Academic literature on the topic 'Ban gong shi'

A rayuwar yau da kullum ga wasu al’ummu na duniya ba abin da suke tinƙaho da shi kamar noma. Hausawa suna daga cikin waɗannan mutane da suka dogara rayuwar su ga noma tun fil azal. A tsakanin manoman kuma ba abin da suke ke sha’awa kamar a kira mutum sarkin noma. Suna kaiwa ga wannan matsayi ne ta hanyar yin aiki tuƙuru ta adda mutum zai sami abincin da zai ci a shekara har ya sami na sadaiwa. A ɗaya hannu kuma, akan sami wadda bai zai ia taɓuka komai ba, ko hanyar gona bai so a ambata bare a ce ya tafi, irin wannan mutum shi ake kira raggon mutum wanda yunwa take kamawa ta yi tasiri a jikinsa har ta zama ciwo. Irin wannan yanayi na yunwa shi ne aka hango makaɗan noma sun waƙe domin su faɗakar da mutane cewa, ba ɗabi’a ce mai kyau ba. Ya kamata kowa ya tashi a yi aiki tuƙuru ta yadda zai fi ƙarfin bukatun yau da kullum ba unwa kaɗai ba. Yanayi da yunwa takan sa mutum ya kasance kuma ya sami kansa a ciki suna daga cikin abubuwan da wannan takarda ta yi kiɗa kuma ta yi rawar kiɗan a cikinsu.

Rechargeable post Li-ion batteries based on aluminum (Al) are gaining attention due to high abundance of Al, the high theoretical volumetric capacity, and high safety associated with the low flammability [1,2]. In comparison to Li-ion batteries (LiBs), where the solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) has been studied for decades, little is known on SEI formation in dependence of the used electrolyte for Al electrodes. In this study, we present the electrochemical performance of Al foils with two different thicknesses (0.025 mm and 0.075 mm), which were used as negative electrode in Al-ion batteries in AlCl3/1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride [EMIm]Cl electrolyte. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to determine changes in the morphology of Al foils during the charge - discharge process to obtain information on the SEI and its microstructural morphology [3]. Spatially-resolved information on the electrochemical activity of interphase layers on cycled Al foils can be obtained via scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), which so far has only be studied at LiBs [4]. First results reveal the correlation between the morphological changes of SEI layer during cycling and its electrochemical behavior depending on the Al foil surface properties, which will be presented and discussed in this contribution. Key words: Al foil, AFM, microstructure, SEI layer, SECM. References: Meng-Chang Lin, Ming Gong, Bingan Lu, Yingpeng Wu, Di-Yan Wang, Mingyun Guan, Michael Angell, Changxin Chen, Jiang Yang, Bing-Joe Hwang and Hongjie Dai, Nature, 520, 325–328 (2015). Li, and N.J. Bjerrum, J. Power Sources, 110, 1–10 (2002). Feng Wu, Na Zhu, Ying Bai, Yaning Gao, and Chuan Wu, Green Energy & Environment 3, 71-77, (2018). Bastian Krueger, Luis Balboa, Jan Frederik Dohmann, Martin Winter, Peter Bieker and Gunther Wittstock. ChemElectroChem,7, 3590–3596, (2020). This work contributes to the research performed at CELEST (Center for Electrochemical Energy Storage Ulm-Karlsruhe) and was funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG) under Project ID 390874152 (POLiS Cluster of Excellence).

The aim of this paper is to define the institutional difference between the aristocratic lineage ruling the service fief of the Western Zhou era and the royal dynasty, reigning over the independent state of the Eastern Zhou era. Different approaches to the genesis of the Qin State are discussed in this paper: the archaeological approach and the “Zhou fiefdom” approach. The first one lacks data directly describing the political process. The problem of the second one is its being based practically on one written source that postdates the events described by 500 years. Therefore, to escape the failures of these methods, the author developed a specific approach that would both deal with political and institutional data on the one side while using data from different sources contemporary to the events in question. Data explicated from Bu Qi gui, Qin gong zhong and Guo ji zi Bai pan – three inscriptions on the bronze vessels dating between IX and VII centuries BC was scrutinized and compared. Two of them were cast by Qin rulers and the third describes the events leading to the creation of the Qin domain. Comparing information of these sources with the data from Sima Qian’s Shi ji allows to determine the precise moment of the Qin domain being transformed into the Qin State and show the institutional innovations that went along with this process. The interior political change of this time is described (i.e. the political crisis of royal inheritance) as well as the exterior change in Qin’s place inside the hierarchy of Zhou domains, particularly the changing relations between the Qin State and the domain of Xiao Guo. This clarified the place that the process of territorial expansion had in this transformation. As a hypothesis, the author built a model presenting the properties distinguishing a service fief and an independent state.

