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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Before the rain

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Academic literature on the topic 'Before the rain'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 15 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Before the rain"

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Sleigh, Tom. "Before Rain." Tikkun 32, no. 1 (2017): 71.1–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/08879982-3769563.

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Portuges, Catherine, Judy Courihan, Cedomir Kolar, Sam Taylor, Cat Villiers, and Milcho Manchevski. "Before the Rain." American Historical Review 100, no. 4 (October 1995): 1229. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2168224.

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McCarthy, Christine. "Before the Rain." Space and Culture 6, no. 3 (August 2003): 330–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1206331203251817.

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Trabesinger, Andreas H. "Rain before six." Nature Physics 13, no. 12 (December 2017): 1147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphys4334.

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Mathur, Ira. "Poui before Rain." Small Axe: A Caribbean Journal of Criticism 23, no. 2 (July 1, 2019): 100–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/07990537-7703332.

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As the Me Too movement gathers momentum, the conversation about the historical exploitation of women and sexual power dynamics has spread to Caribbean literature. This story uses the Poui blossom that flowers in the dry season in Trinidad, an island in the Caribbean, as a metaphor for loss, fragility, renewal, and resilience, to demonstrate how it is impossible to separate these dynamics from the way vulnerable women, still embedded in age-old dynamics, turn to powerful men for protection and healing, ironically from the hurt from other men, leading to further abuse. In this particular instance, Poui before Rain explores the nikah, the Islamic marriage that allows a man living under Islamic law to marry up to three women in a simple ceremony using two witnesses. Equally, he is allowed to divorce by simply repeating Talaak (I divorce you) three times. The nikah is a largely hidden phenomenon in Trinidad (a multicultural democracy where people of all faiths live), but it is far more prevalent than previously believed. Poui before Rain is the story of a woman who is “saved” by a doctor from despair and ill-health after the death of her child and crumbling of her marriage to a gay man who prefers to remain in the closet. The doctor, who does a nikah with her, is on the verge of discarding her when she seeks justice, and in so doing, she finds redemption as well as healing from unexpected spaces.

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Iseral-Shepherd, Sally. "Just Before the Rain." Appalachian Heritage 26, no. 2 (1998): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/aph.1998.0060.

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Tängerstad, Erik. "Before the Rain - After the War?" Rethinking History 4, no. 2 (July 2000): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13642520050074812.

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Iordanova, Dina. "Before the Rain in a Balkan context." Rethinking History 4, no. 2 (July 2000): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13642520050074786.

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Muir, Patricia S. "Effects of ambient acidic rain on cation concentrations in leaves of Acersaccharum and Cornusflorida." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 22, no. 4 (April 1, 1992): 490–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x92-064.

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Are foliar concentrations of inorganic cations measurably altered by ambient acidic rain? Leaves of Acersaccharum Marsh. and Cornusflorida L. were collected before and after seven rains, washed, and analyzed for concentrations of Ca2+, Mg2+, and K+. Leaf rinse water and the inorganic composition of each rain were also analyzed. All samples were collected in Indianapolis, Indiana, during June–September 1986–1987. Rain pH ranged from 3.6 to 4.6, volumes from 0.1 to 1.9 cm, and durations from 1 to 16 h. Most rains were net cleansers of leaf surfaces; concentrations of cations, SO42−, and NO3− in leaf rinse water were generally higher pre- than post-rain, or were unchanged by rain exposures, and leaf rinse water was more acidic after rains. Pre- versus post-rain changes in cation concentrations in washed leaves were generally small (±7%) compared with amounts present in leaves, and few differences were statistically significant (most p > 0.05). The changes in foliar cation concentrations were not correlated with rain pH, duration, volume, or date. These results suggest that short-term exposure to rain with pH typical of rain in much of the eastern United States is unlikely to have direct effects on foliar nutrient status, at least on fertile soils.

