Relevant bibliographies by topics / Bio-based polyols

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Bio-based polyols'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 7 June 2025
Last updated: 16 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Bio-based polyols"

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Kirpluks, Mikelis, Edgars Vanags, Arnis Abolins, Slawomir Michalowski, Anda Fridrihsone, and Ugis Cabulis. "High Functionality Bio-Polyols from Tall Oil and Rigid Polyurethane Foams Formulated Solely Using Bio-Polyols." Materials 13, no. 8 (2020): 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13081985.

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High-quality rigid polyurethane (PU) foam thermal insulation material has been developed solely using bio-polyols synthesized from second-generation bio-based feedstock. High functionality bio-polyols were synthesized from cellulose production side stream—tall oil fatty acids by oxirane ring-opening as well as esterification reactions with different polyfunctional alcohols, such as diethylene glycol, trimethylolpropane, triethanolamine, and diethanolamine. Four different high functionality bio-polyols were combined with bio-polyol obtained from tall oil esterification with triethanolamine to develop rigid PU foam formulations applicable as thermal insulation material. The developed formulations were optimized using response surface modeling to find optimal bio-polyol and physical blowing agent: c-pentane content. The optimized bio-based rigid PU foam formulations delivered comparable thermal insulation properties to the petro-chemical alternative.
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Prociak, Aleksander, Michał Kucała, Maria Kurańska, and Mateusz Barczewski. "Effect of Selected Bio-Components on the Cell Structure and Properties of Rigid Polyurethane Foams." Polymers 15, no. 18 (2023): 3660. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15183660.

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New rigid polyurethane foams (RPURFs) modified with two types of bio-polyols based on rapeseed oil were elaborated and characterized. The effect of the bio-polyols with different functionality, synthesized by the epoxidation and oxirane ring-opening method, on the cell structure and selected properties of modified foams was evaluated. As oxirane ring-opening agents, 1-hexanol and 1.6-hexanediol were used to obtain bio-polyols with different functionality and hydroxyl numbers. Bio-polyols in different ratios were used to modify the polyurethane (PUR) composition, replacing 40 wt.% petrochemical polyol. The mass ratio of the used bio-polyols (1:0, 3:1, 1:1, 1:3, 0:1) affected the course of the foaming process of the PUR composition as well as the cellular structure and the physical and mechanical properties of the obtained foams. In general, the modification of the reference PUR system with the applied bio-polyols improved the cellular structure of the foam, reducing the size of the cells. Replacing the petrochemical polyol with the bio-polyols did not cause major differences in the apparent density (40–43 kg/m3), closed-cell content (87–89%), thermal conductivity (25–26 mW⋅(m⋅K)−1), brittleness (4.7–7.5%), or dimensional stability (<0.7%) of RPURFs. The compressive strength at 10% deformation was in the range of 190–260 and 120–190 kPa, respectively, for directions parallel and perpendicular to the direction of foam growth. DMA analysis confirmed that an increase in the bio-polyol of low functionality in the bio-polyol mixture reduced the compressive strength of the modified foams.
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Lee, Joo Hyung, Seong Hun Kim, and Kyung Wha Oh. "Bio-Based Polyurethane Foams with Castor Oil Based Multifunctional Polyols for Improved Compressive Properties." Polymers 13, no. 4 (2021): 576. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13040576.

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Currently, most commercial polyols used in the production of polyurethane (PU) foam are derived from petrochemicals. To address concerns relating to environmental pollution, a sustainable resource, namely, castor oil (CO), was used in this study. To improve the production efficiency, sustainability, and compressive strength of PU foam, which is widely used as an impact-absorbing material for protective equipment, PU foam was synthesized with CO-based multifunctional polyols. CO-based polyols with high functionalities were synthesized via a facile thiol-ene click reaction method and their chemical structures were analyzed. Subsequently, a series of polyol blends of castor oil and two kinds of castor oil-based polyols with different hydroxyl values was prepared and the viscosity of the blends was analyzed. Polyurethane foams were fabricated from the polyol blends via a free-rising method. The effects of the composition of the polyol blends on the structural, morphological, mechanical, and thermal properties of the polyurethane foams were investigated. The results demonstrated that the fabrication of polyurethane foams from multifunctional polyol blends is an effective way to improve their compressive properties. We expect these findings to widen the range of applications of bio-based polyurethane foams.
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Fridrihsone, Anda, Arnis Abolins, and Mikelis Kirpluks. "Screening Life Cycle Assessment of Tall Oil-Based Polyols Suitable for Rigid Polyurethane Foams." Energies 13, no. 20 (2020): 5249. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13205249.

