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1
Hieu, Nguyen Trung, and Pham Xuan Dat. "Experimental study on the effectiveness of strengthening of reinforced concrete beams with opening in shear span using CFRP sheets." Journal of Science and Technology in Civil Engineering (JSTCE) - HUCE 18, no. 1 (2024): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31814/stce.huce2024-18(1)-01.
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In reinforced concrete beams, the opening is frequently required for the passage of utility ducts and/or pipes. The presence of such web openings leads to a reduction of the strength and stiffness of the beam. To ensurethe safety of the reinforced concrete beam, a strengthening system around the opening is necessary. This paperaims to contribute to a better understanding of the shear behavior of reinforced concrete beams with openingsin the shear span, strengthened with Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets. The study is based on anexperimental program carried out on six beams. All beam specimens were 850 mm long with a cross-sectionof 150 × 250 mm and a shear span to beam depth ratio (a/d) of 1.48. One beam without any openings served asthe control specimen, while the remaining five beams featured circular or rectangular openings within the shearspan and with/without shear strengthening using CFRP sheets around the openings. The test results obtainedfrom this experimental program provide insights into the shear behavior of beams with openings, both with andwithout strengthening using CFRP sheets. Additionally, the potential advantages and effectiveness of employingCFRP strengthening techniques for opening strengthening are investigated and discussed.
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Waleed Kh. Hadi and May J. Hamoodi. "Experimental Study on Composite Beams with Circular Web Openings." University of Thi-Qar Journal for Engineering Sciences 5, no. 1 (2014): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31663/utjes.v5i1.611.
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The behavior of composite beams with circular web openings is described. Four composite beams comprising one control beam were tested. The perforated beams have six circular openings with various locations. Opening size was fixed (66.7% of the steel section web depth) while number of openings in each composite beam was varied. Deflections at midspan and at openings were observed. Cracking of concrete slab and behavior of each opening were explained in detail. Tests indicated that circular web opening reduced the strength of composite beams. The behavior of composite beams relatively unaffected by the presence of circular web openings up to first yield. Less effect for the inclusion of circular web openings located out of midspan. The concrete slab has limited contribution to the strength of composite beams with circular web openings.
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Branesh Robert, J., R. Angeline Prabhavathy, P. S. Joanna, et al. "Flexural Behaviour of RC Beams with a Circular Opening at the Flexural Zone and Shear Zone Strengthened Using Steel Plates." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (December 2, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6733402.
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In this paper, an investigation on the behaviour of RC beams with circular openings in the flexural zone and shear zone strengthened using steel plates is presented. Totally seven beams were cast: a control beam, one beam with a circular opening of size of one-third the depth of the beam (100 mmϕ) in the flexural zone, one beam with opening strengthened using the steel plate, one beam with a circular opening of size of 100 mmϕ in the shear zone, one beam with an opening in the shear zone strengthened using the steel plate, one beam with two circular openings of size of 100 mmϕ in the shear zone, and another beam with two openings in the shear zone strengthened using the steel plate. The experiments were conducted in a loading frame of 400 kN capacity. The beams were subjected to two-point loading. The ultimate load carrying capacity reduced marginally by 1.78% and 2.8% compared to that of the control beam when a circular opening of 100 mmϕ was provided in the flexural zone and shear zone, respectively, and when the opening was strengthened with steel plates, it reduced by 3.04% and 25%, respectively, but the ductility increased when steel plates were provided. Beams with an opening of size of one-third the depth of the beam (100 mmϕ) in the flexural zone strengthened with the steel plate can be provided, as the load carrying capacity is only marginally reduced compared to the control beam, and the ductility is more when compared with beams with unstrengthened openings.
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Mohammed, Tesfaye Alemu, and Tensae Alebachew. "NUMERICAL INVESTIGATION OF AS-BUILT AND CARBON FIBER REINFORCED POLYMER RETROFITTED REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM WITH WEB OPENINGS UNDER IMPACT LOADING." ASEAN Engineering Journal 12, no. 1 (2022): 173–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/aej.v12.17521.
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It is not uncommon to provide openings in beams due to utility needs such as mechanical, electrical and sewerage passages. However, no clear guidelines are available in code of practice to handle beam web openings and presence of openings in beams changes behavior of Reinforced Concrete beam into a more complicated one. This research work investigates response of RC beam with openings under impact loading and proposes application of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites to restore lost beam performance due to the presence of web openings. 3D nonlinear finite element software LS-DYNA is used for model development, validation and parametric finite element analysis work. The accuracy of the nonlinear finite element models are verified using experimental results from literature. Further parametric studies are performed to optimize beam web openings on opening location, size and CFRP no. of layers and fiber orientation. Numerical results showed as compared to control, large opening cutouts in RC beam decreased impact resistance of a beam by 54%. Also, RC beam exhibited poor impact loading resistance close to loading point (mid span) and performed good near shear zone. As compared to control as-built RC beam, Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) composites strengthening reduced mid span deflection by 74% and improved beams brittle failure mode. Also, 900 fiber orientation complete wrapping resulted in reduction of shear cracking around opening however exhibited low overall impact resistance as compared with 0º fiber orientation.
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Ali, Hasan Hussein, and Abdul Muttailb I. Said. "Flexural behavior of concrete beams with horizontal and vertical openings reinforced by glass-fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars." Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Materials 31, no. 1 (2022): 407–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jmbm-2022-0045.
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Abstract This study conducted an analytical investigation on the behavior of concrete beams with openings reinforced by glass-fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) bars. In this study, five proposed beams reinforced by GFRP bars as flexural and shear reinforcement with openings were numerically examined. The variables were the opening orientation (vertical and horizontal) and the number of openings. These openings were located within the flexural zone of the proposed beams. The result shows that the vertical openings had a significant effect over the horizontal openings on reducing the ultimate load and increasing the mid-span deflection compared with the control beam. Moreover, the results showed that when replacing two adjacent openings by one equivalent opening, the capacity of the beam is decreased.
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Hamid, N. A. A., N. Salleh, N. Ali, et al. "Strengthening RC beams with circular post-opening in shear zone by externally bonded CFRP." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1347, no. 1 (2024): 012073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1347/1/012073.
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Abstract An installation of post-drilled openings in existing reinforced concrete (RC) beams may result in an abrupt change in the beam’s cross-sectional dimensions, which could reduce the beam’s capacity and integrity of the beam. A variety of methods have been developed to adequately reinforce the area around the opening. This study investigates the efficacy of Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) sheets for strengthening RC beams with circular post-opening at shear zones. A total of five beams measuring 150 mm width, 300 mm depth and 1550 mm length were casted and tested under four-point load until failure. The beams were consisted of one solid beam used as a control beam, two beams having 100 mm diameter circular openings and another two beams were strengthened using externally bonded CFRP sheets around the openings. The ultimate load capacities, deflections, strain distributions, cracking propagation and failure modes of the tested beams were measured and compared. According to the test results, beams with openings had lower load capacity and less stiffness compared to solid beam. Increasing the number of openings significantly reduced the ultimate load of the beams up to 25%. There are also significant differences between beams without and with strengthening in terms of beam capacity, stiffness and strain distribution.
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Chirag Ka Patel and Dr. R. K. Sheth. "Performance of Reinforced Concrete Beams with Rectangular Opening in Flexural and Shear Zone." International Research Journal on Advanced Engineering Hub (IRJAEH) 2, no. 07 (2024): 1937–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.47392/irjaeh.2024.0265.
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Transverse openings in reinforced concrete beams use to house the utility services like electricity cable, Internet cable, air-conditioning pipe, fire safety pipe line and water-drainage system. These beams opening pipe line system are usually placed underneath the soffit of the beam in term of dead space. This height of dead space that increase the overall building height. Beam opening in the reinforced concrete beams significantly decreases the ultimate load carrying capacity of beam. Transverse beam opening in the web portion of beam produces discontinuities in the usual flow of stresses and that leading stress concentration around the opening region. The importance of this study is to evaluate the performance of reinforced concrete beam with varying size rectangular opening at flexure and shear location ware investigated. A nonlinear finite element analysis was conducted to investigate the effects of different size openings, in terms of ultimate load carrying capacity, Elemental Stresses, load-deflection plot, crack pattern. The work involves investigating performance of different size of small and large rectangular opening. This paper gives new challenges for engineering practice which is in the field of strengthening of concrete structures especially in transverse RC beams with rectangular openings.
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Abed Shnait, Masharq, and Amer F. Izzet. "Flexural Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Beams with Steel-Plate Reinforced Vertical Opening." Civil Engineering Journal 10, no. 9 (2024): 2820–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2024-010-09-04.
