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Journal articles on the topic 'Blocking ratio'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 7 June 2025

Last updated: 16 July 2025

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Feng, Xiangzhou, and Xiqiao Huang. "Influence of Variable Blocking Ratio on DDT Process." Energies 15, no. 20 (2022): 7706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15207706.

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The influence of a variable blocking ratio on the DDT process is investigated through numerical simulation and experiment. Two dimensionless parameters, the average blocking ratio (BR¯) and the blocking ratio change rate (α), are specified to characterize the blocking ratio of obstacles. Four arrangements are utilized to describe the variation trend of the blocking ratio in a combustor. The main results are as follows: The obstacles can stretch the flame surface and facilitate reflection and diffraction of shock waves, which causes the acceleration of the flame front. The “hot spot” plays a vital role in the formation process of detonation waves. The overdriven detonation waves generated from “hot spots” promote the energy in the primary reaction zone, stimulating the formation of self-sustaining detonation. Compared with the fixed blocking ratio arrangement, the variable blocking ratio of obstacles can shorten the DDT distance. When BR¯=0.43, |α| = 0.03, and the variation trend (0.52–0.34–0.49) is adopted, the minimum DDT distance is obtained in numerical and experimental results. This paper can help with the design of detonation combustors in the future.

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Goudarzi, Sobhan, Ryan M. Jones, Yin H. W. Lee, and Kullervo Hynynen. "Transducer module apodization for reducing bone heating during focused ultrasound uterine fibroid ablation." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 155, no. 3_Supplement (2024): A140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0027087.

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During MR-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) for uterine fibroids, thermoablation of tissue near spine/hips is challenging due to bone heating that can cause patient pain and potentially damage nerves. Here we investigate transducer module apodization for maximizing the focal-to-bone heating ratio (ΔT ;ratio) in silico using a 6144-element flat fully populated phased array operating at 0.5 MHz (Arrayus Technologies, Inc.). Acoustic and thermal simulations were performed using anatomies of ten patients who underwent MRgFUS ablation for uterine fibroids with this device as part of a clinical trial (NCT03323905). Transducer modules (64 elements/module) whose beams intersected no-pass regions were identified, their amplitudes were reduced by varying blocking percentage levels, and the resulting temperature field distributions were evaluated across multiple sonications per patient. For all simulated sonications transducer module blocking improved ΔT ;ratio compared to no blocking. In 42% of sonications, full module blocking maximized ΔT ;ratio, with mean improvements of 97% ± 55% and 47% ± 36% in hip and spine compared to no blocking, at the cost of increased focal thermal volumes and acoustic power levels. In the remaining sonications, partial module blocking provided increased ΔT ;ratio values (39% ± 45% in hip, 19% ± 15% in spine targets) relative to full blocking. The optimal blocking percentage varied depending on the specific treatment geometry.

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Cheng, Chi-Hao. "Dynamic channel blocker/equalizer with high blocking extinction ratio." Optical Engineering 47, no. 2 (2008): 025003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.2841045.

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Lin, Ying-Dar, Chun-Nan Lu, Jose Miguel Sagastume, Jui-Tsun Hung, and Yuan-Cheng Lai. "On Event Reproduction Ratio in Stateless and Stateful Replay of Real-World Traffic." Journal of Communications Software and Systems 9, no. 4 (2013): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.24138/jcomss.v9i4.142.

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Capturing and replaying network flows are important for testing network devices. Replayed traffic should reproduce effects similar to live traffic. This work presents methods to measure the event reproduction ratio, and studies the effectiveness of stateless and stateful traffic replayers based on the events triggered by packets and connections. We use two replayers, SocketReplay and Tcpreplay, and a networking device supporting security services. SocketReplay is a stateful replayer which keeps the state of a connection during replay, while Tcpreplay is a stateless replayer that ignores the connection state. Results indicate that SocketReplay replayed a smaller ratio of the captured traffic and triggered fewer blocking events in subsequent replay tests. Triggering blocking events denotes the replayed traffic cannot fit the onsite context. SocketReplay only replayed 38.74% of the captured TCP traffic, and resulted in an effectiveness of 99.97% (0.00%) in passing (blocking) event ratio. In contrast, Tcpreplay replayed 99.99% of the captured TCP traffic, and resulted in an effectiveness of 99.73% (75.64%) in passing (blocking) event ratio. The choice of a proper replayer and the corresponding replay configuration should depend on the contents of captured traffic and avoid to a significant drop of event reproduction ratio and the effectiveness of replayers.

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Wang, Chao Cheng, Hui Qi Ren, and Hai Lu Wang. "Study on the Obstruction Effect for a Large Explosion Shock Wave Tube Used the Ideal Nozzle Theory." Applied Mechanics and Materials 378 (August 2013): 87–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.378.87.