The Non Performing Assets (NPAs) of Banks is a matter of great concern. The gross bad debt of the Indian banking system was Rs. 7.11 trillion as on March 2016. The Bhushan Steel Ltd was in the first list of 12 Loan defaulters as on 31st March 2016 and had an outstanding loan of Rs. 44478 crore. SBI filed a claim against Bhushan Steel Limited under Insolvency and bankruptcy Code, 2016 to recover Rs. 4295 crore and $490 million foreign currency loan. So to know how the Bhushan Steel Ltd gone into bankruptcy proceedings the objective of the study is to analyzing the capital Structure, debt Structure and the financial position of the Bhushan Steel Ltd. Data for the study is taken from capital line data base from period 1992 to 2017 and from the article/research published in the websites. The objectives of the study have been achieved with the ratio analysis. The study finds that the three fourths of the Odisha plant of Rs. 19400 crore was funded through debt to increased steel production. The problem began to start during 2010-11 as its debt repayment outstanding become Rs. 1118 crore. The cash from operating activities was only Rs. 994 crore and the company could not be able to pay its debt obligations. This position become worst during 2013-14 as it repaid debt obligation of Rs. 3384 crores. Beside debt repayment the interest burden on the company reached up to Rs. 1663 crore with earning of Rs. 59 crore. The company could not come out from the debt trap. The profit and cash flow from operations was not enough to repay the loan with interest back to the loan providers. During this course of action the offering of bribe to the CMD of syndicate bank put the company in the back foot. In the case of Bhushan Steel Ltd there was absence of good governance that caused the company in to the insolvency process.

The homogeneous distribution of nano-metallic structures on the surface-enhanced Raman (SERS) substrates plays an important factor for high-sensitive Raman scattering measurement. In this paper, we present a low-cost laser-assisted photochemical method for making a SERS probe based on silver nanostructures, which are one-timely synthesized nano-silver structures, homogeneously deposited on silica microsphere surfaces. Achieved SERS-activity substrates with a homogeneous distribution of Ag-nanostructures are verified by a mapping technique on the surface of Ag-coated microsphere for the detection of low concentration of Rhodamine 6G in aqueous solutions in a range of 10-4-10-9M. The obtained results show that a SERS microsphere probe has a good repetition of SERS-activity in any space of sensing area, and large potential for application in a biochemical sensing technique. Full Text: PDF ReferencesY. Chen et al., "Interfacial reactions in lithium batteries", J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 50, 02510 (2017). CrossRef T.B. Pham, H. Bui, H.T. Le, V.H. Pham, "Characteristics of the Fiber Laser Sensor System Based on Etched-Bragg Grating Sensing Probe for Determination of the Low Nitrate Concentration in Water", Sensors 17, 0007 (2017). CrossRef X. Wang, O.S. Wolfbeis, "Fiber-Optic Chemical Sensors and Biosensors (2013–2015)", Anal. Chem. 88, 203 (2016). CrossRef R. Wang, K. Kim, N. Choi, X. Wang, J. Lee, J.H. Joen, G. Rhie, J. Choo, "Highly sensitive detection of high-risk bacterial pathogens using SERS-based lateral flow assay strips", Sens. Actuators B-Chem. 270, 72 (2018). CrossRef H. Zhang et al., "Determination of Pesticides by Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy on Gold-Nanoparticle-Modified Polymethacrylate", Anal. Let. 49, 2268 (2016). CrossRef L. Chen, H. Yan, X. Xue, D. Jiang, Y. Cai, D. Liang, Y.M. Jung, X.X. Han, B. Zhao, "Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) Active Gold Nanoparticles Decorated on a Porous Polymer Filter", Appl. Spectrosc. 71, 1543 (2017). CrossRef A. Matikainen, T. Nuutinen, P. Vahimaa, S. Honkanen, "A solution to the fabrication and tarnishing problems of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) fiber probes", Sci. Rep. 5, 8320 (2015). CrossRef J. Zhang, S. Chen, T. Gong, X. Zhang, Y. Zhu, "Tapered Fiber Probe Modified by Ag Nanoparticles for SERS Detection", Plasm. 11, 743 (2016). CrossRef W. Xu et al., "A Dual-Butterfly Structure Gyroscope", Sensors 17, 467 (2017). CrossRef K. Setoura, S. Ito, M. Yamada, H. Yamauchi, H. Miyasaka, "Fabrication of silver nanoparticles from silver salt aqueous solution at water-glass interface by visible CW laser irradiation without reducing reagents", J. Photochem. Photobio. A: Chem. 344, 168 (2017). CrossRef K. Liu, Y. Bai, L. Zhang, Z. Yang, Q. Fan, H. Zheng, Y. Yin, C. Gao, "Porous Au–Ag Nanospheres with High-Density and Highly Accessible Hotspots for SERS Analysis", Nano Lett. 16, 3675 (2016). CrossRef Z. Huang, X. Lei, Y. Liu, Z. Wang, X. Wang, Z. Wang, Q. Mao, G. Meng, "Tapered Optical Fiber Probe Assembled with Plasmonic Nanostructures for Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Application", ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 7, 17247 (2015). CrossRef