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The structural response of simply supported Reinforced Concrete (RC) beams with square vertical openings is investigated in this work. Studies were conducted using seven specimens of RC beams, with the aim of comparing beams with vertical openings to those without. Meanwhile, the other beams featured carefully positioned square openings. Note that one of these beams served as the control and had no openings. Each beam was the same length (1400 mm) with a 180×120 mm cross-section. Two-point loads were applied over a span of 1200 mm throughout the testing method, with a central load placed 300 mm from the ends. The openings were positioned in the middle of the span and came in three different widths: 20, 40, and 60 mm. Openings were made using either 1.5 mm thick square steel tubing or none at all. The major goal of this study was to determine whether the steel tube could compensate for the decrease in beam strength and the impact of decreasing beam cross-section (producing opening). Correspondingly, the beam ultimate load was found to decrease by 15.75%, 24.2%, and 32.5% for opening widths of 20 mm, 40 mm, and 60 mm, respectively, as the opening width increased. On the other hand, the performance gain for beams strengthened with steel plates when steel tubes were used was 11.78%, 12.14%, and 13.28% for the respective opening widths. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-09-04 Full Text: PDF
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Aziz, Ali H., and Awadh E. Ajeel. "EFFECT OF EXISTING FLANGE OPENINGS AND COLD JOINTS ON STRENGTH OF RC T-BEAMS." Journal of Engineering 16, no. 01 (2010): 4535–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2010.01.11.
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In the construction of modern buildings, a network of pipes and ducts is necessary to accommodate essential services like water supply, sewage, air-conditioning, electricity, telephone, and computer network. Passing these services vertically required creating openings in slab (Flanges of T-Beams) after or before construction.New researches show that the concrete flanges provide a certain level of shear resistance above a certain width. Therefore, due to existing of these openings or cold joints in slab (Flange) and abrupt changes in the sectional configuration, opening corners are subject to high stress concentration that may lead to reduction in stiffness of the T-Beam and produced cracking and excessive deflection.In the present research, shear behavior of reinforced concrete T-Beams which contains vertical opening (Flange openings) or cold joints at the flanges are studied as well as the effect of openings or cold joints locations. Eight beams were tested, one of which were constructed without any openings or cold joints (reference beam), while, the others were constructed with openings or cold joints in different locations.Experimental results show that the presence of flange openings reduce the shear capacity about (22% to 32%) for beams containing one opening and about (17%-39%) for beams containing two openings. For beams containing cold joints, the shear capacity decreased about (27%) in comparison with reference beam.
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Ali, Hasan Hussein, and Abdulmuttailb I. Said. "Experimental Study on the Performance of Concrete Beams Including Holes Reinforced with Glass Fiber Polymer." E3S Web of Conferences 427 (2023): 02010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202342702010.
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This paper carried out An examination of the performance characteristics of concrete beams including openings that were reinforced with Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) bars. This investigation studied five reinforced concrete (RC) beams with both longitudinal and transverse GFRP reinforcement with openings in two directions (horizontal and vertical) were studied. Both the orientation of the openings and the number of openings were considered to be the main parameters in this research. These holes are located in the beams' flexural region. The results demonstrate that relative to the reference beam, the vertical openings significantly reduced the maximum load of the tested beams by 27.8% and increased the mid-span displacement by 39% relative to the control beam. In addition, the research results demonstrated that the strength of the beam was scaled down if one equivalent opening was used to substitute for two adjacent openings.
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Mohammed, Mohammed H., and Amer F. Izzet. "Performance of Reinforced Concrete Gable Beam with Quadrilateral Openings of Different Side Inclinations." E3S Web of Conferences 427 (2023): 02026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202342702026.
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The existence of openings in a gable beam would have numerous advantages, the most important of which would be a reduction in the overall weight. These advantages include geometric flexibility, ease of handling when erected, and more. This study aims to investigate the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete gable beams with quadrilateral openings of different side inclinations; this goal has been specified with beam stiffness, the maximum load-carrying capacity, and strains of the beams. Beams are identical in their dimensions and reinforcement. The experimental program involved casting and testing four simply supported beams: a solid beam (reference beam) and others with quadrilateral openings. They were 3000mm long, 100mm wide, and 400 mm deep in the middle, tapering to 250 mm on both ends, concentrically loaded. The results demonstrate the load-carrying capacity is reduced by 6.1–12.9%, and the mid-span deflection is increased by 13–52% when openings exist compared to the solid gable beam. Enhancement represented by increases in strength and decreases in deflection was observed when the inclination of the quadrilateral side opening decreased from 90 to 60 and then 45o, respectively. In contrast, the total opening area was maintained. The creation of openings in concrete gable beams can reduce their weight by about 12.5%.
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Gupta, Abhinav. "Effect of Position of Opening in RC Beams Subjected to Flexure and Shear." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 1 (2023): 152–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.48503.
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Abstract: The provision of transverse openings in floor beams to facilitate the passage of utility pipes and service ducts results not only in a more systematic layout of pipes and ducts, it also translates into substantial economic savings in the construction of a multi-storey building. To investigate the problem of openings in beams, the author initiated a research program in the early 1980s. Since then extensive research has been carried out giving a comprehensive coverage on both circular and large rectangular openings under various combinations of bending, shear and torsion. In this paper, major findings relevant to the analysis and design of such beams under the most commonly encountered loading case of bending and shear are extracted and summarized. An attempt has been made to answer the frequently asked questions related to creating an opening in an already constructed beam and how to deal with multiple openings. It has been shown that the design method for beams with large openings can be further simplified without sacrificing rationality and having unreasonable additional cost. In this research work, we analyzed the effect of position of opening in RCC beams subjected to combined flexure and shear by checking their effects on the shear and bending behavior of the beams. The considered parameters for the study are loaddeflection curve, the shape of the cracks, and the stress distribution. Grade of concrete taken as M-25. Cross-section of reinforced concrete beam is 0.15 x 0.15 x 0.70 m with circular opening of 0.09 m diameter is considered. In this study, total five numbers of specimens were tested. The parameters are: Two types of specimens considered as without opening and three types of specimens considered as with Opening at different locations, In one specimen we took opening at the left corner of beam and in other specimen, we took opening at the right corner of the beam and In One specimen we took opening in both the corners. Stirrups were used in this study to get more accurate result. The results were validated by compare the experimental test results by UTM against the software analysis results using ANSYS software and we found that reinforced concrete beams with openings of different horizontal location and reported that placing holes in flexure zone has lesser impact on the beam performance compared to when the castellation are placed in the shear zone. This study is focused on the flexure and shear behavior of beam with different openings and their parameters like Deformation, Load-Deflection, and Crack Pattern. Abstract: The provision of transverse openings in floor beams to facilitate the passage of utility pipes and service ducts results not only in a more systematic layout of pipes and ducts, it also translates into substantial economic savings in the construction of a multi-storey building. To investigate the problem of openings in beams, the author initiated a research program in the early 1980s. Since then extensive research has been carried out giving a comprehensive coverage on both circular and large rectangular openings under various combinations of bending, shear and torsion. In this paper, major findings relevant to the analysis and design of such beams under the most commonly encountered loading case of bending and shear are extracted and summarized. An attempt has been made to answer the frequently asked questions related to creating an opening in an already constructed beam and how to deal with multiple openings. It has been shown that the design method for beams with large openings can be further simplified without sacrificing rationality and having unreasonable additional cost. In this research work, we analyzed the effect of position of opening in RCC beams subjected to combined flexure and shear by checking their effects on the shear and bending behavior of the beams. The considered parameters for the study are loaddeflection curve, the shape of the cracks, and the stress distribution. Grade of concrete taken as M-25. Cross-section of reinforced concrete beam is 0.15 x 0.15 x 0.70 m with circular opening of 0.09 m diameter is considered. In this study, total five numbers of specimens were tested. The parameters are: Two types of specimens considered as without opening and three types of specimens considered as with Opening at different locations, In one specimen we took opening at the left corner of beam and in other specimen, we took opening at the right corner of the beam and In One specimen we took opening in both the corners. Stirrups were used in this study to get more accurate result. The results were validated by compare the experimental test results by UTM against the software analysis results using ANSYS software and we found that reinforced concrete beams with openings of different horizontal location and reported that placing holes in flexure zone has lesser impact on the beam performance compared to when the castellation are placed in the shear zone. This study is focused on the flexure and shear behavior of beam with different openings and their parameters like Deformation, Load-Deflection, and Crack Pattern.
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Abdulrahman, Mazin B., Layth A. Al-Jaber, and Saba S. Hasan. "The Effect of Opening Size and Location on the Performance of Reinforced Concrete T-Beams under Pure Torque." Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences 27, no. 2 (2020): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjes.27.2.06.