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This paper presents a calculation on the obstruction effects for the given large explosion shock wave tube using the ideal nozzle the theory. The relationship among Mach number, Mach number ratio, dynamic pressure ratio in the nozzle throat and blocking area ratio are established according to the fundamental equations of one-dimensional steady flow, which can be taken as the reference of blocking limit design.

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Park, Ji-Koon, In-Chan Yoon, Su-Rim Choi, Ju-Sun Yoon, Young-Kyu Lee, and Sang-Sik Kang. "Study on Improvement of Signal to Noise Ratio for HgI2Radiation Conversion Sensor Using Blocking Layer." Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology 5, no. 2 (2011): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.7742/jksr.2011.5.2.097.

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Zhang, Min, and Bin Li. "Performance Analysis of Cognitive Radio Networks with a Two-Part Queue." Open Electrical & Electronic Engineering Journal 9, no. 1 (2015): 238–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874129001509010238.

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In a cognitive radio network (CRN), a preempted secondary user (SU) is placed in a call level queue to wait for accessing another free channel. If the availability of channels is transparent to SUs, packets will be generated during their waiting time and the performance of the CRN will be influenced by which way to handle these packets. In this paper, the call level queue is departed into two parts, delay queue and discard queue. Here, an analytical model is developed to derive the formulas for both call level performance measures (i.e., call blocking probability) and packet level performance measures (i.e., packet delay, packet loss ratio and throughput). Numerical results show that theoretical models are consistent with simulation results. The major observations include (i) The performances of an SU degrade as the call arrival rate increases. (ii) With the increase of the delay queue length, the SU call blocking probability and packet delay increase, while the packet loss ratio and throughput decrease. (iii) Adopting different delay queue length causes a smaller effect on call blocking probability and throughput than on packet loss ratio and packet delay.

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Schnabel, Christoph. "Das Zugangserschwerungsgesetz – Zum Access-Blocking als ultima ratio des Jugendschutzes." JuristenZeitung 64, no. 20 (2009): 996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1628/002268809789648067.

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Feit, Michael D., Richard P. DesJardin, William A. Steele, and Tayyab I. Suratwala. "Optimized pitch button blocking for polishing high-aspect-ratio optics." Applied Optics 51, no. 35 (2012): 8350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.51.008350.

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Jiang, Zhenqiang, Tongyan Wang, Bin Wang, Tiaojian Xu, Changlei Ma, and Kanmin Shen. "Numerical Investigation of the Hydrodynamic Behavior of Trash-Blocking Nets for Water Intake Engineering of Nuclear Power Plant." Fluids 7, no. 7 (2022): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids7070234.

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In order to ensure the safety of the cooling water source of coastal nuclear power plants (NPP), trash-blocking nets (TBNs) are usually installed at the entrance of the penstock to prevent marine sewage and organisms flowing into the front pool of the pump house of the nuclear power plant. The safety evaluation of these trash-blocking nets is of paramount importance for the stable operation of a nuclear power plant. However, there is no reliable analysis method for improving the design of trash-blocking nets and mooring systems. In this study, a numerical model of in-current trash-blocking nets based on the lumped mass method was developed to calculate the tension force on the trash-blocking nets and mooring system. A comparison with the experimental data indicates that the present numerical model is appropriate for calculating the in-current hydrodynamic loads on the trash-blocking nets. In addition, the effects of the width of trash-blocking nets, hanging ratio, water depth, and net solidity are discussed in detail, and the damage process of trash-blocking nets was also investigated. The results indicate that the maximum tension force on the trash-blocking net linearly increases with the increasing width of trash-blocking nets, and it is greatly decreased with the increase in the horizontal hanging ratio of trash-blocking nets. It can be increased by 200% when the net solidity is increased from 0.16 to 0.6. Two damage modes for mooring lines can be observed, which are determined by the strength of mooring lines.

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Sherza, Jenan S. "Numerical Investigation of Grooved Obstacle on Heat Transfer Inside A Heated Duct." Babylonian Journal of Mechanical Engineering 2024 (August 12, 2024): 64–70. https://doi.org/10.58496/bjme/2024/008.

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Flow and heat transfer are simulated numerically in a 2-dimensional centerline- ribbed square duct for different values of the rib height to the duct height (Blocking ratio BR). The blocking ratio of these rectangular obstacles 0, 0.5 and 0.75 are examined. Three values of velocity (0.1, 1 and 4m/s) as inlet working conditions were used. The top and bottom face of the duct are subjected to 1000 W/m2 heat flux. The heat transfer and flow structure with Ansys-Fluent inside a square duct in the presence of rotating vortex generators were studied and the influence of the blocking ratio (BR) on both heat transfer and fluid flow are examined. Numerical simulation was performed by using Ansys-Fluent 18. . In general, the enhancement raticon of heat transfer could reach 54%.

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Kim, Chang-Jin, Sung Wook Choi, Seok Jun Yang, Sang-Young Oh, and Eun Jung Choi. "Evaluation of Blue-light Blocking Ratio and Luminous Transmittance of Blue-light Blocking Lens based on International Standard." Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society 19, no. 2 (2014): 135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.14479/jkoos.2014.19.2.135.