The radiation conversion phenomenon is used for UV sensing applications with rare earth doped phosphors. This paper presents the results of structural and optical measurements of undoped and europium doped LaPO4 phosphors. LaPO4 phosphors with 1% mol, 2% mol, and 5% mol of europium were fabricated by the co-precipitation method. The effect of Eu3+ concentrations on the luminescence characteristics under UV LED excitation was investigated. The maximum quantum efficiency of luminescence (c.a. 82%) was obtained in sampled doped with 5% of europium. Full Text: PDF ReferencesM. Runowski, "Nanotechnologia – nanomateriały, nanocząstki i wielofunkcyjne nanostruktury typu rdzeń/powłoka", Chemik 68, 9, 766-775 (2014). DirectLink J. Zhou, J.L. Leano Jr., Z. Liu, D. Jin, K.-L. Wong, R.S. Liu, et al., "Impact of Lanthanide Nanomaterials on Photonic Devices and Smart Applications", Small 14, 1801882 (2018). CrossRef Z. Li, Y. Zhang, G. Han, "Lanthanide-Doped Upconversion Nanoparticles for Imaging-Guided Drug Delivery and Therapy", Springer Series in Biomater. Sci. Eng. 6, 139-164, (2016). CrossRef M. Lin, Y. Zhao, S. Wang, M. Liu, Z. Duan, Y. Chen, et al., "Recent advances in synthesis and surface modification of lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles for biomedical applications", Biotechnol. Adv. 30, 1551-1561 (2012). CrossRef H. Su, Y. Nie, H. Yang, D. Tang, K. Chen, T. Zhang, "Improving the thermal stability of phosphor in a white light-emitting diode (LED) by glass-ceramics: Effect of Al2O3 dopant", J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 38, 2005-2009 (2018). CrossRef J. Huang, X. Hu, J. Shen, D. Wu, C. Yin, R. Xiang, et al., "Facile synthesis of a thermally stable Ce3+:Y3Al5O12 phosphor-in-glass for white LEDs", Cryst. Eng. Comm 17, 7079-7085 (2015). CrossRef R. Zhang, H. Lin, Y. Yu, D. Chen, J. Xu, Y. Wang, "A new-generation color converter for high-power white LED: transparent Ce3+:YAG phosphor-in-glass", Laser Photon. Rev. 8, 158-164 (2014). CrossRef B. Zheng, Y. Bai, H. Chen, H. Pan, W. Ji, X. Gong, et al., "Near-Infrared Light-Excited Upconverting Persistent Nanophosphors in Vivo for Imaging-Guided Cell Therapy", ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 10, 19514 (2018). CrossRef J. Qiao, G. Zhou, Y. Zhou, Q. Zhang, Z. Xia, "Divalent europium-doped near-infrared-emitting phosphor for light-emitting diodes", Nature Communications 10 (1), 5267 (2019). CrossRef V. Singh, A. Kumar, C. Mehare, H. Jeong, S. Dhoble, "UV/VUV excited photoluminescence of Tb3+ doped LaPO4 green emitting phosphors for PDP applications", Optik 206, 163733 (2020). CrossRef G. Han, Y. Wang, C. Wu, J. Zhang, "Hydrothermal synthesis and vacuum ultraviolet-excited luminescence properties of novel Dy3+-doped LaPO4 white light phosphors", Mat. Res. Bull. 44 (12), 2255-2257 (2009). CrossRef K. S. Gupta, P. S. Ghosh, M. Sahu, K. Bhattacharyya, R. Tewari, V. Natarajan, "Intense red emitting monoclinic LaPO4:Eu3+ nanoparticles: host–dopant energy transfer dynamics and photoluminescence properties", RSC Adv. 5, 58832-58842 (2015). CrossRef