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In modern buildings, transverse openings are often used in order to pass the pipes of health services, electrical cables or air conditioning ducts and other prepuce. The presence of these openings leads to a weakening of the beam so it must work to investigate the behavior of these beams in order to know how the presence of openings affects beam resistance. In this research, the behavior of reinforced concrete T-beams with circular openings exposed to pure torsional moment is studied. The experimental program involves testing of five beams with same dimensions and reinforcements. One of them is solid beam and used as reference for comparison with other beams with an opening and the other four T- beams containing circular openings of deferent dimension(100 and 150) and location(Lc/2 and Lc/3). Practical results show that the Tbeam with circular openings of diameter (100mm) with different locations (Lc/2 and Lc/3), where Lc is the clear span of the beam, have an ultimate torsional capacity lower than that for solid beam by about (23% and 30%) respectively. The increase of the openings size causes a significant decrease in torsional capacity, where the beams with circular openings of diameter (150mm) with different locations (Lc/2 and Lc/3) have an ultimate torsional capacity lower than that for solid beam by about (56 % and 61%) respectively. Practical results show also that the presence of circular openings with diameter of 47% and 71% from the total depth increases the angle of twist significantly as compared with reference beam for the same applied torque level.
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Mohammad, Abdulkareem Qassim, and Rafaa M. Abbas. "Structural Behavior of Prestressed RC Dapped Beam with Openings Strengthened Using CFRP Sheets." E3S Web of Conferences 427 (2023): 02004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202342702004.
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This research examines the strengthening efficiency of prestressed concrete dapped end beam with opening under monotonic point load. The study concerns with the position of the opening relative to the dapped end, the shape of opening, as circle or square, in addition, the effect of CFRP strengthening around the opening. The experimental program consisted of testing nine scaled down prestressed concrete dapped end beam specimens with single opening near the dapped end. Beam specimens consisted of one control beam and the remaining eight beams classified into two groups. The first group contained four unstrengthened specimens, whereas the second group included beams with opening strengthened using CFRP sheets. A full wrapping configuration for the opening region was adopted in this research. The results presented the detrimental influence of the openings on the shear strength of the dapped beam and the additional strength achieved from strengthening. This study concludes that the shear strength of the prestressed dapped beam decreased by the presence of openings in the web with maximum reduction about 20% when the opening was located close the dapped end. Based on the test results, the strengthened beams recovered significant part of their original load carrying capacity. Generally, prestressed dapped beams regain a maximum of 92% of their strength when openings with different configurations and locations were strengthened with full CFRP wrap.
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Naqe, Aya W., and Alaa H. Al-zuhairi. "Strengthening of RC Beam with Large Square Opening Using CFRP." Journal of Engineering 26, no. 10 (2020): 123–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31026/j.eng.2020.10.09.
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The use of essential services in modern constructions, such pipes, and ducts, became important, placing these pipes and ducts underneath the soffit of the beam. They made a ceiling sandwich, and that causes to reduce the height of the floor, so the presence of the opening in the beam saves the height of the floor. In this paper, the investigation of the beam response of reinforced concrete simply supported rectangle beams with square web openings is presented, including a number of the web openings (two, four, and eight), in addition to its use in strengthening the member at the openings (when the beam is planned before casting, internal deformation steel bar is used, and in case of the opening is existing in the beam, (CFRP) fabric is used.). The test results indicated that the opening Strengthening of beams might compensate for the decrease of the beam load capacity because of the existence of the openings in the shear zone. The compensation of beam capacity depends on the strengthening method, which was adopted. The shear crack loads of the strengthened with externally CFRP specimen's reduction ranging from (15.38 to 38.46%) of their failure loads while the shear crack load of internally reinforced strengthened ranging from (15.38 to 30.76%).
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Abbas, Jinan Laftah. "Behaviour of Steel I Beams with Web Openings." Civil Engineering Journal 9, no. 3 (2023): 596–617. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2023-09-03-08.
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This paper aims to study the behavior of steel I beams with web openings. However, web openings might lead to a noteworthy reduction in the load-carrying capacity of beams, but can also be so supportive and essential from an economic point of view. An experimental investigation and nonlinear three-dimensional finite element analysis using the ABAQUS computer program were planned and conducted on six steel I-beams having the same dimensions, different diameter ratio spacing, and opening shapes such as circular, rectangular, and hexagonal. Experimental results showed that the ultimate load of a steel beam with web openings reduced with an increase in the area of the opening. A circular opening has a stronger shape than a rectangular opening because a rectangle has fast deflection and torsion angles, so it resists an applied load less than a circular opening. Also, the beam with hexagonal openings is better than that with rectangular openings because hexagonal openings are more resistant to deflection and deformation than rectangular openings. The finite element results, which are validated against the experimental results, show good accuracy with the experiment. Besides, a parametric study is presented here to study the influence of varying the shape of openings on the value of the failure load and midspan deflection. It can be noticed that the steel beam with a circular opening, which had been tested experimentally and modeled by the Abaqus program, is the best case and gives a higher failure load as compared to the diamond, octagonal, trapezoidal, transverse, and longitudinal ellipses. Thus, providing web openings reduces the weight and increases structural efficiency. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-03-08 Full Text: PDF
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Salman Hawas, Shatha, and Nabeel Hasan Ali Al-Salim. "Repairing of Reinforced Concrete T- section Beam with Web Opening Subjected to Torque by Using Ultra- High Performance concrete (UHPC)." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1374, no. 1 (2024): 012075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1374/1/012075.
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Abstract Due to harsh weather factors, overloading, poor design, and material defects, reinforced concrete (RC) constructions’ early degradation has grown significantly over the last few decades. RC element repair is crucial to improving existing structures’ service life. Also, the transverse openings are frequently utilized in beams in modern structures to supply the service pipes. Because stresses are concentrated in a limited region above and below the opening, the presence of openings in concrete beams causes cracks to grow around the openings. Repairing, maintaining, and upgrading structural elements may be among the most important issues in civil engineering applications. This paper studies the effect of the presence of an opening and repairing of reinforced concrete T-section beam with web opening was subjected to torsion by using ultra-high performance concrete panels with a thickness of 20mm; The experimental work included casting seven beams: one beam without an opening and another beam with an opening, and five rest beams were repaired with UHPC panels in different locations. The results show the effect of an opening by decreasing the ultimate torque and increasing the ultimate angle of twist. The increase in ultimate torque for repairing beams compared to the control beam reached 153%, and a decrease in ultimate twist angle for repairing beams compared to the control beam reached 98%.
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Liao, Wen Yuan, Dong Hua Zhou, and Long Qi Li. "Analysis of Composite Beam with Different Web Openings." Advanced Materials Research 919-921 (April 2014): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.919-921.15.
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In order to investigate the bearing behavior of composite beam with different web openings. Six composite beams were analyzed by using the finite element program ANSYS and the shape of openings was different. The results show that the shape of opening has a significant influence on the bearing capacity and deformation capacity of composite beams with web openings. Because stress concentration is relatively small, the force performance of circular web opening is more reasonable and has the largest bearing capacity and deformation capacity.
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Mehetre, Amol J., Sachin B. Kandekar, and Nilesh U. Mate. "Effect of Horizontal Distance of Web Opening on the Ultimate Load Carrying Capacity of Castellated Steel Beams by an Analytical Approach." Indian Journal Of Science And Technology 17, no. 18 (2024): 1889–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.17485/ijst/v17i18.495.
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Objectives: The primary objective of this current research is to determine the ideal horizontal spacing for hexagonal web openings and their maximum load-bearing capacity through Finite Element Analysis (FEA). Methods: The ISMB150 was implemented as a cross-sectional profile to fabricate distinct models of castellated beams with heights of 225 mm. The height of the web openings remained constant at 150 mm for the castellated beam model. The entire analysis is being done on ANSYS 19.2. Findings: The analysis has revealed that, for castellated beams with shallower depths, an optimal horizontal spacing of 44.9 mm for the web openings yields an ultimate load-bearing capacity of 144.26 KN. The results of castellated beams are measured in terms of ultimate load-carrying capacity, span-to-deflection ratio, load density, failure location, span-to-beam depth ratio, and the ratio of horizontal distance of opening-to-opening depth. Novelty: This research contributes analytical findings for the ideal horizontal distance of hexagonal web opening through maximum load-bearing capacity. Castellated beams have gained immense popularity within the structural engineering community today due to their visually appealing design featuring a variety of web-opening shapes. The primary objective of this current research is to determine the ideal horizontal spacing for hexagonal web openings and their maximum load-bearing capacity through Finite Element Analysis (FEA). The ISMB150 was implemented as a cross-sectional profile to fabricate distinct models of castellated beams with heights of 225 mm. The height of the web openings remained constant at 150 mm for the castellated beam model. The analysis has revealed that, for castellated beams with shallower depths, an optimal horizontal spacing of 44.9 mm for the web openings yields an ultimate load-bearing capacity of 144.26 KN. The results of castellated beams are measured in terms of ultimate load-carrying capacity, span-to-deflection ratio, load density, failure location, span-to-beam depth ratio, and the ratio of horizontal distance of opening-to-opening depth. This research contributes valuable insights into optimizing the design of castellated beams for enhanced structural performance. Further exploration and validation could provide additional refinements and applications in structural engineering. Keywords: Horizontal distance of web opening, Number of openings, Ultimate load carrying capacity, Failure modes, ANSYS, Castellated beams
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Abdulrahman, Mazin B., and Husham M. Rashid. "Repairing of Reactive Powder Concrete T-Beams Containing Web Opening by CFRP Strips." TJES Vol26 No.1 2019 26, no. 1 (2019): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjes.26.1.02.