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Zhang, Yan Hua, Ji You Gu, Xin Ying Lv, Ming Wei Di, and Hai Yan Tan. "Preparation of Particleboard Made from Wheat Straw with Low-Formaldehyde-Emission Composite Adhesive." Advanced Materials Research 181-182 (January 2011): 406–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.181-182.406.

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This research attempted to prepare the E0 type wheat straw particleboards with low emission formaldehyde composite adhesive. The composite adhesive combined UF resin and blocked polyisocyanate with low deblocked temperature was synthesized with sodium bisulphate as blocking agent. The effects of different blocking agents, mol ratio, reaction temperature and time on block reaction were studied. The influence of mixed ratio of composite adhesive on the performance of wheat straw particleboard was investigated.

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Ma, Ting, Linjiang Zhu, Feiyun Zheng, Yongxian Li, and Qi Li. "Evaluation of Emerging Factors Blocking Filtration of High-Adjunct-Ratio Wort." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 62, no. 33 (2014): 8486–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf5023109.

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Wang, Ping, Weilong Shao, Qin Wu, Xin Zhao, Fangong Kong, and Chenxiao Han. "Synthesis of water-soluble highly blocked (≥ 98%) isophorone diisocyanate using NaHSO3 and its effects on paper properties." BioResources 15, no. 4 (2020): 9013–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.4.9013-9027.

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Isocyanate blocking can improve the long-term stability of isocyanate and reduce its toxicity for use in aqueous systems. The current isocyanate blocking technique has a low blocking degree, and this study designed a reasonable process route using tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB) as the phase transfer catalyst in isopropyl alcohol (IPA) solvent to prepare water-soluble isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) blocked by NaHSO3 with a blocking degree of ≥ 98%. This work used 1% m (TBAB) / m (NaHSO3) with a m (IPA): m (H2O) ratio of 1 : 1; the NaHSO3 was prepared in a 15% aqueous solution. The n (HSO3−) : n (-NCO) ratio was greater than 1 : 1. The stirring speed was 200 r/min, the reaction temperature was 30 °C, and the reaction time was 2.5 h. FT-IR was used to analyze the changes in the main functional groups during the blocking reaction. TG and DCS were used to analyze the deblocking characteristics of water-soluble blocked IPDI. This paper also studied the effect of the blocked IPDI on paper properties. Experimental results showed that the strength and water resistance of paper made from the treated fiber can be remarkably improved by using water-soluble blocked IPDI.

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HUANG, Xiqiao, Dingding WANG, Zhiyi XIAO, and Zheyi YU. "Numerical simulation of DDT process of aviation kerosene one-component alternative fuel." Xibei Gongye Daxue Xuebao/Journal of Northwestern Polytechnical University 40, no. 3 (2022): 610–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jnwpu/20224030610.

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Aiming at the difficulty of numerical simulation of the DDT process during the detonation combustion of aviation kerosene, this paper has presented a single-component simplified mechanism of aviation kerosene to carry out the numerical simulation of the DDT detonation process. By simplifying the detailed mechanism of n-decane, the simplified mechanism of RP-3 aviation kerosene single-component alternative fuel was obtained, and the DDT process of aviation kerosene was numerically simulated, and the influence law of the obstacle blocking ratio and arrangement mode on the DDT process was analyzed. The results show that the simplified mechanism model for the single-component alternative fuel can better fit the combustion characteristics of aviation kerosene under high temperature and pressure. The numerical simulation results of the DDT process are analyzed, and it is found that the DDT time will increase with the increasing of blocking ratio. The DDT time at the same blocking ratio is shorter when the obstacles are symmetrically distributed.

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Kakhiani, M., T. Beridze, and N. Nozadze. "PULSATING DIFFERENTIALS." Scientific heritage, no. 150 (December 11, 2024): 88–93. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14378823.

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In the work is considers the conditions of vehicle high passability and satisfying turn ability with the purpose of that improvement are offered structures of pulsating differential, consisting of full-length spherical or elliptical spurs and being in gearing with them the toroidal gears, which partial length teeth are located along in the spatial curves. The presented differential provides the for change in a large range of traction force, blocking the slipping, providing the high possibility and satisfying requirements.

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Lian, Jijian, Chunxi Liu, Haijun Wang, Fang Liu, Wenhe Lu, and Yue Zhao. "Simulation and Experimental Analysis on the Load Characteristics of a Temperature-Control Curtain in a Thermally-Stratified Reservoir." Applied Sciences 10, no. 4 (2020): 1461. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10041461.