Artikel review ini memberikan informasi tentang aplikasi polianilina (PANI) dan kompositnya sebagai sensor gas berbahaya khususnya amonia (NH3). Kajian yang dibahas pada artikel ini meliputi sifat gas NH3, material komposit, kinerja sensor, serta limit deteksi. Tinjauan sensor gas amonia berbasis polimer konduktif polianilina secara menyeluruh diambil dari referensi sepuluh tahun terakhir. Sebagai contoh, komposit polianilina dengan turunan karbon seperti reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) dan Carbon Nanotube menunjukkan limit deteksi hingga 46 ppb dengan waktu pemulihan hanya 75 detik. Selain itu, komposit PANI dengan logam seperti Ag, Sr dan sebagainya, menunjukkan limit deteksi yang lebih besar yaitu 1 ppm, namun terdapat keunggulan dimana waktu pemulihan hanya 4 deti. Oleh sebab itu, polimer konduktif polianilina menjadi material yang sangat menjanjikan untuk mendeteksi keberadaan gas NH3. Terakhir, mekanisme penginderaan gas amonia terhadap material PANI juga dibahas pada tulisan ini. 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The pandemic of COVID-19 has afflicted every individual and has initiated a cascade of directly or indirectly involved events in precipitating mental health issues. The human species is a wanderer and hunter-gatherer by nature, and physical social distancing and nationwide lockdown have confined an individual to physical isolation. The present review article was conceived to address psychosocial and other issues and their aetiology related to the current pandemic of COVID-19. The elderly age group has most suffered the wrath of SARS-CoV-2, and social isolation as a preventive measure may further induce mental health issues. Animal model studies have demonstrated an inappropriate interacting endogenous neurotransmitter milieu of dopamine, serotonin, glutamate, and opioids, induced by social isolation that could probably lead to observable phenomena of deviant psychosocial behavior. Conflicting and manipulated information related to COVID-19 on social media has also been recognized as a global threat. Psychological stress during the current pandemic in frontline health care workers, migrant workers, children, and adolescents is also a serious concern. Mental health issues in the current situation could also be induced by being quarantined, uncertainty in business, jobs, economy, hampered academic activities, increased screen time on social media, and domestic violence incidences. The gravity of mental health issues associated with the pandemic of COVID-19 should be identified at the earliest. Mental health organization dedicated to current and future pandemics should be established along with Government policies addressing psychological issues to prevent and treat mental health issues need to be developed. References World Health Organization (WHO) Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard. 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碩士
美和科技大學
企業管理系經營管理碩士班
105
Human resource is the precious resources of every country as well as the company. Currently the real situation, the staff quit job to find new opportunities, frequently take place in many companies. And these companies lose a lot of costs for the recruitment and training of new staff; the productivity of the company will decrease due to the many problems arising in the process of personnel changes. So that company might see that the problem of personnel plays a key role for the future of company. To remain loyal and skilled employees working with company, motivation is an important focal point that should be concerned. To be more efficient, this paper present the real status in Go Vap Branch and analyze the collected date by survey to find out some solutions to motivate employees in Go Vap Brand.

After the Earl was gone Lady Anna had but a A bad time of it at Yoxham. She herself could not so far regain her composure as to live on as though no disruption had taken place. She knew that she was in disgrace,...

The cemetery of the Lusatian culture in Gogolin belongs to typical cemeteries of the Częstochowa-Gliwice subgroup of the Upper Silesia and Lesser Poland group dated to the end of the Bronze Age. It was probably established at the beginning of the HaB2–B3 period, so at times when quite a lot of cemeteries were established, some of which were still in use during the Hallstatt C period. The inhabitants of the Upper Silesian-Lesser Poland group maintained contacts with communities living in the area to the west of the Oder river, which are described as the Silesian group of the Lusatian culture. The influences of the Głubczyce subgroup of the Silesian group are particularly evident, which is manifested by numerous analogies in the sets of vessels and their decoration typical for areas on the left bank of the Oder. The relative chronology was verified by radiocarbon dating of bone samples from 4 graves. Calibration of the obtained dates allows dating the necropolis to the end of Period IV and Period V (HaB1-B3), with the time of its use narrowed down to the 10th century BC and the first half of the 9th century BC. The comparable age of the samples obtained from burnt and unburnt bones excludes the influence of cremation on the sample aging, defined as the “old wood effect”, i.e. the influence of carbon from the cremation pyre. Summing up, it can be underlined that the population buried at the cemetery constitutes the westernmost branch of the Upper Silesia-Lesser Poland group, practising a bi-ritual form of burial rite and penetrating the Silesian Upland quite early. The community using this cemetery probably lived in a close vicinity. This is confirmed by analyses of strontium isotopes in samples of burnt bones or tooth enamel of selected deceased, which indicate their local origin in most cases. These people maintained relations with other communities inhabiting the areas located both to the east and west of the Oder valley in the Gogolin region. This is evidenced not only by the equipment of graves and the form of burial, but also by the presence of a non-local individual buried in grave 63, as was demonstrated by strontium isotope analysis. This female spent her childhood in the areas north or west of the Gogolin region. However, she was fully incorporated into the local community, as evidenced by the form of burial (inhumation grave) and typical grave goods. This is only a single signal, but it may indicate that funeral rituals were of local nature and did not emphasised foreign origin of individuals. The verification of such suggestions will be carried out by isotope studies of larger series from various cemeteries.