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Jolaosho, A. O., J. A. Olanite, B. O. Oduguwa, and E. A. O. Adekunle. "Comparative effects of three seasons on seed population and viability of cattle, sheep and goat dungs in South-West Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 32, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 94–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v32i1.1052.

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An experiment to determine the effects of seasonal variations on population and viability of seeds in the faeces of ruminant animals was conducted between April to December 2001 using two breeds of cattle, sheep and goats. Three samples were collected per breed from three animals that were tagged for uniformity of data collection. Sampling took place weekly, in the mornings before the animals were taken out for grazing. The highest (P<0.05) total number of seeds, seeds/g dry weights and total number of viable seeds were recovered from cattle, while the least were from goats, but the reverse was the case for percentage viability. The weights of the faeces were significantly (P<0.05) higher in the rainy season than the dry season. The weights of the faeces reduced gradually as the dry season sets in. Likewise, there were more seeds in the early rain than in the late rain and early dry season, with the percentage viability higher in the late rains and early dry season than the early rainy season. There were more broadleaved weeds and sedges in the early rain than late rain and early dry season but the reverse was the case for grasses. In conclusion, although there were more faeces and consequently more seed production in the rainy season, however, but the viability was lower than in the dry season. Also, seeds of broadleaved plants were more in the rainy season while those of grasses were more in the dry season. More seeds and number of viable seeds were recovered from the faeces of cattle than sheep and goats in all the seasons due to the higher weights of faeces but the percentage viability was higher for sheep and goat than cattle.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Before the rain"

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Vagneux, Stéphanie. "Analyse des représentations des transformations historiques des Balkans survenues après 1989 dans les films "Le regard d'Ulysse", "Before the rain" et "Underground"." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ56777.pdf.

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Hassan, Pour Artin, Andreas Hörnberg, and Nima Mohammadi. "“When preparing for crises, it is instructive to recall that Noah started building the ark before it began to rain” - Norman Augustine : En kvalitativ studie om hur svenska herrelitfotbollsföreningar hanterar kriser." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för hälsovetenskaper, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-94466.

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Inledning: Under år 2020 har samtliga svenska herrelitfotbollsföreningar stött på en rad olika utmaningar på grund av Covid-19. Det är känt att fotbollsföreningar dagligen kan stöta på olika problem. Är föreningen inte förberedd på att hantera utmanande situationer kan dessa förvärras och i värsta fall utvecklas till en kris. För att en fotbollsförening ska kunna överleva och göra bra ifrån sig är bra sportsliga och ekonomiska resultat av allra största vikt. Förutsättningarna kan dock förändras när en kris uppstår, speciellt eftersom kriser kan se väldigt olika ut. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka svenska herrelitfotbollsföreningars hantering av Covid-19 under 2020. Metod: En kvalitativ metod med semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts med tre olika herrelitfotbollsföreningar. En komparativ disposition har använts för att undersöka och jämföra fenomenen i sin naturliga kontext. Urvalet är tre manliga sportchefer som är och har varit verksamma i Allsvenskan och Superettan. Analysen av resultatet gjordes med hjälp av axial kodning för att identifiera mönster och teman. Resultat: Resultatet visar att herrelitfotbollsföreningarna vill vara proaktiva i sin krishantering, men till följd av Covid-19s oberäkneliga karaktär har föreningarna varit tvungna att vara reaktiva i krishanteringen. Föreningarna har anpassat olika delar av verksamheten på grund av pandemins konsekvenser. En av föreningarna lyckades till viss del arbeta proaktivt. Covid-19 har haft och fortsätter att ha negativ påverkan på föreningarna. Främst ekonomiskt på grund av bortfall i diverse intäkter i form av publik och sponsoravtal men även sportsligt som exempelvis att spelare och personal insjuknat i Covid-19. Föreningarna har upplevt händelser som påverkat och hotat elitfotbollföreningarnas fortsatta verksamhet. Samtliga föreningar har permitterat och sagt upp personal för att minska på kostnader. Detta eftersom Covid-19 är komplext och är en ny kris som samtliga föreningar inte bemött tidigare. Slutsats: Svenska herrelitfotbollsföreningar bör ha en framförhållning i att systematiskt utveckla åtgärder som de kan vända sig till när kriser väl uppstår. Alla tre herrelitfotbollsföreningar har implementerat ett reaktivt tillvägagångssätt under hanteringen av Covid-19. Den proaktiva krishanteringen har sina begränsningar i förhållande till krisers komplexitet och kunde i förhållande till Covid-19 endast minimera och stävja dess påverkan till en viss nivå.