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A screening Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of tall oil-based bio-polyols suitable for rigid polyurethane (PU) foams has been carried out. The goal was to identify the hot-spots and data gaps. The system under investigation is three different tall oil fatty acids (TOFA)-based bio-polyol synthesis with a cradle-to-gate approach, from the production of raw materials to the synthesis of TOFA based bio-polyols at a pilot-scale reactor. The synthesis steps that give the most significant environmental footprint hot-spots were identified. The results showed the bio-based feedstock was the main environmental hot-spot in the bio-polyol production process. Future research directions have been highlighted.
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Emeka-Chioke, Eucharia Agborma, Prisca Ifeoma Udeozo, Okechukwu Paul Nsude, Theresa Orieiji Uchechukwu, Kingsley John Orie, and Okoro Ogbobe. "Synthesis of Bio-based Polyol Via Epoxidation and Hydroxylation of Shea Butter Fats." Journal of Applied Chemical Science International 14, no. 2 (2023): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.56557/jacsi/2023/v14i28487.

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Polyols are mostly made from petroleum and other non-biodegradable fossil fuels, and as such, they are not environmentally benign. This study presents the process of making bio-based polyols from shea butter fats (SBF) by epoxidation and hydroxylation. Wet analysis, gas chromatography with flame-ionization detection (GC-FID), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were all used to characterize the bio-based polyols. The acid number (13.92 mg KOH/g), iodine value (19.54 mg I2/100 g), saponification value (218.03 mg KOH/g), and viscosity (107.98 poise) suggest a good quality of synthesized SBF-polyol. The FTIR analysis of SBF-polyol indicates the existence of specific vibrational frequencies: 3473 cm-1 for hydroxyl (OH) groups, 2921–2854 cm-1, and 2929–2858 cm-1 for carbon-hydrogen (C-H) and methylene (CH2) groups, respectively, and 1748 cm-1 for carbonyl (-C=O) groups. The major unsaturated fatty acids detected in SBF were oleic acid, with an estimation of 10.41%; linoleic acid and linolenic acid were reported at 0.34% and 1.67%, respectively; however, they were absent in SBF-polyol. According to this data, bio-based polyols can be synthesized using SBF and are suggested for the production of top-notch polyols.
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Gosz, Kamila, Agnieszka Tercjak, Adam Olszewski, Józef Haponiuk, and Łukasz Piszczyk. "Bio-Based Polyurethane Networks Derived from Liquefied Sawdust." Materials 14, no. 11 (2021): 3138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14113138.

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The utilization of forestry waste resources in the production of polyurethane resins is a promising green alternative to the use of unsustainable resources. Liquefaction of wood-based biomass gives polyols with properties depending on the reagents used. In this article, the liquefaction of forestry wastes, including sawdust, in solvents such as glycerol and polyethylene glycol was investigated. The liquefaction process was carried out at temperatures of 120, 150, and 170 °C. The resulting bio-polyols were analyzed for process efficiency, hydroxyl number, water content, viscosity, and structural features using the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The optimum liquefaction temperature was 150 °C and the time of 6 h. Comprehensive analysis of polyol properties shows high biomass conversion and hydroxyl number in the range of 238–815 mg KOH/g. This may indicate that bio-polyols may be used as a potential substitute for petrochemical polyols. During polyurethane synthesis, materials with more than 80 wt% of bio-polyol were obtained. The materials were obtained by a one-step method by hot-pressing for 15 min at 100 °C and a pressure of 5 MPa with an NCO:OH ratio of 1:1 and 1.2:1. Dynamical-mechanical analysis (DMA) showed a high modulus of elasticity in the range of 62–839 MPa which depends on the reaction conditions.
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Staccioli, Leo, dos Santos Andreia Maria Rodrigues, Jose Gallego, et al. "A life cycle assessment model to evaluate the environmental sustainability of lignin-based polyols." Sustainable Production and Consumption 52 (November 28, 2024): 624–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2025.01.002.