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Low-temperature discharged water from thermally-stratified reservoirs in spring and summer will have a negative environmental impact on fish breeding and agricultural irrigation downstream. The temperature-control curtain (TCC) is a selective withdrawal structure that can effectively change the discharged water temperature. Compared with a traditional selective withdrawal project, a TCC project has the advantages of low cost and simple construction and can even be added to operating reservoirs without impacting power generation. Analysis of the load characteristics is the key to the application of TCC engineering. This paper establishes a three-dimensional numerical model simulation and verifies it with physical model experimental results. The crucial parameters affecting the load characteristics of TCC are investigated, including the water blocking rate, area ratio, inclination ratio, inflow velocity, and water temperature stratification ratio. The results show that: (1) This numerical simulation approach can be used to predict the drag coefficient and the load of a TCC; (2) the water blocking rate has the greatest influence on the drag coefficient, and it is the most critical indicator of the TCC load; and (3) the drag coefficient exponentially increases with an increasing water blocking rate, quadratically increases with an increasing area ratio, linearly increases with an increasing inclination ratio, and linearly increases with an increasing water temperature stratification ratio.

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Al-Dulaimi, Mustafa J., and Faik Hamad. "Experimental Investigation of The Turbulence Generators on Heat Transfer Inside Heated Duct." Babylonian Journal of Mechanical Engineering 2023 (September 15, 2023): 71–77. https://doi.org/10.58496/bjme/2023/009.

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This work investigates the heat transfer inside a square duct experimentally in the presence of detached rectangular and triangular turbulence generators. The effect of the ratio of turbulence generators to the duct height (blocking ratio) is investigated for the values of 0.1, 0.15, and 0.2 for Reynolds number 15413. The results showed that turbulence generators have a positive effect on heat transfer. It was found that using rectangular and triangular turbulence generators augments the heat transfer by (3-9)% and (5-15)%, respectively. Also, it was revealed that increasing the blocking ratio of turbulence generators from 0.1 to 0.2 enhances the heat transfer by 6% and 10% for rectangular and triangular shapes, respectively.

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Hriba, Enass, and Matthew C. Valenti. "Correlated Blocking in mmWave Cellular Networks: Macrodiversity, Outage, and Interference." Electronics 8, no. 10 (2019): 1187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8101187.

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In this paper, we provide a comprehensive analysis of macrodiversity for millimeter wave (mmWave) cellular networks. The key issue with mmWave networks is that signals are prone to blocking by objects in the environment, which causes paths to go from line-of-sight (LOS) to non-LOS (NLOS). We identify macrodiversity as an important strategy for mitigating blocking, as with macrodiversity the user will attempt to connect with two or more base stations. Diversity is achieved because if the closest base station is blocked, then the next base station might still be unblocked. However, since it is possible for a single blockage to simultaneously block the paths to two base stations, the issue of correlated blocking must be taken into account by the analysis. Our analysis characterizes the macrodiverity gain in the presence of correlated random blocking and interference. To do so, we develop a framework to determine distributions for the LOS probability, Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), and Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio (SINR) by taking into account correlated blocking. We validate our framework by comparing our analysis, which models blockages using a random point process, with an analysis that uses real-world data to account for blockage. We consider a cellular uplink with both diversity combining and selection combining schemes. We also study the impact of blockage size and blockage density along with the effect of co-channel interference arising from other cells. We show that the assumption of independent blocking can lead to an incorrect evaluation of macrodiversity gain, as the correlation tends to decrease macrodiversity gain.

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Wang, Zhuangzhuang, Zhaomin Li, Hailong Chen, Fei Wang, Dawei Hou, and Yajie Xu. "Relationship between Blocking Performance and Foam Texture in Porous Media." Geofluids 2019 (January 28, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6315947.

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Foam is widely used as a selective blocking agent through mobility control in oil field development. Its flow behavior in porous media has been investigated sufficiently, but few studies were carried out to understand the change of foam texture in flow. In this work, sandpack and micromodel experiments were conducted simultaneously to analyze foam flow behavior from the perspective of foam texture. Based on the measured flowing pressure and the observed foam image, the correlation between blocking pressure and foam texture was quantitatively investigated. The blocking pressure has a strong correlation with average diameter (-0.906) and variation coefficient (-0.78) and has a positive correlation with the filling ratio (0.84). These indicate that the blocking performance of foam is influenced by its texture closely. But path analysis shows only that the average diameter and variation coefficient have a significant direct effect on blocking pressure (-0.624 and -0.404). These show that the blocking capacity of foam is mainly influenced by the size and uniformity of bubbles. Tiny, dense, and homogeneous foam has a stronger blocking capacity. This study provides a deep insight of foam flow in porous media.

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Abdullah, Md. Ibrahim, Sajib Kumar Kundu, Md. Shamim Hossain, and Md. Zulfikar Mahmud. "Reducing PAPR of OFDM Using PTS Techniques for Different Number of Sub-blocks." COMPUSOFT: An International Journal of Advanced Computer Technology 02, no. 01 (2013): 35–38. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14591583.