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In modern buildings, transverse openings are often used beams for the purpose of supplying and service pipes. Due to the presence of the openings in the concrete beams lead to the formation of cracks around the openings due to the stresses concentration in a small area above and below of the opening. The repairing, maintenance, and upgrading of structural members, are maybe one of the most pivotal problems in civil engineering applications. In this research, an experimental work is conducted to study the behavior of the reinforced RPC T-beams that containing openings and repair this beams using CFRP strips. The Experimental program of the present study includes two parts, the first part includes testing of seven reinforced reactive powder concrete RPC T-beams, which casted and tested, one beam is without opening as a reference beam and the rest, were provided with an opening. and these beams are divided into two groups. The first group was used to study the effect of the openings shape (circular and square) and the second group was used to study the effect of the openings locations, which consists three locations (Lc/2, Lc/3 and Lc/4).These are measured from the support center to the openings center. While the second part including a repaired all beams in the first part the using carbon fiber polymer. The test results indicated that the presence of openings in the beams web caused a reduction in the reinforced RPC T-beams ultimate load carrying capacity with about (10-55)%, Also lead to increasing in deflection compared to control beam before repairing at same loading. Studying the shape effect showed that the beams with square openings have average ultimate load carrying capacity lower by 36% compared with the control beams.While beams with containing circular openings have average ultimate load carrying capacity lower 29%. From the test results, it could be concluded that the presence of the openings in the shear region led to a decrease in ultimate load carrying capacity a about 38% to 49% for opening of opening at (Lc/3 and Lc/4) respectively. While the presence of openings in the flexural region led to a decrease in the ultimate load carrying capacity rate of 11%. Related to the repairing study part it was found that the average ultimate load carrying capacity for repairing beams was 103% compared with the not repaired beams.
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Chirag, Ka Patel, and K. Sheth R. "Effects of Reinforced Concrete Beams with Transverse Square Opening in beam." Journal of Structural Engineering, its Applications and Analysis 7, no. 2 (2024): 48–58. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12683759.
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<em>Transverse openings in reinforced concrete beams use to house the utility services like electricity cable, Internet cable, air-conditioning pipe, and fire safety pipe line and water-drainage system. These beams opening pipe line system are usually placed underneath the soffit of the beam in term of dead space. This height of dead space that increase the overall building height. Beam opening in the reinforced concrete beams significantly decreases the ultimate load carrying capacity of beam. Transverse beam opening in the web portion of beam produces discontinuities in the usual flow of stresses and that leading stress concentration around the opening region. This paper presents a study aimed at investigating the influence of Reinforced concrete beam with different size square opening at flexure and shear location. A nonlinear finite element analysis was conducted to investigate the effects of different size openings, in terms of ultimate load carrying capacity, Elemental Stresses, load-deflection plot, crack pattern. The work involves investigating performance of different size of small and large square opening.</em>
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Khalaf, Mohammed R., and Ali Hussein A. Al-Ahmed. "Effect of Large Openings on the Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Continuous Deep Beams under Static and Repeated Load." E3S Web of Conferences 318 (2021): 03012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202131803012.
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This paper aims to investigate the behavior of the existence of large openings on reinforced concrete continuous deep beams (RCCDBs) under static and limited cycles of repeated load. The experimental work included testing seven RCCDBs. One of these beams was solid subjected to static load, while the other beams having external shear spans, internal shear spans, and mid-span openings subjected to static and fifteen cycles of repeated loading. The range of the repeated loading was varied between a lower level and an upper level, equal to 30 and 70 percent, respectively, of the ultimate load of the beam subjected to static load. All test specimens were tested under five-point bending. For beams with large openings, 160×160 mm (which represents 40% of the overall depth of the section) openings were created symmetrically at various locations. Experimental results showed that the maximum ultimate loads of beams with large openings were decreased by about 36% for beams with large openings locating at interior shear spans compared to a solid beam. However, the maximum reduction in ultimate load of the beam with a large opening subjected to repeated load was about 6%.
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Yousef, Ahmed M., Ahmed M. Tahwia, and Meshal S. Al-Enezi. "Experimental and Numerical Study of UHPFRC Continuous Deep Beams with Openings." Buildings 13, no. 7 (2023): 1723. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13071723.
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To study the performance of UHPFRC continuous deep beams with openings, experimental and numerical investigations have been carried out. The test program included seven continuous deep beams with openings, in addition to one similar solid beam. The variables were the ratio of transverse reinforcement and the position, height, and width of the opening. The results showed that the failure mode of UHPFRC two-span continuous deep beams depends mainly on the position and size of the opening in the shear span. The shear failure occurs in the diagonal strut between the support and the applied force through the opening edges. The maximum spacing between stirrups (sv,max) of ACI 318-2019 was not suitable for UHPFRC. Providing stirrups with spacing 129% greater than sv,max of ACI 318-2019 had a slight effect on the failure load. Web openings of 20% of beam height reduced the failure load by 31.6% to 43.0% compared with a similar solid beam. For specimens with the same opening height and position, increasing the width of the opening by about 75% more than that of a similar beam reduced the failure load by about 27.8%. The proposed 3-D numerical model successfully predicted the failure load and performance of UHPFRC continuous deep beams.
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Özkılıç, Yasin Onuralp, Ceyhun Aksoylu, Ibrahim Y. Hakeem, et al. "Shear and Bending Performances of Reinforced Concrete Beams with Different Sizes of Circular Openings." Buildings 13, no. 8 (2023): 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13081989.
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The present study pertains to the effects of transverse opening diameters and shear reinforcement ratios on the shear and flexural behavior of RC beams with two web openings across different spans, i.e., a single opening in each half-span. Within the scope of the study, a total of 12 RC beams with five different opening diameter-to-beam depth ratios (0, 0.20, 0.27, 0.33, 0.40, and 0.47) and two shear reinforcement ratios were tested to failure under four-point bending. The load capacities, ductilities, rigidities and energy dissipation capacities in the elastic and plastic ranges of beam behavior were compared. Furthermore, the load capacities of the beams were compared to the existing analytical shear strength formulations in the literature. The test results indicated that whether an RC beam with openings has adequate or inadequate amounts of shear reinforcement, the frame-type shear failure becomes much more pronounced with increasing opening diameter. The reductions in the load capacity and modulus of toughness with increasing opening diameter are more considerable in the presence of inadequate amounts of shear reinforcement, while the beam ductility is less affected in shear-deficient RC beams with openings as compared to the ones with adequate shear reinforcement.
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Amol, J. Mehetre, B. Kandekar Sachin, and U. Mate Nilesh. "Effect of Horizontal Distance of Web Opening on the Ultimate Load Carrying Capacity of Castellated Steel Beams by an Analytical Approach." Indian Journal of Science and Technology 17, no. 18 (2024): 1889–97. https://doi.org/10.17485/IJST/v17i18.495.
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Abstract <strong>Objectives:</strong> The primary objective of this current research is to determine the ideal horizontal spacing for hexagonal web openings and their maximum load-bearing capacity through Finite Element Analysis (FEA). <strong>Methods:</strong> The ISMB150 was implemented as a cross-sectional profile to fabricate distinct models of castellated beams with heights of 225 mm. The height of the web openings remained constant at 150 mm for the castellated beam model. The entire analysis is being done on ANSYS 19.2. <strong>Findings:</strong> The analysis has revealed that, for castellated beams with shallower depths, an optimal horizontal spacing of 44.9 mm for the web openings yields an ultimate load-bearing capacity of 144.26 KN. The results of castellated beams are measured in terms of ultimate load-carrying capacity, span-to-deflection ratio, load density, failure location, span-to-beam depth ratio, and the ratio of horizontal distance of opening-to-opening depth. <strong>Novelty:</strong> This research contributes analytical findings for the ideal horizontal distance of hexagonal web opening through maximum load-bearing capacity. Castellated beams have gained immense popularity within the structural engineering community today due to their visually appealing design featuring a variety of web-opening shapes. The primary objective of this current research is to determine the ideal horizontal spacing for hexagonal web openings and their maximum load-bearing capacity through Finite Element Analysis (FEA). The ISMB150 was implemented as a cross-sectional profile to fabricate distinct models of castellated beams with heights of 225 mm. The height of the web openings remained constant at 150 mm for the castellated beam model. The analysis has revealed that, for castellated beams with shallower depths, an optimal horizontal spacing of 44.9 mm for the web openings yields an ultimate load-bearing capacity of 144.26 KN. The results of castellated beams are measured in terms of ultimate load-carrying capacity, span-to-deflection ratio, load density, failure location, span-to-beam depth ratio, and the ratio of horizontal distance of opening-to-opening depth. This research contributes valuable insights into optimizing the design of castellated beams for enhanced structural performance. Further exploration and validation could provide additional refinements and applications in structural engineering. <strong>Keywords:</strong> Horizontal distance of web opening, Number of openings, Ultimate load carrying capacity, Failure modes, ANSYS, Castellated beams
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Yehia, Sameh, Bader Faihan, and Arafa M. A. Ibrahim. "Strength of Hybrid Steel-BFRP Reinforced Concrete Beams with Openings in the D-Region Strengthened Internally and Externally." Buildings 13, no. 10 (2023): 2522. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13102522.