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Lignin-based polyols are expected to provide significant environmental benefits by offering new synthetic routes to various types of bio-resins for coating applications. Currently, no models evaluating lignin-based polyols are available in the literature, therefore, the present study introduces a new model to assess environmental impacts associated with the synthesis of lignin-based polyols and to evaluate their potential environmental advantages in bio-product manufacturing. The model follows the life cycle assessment methodology and is based on lignin-based polyols production at a pilot scale, beginning with kraft lignin extraction, followed by solvent fractionation. The results indicate that, compared to their petrochemical counterparts, lignin-based polyols demonstrate superior environmental performance under specific conditions, such as the use of bio-based solvents and an appropriate energy mix. Tetrahydrofuran and electricity consumption emerge as the primary hotspots contributing to environmental impact categories such as climate change, fossil resource use, and water use—identified as the main contributors to the overall environmental impact of lignin-based polyol production. An uncertainty analysis was conducted using Monte Carlo simulation. Based on the findings, producers can consider lignin-based polyols as a promising raw material if they replace tetrahydrofuran with its bio-based counterpart and adopt a renewable energy mix for production. This model can be easily extended by researchers and/or practitioners to further evaluate the environmental impacts of bio-products derived from lignin-based polyols. Moreover, the results of this study can guide policymakers in shaping bio-product policies, as lignin-based polyols show promise as a more sustainable chemical alternative.
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Moyano-Vallejo, Alejandra, María Pilar Carbonell-Blasco, Carlota Hernández-Fernández, Francisca Arán-Aís, María Dolores Romero-Sánchez, and Elena Orgilés-Calpena. "Enhanced Green Strength in a Polycarbonate Polyol-Based Reactive Polyurethane Hot-Melt Adhesive." Polymers 16, no. 23 (2024): 3356. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16233356.

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This study aimed to enhance the initial adhesion performance of reactive polyurethane hot-melt adhesives by using a bio-based polycarbonate polyol instead of traditional polyester or polyether polyols and by incorporating thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) in varied proportions. Adhesives synthesized from bio-based polycarbonate polyols and polypropylene glycol with MDI as the isocyanate were characterized chemically, thermally, and mechanically (FTIR, DSC, plate–plate rheology, DMA, and T-peel strength test). Adding 10–15 wt.% TPU significantly improved green strength and initial adhesion at room temperature and after accelerated cooling. The bio-based polycarbonate polyol promotes superior flexibility at low temperatures compared to fossil-derived alternatives, aligning with sustainability objectives. The results showed that 10 wt.% TPU maximized green strength without compromising flexibility, whereas 15 wt.% TPU, though enhancing adhesion, reduced flexibility due to increased crystallinity. T-peel tests on footwear materials indicated that all the adhesives exceeded the EN 15307:2015 requirements, with the highest peel strength achieved after curing. These findings highlight the benefit of bio-based polycarbonate polyols and TPUs in achieving strong, flexible, and eco-friendly adhesives suitable for demanding applications.
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Ivdre, Aiga, Mikelis Kirpluks, Arnis Abolins, et al. "Rigid Polyurethane Foams’ Development and Optimization from Polyols Based on Depolymerized Suberin and Tall Oil Fatty Acids." Polymers 16, no. 7 (2024): 942. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16070942.