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Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) technology promises to be a key technique for achieving the high data capacity and spectral efficiency requirements for wireless communication system of the near future. Peak to average power ratio (PAPR) is a major drawback of multicarrier transmission system which leads to reduce the efficiency of Radio Frequency (RF) amplifiers and increase the complexity in the analog to digital and digital to analog conversion. In this paper, we present PAPR reduction on Partial Transmit Sequences (PTS) method using different number of sub-blocks. Simulation result shows that the PAPR reduces when the numbers of subblocks are increases. 

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KUMARNATH, J., and K. BATRI. "Optimized Traffic Grooming through modified PSO based Iterative Hungarian algorithm in Optical Networks." Information Technology and Control 50, no. 3 (2021): 546–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.itc.50.3.28672.

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Due to huge size of the data and quick transmission of data between the nodes present in the optical network, a condition of network traffic is created among the nodes of the network. This issue of traffic can be overcome by employing numerous traffic grooming techniques. In this research paper, the best suitable shortest path is determined by the multi objective modified PSO algorithm and an innovative visibility graph based Iterative Hungarian Traffic grooming algorithm is implemented to reduce the blocking ratio through improving the allocation of bandwidth between the users. Then finally the performance analysis is carried out by means of performance measures such as traffic throughput, transceivers count, average propagation delay, blocking ratio, and success ratio. It can be inferred that the proposed work obtains enhanced outcomes when compared to the other existing techniques.

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Camorcia, M., G. Capogna, and M. O. Columb. "Estimation of the Minimum Motor Blocking Potency Ratio for Intrathecal Bupivacaine and Lidocaine." Obstetric Anesthesia Digest 29, no. 2 (2009): 96–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.aoa.0000350636.95667.aa.

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Su, Zhou, Qichao Xu, Qiyong Zhao, et al. "Experience Blocking Ratio Based Game Theoretic Approach for Spectrum Sharing in Heterogeneous Networks." IEEE Transactions on Network Science and Engineering 7, no. 1 (2020): 343–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tnse.2018.2879674.

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Nogami, Hirofumi, Wataru Iwasaki, Nobutomo Morita, and Ryo Takigawa. "Relationship between AC/DC Ratio and Light-blocking Structure for Reflective Photoplethysmographic Sensor." Sensors and Materials 30, no. 12 (2018): 3021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18494/sam.2018.1989.

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Camorcia, M., G. Capogna, and M. O. Columb. "Estimation of the minimum motor blocking potency ratio for intrathecal bupivacaine and lidocaine." International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia 17, no. 3 (2008): 223–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijoa.2007.05.015.

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Zhang, Hangyuan, Wanli Yang, Dewen Liu, Xiaokun Geng, Wangyu Dai, and Yuzhi Zhang. "Influence of blocking ratio on hydrodynamic force on deep-water pier under earthquake." Ocean Engineering 291 (January 2024): 116385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2023.116385.

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Weckbach, Ludwig T., Andreas Uhl, Felicitas Boehm, et al. "Blocking LFA-1 Aggravates Cardiac Inflammation in Experimental Autoimmune Myocarditis." Cells 8, no. 10 (2019): 1267. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells8101267.

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The lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1) is a member of the beta2-integrin family and plays a pivotal role for T cell activation and leukocyte trafficking under inflammatory conditions. Blocking LFA-1 has reduced or aggravated inflammation depending on the inflammation model. To investigate the effect of LFA-1 in myocarditis, mice with experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) were treated with a function blocking anti-LFA-1 antibody from day 1 of disease until day 21, the peak of inflammation. Cardiac inflammation was evaluated by measuring infiltration of leukocytes into the inflamed cardiac tissue using histology and flow cytometry and was assessed by analysis of the heart weight/body weight ratio. LFA-1 antibody treatment severely enhanced leukocyte infiltration, in particular infiltration of CD11b+ monocytes, F4/80+ macrophages, CD4+ T cells, Ly6G+ neutrophils, and CD133+ progenitor cells at peak of inflammation which was accompanied by an increased heart weight/body weight ratio. Thus, blocking LFA-1 starting at the time of immunization severely aggravated acute cardiac inflammation in the EAM model.

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Bradley, John, Harouna M. Soumaré, Almahamoudou Mahamar, et al. "Transmission-blocking Effects of Primaquine and Methylene Blue Suggest Plasmodium falciparum Gametocyte Sterilization Rather Than Effects on Sex Ratio." Clinical Infectious Diseases 69, no. 8 (2019): 1436–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz134.

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Abstract Gametocyte density and sex ratio can predict the proportion of mosquitoes that will become infected after feeding on blood of patients receiving nongametocytocidal drugs. Because primaquine and methylene blue sterilize gametocytes before affecting their density and sex ratio, mosquito feeding experiments are required to demonstrate their early transmission-blocking effects.

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Lee, Jung-Hwan, Gun-Sub Lee, Eung-Nam Park, et al. "Preparation and Characterization of Planar-Type ZnO Powder with High Aspect Ratio for Application in Ultraviolet- and Heat-Shield Cosmetics." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 21, no. 3 (2021): 1897–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2021.18951.