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The opened beams always confused the designers due to the guidelines missing. In this research, six hybrid beams reinforced with mixed steel and basalt fiber-reinforced polymer (BFRP) bars and having constant cross-sections of 150 mm × 300 mm and a clear span of 1800 mm were cast and tested under a four-point loading setup. Generally, five beams had symmetrical rectangular openings with dimensions of 150 mm × 250 mm located at a distance of 250 mm (equivalent to the beam effective depth) from the beam support, while an additional solid beam served as a control. The studied parameters included the effect of using internal reinforcement (steel or BFRP bars) provided adjacent to the opening sides or by incorporating an external BFRP sheet around the opening corners. Also, double enhancement with internal steel reinforcement bars together with external strengthening BFRP sheet was investigated. The relevant results showed that the opened beam without enhancement lost 75% of the maximum load compared with the solid beam. Placing internal steel or BFRP bars around the openings increased the maximum load by 62% and 60%, respectively, compared to the non-enhanced opened beams. Using an external BFRP sheet to strengthen the opening corners of the beam enhanced the maximum load by 76% compared with the non-enhanced opened beam. Consequently, by combining both the internal steel reinforcement and external BFRP sheet around the openings, the maximum load increased by 137% compared with the non-enhanced opened beam. Ultimately, a numerical analysis of the three-dimensional finite element model was performed to confirm the experimental findings, and the relevant results showed compatibility correlations with the experimental ones. Also, the effect of various parameters such as BFRP reinforcement ratio and number of BFRP sheet layers around the openings was investigated by adapting the validated numerical model.
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Nie, Xuefei, Shishun Zhang, Zeyu Gao, and Zhuo Zeng. "A review on the behaviour of reinforced concrete beams with fibre-reinforced polymer-strengthened web openings." Advances in Structural Engineering 25, no. 2 (2021): 426–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13694332211046344.
Full textAbstract:
Web openings often need to be created in reinforced concrete (RC) beams for the passages of utility ducts and/or pipes. Such web openings reduce the cross-section area of the beam in the affected region, leading to decrease in its load-carrying capacity and stiffness. Therefore, a fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP)-strengthening system generally needs to be applied around the web opening to ensure the safety of the weakened beam. A number of studies have been conducted by researchers all over the world to examine the behaviour of RC beams with FRP-strengthened web opening/web openings, and plenty of useful findings have been generated. This article presents a critical literature review of existing relevant research from three aspects: experimental studies, numerical studies and theoretical studies. The effect of main factors, including the size, shape, location and number of the web opening, the shape and shear span ratio of the beam, the concrete strength, the loading scheme and the FRP-strengthening scheme, on the structural performance of RC beams with FRP-strengthened web opening/web openings have been thoroughly analysed and discussed. Finally, directions for future research based on the gaps which exist in existing studies are pointed out.
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Mabrouk, Rasha T. S., Mahmoud A. S. Mahmoud, and Magdy E. Kassem. "Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Deep Beams with Openings under Vertical Loads Using Strut and Tie Model." Civil Engineering Journal 7 (May 11, 2022): 148–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-sp2021-07-011.
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This research aims to study the effects of the size and location of openings on deep beams. The analysis of deep beams with openings presents a rather complex problem for engineers, as there are currently no guidelines within the design codes for this problem. Using the strut and tie model is a feasible solution, but also gives some uncertainties due to the various models that can be used. This paper proposes using a strut and tie model for the deep beams with openings where reinforcement is laid out in the form of embedded struts and ties. The study is divided into an experimental and a numerical part. The experimental study was conducted on eight reinforced concrete deep beams under vertical loads. Seven of the beams had web openings of different sizes and locations, while the eighth specimen was a reference beam without any openings. The beams had the same concrete dimensions with the size of the openings in the web taken as 150 150 mm and 300 300 mm, and the location of the opening in the horizontal direction was varied between 0.11 to 0.4 the span. The experimental results were analyzed in terms of cracking pattern, mode of failure, and load-deflection behavior and then compared to numerical analysis conducted using a finite element program. A parametric study followed to investigate the influence of reinforcement arrangement and reinforcement around the openings on the behavior of deep beams. The results showed that large web openings that directly interrupted the compression strut had the most reduction in beam capacity and that the location of the opening did not significantly affect the strength of the beam in the case of small openings. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-SP2021-07-011 Full Text: PDF
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Admile, Prof Pushkraj R., Akanksha K. Thorat, Arpita A. Deokar, Dnyanraj J. Chavan, and Shishir P. Mane Deshmukh. "A Review Paper on Finite Element Analysis on Lateral Torsional Buckling Behavior of I Beam with Web Opening Using ETABS Software." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 5 (2023): 3973–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.52547.
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Abstract: The lateral-torsional buckling behavior of I-beams with web openings has been a topic of interest among structural engineers for many years. The presence of a web opening in the beam can significantly affect its strength and stiffness, making it more prone to buckling failure. Therefore, understanding the buckling behavior of I-beams with web openings is crucial for the design of steel structures. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) has become a widely used tool for investigating the behavior of structures under different loading conditions. In this study, FEA was used to analyze the lateral-torsional buckling behavior of I-beams with web openings. The software used for the analysis was ETABS, which is a widely used software for analyzing and designing buildings and other structures. The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of different web opening shapes, sizes, and locations on the buckling strength of the beam. The FEA simulations were validated using experimental data available in the literature. The study analyzed different types of web openings, such as circular, rectangular, and elliptical shapes, and various sizes and locations of the web opening along the beam span. The results of the study showed that the presence of a web opening significantly reduced the strength and stiffness of the I-beam, making it more susceptible to buckling failure. The location of the web opening had a more significant effect on the buckling behavior than its size and shape. The results of the FEA simulations were found to be in good agreement with the experimental data available in the literature, which validates the accuracy of the ETABS software in predicting the buckling behavior of I-beams with web openings
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Elkafrawy, Mohamed, Ahmed Khalil, Mohammad AlHamaydeh, Rami Hawileh, and Wael Abuzaid. "Enhancing the Shear Capacity of RC Beams with Web Openings in Shear Zones Using Pre-Stressed Fe-SMA Bars: Numerical Study." Buildings 13, no. 6 (2023): 1505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13061505.
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Openings in the shear span can significantly affect the structural behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) beams, particularly in terms of shear capacity and crack propagation. This paper aims to investigate the feasibility of strengthening the web opening in the shear zone of RC beams by using iron-based shape memory alloy (Fe-SMA) bars, providing valuable insights for structural engineers and researchers. Numerical analysis with ABAQUS/CAE 2020 software was employed in the current study. The research was divided into six groups of beams with web openings of different lengths (150, 300, and 450 mm), prestressing levels (0%, 30%, and 60%), and reinforcement diameters (14, 18, and 22 mm) of Fe-SMA bars. The results show that the presence of web openings can cause a significant reduction in the cracking and ultimate loads of the beams, with reductions ranging from 11% to 50% and 36% to 48%, respectively. However, by adding pre-stressed Fe-SMA bars around small web openings (100 × 150 mm), the shear capacity of the beam is restored, and the beam exhibits behavior similar to solid beams. Additionally, activating the Fe-SMA bars by 30% and 60% resulted in almost similar cracking loads but improved load-carrying capacity of the beam with small openings by 12% and 9%, respectively, compared to the solid beam. The technique proposed for enhancing shear strength is most effective for beams with small (100 × 150 mm) and medium (100 × 300 mm) web openings as it can restore both the beam’s shear strength and stiffness. However, for beams with larger web openings (100 × 450 mm), the use of activated Fe-SMA beams can recover almost 90% of the solid beam’s shear capacity. Furthermore, reinforcing small openings with Fe-SMA bars of different diameters enhances beam shear capacity and stiffness, while for larger openings, higher Fe-SMA reinforcement ratios could potentially restore the beam’s full strength and stiffness. This study emphasizes the importance of strengthening web openings in RC beams, particularly in shear zones, and provides significant insights into how to strengthen beams with web openings, thereby contributing to developing safer structures. However, further laboratory experiments are recommended to validate, complement and extend the findings of this numerical study.