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The utilization of polyols derived from renewable sources presents an opportunity to enhance the sustainability of rigid polyurethane (PUR) foams, thereby contributing to the advancement of a circular bioeconomy. This study explores the development of PUR rigid foams exclusively using polyols sourced from second-generation renewable biomass feedstocks, specifically depolymerized birch bark suberin (suberinic acids) and tall oil fatty acids. The polyols achieved a total renewable material content as high as 74%, with a suberinic acid content of 37%. Response surface modeling was employed to determine the optimal bio-polyol, blowing agents, and catalyst content, hence, optimizing the bio-based foam formulations. In addition, response surface modeling was applied to rigid PUR foam formulations based on commercially available petroleum-based polyols for comparison. The results, including apparent density (~40–44 kg/m3), closed cell content (~95%), compression strength (>0.2 MPa, parallel to the foaming direction), and thermal conductivity (~0.019 W/(m·K)), demonstrated that the suberinic acids-based rigid PUR foam exhibited competitive qualities in comparison to petroleum-based polyols. Remarkably, the bio-based rigid PUR foams comprised up to 29% renewable materials. These findings highlight the potential of suberinic acid-tall oil polyols as effective candidates for developing rigid PUR foams, offering promising solutions for sustainable insulation applications.
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Kurańska, Maria, Milena Leszczyńska, Elżbieta Malewska, Aleksander Prociak, and Joanna Ryszkowska. "Implementation of Circular Economy Principles in the Synthesis of Polyurethane Foams." Polymers 12, no. 9 (2020): 2068. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12092068.

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The main strategy of the European Commission in the field of the building industry assumes a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by up to 20% by 2020 and by up to 80% by 2050. In order to meet these conditions, it is necessary to develop not only efficient thermal insulation materials, but also more environmentally friendly ones. This paper describes an experiment in which two types of bio-polyols were obtained using transesterification of used cooking oil with triethanolamine (UCO_TEA) and diethylene glycol (UCO_DEG). The bio-polyols were next used to prepare low-density rigid polyurethane (PUR) foams. It was found that the bio-polyols increased the reactivity of the PUR systems, regardless of their chemical structures. The reactivity of the system modified with 60% of the diethylene glycol-based bio-polyol was higher than in the case of the reference system. The bio-foams exhibited apparent densities of 41–45 kg/m3, homogeneous cellular structures and advantageous values of the coefficient of thermal conductivity. It was observed that the higher functionality of bio-polyol UCO_TEA compared with UCO_DEG had a beneficial effect on the mechanical and thermal properties of the bio-foams. The most promising results were obtained in the case of the foams modified in 60% with the bio-polyol based on triethanoloamine. In conclusion, this approach, utilizing used cooking oil in the synthesis of high-value thermal insulating materials, provides a sustainable municipal waste recycling solution.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Bio-based polyols"

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Hu, Shengjun. "Production and Characterization of Bio-based Polyols and Polyurethanes from Biodiesel-derived Crude Glycerol and Lignocellulosic Biomass." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1374051355.

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Books on the topic "Bio-based polyols"

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Li, Yebo, Xiaolan Luo, and Shengjun Hu. Bio-based Polyols and Polyurethanes. Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21539-6.

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Li, Yebo, Shengjun Hu, and Xiaolan Luo. Bio-Based Polyols and Polyurethanes. Springer London, Limited, 2015.

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Li, Yebo, Shengjun Hu, and Xiaolan Luo. Bio-Based Polyols and Polyurethanes. Springer, 2015.

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Book chapters on the topic "Bio-based polyols"

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Li, Yebo, Xiaolan Luo, and Shengjun Hu. "Introduction to Bio-based Polyols and Polyurethanes." In SpringerBriefs in Molecular Science. Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21539-6_1.

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Zhang, Chaoqun. "Plant Oil-based Polyurethanes." In Green Chemistry and Green Materials from Plant Oils and Natural Acids. Royal Society of Chemistry, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/bk9781837671595-00059.