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In this study, a [0001]-plane planar-type ZnO ceramic powder material with a high aspect ratio ranging from 20:1–50:1 is synthesized using the electrolyte collected from zinc air battery power generation. This high aspect ratio may be due to the Zn(OH)2-4 anion dissolved in the electrolyte. The obtained planar-type ZnO exhibits excellent formulation stability and applicability, even when formulated as a cosmetic with a single inorganic ingredient. Compared to commercial ZnO or TiO2 powders, relatively better protection against infrared and ultraviolet (UV) radiation is realized due to its asymmetric characteristics, with a width of approximately 1 μm and thickness of tens of nm. The synthesized planar-type ZnO is mixed with nanosized ZnO or TiO2 commercial powders and formulated into various combinations to achieve a high UV protection rate and heat-blocking effect. In particular, the addition of planar-type ZnO to nanosized TiO2 powders increases the heat-blocking effect, and improves the applicability and formulation stability of the cosmetic formulation, despite the decrease in turbidity. Among all the ceramic powder combinations examined in this study, the best UV protection rate and heat-blocking effect are obtained when the synthesized planar-type ZnO is mixed with microsized and nanosized TiO2.

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Li, Song Yan, Zhao Min Li, Wei Liu, and Bin Fei Li. "Experimental Research of Applicability Condition for Foam Flooding." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 1707–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.1707.

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A series of experiments were conducted according the formation condition of Bohai Oilfield, and applicability conditions and optimum parameters were gained. From economic considerations, foam injection volume should be from 0.3 to 0.5 PV. Applicable permeability ratio range of foam flooding is less than 15. When permeability variation coefficient is from 0.64 to 0.72, oil recovery improvement is the highest. When water cut of produced fluid for water flooding is from 80 % to 90 %, the effect of foam injection is the best. The blocking effect of foam in core is good for gas liquid ratio from 0.5 to 2.5. Considering gas crossflow, gas water ratio should be limited from 0.5 to 1.0. Slug injection is better than continuous and SAG injection methods. If there is high-permeable layer or high capacity channel with permeability higher than 10 D, deep blankoff using blocking agent should be implemented before foam injection.

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Shen, Teng Fei, Ying Juan Sun, and Fa Chao Wu. "Synthesis and Properties of Caprolactam-Blocked Non-Ionic Waterborne Polyurethane Crosslinker." Advanced Materials Research 791-793 (September 2013): 228–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.791-793.228.

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A novel kind of water-borne caprolactam-blocked non-ionic polyurethane crosslinker (CL-bnp) was prepared by prepolymer mixing process, using hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG), 1,1,1-trimethylolpropane (TMP) and caprolactam (CL). The physical properties of prepared blocked polyurethane crosslinker dispersion, such as viscosity, pH and storage stability were measured. The chemical structure and its de-blocking temperature (Tde) were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), and thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) techniques. The FTIR confirmed that the NCO groups of the original HDI molecule were completely blocked by this blocking agent. The thermal analysis measurements revealed that the maximum de-blocking ratio temperature of CL-bnp was around 160-170 °C

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Tom, Paruppallil Kurian, B. Sreeharsha, Dinesh Nithya, and Muktabai. "The Efficacy of Neuromuscular Blocking Agents in ARDS." International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 16, no. 9 (2024): 398–400. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13903647.

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In patients undergoing mechanical ventilation for the acute respiratory distress syn- drome (ARDS), neuromuscular blocking agents may improve oxygenation and de- crease ventilator-induced lung injury but may also cause muscle weakness. We evalu- ated clinical outcomes after 2 days of therapy with neuromuscular blocking agents in patients with early, severe ARDS. Materials and Methods: In this multicenter, double-blind trial, 340 patients presenting to the intensive care unit (ICU) with an onset of severe ARDS within the previous 48 hours were ran- domly assigned to receive, for 48 hours, either cisatracurium besylate (178 patients) or placebo (162 patients). Severe ARDS was defined as a ratio of the partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2) to the fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) of less than 150, with a positive end-expiratory pressure of 5 cm or more of water and a tidal volume of 6 to 8 ml per kilogram of predicted body weight. Results: The hazard ratio for death at 90 days in the cisatracurium group, as compared with the placebo group, was 0.68 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.48 to 0.98; P= 0.04), after adjustment for both the baseline PaO2:FIO2 and plateau pressure and the Simplified Acute Physiology II score. Conclusions: In patients with severe ARDS, early administration of a neuromuscular blocking agent improved the adjusted 90-day survival and increased the time off the ventilator without increasing muscle weakness.

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Xiong, Zhen, Xiao-Qing Chen, and Jian-Gang Chen. "Control and Interception Characteristics of the Debris-Flow Flexible Net Barrier Based on Orthogonal Design." Water 15, no. 10 (2023): 1809. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15101809.