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Khalaf, Haidar Abdul Wahid, and Amer Farouk Izzet. "Performance of Reinforced Concrete Beams with Multiple Openings." Key Engineering Materials 857 (August 2020): 162–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.857.162.
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The present investigation focuses on the response of simply supported reinforced concrete rectangular-section beams with multiple openings of different sizes, numbers, and geometrical configurations. The advantages of the reinforcement concrete beams with multiple opening are mainly, practical benefit including decreasing the floor heights due to passage of the utilities through the beam rather than the passage beneath it, and constructional benefit that includes the reduction of the self-weight of structure resulting due to the reduction of the dead load that achieves economic design. To optimize beam self-weight with its ultimate resistance capacity, ten reinforced concrete beams having a length, width, and depth of 2700, 100, and 400 mm, respectively were fabricated and tested as simply supported beams under one incremental concentrated load at mid-span until failure. The design parameters were the configuration and size of openings. Three main groups categorized experimental beams comprise the same area of openings and steel reinforcement details but differ in configurations. Three different shapes of openings were considered, mainly, rectangular, parallelogram, and circular. The experimental results indicate that, the beams with circular openings more efficient than the other configurations in ultimate load capacity and beams stiffness whereas, the beams with parallelogram openings were better than the beams with rectangular openings. Commonly, it was observed that the reduction in ultimate load capacity, for beams of group I, II, and III compared to the reference solid beam ranged between (75 to 93%), (65 to 93%), and (70 to 79%) respectively.
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Al-Hilali, Amjad Majeed, Amer Farouk Izzet, and Nazar K. Oukaili. "Deformability of non-prismatic prestressed concrete beams with multiple openings of different configurations." Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Materials 31, no. 1 (2022): 118–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jmbm-2022-0013.
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Abstract This work presents experimental research using draped prestressed steel strands to improve the load-carrying capacity of prestressed concrete non-prismatic beams with multiple openings of various designs. The short-term deflection of non-prismatic prestressed concrete beams (NPCBs) flexural members under static loading were used to evaluate this improvement. Six simply supported (NPCBs) beams, five beams with openings, and one solid specimen used as a reference beam were all tested as part of the experiment. All of the beams were subjected to a monotonic midpoint load test. The configuration of the opening (quadrilateral or circular), as well as the depth of the chords, were the variables studied in this study. In comparison to a solid beam, experimental results show that beams with openings have a lower load-carrying capacity not exceeding (2.3–10.6%) and higher mid-span deflection through all loading stages of elastic, service, and ultimate loads (14–73%), (19–44%), and (31–55%), respectively. Furthermore, specimens with circular openings had stiffer behaviour under load than those with quadrilateral openings. Beams with quadrilateral openings and inclined posts, on the other hand, were stiffer than beams with quadrilateral openings and vertical posts.
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Haris, S., P. K. Sari, and Masrilayanti. "Numerical Study of Castellated Beam with Stiffener – Case on Cantilever Structure." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1173, no. 1 (2023): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1173/1/012012.
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Abstract A castellated beam is designed to increase the depth of the beam by slicing the beam web longitudinally in a specified form and re-unite both pieces using welding to obtain a higher flexural capacity of the beam. Due to the increase in cross-sectional height and the presence of openings in the web plate, some potential failures may occur, for example buckling of the web and stress concentration on the opening. Addition of stiffener on the web is useful to prevent those potential failures. This paper presented a numerical study of castellated beam with additional stiffeners which is applied on a cantilever structure using MSC Nastran software. The castellated beam was added by stiffeners placed on three different zones. There were stiffeners on the perimeter of opening, on the web between openings, and on the web of opening. The cantilever beam was subjected by a point load increased monotonically until ultimate condition reached. It was found that applying of the stiffeners on perimeter of opening will increase ultimate load up to 7.48 % comparing to the original castellated beam. On contrary, stiffeners on the web between openings and the web of opening will decrease the ultimate load within the range of 0.40% - 4.86 %. The beam stiffness will slightly increase because of these three types of additional stiffeners. Regarding ductility of the beams, adding of stiffeners on the castellated beam showed vary numbers. Overall, the stiffeners on perimeter of opening become an alternative to increase the performance of the castellated beam in term of the ultimate load, beam stiffness and ductility.
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Liu, Jing Yu, and Hua Xin Liu. "Bearing Performance Analysis Based on ANSYS of Continuous Deep Beams with Opening." Applied Mechanics and Materials 130-134 (October 2011): 1617–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.130-134.1617.
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The numerical simulation of reinforced concrete continuous deep beams with opening is analyzed by Finite Element Software ANSYS to establish reasonable mechanical model. The stress characteristics and deformation’s situation of the deep beams with opening are analyzed under concentrated load and different openings in different parts. The purpose is to supply some favorable suggestions in engineering application of reinforced concrete deep beam with openings.
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El-Sisi, Alaa A., Hesham M. El-Emam, Abd El-Monem I. El-Kholy, Seleem S. Ahmad, Hossam M. Sallam, and Hani A. Salim. "Structural Behavior of RC Beams Containing Unreinforced Drilled Openings with and without CFRP Strengthening." Polymers 14, no. 10 (2022): 2034. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14102034.
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Construction deficiencies can cause serious problems that significantly decrease the design strength of concrete structures, such as the unreinforced drilled openings. With the absence of sufficient reinforcement, the stress concentrations generated around the opening corners produce cracks in the beams. The size and location of the opening significantly affect the behavior of the beam under static and dynamic load. In this work, an experimental and numerical program was performed to investigate the behavior of drilled reinforced concrete beams with and without strengthening using CFRP sheets. Energy absorption and SDOF analyses were performed to preliminary assess the behavior of the beams under the dynamic load, such as blast. One control beam without any openings, six beams with tension-zone openings, and six beams with shear-zone openings were tested. It was found that the samples with tension-zone openings were slightly affected by the opening, where the reduction in the ultimate strength was approximately 7 to 14%. The beams were able to recover up to 46% of the lost strength by CFRP strengthening. On the other hand, the shear-zone opening significantly decreased the strength and energy absorption and increased the blast response. It can be concluded that it is not recommended to drill any opening at the shear zone as strength loss can reach 57% even with the strengthening, especially for blast resisting structure; in addition, the strength recovered from approximately 11.95 to 32.46% only. The finite element model was able to predict the strength of the beams. The results were closer in the case of tension-zone opening than those in the case of the shear-zone opening. Shear cracks were observed at the corners of the openings even if the opening exists at the tension zone. A reduction in the density of cracks can be observed after the strengthening, where the FRP sheet decreases the stress in the concrete.
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Meyoof, Tareq R., Amer F. Izzet, and Majid M. Kharnoob. "Performance of reinforced concrete non-prismatic beams having multiple openings configurations." Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Materials 31, no. 1 (2022): 381–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jmbm-2022-0043.
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Abstract This experimental study demonstrates the gable-reinforced concrete beams’ behavior with several number of openings (six and eight) and posts’ inclination, aimed to find the strength reduction in this type of beam. The major results found are: for the openings extending over similar beam length it is better to increase the number of posts (openings), i.e., increasing opening number led to decrease in opening area, which allows us to transmit stresses and act as lever arms between the upper and the lower chords. Also, findings revealed that the inclined posts have larger loading at the mid-point relative to vertical ones. For gables with vertical posts having six and eight openings, the ultimate strength reduction was 31.5 and 25.6%, whereas it was 29 and 17.3% for those with inclined posts, respectively.
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Abbas, R., and I. Hussein. "Prestressing Effects on Full Scale Deep Beams with Large Web Openings¨: An Experimental and Numerical Study." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 12, no. 1 (2022): 8193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.4650.
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Most studies on deep beams have been made with reinforced concrete deep beams, only a few studies investigate the response of prestressed deep beams, while, to the best of our knowledge, there is not a study that investigates the response of full scale (T-section) prestressed deep beams with large web openings. An experimental and numerical study was conducted in order to investigate the shear strength of ordinary reinforced and partially prestressed full scale (T-section) deep beams that contain large web openings in order to investigate the prestressing existence effects on the deep beam responses and to better understand the effects of prestressing locations and opening depth to beam depth ratio on the deep beam performance and behavior. A total of seven deep beam specimens with identical shear span-to-depth ratio, compressive strength of concrete, and amount of horizontal and vertical web reinforcement ratios have been tested under mid-span concentrated load applied monotonically until failure. The main variables studied were the effects of depth of the web openings and the prestressing location on deep beam performance. The test results showed that the enlargement in the size of web openings substantially reduces the element’s shear capacities while prestressing strands location above the web openings has more effect at increasing the element’s shear capacities. The numerical study considered three-dimensional finite element models that have been developed in Abaqus software to simulate and predict the performance of prestressed deep beams. The results of numerical simulations were in good agreement with the experimental ones.