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Chen, Hong-Ren, and 陳虹任. "Before Summer Rain." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/82516262516666953078.

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碩士
國立臺灣藝術大學
廣播電視學系應用媒體藝術班
100
“Before Summer Rain” is a film made by Chen Hong Ren,a graguated student of Dept. Applied Media Arts,National Taiwan University of Arts.This script is adapted from my experiences. The story is about my experience of facing the changing of life, also I want to express the emotions through this short film.This research paper would document the entire production in detail and would be respectively introduced and described as following. Chapter One:the motivation and objectives of the creation.Chapter Two:relevant topic and reference.Chapter Three:thePhilosophy of the creation,addressing the setting of the scens and idiosyncrasy.Chapter Four:the shotting and production of the movie,introducing the process of the shooting and production of the movie in detail.Chapter Five:after-screening discussion,conclusion and suggestion,organizing the suggestion from the audiences and reviewing the entire production process. “Creation” helps me to understand myself. It is only when I have profound understanding about myself can I understand and experience the lives of others. This research paper tries to share the experience with all who prepare to create their own movies in the future through the records of the production process of the movie. Keyword: drama, realistic movie, children, living issue

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Cheng, Shih-Shung, and 鄭斯仲. "Discussion on Temporary Rail Construction Practices before Railway Grade Separation." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/66551179745192078786.

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碩士
中華大學
營建管理學系碩士在職專班
100
Railway reconstruction is formed from fives parts: civil engineering, signaling, electric engineering, electric supply, and rails. The various interface aspects and integration is more complex than general civil construction projects, with higher risks, time urgency, and other unique characteristics. During construction, work must be done close to the Taiwan Railway’s operating railway, or using times when trains are not operating, and coordinating with night time electricity shutoff and railroad route block off. This can cause train delays, accidents, or casualties with the slightest mistake. Before the start of railway conversion work, the existing rail system must be moved, and after the temporary rail is operating, the land for the existing track area must be vacated for railway Grade Separation. Because temporary railway construction is a critical part of the construction, its working space is limited, time is pressing, continuous railway operation must be maintained, and with a large number of unknown old TRA cables, these characteristics makes management during the construction process very important. Currently, most studies involve permanent elevation and underground utilization of the railway, cross railway construction, or worker safety. Less people are more familiar with the problems and handling that temporary railway construction stage faces. This study investigates the temporary railway track construction phase, and assembling literature review, collecting relevant domestic laws, and understanding the relevant regulations and restrictions, we proceed with case study and analysis. This study establishes the possible problems and coping strategies that faces the temporary railway construction phase. Then, by interviewing and verification of experts from various fields of railway construction, nine major problems are identified and include unfamiliarity of railway construction with neighboring railway operating environment, the great number of cables in the railway station, excavation and construction difficulties, the narrow and long construction route, the close planning of work to avoid interference, the complexity of the railway system interface, the need of close cooperation between various interface, the continued operation of the railway, the intrusion and clearing of railway requires night time power shut-off and route blockage, construction near adjacent power pole base and earth-retaining measures, the required clearance of the station platform edges to the railway, the safety limit and clearance maintenance of platform structure and building, and level crossing track lining and switching, as well as higher complexity before the construction. The experts then give suggested correction for the problems faced in the construction process and provide corresponding supplementary recommendations and coping strategies. It is hoped that this can provide the contractors, planning and design units, railway construction and supervision units, and construction companies with references, raising the awareness and alertness of risks faced by temporary railway track construction phase, and drawing up early coping strategies.