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As a debris-flow control and mitigation countermeasure, flexible net barriers can effectively mitigate debris flows. The control and interception characteristics of flexible net barrier play an important role in engineering design. Many influencing factors exist in debris-flow flexible net barrier control and interception processes. In order to explore the most important factors, a flume-based experimental study was carried out by selecting the four main factors, i.e., the flume slope, debris flow bulk density, net barrier interval and relative volume. The purpose of the study is to analyze the influencing degree of the four factors. Moreover, the debris-flow interception ratio, blocking ratio, velocity reduction ratio and bulk density attenuation ratio are taken as the evaluation index. Based on the theory of orthogonal experimental design, the experiment results were analyzed in detail by range analysis and variance analysis. The research results indicated the following: in regard to the interception ratio, blocking ratio, and velocity reduction ratio, the net barrier interval exerted the most notable impact, followed by the bulk density. In regard to the bulk density attenuation ratio, the flume slope and bulk density were the first and second most important influencing factors, respectively. The form of interception ratio with maximum value was as follows: the flume slope was 9°, the net barrier interval was 18 mm, the bulk density was 21 kN/m3 and the relative volume was 2/3. The form of blocking ratio with minimum value was as follows: the flume slope was 6°, the net barrier interval was 50 mm, the bulk density was 12 kN/m3 and the relative volume was 1/2. The form of velocity reduction ratio with maximum value was as follows: the flume slope was 12°, the net barrier interval was 18 mm, the bulk density was 17 kN/m3 and the relative volume was 1. The form of bulk density attenuation ratio with maximum value was as follows: the flume slope was 12°, the net barrier interval was 30 mm, the bulk density was 17 kN/m3 and the relative volume was 1/3.

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Beemer, G. H., and P. Rozental. "Postoperative Neuromuscular Function." Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 14, no. 1 (1986): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0310057x8601400110.

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One hundred patients who received a competitive neuromuscular blocking agent during anaesthesia were randomly selected for evaluation of neuromuscular function immediately on their arrival in the recovery room. The anaesthetist was not aware that the patient would be evaluated in the recovery room. Neuromuscular function was assessed by a train-of-four (TOF) ratio, and in conscious and co-operative patients by a series of bedside tests of neuromuscular function. Twenty-one patients had a TOF ratio of less than 0.70 and seven patients a TOF ratio of less than 0.60. Bedside tests of neuromuscular function did not reliably detect this defect in neuromuscular transmission. It is concluded that a relatively large number of patients have a defect in neuromuscular transmission on their arrival in the recovery room, and suggested that this reflects the inadequacy of clinical methods used for the administration and antagonism of competitive neuromuscular blocking agents at this institution.

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McLean, Duncan J., Daniel Diaz-Gil, Hassan N. Farhan, Karim S. Ladha, Tobias Kurth, and Matthias Eikermann. "Dose-dependent Association between Intermediate-acting Neuromuscular-blocking Agents and Postoperative Respiratory Complications." Anesthesiology 122, no. 6 (2015): 1201–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0000000000000674.

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Abstract Background: Duration of action increases with repeated administration of neuromuscular-blocking agents, and intraoperative use of high doses of neuromuscular-blocking agent may affect respiratory safety. Methods: In a hospital-based registry study on 48,499 patients who received intermediate-acting neuromuscular-blocking agents, the authors tested the primary hypothesis that neuromuscular-blocking agents are dose dependently associated with the risk of postoperative respiratory complications. In the secondary analysis, the authors evaluated the association between neostigmine dose given for reversal of neuromuscular-blocking agents and respiratory complications. Post hoc, the authors evaluated the effects of appropriate neostigmine reversal (neostigmine ≤60 μg/kg after recovery of train-of-four count of 2) on respiratory complications. The authors controlled for patient-, anesthesia-, and surgical complexity–related risk factors. Results: High doses of neuromuscular-blocking agents were associated with an increased risk of postoperative respiratory complications (n = 644) compared with low doses (n = 205) (odds ratio [OR], 1.28; 95% CI, 1.04 to 1.57). Neostigmine was associated with a dose-dependent increase in the risk of postoperative respiratory complications (OR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.25 to 1.83). Post hoc analysis revealed that appropriate neostigmine reversal eliminated the dose-dependent association between neuromuscular-blocking agents and respiratory complications (for neuromuscular-blocking agent effects with appropriate reversal: OR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.63 to 1.52). Conclusions: The use of neuromuscular-blocking agents was dose dependently associated with increased risk of postoperative respiratory complications. Neostigmine reversal was also associated with a dose-dependent increase in the risk of respiratory complications. However, the exploratory data analysis suggests that the proper use of neostigmine guided by neuromuscular transmission monitoring results can help eliminate postoperative respiratory complications associated with the use of neuromuscular-blocking agents.

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Beh, Helen C., and Fiona J. Hibberd. "Tests of the Generality of the Ratio Rule as a Principle of Work Decrement." Perceptual and Motor Skills 75, no. 2 (1992): 339–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1992.75.2.339.