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Polyurethanes have become the fifth largest polymeric materials and have been widely used in various fields. Until now, most of the monomers for the production of polyurethane products have been generally derived from non-renewable fossil feedstock. With the increasing global concerns about the depletion of fossil fuels associated with environmental impacts, developing bio-based chemicals and monomers from renewable resources for bio-based polyurethanes has attracted much attention. Plant oils are one of the promising options for such purposes due to their abundant production, biodegradability, and renewable origin. In this chapter, the transformation of plant oils into bio-based chemicals, including polyols, internal emulsifiers, chain extenders, and isocyanates, is reviewed. Furthermore, the general method and performance of different types of polyurethanes (solvent-based, waterborne, and non-isocyanate) are summarized. Finally, the potential applications of these plant oil-based chemicals and polyurethanes are discussed.
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Conference papers on the topic "Bio-based polyols"

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Hellems, Steve, John Willhite, and Ramesh Subramanian. "Bio Based Waterborne Floor Coatings with Enhanced Flow, Appearance, and Early Hardness Development." In SSPC 2015 Greencoat. SSPC, 2015. https://doi.org/10.5006/s2015-00026.

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Abstract The use of sustainable materials in the flooring market has gained widespread interest in recent years. Bio based raw materials contribute significantly to these efforts and are used to prepare environmentally friendly coatings. Castor oil based emulsions are used as polyols in waterborne polyurethane coatings. These systems have outstanding chemical resistance and good durability. But they have inherent issues like very short pot life, poor appearance / flow properties, and delayed early hardness development. In this paper the development of a new castor oil based polyol emulsion that can be used effectively in waterborne polyurethane applications is discussed. The modified polyol emulsion was formulated with polymeric MDI (methylene diphenyl disocyanate) based crosslinker, pigments and additives to prepare thick concrete coatings. The appearance of the system, flow behavior, adhesion characteristics, surface roughness, working life, and early hardness development of the formulations were compared with the control.
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Hosseini, Nassibeh, Chad A. Ulven, Fardad Azarmi, Dean C. Webster, and Thomas J. Nelson. "Utilization of Flax Fibers and Glass Fibers in a Bio-Based Resin." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-39393.

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A novel highly functional plant oil-based polyols, Methoxylated Sucrose Soyate Polyols (MSSP), were cross-linked with isocyanate to formulate MSSP-based polyurethane (PU) thermosets. The degree of cure or conversion was studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Compression molding process was used to make composite panels out of MSSP-based polyurethane and flax fiber reinforcement of about 50 vol %. The MSSP-based PU resin reinforced with 50 vol % unidirectional E-glass fiber mats was tested as a reference. The composites were cured at 150°C for 60 minutes. Properties of the MSSP-based PU thermosets and its corresponding flax/glass-fiber reinforced thermoset composites were assessed by tensile strength and modulus, flexural strength and modulus, interlaminar shear strength (ILSS), nanoindentation test, and impact strength. Specific tensile modulus and strength of the flax fiber composites were found to compare with those of glass/MSSP-based PU. The glass/MSSP-based PU composite exhibited superior mechanical properties compared to both bio-based and petroleum-based composites used in previous studies. Compared to soybean oil based composites used in previous studies, bio-based composites based on MSSP showed 70 % and 101 % increase in flexural strength and modulus respectively, 102 % and 93 % increase in tensile strength and modulus respectively, and 56 % increase in ILSS. Compared to petroleum-based PU/glass composites used in previous studies, bio-based composites based on MSSP showed 60 % and 40 % increase in flexural strength and modulus respectively, 102 % and 78 % increase in tensile strength and modulus respectively, 50 % increase in ILSS. Higher mechanical properties in MSSP-based PU composites can be attributed to high functionality, rigid and compact chemical structures of MSSP oligomers in polyol resin.
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Kote, Prashant, Magdalen Asare, Sahilkumar Chaudhary, Tim Dawsey, and Ram Gupta. "Flame Retardant Polyurethane Foams Using Vegetable Oil-based polyol." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/iefv6816.