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Hsu, Yi-Ting, and 徐翊庭. "Analysis of Mode Choice Bahavior Before-and-After the Operation of the Taiwan High Speed Rail." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/39042905110259413054.

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碩士
國立交通大學
運輸科技與管理學系
96
Taiwan High Speed Rail (THSR) operated since Jan. 2007. It almost impact on the intercity transportation market of Taiwan western corridor. As the urban road network is pluperfect, private vehicle ascendant on freeway in recent years. After THSR operating and the soar-up of oil price, private vehicle starts to hasten the slow drop. This demonstration several years will be the populace transportation age. Before the high speed railway actually starts, previous studies mainly investigate with stated preference (SP). This study will adopt the revealed preference (RP) method to estimate the utility function, and analyze the mode choice behavior of passengers when the Taiwan High Speed Rail operators changed their transportation services. This survey includes for major routes, Taipei to Kaohsiung, Taipei to Taichung, and Taichung to Kaohsiung, and adopts face to face interview to process data collection at intercity terminals. The data set contains high-speed rail, air, train, bus, and car. The empirical results of the multinomial logit choice models reveal that travel time, egress time, sex, educational background, personal income, career, and number of car are significant variables associated with the choice of intercity modes. The results provide important implications for travel demand forecasts and policy decisions.

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Books on the topic "Before the rain"

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Before/The rain. Santa Cruz, Calif: Moving Parts Press, 1985.

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Hayes, Karen. Before the rain. London: Simon & Schuster, 1995.

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The rain before it falls. Oxford: ISIS Large Print, 2008.

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Coe, Jonathan. The Rain Before it Falls. London: Penguin Group UK, 2009.

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Coe, Jonathan. The rain before it falls. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2008.

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The rain before it falls. London: Viking, 2007.

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The rain before it falls: A novel. New York: Vintage Contemporaries, 2009.

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Before the rain: A memoir of love and revolution. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2012.

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Andrews, Alan E. J. Rainforest and ravished snow, or, Before the bulldozer. Palmerston, ACT: Tabletop Press, 1996.

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Tears before the rain: An oral history of the fall of South Vietnam. New York: Da Capo Press, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Before the rain"

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Guignery, Vanessa. "In Search of Lost Time: The House of Sleep and The Rain Before It Falls." In Jonathan Coe, 90–120. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-40584-5_6.

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Mousnier, Roland, and Brian Pearce. "Russian Society Before the Revolt of Stenka Razin." In Peasant Uprisings in Seventeenth-Century France, Russia and China, 196–215. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003194774-9.

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Dittmar, Hank. "Testimony before US Senate Commerce Committee in Air and Rail, 2003." In My Kind of City, 185–95. Washington, DC: Island Press/Center for Resource Economics, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5822/978-1-64283-037-8_48.

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Kinuya, Seigo, Naoyuki Shigematsu, Yasushi Noguchi, and Tatsuya Higashi. "Column 15. Is it Appropriate to 131I Scintigraphy Before RAI Therapy? What Is the Dose?" In Treatment of Thyroid Tumor, 255–57. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54049-6_62.

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Ivory, Yvonne. "Prussian Discipline and Lesbian Vulnerability: Christa Winsloe’s Children in Uniform at the Gate." In Cultural Convergence, 193–216. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57562-5_8.

