products are also analyzed for a comparison. Findings. The ceramic properties show similar results, except for the water absorption percentage. The BWNAA2 code formulation has lower water absorption rate by 10.8% and meets the requirements for the type of smooth and hard earthenware body in compliance with the national standard SNI:7275-2018. The water absorption rate is about half of the existing products, which is effective in avoiding the problem of cracks. Originality. Comparison of the existing ceramic products and specimens made in this study shows a significant difference in water absorption and crack growth. Adding a certain amount of kaolin, feldspar, ball clay and quartz sand has significantly reduced the water absorption rate of ceramic bodies. Practical implications. This research can be a potential solution to increase the quality of ceramic pottery products in the vicinity of Buleleng Regency which use the clay of this kind.

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Zubaidah, S., I. Mansur, S. W. Budi, and A. Yusmur. "Seedball Coating Material Formulation to Enhance Germination and Growth of Fruit and Forest Seeds." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 959, no. 1 (2022): 012039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/959/1/012039.

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Abstract Planting using seed ball, where seeds are enclosed in materials and planted directly to the field by throwing the seed balls or using aerial planting. This technique has been considered to speed up the rehabilitation of degraded land and forest. Formulation of materials to enclose the seed is important and could be specific for different seeds. Therefore, this research aims to determine the appropriate formulation of seed balls to enhance seeds germination and their subsequent growth. The research was conducted from February-June 2021 in a greenhouse. Three formulas have been tested, i.e. 1) Formula A: clay and compost (1:1); 2) Formula B: clay, compost, and insecticide (50:50:1); 3) Formula C: clay, sawdust, bone meal, and vermicompost (8:8:2:1). The seeds used were seeds of durian (Durio zibethinus), jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), velvet apple (Diospyros blancoi), merbau (Intsia bijuga), and white teak (Gmelina arborea). The experimental design used was a completely randomized design (CRD) with 3 treatments and 3 replications. The fastest germination rate of durian, jackfruit, and merbau seeds was recorded on Formula A, while velvet apple and white teak seeds were on Formula C. The best height growth of seedlings was found using coating Formula C, i.e. 17.98 cm within 3 months after planting.

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Liang, Bing, Li Bing Zhao, and Jin Rui Zhang. "Xperimental Research on Grinding Medium and Influence Factors of SiJiaYing's Fine Grain Hematite." Advanced Materials Research 641-642 (January 2013): 557–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.641-642.557.

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SiJiaYing's iron ore is fine grain hematite and gangue mineral is quartz,chlorite,black mica and parts of clay mineral.Grinding process is tend to argillation,which seriously impact the subsequent strong magnetic and flotation thick operation.This paper mainly conduct ball mill sphere diameter,ball ratio and the grinding effect factor test,which including medium filling ratio,grinding concentration and so on.By compared experiments optimize,grinding process and improve the grinding effect.

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Mohd Zaidan, Nurhanna, Norhayati Ahmad, Yuzo Nakamura, and Muazu Abubakar. "Sayong Ball Clay Membrane for Copper and Nickel Removal from Effluent." Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 79, no. 2 (2021): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.79.2.131138.

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Abstract:

An adsorption filtration mechanism using porous ceramic membranes was proposed for the removal of heavy metals from the effluent of the UTM Lake. The effectiveness of the removal depends on kaolinite microparticle which is used as an adsorption agent in ceramic membranes. In this work, Sayong ball clay (SBC) from Malaysia was used in the preparation of the ceramic membrane. Sayong ball clay membranes were fabricated by gel casting (GC) and spark plasma sintering (SPS) methods. The effect of kaolinite and pore size on copper and nickel removal was investigated. X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), mercury porosimetry, and adsorption analysis were used to relate with the adsorption performance. It is found that kaolinite with the 14:1 ratio of monomers in the GC-SBC membrane performed the highest heavy metal removal.

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