As the longest section, chapter 6 covers sixteen years of the author’s career as dancer, choreographer, dance educator, and arts administrator. During this period, she solidified her reputation in the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Area as a leader in the growing black dance and multicultural arts movements when she founds the non-profit dance institution Everybody’s Creative Arts Center (ECAC). She assess her development as a dancer-choreographer, discussing some of her key dance works as well as the creation of the center’s resident dance company, CitiCentre Dance Theatre, which was an important contemporary dance company that operated from 1983 to 1988. She also explores her simultaneous adjunct dance position at Stanford University and several of her choreographic and directorial commissions. The chapter articulates how, in 1989, her accumulated artistic and administrative experience culminated in her founding a major national initiative in black dance: Black Choreographers Moving Toward the 21st Century. She concludes with how she eventually transitioned from the arts to academia after going to graduate school, and how dance and “writing dancing” are similar.

This chapter looks at the sorts of excuse that might apply to the various sorts of wrongdoing. An agent who acts subjectively wrongly could not have a simple excuse of ignorance or lack of control, but it is possible that mitigating factors apply. Mitigating circumstances, like excuses, show that what is really going on is that the agent is not acting as badly as it appears she is. Next, the chapter examines cases of mixed motivations, where an agent is trying hard enough to be acting subjectively rightly, but something goes wrong with her act, not through external bad luck, but through the agent’s own flawed motivations. In such cases the agent is praiseworthy in the ordinary way for trying, but we are bound to react with a species of detached blame to her bad motives. Finally, the chapter considers the role that unfortunate formative circumstances play in reducing blameworthiness.

Abstract Music for cable and streaming services, unencumbered by commercial network restrictions, was an attractive outlet for composers in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. And changing times also meant more opportunities for women and people of color as composers for TV. Early examples: the Latin jazz theme for Sex and the City, the Django Reinhardt–style Monk, and the Caribbean-influenced Dexter music. The Sopranos and The Wire broke precedent by going without conventional scores, only songs in the narrative. Thomas Newman won an Emmy for his Six Feet Under theme; the music of House of Cards won two more, Game of Thrones two more for music in the wildly popular fantasy series (also inspiring millions of YouTube takeoffs on the theme). Up-and-comer Bear McCreary scored multiple cable series, including the revived Battlestar Galactica and the new Outlander. Spinoffs from older shows include Star Trek: Discovery and Lost in Space, both with compelling orchestral scores. Period pieces including Deadwood, Rome, The Tudors, and The Borgias offered memorable, appropriate music. Michael Kamen did his best work for the HBO miniseries From the Earth to the Moon and the World War II Band of Brothers, and Thomas Newman wrote one of the greatest scores in TV history for Angels in America—none even nominated for the Emmy, pointing up flaws in the voting procedures. Laura Karpman did lauded work for the sci-fi Taken. Music supervision gained traction as a key component in many series, notably Grey’s Anatomy and Glee on network, Breaking Bad on cable.

The No War Pact correspondence between Jawaharlal Nehru and Liaquat Ali Khan is interesting for several reasons: its timing, the personalities, the possibilities it seemed to offer for the relationship ship, and the glimpses it offered into the world views of India and Pakistan during the 1950s. The Evacuee Property Conferences, as well as the refugee crisis in Bengal formed the immediate context in which Liaquat Ali Khan and Nehru opened negotiations on a possible No War Pact. In many ways, moreover, the correspondence also shows how deeply connected the shaping of foreign policy was with domestic politics—India’s and Pakistan’s international relations were shaped out of the domestic concerns of both nation. One reason that the correspondence was taking place at all was that it could offer the possibility of some movement on the questions of water and evacuee property. The correspondence offered an opportunity for India and Pakistan to clarify their positions internationally as mutually exclusive entities: at the same time, it was also for progress in leading to more accommodative outcomes for talks around the agenda of separation. This chapter shows that the business of going about disentangling oneself from the other did not in fact necessarily mandate international stances that had to be hostile to one another: they could also be built upon an attempt at dialogue.