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Abstract This chapter examines the Dublin production and critical reception of Christa Winsloe’s Children in Uniform, which ran to full houses at the Gate for three weeks in April 1934. The play, which deals with the love between a Prussian schoolgirl and her female teacher, had premiered in Leipzig (1930), run successfully in Berlin (1931), and been adapted for the screen as Mädchen in Uniform (1931) before it was translated into English for a successful London run in 1932-1933. Edwards and mac Liammóir probably saw the original German play in Berlin in 1931. Using the prompt copy, lighting plots, photographs and reviews, the chapter shows how Edwards used expressionistic lighting and sonic leitmotifs to underscore the authoritarian regime within which the relationship between the women develops. In following the Berlin staging, Edwards produced a more subversive version of the play than that seen by London audiences or cinema goers.

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"RHAPSODY, WITH RAIN." In Before Our Eyes, 137–38. Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvdmx0sg.69.

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"Day before Solstice, Week after Rain." In Toward the Wild Abundance, 117. Michigan State University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.14321/j.ctvfrxqr8.62.

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"Macedonian culture and its audiences: an analysis of Before the Rain." In Ritual, Performance, Media, 170–86. Routledge, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203449943-14.

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Disraeli, Benjamin. "Chapter III." In Sybil. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780198759898.003.0030.

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It was a wet morning; there had been a heavy rain since dawn, which impelled by a gusty south-wester came driving on a crowd of women and girls who were assembled before the door of a still unclosed shop. Some protected themselves...

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Fielding, Henry. "Chapter XII." In Joseph Andrews and Shamela. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199536986.003.0033.

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Adams, Fanny, and the Guide set out together, about one in the Morning, the Moon then just being risen. They had not gone above a Mile, before a most violent Storm of Rain obliged them to take shelter in an Inn, or...

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Conference papers on the topic "Before the rain"

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Bhattacharya, Aniruddha, Arpita Adhikari, Shamitaksha Talukdar, and Animesh Maitra. "Radiometric observations before and during a rain event at a tropical location." In 2011 IEEE Applied Electromagnetics Conference (AEMC). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aemc.2011.6256921.

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Mao, Wengang, Jonas W. Ringsberg, Igor Rychlik, and Gaute Storhaug. "Comparison Between a Fatigue Model for Voyage Planning and Measurements of a Container Vessel." In ASME 2009 28th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2009-79235.

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This paper presents results from an ongoing research project which aims at developing a numerical tool for route planning of container ships. The objective with the tool is to be able to schedule a route that causes minimum fatigue damage to a vessel before it leaves port. Therefore a new simple fatigue estimation model, only using encountered significant wave height, is proposed for predicting fatigue accumulation of a vessel during a voyage. The formulation of the model is developed based on narrow-band approximation. The significant response height hs, is shown to have a linear relationship with its encountered significant wave height Hs. The zero up-crossing response frequency fz, is represented as the corresponding encountered wave frequency and is expressed as a function of Hs. The capacity and accuracy of the model is illustrated by application on one container vessel’s fatigue damage accumulation, for different voyages, operating in the North Atlantic during 2008. For this vessel, all the necessary data needed in the fatigue model, and for verification of it, was obtained by measurements. The results from the proposed fatigue model are compared with the well-known and accurate rain-flow estimation. The conclusion is that the estimations made using the current fatigue model agree well with the rain-flow method for almost all of the voyages.

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Dorrell, N. "Effects of Precipitation on Surface-Scan Gamma Ray Survey Results: Case Study." In ASME 2013 15th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2013-96120.

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It has been known for many years that certain weather events (e.g., precipitation, low barometric pressure, etc.) can affect the results of outdoor gamma-ray surveys, particularly those where gamma spectroscopy is being used for the detection of uranium and its progeny. These effects are a result of a natural phenomenon that produces anomalous results that are contrary to the true concentrations present at the survey site. Gamma-ray survey results sometimes overestimate uranium concentrations during and immediately following rain or snowfall events. The effects that a precipitation event has upon a drive-over gamma-ray survey are discussed in this paper. Surveys were conducted using a sensitive array of sodium iodide (NaI) detectors mounted to an all-terrain vehicle in late fall/early winter where snow was encountered. Isotope-specific measurements taken before and during precipitation events are compared and visually presented in iso-contour maps.