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Khadhair, Aws Yaseen, and Amer F. Izzet. "Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Beams with Vertically Penetrated Holes across the Cross ‐ Sectional Depth." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 14, no. 3 (2024): 14301–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.7192.
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In Iraq and other countries, RC beams are frequently used as alternative small slab penetrations in low-rise constructions. The structure is capable of transferring stresses effectively and the existence of minor gaps normally has little impact on the structural performance. However, special consideration must be given to the analysis and design of such beams depending on the effect of the openings. Hence, the objective of this paper is to address this research gap by evaluating and enhancing the behavior of RC beams with a vertical opening that penetrates the entire depth of the beams and obstructs the reinforcement bars since all the building design codes and guidelines introduce very limited recommendations for beams with vertical openings. To achieve that, five specimens were fabricated as RC beams with vertical openings and one specimen as a reference beam. The six specimens were tested under two-point loads over a clear span length of 180 cm and a total length of 200 cm. It was found that by adopting a vertical opening into the RC beam without any strengthening methods, the ultimate carrying load capacity decreased and the mid-span deflection increased compared with the reference solid beam.
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AL-Shareef, Najla’a H., Ayoob A. Ibrahim, Hayder Al-Khafaji, and Rafaa F. Hassan. "The Torsional Behavior of Transversely Opened Reinforced Concrete Beams Strengthened by Steel Pipe." Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences 32, no. 1 (2025): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.25130/tjes.32.1.21.
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One way to strengthen beams with transverse openings is by adding material, such as steel plates or braces, around the openings. This addition helps distribute the load more evenly and reduces stress concentration at the weak points. In this study, experimental investigations were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of using steel pipes of different sizes and thicknesses to improve the torsional behavior of reinforced concrete beams with different sizes of transverse openings. Another goal is to investigate the impact of different steel pipe orientations on the final twisting moment and twist angle. The experiment involved casting and testing fifteen rectangular reinforced concrete beams under pure torsion. The dimensions and reinforcement of all beams were similar. The specimens were divided into four groups, the first of which had a control beam made of a single beam cast without any openings. Using 4 mm diagonal reinforcement applied to each face of the beam and rounding the opening with PVC pipe from the second group, two beams with varying opening diameters (75 and 100) mm were strengthened. The third group consists of four beams that were strengthened using steel pipe welding at a double angle (32×32×3) mm to form a T-section with two orientations (45o and 90o). These beams were cast with transverse apertures. Six beams were cast as the fourth group to study the thickness effect on steel pipe (2, 3, and 4) mm, representing 50%, 75%, and 100% of stirrups’ nominal diameter. The results revealed that diagonal reinforcement with small openings did not affect torsional behavior. On the other hand, the diagonal reinforcement did not substitute for the missing torsional strength of the large opening in the beam. The ultimate torsional loads that result from the two orientations of steel pipes (450 and 900) were almost identical. Also, internal pipe deformation is prevented by utilizing a steel pipe at least 3 mm thick (0.75 of the stirrups' diameter), increasing protection for this area. Hence, beams with small openings and beams with a pipe thickness of 4 mm (1.0 of the stirrups diameter) are similar in toughness and initial stiffness.
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Galustanian, Narek, Alaa El-Sisi, Asmaa Amer, Eman Elshamy, and Hilal Hassan. "Review of the Structural Performance of Beams and Beam–Column Joints with Openings." CivilEng 4, no. 4 (2023): 1233–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/civileng4040068.
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The need for openings in RC structures has increased, but their presence significantly affects the performance and strength of the structures. While small openings can be managed with additional reinforcement, dealing with large openings in reinforced or pre-stressed concrete members is challenging due to the lack of technical information and specific guidelines. This research provides an up-to-date overview of RC beam–column joints that incorporate web openings and evaluates appropriate strengthening methods. The research discusses the classification of openings in RC beams, considering factors such as size and shape. Additionally, it examines the failure modes of RC beams in relation to flexural and shear behavior when web openings are present. The research also provides a comprehensive review of various strengthening techniques, outlining their advantages and disadvantages. In conclusion, larger openings in beams result in reduced strength, while increasing loads lead to higher deflection, strain, and cracking until failure. Openings are classified as small or large based on their impact on beam behavior. Multiple smaller openings are preferred over a single large opening when size becomes excessive. Optimal placement is in the middle of the section to ensure adequate concrete coverage for the chords. Sufficient concrete and depth are essential for ultimate compression during bending and effective shear reinforcement.
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Sathiyapriya, D., K. Suganya Devi, and A. Sattainathan Sharma. "Study on Flexural Behaviour of Reinforced Concrete Beam With Effective Openings." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2040, no. 1 (2021): 012030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2040/1/012030.
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Abstract Reinforced Concrete (RC) beams are essential structural elements that transfer loads from the slabs to the columns through flexure and shear. Openings in Reinforced Concrete (RC) beams are required for a variety of architectural and mechanical reasons. The purpose of this article is to investigate the flexural behaviour of an RC beam with circular openings running the length of it. The three-dimensional nonlinear finite element method was used to investigate a supported RC beam with circular web openings of varying diameters using ANSYS, a finite element software package. The study’s primary characteristic is the variation in diameter and location of reinforcement around the openings. Five RC beams with simple supports were constructed, and tested were conducted under two-point loads. Beams were constructed with one conventional specimen without any openings in beams and two beams with unstrengthen circular openings located in the flexure zone with varying diameters such as 80mm and 100mm considered as a control beam. In contrast, the remaining two beams provided effective diagonal reinforcement around the openings. The load-bearing capacity and load-deflection behaviour of such openings in beams were studied and analysed in detail. To increase the ultimate strength of the beam, effective diagonal reinforcement and short stirrups at the top and bottom of openings are used to prevent the beam from collapsing prematurely.
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V, Arifa, and Priyanka Dilip P. "Numerical Analysis of Corrugated Castellated Beam with and Without Openings." Journal of Civil and Construction Engineering 10, no. 2 (2024): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.46610/jocce.2024.v010i02.003.
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The construction industry is constantly seeking innovative solutions to optimize the performance and efficiency of structural elements. Castellated beams with corrugated webs have emerged as a promising option in this pursuit. Their unique geometry, including web holes, makes estimating shear load capacity different from traditional beams with solid webs. These beams are becoming increasingly popular in engineering and economics due to their advantages. The openings in the web can take various shapes, as detailed in the research paper, which compares the load versus deflection for castellated beams with rectangular and hexagonal openings, analyzed using the software ABAQUS® CAE. The trapezoidal corrugated web configuration notably augments the beam's resistance to buckling failure and furnishes superior resistance to buckling compared to a plain web beam. Predominant factors impacting the efficacy of castellated-corrugated web beams encompass the overall beam height and the size of the web opening. The study conducts a comparative analysis of the ultimate load-bearing capability of these beams about both plain and corrugated web beams. Moreover, the manuscript advances an original technological proposal entailing the integration of a trapezoidal-shaped web into a castellated beam. The load-bearing capacity of castellated beams with various web opening shapes, such as rectangles and hexagons, was contrasted with that of the I beam. Among these shapes, hexagon web opening TWHC has higher Material savings with an increase of 13 % compared to the I beam. The results detail that the corrugated web rectangular castellated beams have less weight and more strength than the corrugated web hexagon castellated beam.
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Jarallah, Husain Khalaf, and Nidaa Qassim Jassim. "Ductility Improvement of R.C Beams with Large Web opening by using Reactive Powder Concrete Layers." Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences 25, no. 3 (2018): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjes.25.3.06.
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In this investigation the effect of large web opening on the on the behaver of beams made by normal concrete (NC) and reactive powder concrete (RPC) have been studied. The experimental work consists of casting and testing in flexure 12 rectangular simply supported reinforced concrete beams. The main parameters of this test are opening locations and normal concrete and RPC location with is the section. The ultimate loads, cracking loads, load -deflection behavior, skew of the openings (deflection at the two opposite corners of openings) and ductility were discussed. These results showed that increase ultimate loads (Pu) and stiffness by increase RPC layers. The using RPC layers increase ultimate load about (1-30) %. Using RPC in compression fiber is found to be more effective than using RPC in tension fiber. The cracking load of hybrid beam with one layer of RPC in compression fiber (having one opening) higher than NC beams by 48.5%. The ultimate strength was decreases with increases opening about (4-21)%, thus indicating that the stiffness decreases accordingly. Hybrid beams with RPC in tension fiber failed with less crack than those for hybrid beams with RPC in compression fiber at the same number of openings. The skew at opening of flexural zone show greater values than the skew at opening in shear zone for each beam until failure. The increase in the number of openings leads to increase in the ductility because it reduces the strength of beams.