This chapter addresses the Beatles’ complex gendered and sexual appeal to audiences and the evolution of fan identification processes in the 1960s and beyond. The chapter unites the growing body of scholarship that treats issues of gender and sexuality in relation to the Beatles and their fans. After consideration of the theoretical difference between androgyny and gender fluidity, Beatles texts are discussed in relation to fan responses. Their gender fluidity inspired many girl fans to scream for (and sing about) the Fabs’ representation of freedom early in the decade. But their music shifted from the girl talk of “She Loves You” to the bravado of “You’re Going to Lose That Girl.” No longer clad in matching boyish suits, the Beatles maintained their fluid gender performance throughout the ’60s. The Beatles’ gender fluidity is a key ingredient in their sustained popularity. The band endures because listeners keep finding themselves in the Beatles.

Communication is fundamental to the role of the doctor. It includes routine verbal communication (e.g. history taking, updating relatives, handovers, and requesting investigations from specialists), written communication (e.g. prescriptions, updating the clinical notes, and discharge summaries), breaking bad news, and ‘challenging’ interactions such as dealing with an angry relative. Questions within this section assess your ability to communicate effectively with patients and colleagues. Effective communication requires understanding and being understood. You will need to demonstrate an ability to negotiate with colleagues, to document information within the medical notes clearly and concisely, to gather information from patients, and to listen to angry relatives. As always, your responses must adapt to the needs and context of each situation, while always remembering to demonstrate empathy and compassion. ● Listen to patients, relatives, and colleagues. They are trying to tell you something. ● Explain your position carefully after listening to the other side. ● Adapt your style as far as possible to the person with whom you are communicating. ● However strongly you feel, poor manners will never get the job done faster. Foundation doctors should not usually be left to ‘break bad news’ in the classical sense of a new cancer diagnosis in clinic. However, bad news can take many forms and it is likely that you will find yourself going through the ‘breaking bad news’ sequence many times during the foundation programme. For example, the following scenarios are all bad news to varying degrees. Some patients will take such developments in their stride and others will rank them amongst other significant life events. ● An incidental ‘nodule’ found on a CT chest that might be benign but will require a follow- up scan in three months. ● An elderly man who has become very unwell and is unlikely to survive while you are on call. You have been assigned the task of calling his wife, providing an update, and suggesting she come to the hospital urgently. ● The fact that investigations have all been normal and they are being discharged without a diagnosis for their persistent debilitating abdominal pain.

On a May morning in 1957, ten thousand fish floated on the eastern edge of San Francisco Bay, their pale, upturned bellies bobbing on the surface of the dark water. The crowd of carcasses described an arc that stretched along the shore from Richmond’s harbor south to Point Isabel. Many striped bass, a prized game fish, were among the dead. Seth Gordon, director of California Department of Fish and Game (DFG), fielded complaints from anglers outraged by the fish kill. The Public Health Committee of the State Assembly passed a resolution admonishing DFG for its failure to enforce pollution control laws. Gordon told the committee members off. “We want to stop pollution,” he said, “but the law as it stands puts our Department in the position of a boxer going into the ring with one hand tied behind his back.” The ability to set and enforce pollution standards rested with California’s nine regional water pollution control boards. To effect any change, Gordon’s department had to prove to the boards’ satisfaction that pollution allowed by existing standards was harmful to fish, a challenge that had so far proved impossible. Responding to questions about the East Bay fish kill, he said, “We still don’t know what caused the die-off, or where it came from.” David Joseph was then starting out as a DFG biologist, armed with a doctorate in marine biology from the University of California at Los Angeles. Born in Connecticut, on a cooperative farm where his parents raised dairy cows and shade-grown tobacco with other immigrant Russian Jews, he’d grown up in Inglewood, in southern California, when the place was still a bucolic town and he could ride his horse to the beach. He’d met his wife, Marion, when they were both students at UCLA. “He was an outdoor guy,” she remembers. “He wasn’t a fisherman, he just loved the sea, loved the land. His work was always going to have something to do with protecting the environment.”

A colleague arrives at work one Monday morning at 9:30. She's usually there at 8:00 A.M., ahead of everyone else. She mumbles under her breath and shakes her head from side to side, biting her lip. She doesn't say "Hello" as she usually does, but instead, staring straight ahead, she storms past your desk. At her office she turns the knob roughly, throws open the door, and then slams it loudly behind her. What's going on here? This is a classic bad mood scene, isn't it? No direct evidence, of course—your colleague doesn't say anything to you—but you can add up the pieces to figure out some important information for yourself. Clearly, she's angry or upset about something. To reach that judgment, you relied on what you saw and heard at the moment, but also on what you know about her usual behavior. No one had to tell you that she was furious. From her appearance, her actions, her body language, and her behavior, it was safe to infer that something irritated her. You were assessing the scene, and your natural ability to draw inferences fed you information that you needed in order to figure out her behavior. What is inference? When we infer, we derive information by a complex process of reasoning that balances assumptions, induction and deduction, instinct, prior experience, perception, hunches—even, some believe, ESP. Many people define inference as reading between the lines. This definition, of course, is figurative. It says that being able to determine information in this way is like figuring out hidden meanings—beyond the apparent ideas expressed by words and sentences. More information resides on a page of text than what the lines of print say. You can tell from this familiar metaphor—reading between the lines—that inference is usually intertwined with the reading process. In other words, we conceive of the act of inference as print-bound. Much of the essential meaning from a page does come to us as cues and clues in a writer's discourse.