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Alonso, Julio. "Well Succeeded Application of Acoustic Technology for Pipelines (Single Phase and Multi Phases) Leak Detection in More Than 40 Pipelines in Brazil." In 2004 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2004-0162.

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In 2001 was installed the first ALDS-Acoustic Leak Detection System in Brazil, in a multiphase (slug) production pipeline (crude oil + gas + water) in the middle the rain forest. This Leak Detection System was approved and gained confidence from the pipeline community in this country. After this, many other Acoustic Systems were installed in other multiphase pipelines, single phase as crude oil and natural gas and Naphtha, in buried and submarine pipelines. The confidence against false alarms made many pipelines operators to request the Acoustic Technology for their pipelines protection. Also, the ALDS has high sensitivity, detecting small holes. Very important consideration also deserves the leak detection speed; due the acoustic technology, the ALDS alarms the leak in seconds! This action made possible to shutdown pumps avoiding big disasters. The ALDS is also able to locate the leak, with precision of meters, even in buried or submarine pipelines. Brazil has one of the strongest laws to protect the environment (9605, from February 13th, 1998) in the word and requires leak detection system to protect any pipeline before the government approval. The ALDS is being systematically required as the most effective leak detection system.

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Plainer, Markus, Christian Kral, and Gu¨nter Singer. "Investigation of the Longitudinal Dynamic Effects Before and After the Derailment of a Freight Train." In ASME/IEEE 2004 Joint Rail Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/rtd2004-66023.

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So far, some freight cars have a detection device attached in order to be able to detect a derailed car. This work was carried out in order to investigate the possibility of the detection of derailments only by means of the evaluation of various signals at the locomotive. Several cases of short trains were examined, both by simulation and in reality. For each train configuration a derailed car at the end of the train and the normally running train were investigated. For these cases the longitudinal forces in the train were simulated and compared with the measured results. Also a long train consisting of 39 cars was examined, but only in simulation. Such a long train could not be derailed in reality. Experiments including the derailment have been carried out by the Austrian Federal Railways. Subsequently, several computer simulations have been performed to check if it is possible to detect a derailed freight car in any distance from the locomotive. Computer simulations have been performed by means of ITI-SIM PC [1]. This software is a block oriented tool for modelling, analysis and optimization of dynamically stressed complex nonlinear systems in the area of machinery and vehicular and mechanical transmission.

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Mariappan, Saravanan, and Fauziah Hanis Hood. "Way Forward for Construction Industry with Active Participation in Carbon Footprint Reduction for Sustainable Development using Geosynthetics." In IABSE Conference, Kuala Lumpur 2018: Engineering the Developing World. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/kualalumpur.2018.0882.

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<p>Building green and sustainable for buildings and cities have become an important aspect to safe guard the environment and future generation. Opening up new land for townships with road and railway networks are vital for the nation along with government commitment for development and well being of ever growing population. In the past, mother nature’s well balanced ecosystem were compromised due to rapid industrialization and world wide development. Today, we are facing serious environmental deterioration with rising global temperature, sea levels, lost of rain forest, natural resources, extinction of species all at unprecedented levels, never seen before world wide. As we are heading towards uncharted environmental impact with mega scale of flooding, rainfall, typhoon wind velocity, prolong drought, early seasonal changes, it has become an immediate need for every citizen of the planet to safe guard the environment by reducing their carbon footprint. As the first step for carbon foot print reduction, we need to reduce carbon consumption in every aspect of our daily life starting with the building that houses us, cities that we works and live in and reduction in construction industries especially areas related to infrastructure and highway construction works. This paper will discuss the usage of alternative materials in construction industry, which can reduce carbon footprints and at the same time blend with the nature. New changes with adoption of technologies can be in cooperated as Green Highway and Infrastructure Index (GHII).</p>

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Robles Robles, Dimas, and Einstein Castillo Martínez. "Case of Geotechnical Instrumentation of Pipelines in Unstable Zones: Real Time Readings and its Development in Uncommunicated Zones." In ASME 2017 International Pipeline Geotechnical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipg2017-2526.