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Pachpor, P. D., N. D. Mittal, L. M. Gupta, and N. V. Deshpande. "Finite Element Analysis and Comparison of Castellated and Cellular Beam." Advanced Materials Research 264-265 (June 2011): 694–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.264-265.694.
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The solid I section beam with creating hexagonal cavities (openings) has numerous advantages over conventional rolled sections. As they are light weight, strong, cheap and elegant. The opening in the web simplifies the work of the installer and the electrician, since taking pipes across beams presents no problems. A cellular beam (circular openings) is the modern version of the traditional castellated beam. The beam comprises pronouncedly asymmetric cellular tees, to provide a wide bearing for either pre-cast units or a profiled metal deck. The elastic finite element analysis of castellated beam and cellular beam is carried out to understand its behaviour under load. The failure pattern and stresses developed under same loading condition are studied. Based on the various modes of failure, the applicable methods of analysis are studied which includes plastic analysis, mid post yielding and buckling analysis. From the previous experimental results, one beam is selected and analyzed. Then the no of openings is varied as 2, 4 and 6 in selected beam. The shape of opening is considered as hexagonal and circular of same cross sectional area. The support conditions are considered as fixed, hinged and roller. Overall 18 cases are studied for same central point load and span with change of spacing of openings. The maximum Deflection and the maximum VonMises stress are worked out. The comparative study is carried out using software for finite element analysis ANSYS.
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Jomaah, Muyasser M., and Diyaree J. Ghaidan. "Energy Absorption Capacity Of Layered Lightweight Reinforced Concrete Beams With Openings In Web." Civil Engineering Journal 5, no. 3 (2019): 690. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2019-03091279.
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This research presents the flexural behavior on reinforced concrete beam with transverse web opening constructed from layered concrete. The layered concrete combining normal concrete and lightweight aggregate concrete (LWC) are depended in present study. In the experimental program, 13 models of normal and layered reinforced concrete beams are tested under the effect of four-point loads. All beams had the same overall geometrical dimensions and main longitudinal top and bottom with internal diagonal reinforcement provided around the openings. One of the beam specimen is tested as control beam and the other specimens are divided into three groups [G1, G2, and G3] to study the effects of the following variables: effect of presence of web openings, layered system, lightweight aggregate (partially volumetric replacement of normal aggregate by thermostone) on the ultimate load, cracking load, cracking pattern and energy absorption capacity. The existing of an opening in beam specimens reduced the flexural capacity of beams with a percentage depending on the size of opening and opening number. The test data obtained from the adopted layered technique of (NEW) and (LWC) have shown that for beams constructed from two layered concrete (LWC with thermostone in the web and bottom flange of I-beam section) ultimate load is decreased about (9.3%-48.8%). It has also, the beams constructed from three-layered of concrete (LWC with thermostone in the web of I-beam section), their ultimate load is decreased about (25.6%-58.1%). On the other hand, magnitude increased of energy absorption capacity are achieved by the decreased opening size, introducing the full size opening of dimension (100×1000) mm reduces the energy absorption capacity of the RC I-section beams at least 80% compared to solid beam while the beam with opening size (100×100) mm decrease up to 16%. In the case of the layered concrete beams specimen, the real influence of lightweight concrete (LWC) type in the layered reinforced concrete is observed significantly after increasing the length of opening more than 100 mm.
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Agag, Fatma, Seleem S. E. Ahmad, and Hossam El-Din M. Sallam. "Experimental assessment of different strengthening techniques for opening in reinforced concrete beams." Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale 16, no. 59 (2021): 549–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3221/igf-esis.59.36.
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The present experimental study includes testing thirteen reinforced concrete beams with openings at different locations to investigate the efficiency of strengthening such openings. Different strengthening techniques around the opening after and before casting include diagonal bars, upper and lower steel, and carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP), were examined. All beams were made from 30 MPa compressive strength and tested under four-point loading. The cross section of the beams is 400 mm depth x 160 mm width and beam length 2400 mm. The dimensions of the opening are 200 mm x 200 mm. The stiffness, deflection, failure load, and failure mode of the strengthened beams were discussed. Experimental results showed that the beams strengthened with upper and lower steel around opening at mid-span increase the load-carrying capacity by 16.59%. However, beams strengthened by CFRP sheets around the opening in the shear zone increase the load carrying capacity by 47.7% compared to opened beam.
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Abdulrahman, Bassam Qasim. "GFRP continuous RC beams having web openings and externally strengthened with CFRP composites." Engineering Research Express 6, no. 1 (2024): 015089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2631-8695/ad26dc.
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Abstract With the enormous development of modern buildings, it is highly required to accommodate web openings in continuous reinforced concrete (RC) beams for passing utility service equipment. A wide range of studies had been conducted with regard to this subject. wtCurrent study examined numerically the major effect of the large rectangular web openings in (GFRP) reinforced concrete continuous beams under concentrated loads. Moreover, it investigated the effects of different CFRP strengthening schemes that would retrieve the ultimate capacity of the solid beam. Based on that, the main parameters that had been utilized here are the opening size, opening location and the strengthening scheme. Results showed that openings reduced the ultimate load capacity of the beams and increased the overall deflections. Furthermore, using CFRP sheets to strengthen continuous RC beams including opening retrieved (70%) of the ultimate capacity of continuous RC solid beams especially beams with openings near the external support or midspan. Likewise, using CFRP composites retrieved (48%) of the ultimate capacity of continuous RC solid beams with openings near the interior support. Furthermore, the optimum location for constructing web openings was near the external supports, which was subjected to the lowest values of shear forces and sagging moments and leaded to accommodate greater ultimate loads (85.18 kN) than other beams of other openings location.
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Biju, Reshma, Nissy Susan Mani, and Kavya K. Kumar. "Numerical Analysis of Steel Reinforced Concrete Deep Beam with Openings Using ANSYS." Applied Mechanics and Materials 857 (November 2016): 148–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.857.148.
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In the modern building construction, a good deal of work has been done on openings in reinforced concrete deep beam to accommodate utility pipes and ducts of essential services. However, accommodation of such openings saves considerable amount of materials and offer more versatility. The analysis of reinforced concrete deep beam is a complex problem and there is no code provision exists for the analysis of deep beam with openings. In this paper, the behaviour of deep beam with circular opening is assessed numerically using ANSYS software. A detailed parametric study is also conducted to evaluate the effect of circular opening in deep beam with varying location of opening with fixed shear span by depth ratio and effective span by depth ratio.
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Mohammed, Bashar S., and Omar Alanni. "Shear Capacity of RC Beams with Web Openings Strengthened with Multi Layers of CFRP." Applied Mechanics and Materials 567 (June 2014): 494–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.567.494.
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In some cases a cut-out web opening in a reinforced concrete (RC) beam is required to facilitate the passage of electrical and mechanical pipes and ducting from one side to another. The presence of cut-out web openings will lead to decreasing in the load carrying capacity of these RC beams. Therefore, strengthening the vicinity of these openings by using Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) will represent the best practical solution. In this study, thirteen RC beams with different sizes of cut-out web openings and with different layers of CFRP strengthening and also one solid RC beam (control) were prepared and tested to failure. The outcome of this experimental and analytical study showed that the modified Eurocode 2 model can reasonably be used in computing the shear forces of RC beams having the vicinity of their cut-out web openings strengthened with single/multi layers of CFRP. In addition, for safe design purposes, a reduction factor has been suggested as well.
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Sharaky, Ibrahim A., Ahmed S. Elamary, and Yasir M. Alharthi. "Flexural Response and Failure Analysis of Solid and Hollow Core Concrete Beams with Additional Opening at Different Locations." Materials 14, no. 23 (2021): 7203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14237203.
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It is essential to make openings in structural concrete elements to accommodate mechanical and electrical needs. To study the effect of these openings on the performance of reinforced concrete (RC) elements, a numerical investigation was performed and validated using previous experimental work. The effect of the position and dimension of the opening and the beam length on the response of the beams, loads capacities, and failure modes was studied. The simulated RC beams showed different responses, loads capacities, and failure modes depending on the position and dimension of the opening. The transversal near support opening (TNSH) and longitudinal holes (LH) showed lower effects on the load capacities of the beams than the transversal near center opening (TNCH). The supreme reduction percentages of the load capacity (µu%) for beams with TNCH and TNSH were 37.21% and 30.34%, respectively (opening size = 150 × 150 mm2). In addition, the maximum µu% for beam with LH was 17.82% (opening size = 25% of the beam size). The TNSH with a width of less than 18.18% of the beam shear span (550 mm) had trivial effects on the beam’s load capacities (the maximum µu% = 1.26%). Although the beams with combined LH and TNCH or LH and TNSH showed different failure modes, they experienced nearly the same load reductions. Moreover, the length of the beam (solid or hollow) had a great effect on its failure mode and load capacity. Finally, equations were proposed and validated to calculate the yield load and post-cracking deflection for the concrete beams with a longitudinal opening.