Hydrodynamic interaction effects between two ships going ahead in regular deepwater waves were numerically studied during typical maneuvers for ship-to-ship (STS) operations, such as lightering, replenishment, etc. Such maneuvers are usually classified as potentially hazardous situations, due to the possibility of collision between the two vessels when they are operating in close proximity. Since the collision hazard is usually even greater in bad weather conditions, knowledge of the maneuvering capabilities of two ships in a seaway must be available in order to ensure safe and efficient STS operation. In this study, a combined seakeeping and maneuvering analysis of two ships involved in typical lightering operation was performed using a unified seakeeping and maneuvering theory developed by Skejic and Faltinsen [1, 2]. The unified theory integrates seakeeping and maneuvering analysis by using a two time scale assumption and modular concept. This approach allows the maneuvering behavior of the two ships involved in lightering operation in waves to be successfully described. The seakeeping analysis for both vessels uses Salvesen-Tuck-Faltinsen [3] (STF) strip theory for deep water by assuming that there are no hydrodynamic interaction in waves between the two ships. The regular wave field effects upon the involved vessels are described by the mean second-order wave loads. They can be estimated by using one of the available near/far field theories (Salvesen [4] and Faltinsen et al. [5]) that take the complete wave length range of interest for a considered STS maneuver into account. When the incident wave length is short relative to the ship length, the asymptotic theory by Faltinsen et al. [5] is used. The predicted mean second-order wave loads according to these theories are shown in the case of turning maneuver of a ‘MARINER’ type of a ship in specific wave conditions. The maneuvering module of the unified theory model is based on generalized slender-body theory, while calm-water interaction forces and moments between the two ships are estimated using Newman and Tuck [6] theory. Automatic steering- and speed-control algorithms for both ships (Skejic et al. [7]) are employed to achieve high-precision and collision-free lightering maneuvers in waves. This is illustrated by a numerical simulation involving ‘Aframax’ and ‘KVLCC’ (type 2 – Moeri tanker [16]) types of ships. Finally, from the perspective of marine safety and reliability, the future requirements and recommendations for typical lightering operations in a seaway are discussed.

Mobile Bay is a large estuary located in the southwest corner of Alabama, which connects to the Gulf of Mexico. Mobile Harbor contains the only port in the state that supports ocean-going vessels. Some of the larger vessels calling on the port experience transit delays and limited cargo capacity, so a study was conducted by the US Army Corps of Engineers, Mobile District (CESAM), and the Alabama State Port Authority to investigate channel improvements. In 2017, the US Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) assisted CESAM in screening proposed deepening and widening alternatives in Mobile Bay by completing a Feasibility Level Ship Simulation (FLSS) study using the ERDC Ship/Tow Simulator. These lower-resolution databases from the FLSS study were used as a foundation to complete a more robust navigation study in 2020 to test the proposed modifications to Mobile Harbor. During this study, three main areas were focused on: a bend easing, a passing lane, and a turning basin. Testing of the proposed design was evaluated over the course of 2 weeks with eight pilots. Assessment of the proposed modifications was accomplished through analysis of ship simulations completed by experienced local pilots, discussions, track plots, run sheets, and final pilot surveys.