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Oil pipelines and gas pipelines usually go through geotechnically unstable areas for different reasons. These can go from situations related to the engineering stage (trace), to environmental and social aspects during the construction process. Due to these aspects, the ducts go through geotechnically undesirable areas. Usually, the geotechnical instabilities, according to the kind of movement, are low speed (cm/year), medium (m/year) and very quick processes that generate movements of tens to hundreds of meters per day. Most of Mass Removal Phenomenon (MRF) are triggered by rain and/or earthquakes and are translated into land movements which at the same time involve, occasionally, important deformations in pipelines or its breaking, depending on the movement speed and the possibility of making works before the pipeline breaking. To get to know the pipeline tensional state from the beginning of the pipeline operation, in this unstable zones, is an essential task, which depends on the early identification of the said land movements and the possibility to do measurements on the pipelines using tools such as In-line inspection running (ILI) or the installation of strain gauges. This situation makes the task of monitoring in unstable zones a vital one. The current paper is based on a breaking pipeline case due to soil movement, “monitored by inclinometers”, with the purpose to show the importance of a geotechnical and mechanical instrumentation that offers useful results. The instrumentation allows to model the interaction soil-pipeline to accomplish relevant tasks, that avoid the pipeline breaking and at the same time allow to stablish deformation thresholds of soil or pipeline, which will become early warnings to avoid breakings. Furthermore, the soil and pipeline’s deformation thresholds are documented, based on a system transport by pipelines (STP) breaking cases, to stablish threat classifications to a specific pipeline. The called instrument reading in real time implies: detection, measurement and data broadcasting that allows the user to have daily records of the movements or required associated variables, with no need to depend on other communication systems that might be inexistent in some areas. This paper also shows the development and operation of a monitoring station that includes: inclinometers, piezometers, strain gauges and rain gauges, among others. These broadcast their data to a server that the user has access to, from any place with a Wi-Fi network, here the user will be able to display information from each one of the instruments, emphasizing the measured variables or magnitudes (displacement, water level, micro strain mm/day) into graphics. The station has a limitation over battery length of 6 months, when it’s problematic to install a recharge solar cell system.

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Al-Masri, M. S., A. Aba, A. Al-Hamwi, and H. Mukallati. "Characterization of NORM Contaminated Sites at the Syrian Oilfield: Depth Profiles and Leaching Processes." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4772.

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Production water containing naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) has been collected in unlined artificial lagoons for evaporation in some Syrian oilfields. These lagoons have become highly contaminated with NORM and the situation has urged the operating oil companies in Syria to initiate a remediation program in cooperation with the Atomic Energy Commission of Syria. Part of this national remediation program is to characterize the contaminated soil as a preliminary step for disposal of this waste. Depth profiles of radioactivity have been established and found to be variable from one field to another. Factors that influence this distribution have been evaluated and are presented. Laboratory leaching experiments were performed using six 60-cm cores collected from highly contaminated areas in the oil fields. Results show that 226Ra is transferred to deep layers via erosion caused by disposal of production water and some heavy rain water that occurred in the past. This erosion process is mainly affected by the mineralogical compositions of the contaminated soil and the particle size distribution. Gypsum present in the soil has increased transfer of 226Ra from surface layers to deeper layers; water has caused some sink holes (caves) in those soils containing high amount of gypsum. In addition, 226Ra was also determined in different particle size soil samples before and after leaching experiments where small soil particles sizes were found to be moved downwards by water. Radium was only more concentrated in smaller particle sizes than larger ones in those samples containing low concentration of gypsum. In addition, halite content in the upper soil layers has increased the radium specific activity after leaching since it dissolved in water and moved to deeper layers.