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Polyurethanes can be used in many applications by modifying their properties via facile methods. Most of the polyurethanes currently used for industrial applications originated from petrochemical-based chemicals. There is a growing demand in industries to use renewable resources for polyurethanes. Vegetable oil-based polyurethanes have shown properties comparable to that of petroleum-based polyurethanes. In this research, sunflower oil was used as a renewable resource for polyurethanes. Rigid polyurethane foams were prepared using sunflower-based polyols. The polyols were synthesized via epoxidation followed by a ring-opening reaction. Epoxy number, hydroxyl number, viscosity, and spectroscopy characterizations confirm the synthesis of bio-polyol. One of the major issues in polyurethanes is their high flammability which was reduced by using flame-retardants. Two flame-retardants using melamine and diphenylphosphinic acid (DPPMA) and a phosphorous‐nitrogen intumescent flame‐retardant (2,2‐diethyl‐1,3‐propanediol phosphoryl melamine, DPPM) were synthesized and used in bio-based polyurethanes. as used as an additive flame retardant. The foams with DPPMA and DPPM showed high closed cell content ( >90%) with a high compression strength of 217 kPa and 208 kPa, respectively. The microstructure analysis of the foams using scanning electron microscopy revealed an even distribution of the pore size. The addition of DPPMA and DPPM in polyurethane foams results in the formation of a protective char layer during the flammability test and reduces the weight loss from 43% to 2.5% and 1.4% and burning time from 70 seconds to 6 seconds and 4.5 seconds, respectively. Our research suggests that sunflower oil could be a potential candidate for the polyurethane industries and DPPMA and DPPM can be used as an effective flame-retardant in these bio-based polyurethane foams.
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Magdadaro, Miceh Rose D., Rey Y. Capangpangan, Arnold A. Lubguban, and Arnold C. Alguno. "Effects of N-Octadecane as PCM on the Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Polyurethane Foams Utilizing Coconut-Based Polyols." In International Conference on Advances in Materials Science 2021. Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-2ih4l3.

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The utilization of vegetable oil in producing bio-based polyol, as an alternative replacement to petroleum-based polyol in making polyurethane (PU) foam has gained a lot of interest due to its finite supply and low production cost. In this study, bio-based polyol using coconut oil as raw material produced PU foam as thermal insulation material. The vegetable oil-based polyol was prepared using a two-step method, while PU foams were prepared by the free-rise method. In order to enhance the thermal properties of the produce PU foams, phase change material (PCM) was added to the PU foam formulation. FTIR spectra result showed peaks at 2920 cm-1 and 2850-1, which signifies the CH2 asymmetric stretching, indicating that n-octadecane was successfully incorporated into PU foams. Moreover, heat flow meter (HFM) and thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) show PU foam with 1% n-octadecane shows better thermal properties than other produced PU foams. Furthermore, the universal testing machine (UTM) result shows an enhancement in the mechanical properties of the produced PU foam. These results demonstrate that the addition of n-octadecane to the PU foam formulation improved the mechanical properties of PU foams while enhancing their thermal properties.
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PATEL, CHIRAGKUMAR M., and Nikhil Dhore. "An Efficient and Environment Friendly Bio-based Polyols Through Liquefaction: Liquefaction Temperature and Catalyst Concentration Optimization and Utilized for Rigid Polyurethane Foams." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/ginx2847.

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Aiming towards the liquefaction of paddy straw was accumulation as well as providing a technically viable route leading to preservation of the natural resources and environment, the paddy straw was chemically liquefied. Paddy straw were liquefied into bio-based polyol in the presence of castor oil and blend of castor and karanja oil as depolymerizing agent and p-toluene sulfonic acid as catalyst. Liquefied product was characterized by chemical as well as analytical techniques. The agricultural waste base paddy straw was eventually converted into polymeric precursor (polyol) monomer with nearly 80 to 95% yield by employing 2% catalyst concentration and at optimized temperature of 180 °C. Synthesized polyol can be utilized further in formulating high quality rigid polyurethane foams. The foams were characterized in terms of their physical, mechanical, thermal and morphological properties. All foams exhibit good compressive strengths and thermal stability. Thermal conductivity of foams varied between 0.012 and 0.023 Kcal/mh C, with the lowest being of foam from liquefied (LP), making it suitable for utilization as an insulation material.
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Ozbay, N., and A. S. Yargic. "Liquefaction of oak tree bark with different biomass/phenol mass ratios and utilizing bio-based polyols for carbon foam production." In PROCEEDINGS OF THE 6TH INTERNATIONAL ADVANCES IN APPLIED PHYSICS AND MATERIALS SCIENCE CONGRESS & EXHIBITION: (APMAS 2016). Author(s), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4975454.

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