As a student undertaking a Longitudinal Integrated Clerkship (LIC)1 based in a GP practice in a rural community in the North of Scotland, I have been lucky to be given responsibility and my own clinic lists. Every day I conduct consultations that change my practice: the challenge of clinically applying the theory I have studied, controlling a consultation and efficiently exploring a patient's problems, empathising with and empowering them to play a part in their own care2 – and most difficult I feel – dealing with the vast amount of uncertainty that medicine, and particularly primary care, presents to both clinician and patient. I initially consulted with a lady in her 60s who attended with her husband, complaining of severe lower back pain who was very difficult to assess due to her pain level. Her husband was understandably concerned about the degree of pain she was in. After assessment and discussion with one of the GPs, we agreed some pain relief and a physio assessment in the next few days would be a practical plan. The patient had one red flag, some leg weakness and numbness, which was her ‘normal’ on account of her multiple sclerosis. At the physio assessment a few days later, the physio felt things were worse and some urgent bloods were ordered, unfortunately finding raised cancer and inflammatory markers. A CT scan of the lung found widespread cancer, a later CT of the head after some developing some acute confusion found brain metastases, and a week and a half after presenting to me, the patient sadly died in hospital. While that was all impactful enough on me, it was the follow-up appointment with the husband who attended on the last triage slot of the evening two weeks later that I found completely altered my understanding of grief and the mourning of a loved one. The husband had asked to speak to a Andrew MacFarlane Year 3 ScotGEM Medical Student 2 doctor just to talk about what had happened to his wife. The GP decided that it would be better if he came into the practice - strictly he probably should have been consulted with over the phone due to coronavirus restrictions - but he was asked what he would prefer and he opted to come in. I sat in on the consultation, I had been helping with any examinations the triage doctor needed and I recognised that this was the husband of the lady I had seen a few weeks earlier. He came in and sat down, head lowered, hands fiddling with the zip on his jacket, trying to find what to say. The GP sat, turned so that they were opposite each other with no desk between them - I was seated off to the side, an onlooker, but acknowledged by the patient with a kind nod when he entered the room. The GP asked gently, “How are you doing?” and roughly 30 seconds passed (a long time in a conversation) before the patient spoke. “I just really miss her…” he whispered with great effort, “I don’t understand how this all happened.” Over the next 45 minutes, he spoke about his wife, how much pain she had been in, the rapid deterioration he witnessed, the cancer being found, and cruelly how she had passed away after he had gone home to get some rest after being by her bedside all day in the hospital. He talked about how they had met, how much he missed her, how empty the house felt without her, and asking himself and us how he was meant to move forward with his life. He had a lot of questions for us, and for himself. Had we missed anything – had he missed anything? The GP really just listened for almost the whole consultation, speaking to him gently, reassuring him that this wasn’t his or anyone’s fault. She stated that this was an awful time for him and that what he was feeling was entirely normal and something we will all universally go through. She emphasised that while it wasn’t helpful at the moment, that things would get better over time.3 He was really glad I was there – having shared a consultation with his wife and I – he thanked me emphatically even though I felt like I hadn’t really helped at all. After some tears, frequent moments of silence and a lot of questions, he left having gotten a lot off his chest. “You just have to listen to people, be there for them as they go through things, and answer their questions as best you can” urged my GP as we discussed the case when the patient left. Almost all family caregivers contact their GP with regards to grief and this consultation really made me realise how important an aspect of my practice it will be in the future.4 It has also made me reflect on the emphasis on undergraduate teaching around ‘breaking bad news’ to patients, but nothing taught about when patients are in the process of grieving further down the line.5 The skill Andrew MacFarlane Year 3 ScotGEM Medical Student 3 required to manage a grieving patient is not one limited to general practice. Patients may grieve the loss of function from acute trauma through to chronic illness in all specialties of medicine - in addition to ‘traditional’ grief from loss of family or friends.6 There wasn’t anything ‘medical’ in the consultation, but I came away from it with a real sense of purpose as to why this career is such a privilege. We look after patients so they can spend as much quality time as they are given with their loved ones, and their loved ones are the ones we care for after they are gone. We as doctors are the constant, and we have to meet patients with compassion at their most difficult times – because it is as much a part of the job as the knowledge and the science – and it is the part of us that patients will remember long after they leave our clinic room. Word Count: 993 words References 1. ScotGEM MBChB - Subjects - University of St Andrews [Internet]. [cited 2021 Mar 27]. Available from: https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/subjects/medicine/scotgem-mbchb/ 2. Shared decision making in realistic medicine: what works - gov.scot [Internet]. [cited 2021 Mar 27]. Available from: https://www.gov.scot/publications/works-support-promote-shared-decisionmaking-synthesis-recent-evidence/pages/1/ 3. Ghesquiere AR, Patel SR, Kaplan DB, Bruce ML. Primary care providers’ bereavement care practices: Recommendations for research directions. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2014 Dec;29(12):1221–9. 4. Nielsen MK, Christensen K, Neergaard MA, Bidstrup PE, Guldin M-B. Grief symptoms and primary care use: a prospective study of family caregivers. BJGP Open [Internet]. 2020 Aug 1 [cited 2021 Mar 27];4(3). Available from: https://bjgpopen.org/content/4/3/bjgpopen20X101063 5. O’Connor M, Breen LJ. General Practitioners’ experiences of bereavement care and their educational support needs: a qualitative study. BMC Medical Education. 2014 Mar 27;14(1):59. 6. Sikstrom L, Saikaly R, Ferguson G, Mosher PJ, Bonato S, Soklaridis S. Being there: A scoping review of grief support training in medical education. PLOS ONE. 2019 Nov 27;14(11):e0224325.