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Gordon, Jeff, Srini Swamy, Sabri Cakdi, Matthew Radovich, Anand Prabhakaran, and Som P. Singh. "Improving Collision Post Crashworthiness of Legacy Locomotives." In 2018 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2018-6201.

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Modern freight locomotives are built to crashworthiness standards that are defined in Subpart D of Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 229 and Association of American Railroads (AAR) S-580 standards [1, 2]. The first freight locomotive crashworthiness standard, AAR S-580, was released in 1989 and became effective as of August 1990 [3]. Locomotives that were manufactured before the 1990, so-called “legacy”, lack the crew protection offered by the modern “crashworthy” locomotives [4]. While legacy locomotives, such as narrow-nose designs that were manufactured before 1990s, are generally relegated to non-lead locomotive service in Class I railroads, these units are sometimes used in mainline service. Even though the number of narrow-nose locomotives has declined, there remains a risk of injuries and fatalities for the crew for the next several years. The scope of this study is the following; • The assessment of injuries and fatalities from collisions involving legacy locomotives, • The crashworthiness evaluation of collision posts for a sample legacy (narrow-nose, legacy) locomotive assembled in the 1960s and rebuilt in 2001, • Analysis of alternative collision post designs to meet and exceed the collision post requirements in the 2001 version of AAR S-580.

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Schorr, Michael, Klaas Kole, and Ferdinand Foessing. "Monitoring and Screening of Pipelines for Movement: A Fast and Cost-Effective Alternative for Pipeline Operators to Measure Drift in Pipelines." In ASME-ARPEL 2019 International Pipeline Geotechnical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipg2019-5324.

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Abstract For pipelines in the oil, gas, and mining industry, movement of pipelines is one of the main integrity hazards. This movement in most cases is caused by landslides instigated by heavy rain, earthquakes or volcanic activities. If the pipeline movement remains undetected at an early stage, it can lead to the need for costly repairs to prevent, remove, or repair potential or actual damage. Moreover, if the movements stay undetected for too long, these lines may fail and lead to catastrophic events. This paper will illustrate what a fast and cost-effective solution to avoid these threats at an early stage looks like and how it works. It will explain the process and demonstrate the full power of this technology on the basis of a case study. The standard solution for pipelines without a permanent position monitoring system at the time of installation includes the use of intelligent tools that are able to detect even the slightest changes in the trajectory. These inspection tools are quite expensive to run, especially when multiple screening runs are required throughout a year, e.g. before and after the rainy season or after a seismic event. Other monitoring solutions are either limited to only a specific area where the movement has already been detected at an earlier stage or lack the precision required to serve as an early warning system, such as LIDAR or satellite image comparison. Over the years, ROSEN has developed a technology that can bridge the gap between frequent measurements and cost-effective service. It is based on an electronic gyroscope that is commonly used in Inline Inspection tools but can also be installed in readily available cleaning tools. When first run in a pipeline, it records the whole pipeline trajectory, leaving no segment undocumented. The next step is to compare these recorded pipeline routing measurements with already existing trajectory baseline data, recorded earlier by any ILI tool with an optical gyro or similar. This comparison will reveal any deviation between both trajectories and precisely determine any pipeline movement. A case study will demonstrate how the comparison is achieved. When performing repetitive inspections, this screening comparison enables the operators to detect the onset of movements and monitor the progress of any known pipeline movement. It allows them to distinguish between stable areas from dynamic ground movements and keeps close track of changes in the pipe course. Through regular repetitions, any further development of the movement is tracked, and appropriate reactive measures can be scheduled in a timely manner. This new service provides a cost-effective and powerful early warning tool for geological pipeline integrity threats that can lead to loss of integrity, the asset, or — worst-case scenario — loss of life or environmental contamination, while at the same time, it reduces the necessity of pipeline intervention that will affect production.

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