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The present study was designed to investigate the generality of the work-rest ratio rule by using ratios not previously employed with the pursuit rotor task. In addition, a ‘blocking’ measure and a conventional measure of cognitive performance were used to examine the applicability of the rule to a cognitive task. The results offer partial support for the ratio rule on both tasks studied but also indicate that the ratio rule may be limited to a narrow range of ratios.

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Gasumov, Ramiz A., and Sergey V. Kostyukov. "Blocking compounds on the basis of condensed dispersions for well killing under complicated mining and geological conditions." Oil and Gas Studies, no. 2 (May 27, 2019): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.31660/0445-0108-2019-2-59-67.

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The article is devoted to the results of laboratory studies of blocking compounds with a condensable solid phase based on calcium. The features of such systems have been revealed and their positive characteristics have been determined. It made it possible to conclude that such systems compounds are promising as blocking compounds for usage in wells with complicated mining and geological conditions (abnormally low reservoir pressures, in reservoirs with complex mineralogical and chemical composition with a high clay content fractions, with a highly fractured bottomhole formation zone, etc.).Based on the data obtained, we have developed blocking compounds with a condensable solid phase (the patent RU 2543003 and the patent RU 2651687), which have high blocking properties (withstand pressure drop up to 20 MPa) and ensure the preservation of reservoir properties (permeability recovery coefficient is more than 95 %) and inhibition of clay minerals swelling. In addition, as a result of studies we have found that for the blocking of productive deposits with a nonuniform permeability (for reservoirs with an average permeability about 1 Darcy) the usage of compounds with a close to stoichiometric ratio of precipitating components with a condensed solid phase content about 11 wt. % is optimal.

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Li, Jun, Yi Sun, Zhi Dong Wu, and Jiang Sheng Li. "Blocking RWA Model Analysis in Irregular OTN Topology." Advanced Materials Research 804 (September 2013): 302–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.804.302.

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Wavelength converters (WC) that configured on the nodes can make the same wavelength optical channel from the continuity constraints, if it is configured suitable, it will effectively reduce the network congestion ratio. In this paper, we investigate the sub graph algorithm with blocking RWA model for the large capacity optical transport. Because the price is more expensive WC, it can not be deployed in all nodes considering the increasing costs and maintenance complexity. We investigated is the WC configuration during network construction, with only part of the network node configuration. The studies show that the rational allocation of part of the WC can get nearly the same performance as the full wavelength conversion network.

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Barman, S. C., S. Das, T. Sahoo, and M. H. Meylan. "Scattering of flexural-gravity waves due to a crack in a floating ice sheet in a two-layer fluid in the context of blocking dynamics." Physics of Fluids 34, no. 5 (2022): 056602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0090073.

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The influence of wave blocking on the scattering of a flexural-gravity wave by a linear crack in a thin ice cover resting over a two-layer ocean having a rigid flat seafloor is investigated. The wave dispersion curve reveals the existence of multiple propagating wave modes within the blocking frequencies, either in the surface or interface mode. The Sommerfeld radiation condition depends on multiple propagating wave modes within the blocking frequency and contributes to wave energy propagation. The solution process involves the appropriate transition of wave modes within the blocking frequencies, which is obtained with the help of the dispersion curve. The reflection and transmission coefficients are generalized in the case of multiple propagating wave modes, and the associated energy balance relation is derived using Green's integral theorem. The scattering matrix is generated to describe all the possible transmitted and incident wave modes. The role of lateral compressive force and the density ratio on the scattering process, ice deflection, and interface elevation are shown graphically. This study reveals the occurrence of removable and jump discontinuities in the reflection and transmission coefficients at the saddle point as well as blocking frequencies and at the frequency for which incident wave mode changes. Irregular plate deflection and interface elevation patterns are found due to the superposition of multiple propagating wave modes within the primary and secondary blocking frequencies.

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Alvarez, R. J., L. M. Caldwell, V. H. Li, D. A. Krueger, and C. Y. She. "High-Spectral Resolution Lidar Measurement of Tropospheric Backscatter Ratio Using Barium Atomic Blocking Filters." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 7, no. 6 (1990): 876–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(1990)007<0876:hsrlmo>2.0.co;2.

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van Schalkwijk, M., A. J. Kil, and T. C. J. van der Weiden. "Dependence of diffuse light blocking on the ground cover ratio for stationary PV arrays." Solar Energy 61, no. 6 (1997): 381–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0038-092x(97)00083-2.

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Sasaki, Nobuo, Matthew J. Meyer, Sanjana A. Malviya, et al. "Effects of Neostigmine Reversal of Nondepolarizing Neuromuscular Blocking Agents on Postoperative Respiratory Outcomes." Anesthesiology 121, no. 5 (2014): 959–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0000000000000440.

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Abstract Background: We tested the hypothesis that neostigmine reversal of neuromuscular blockade reduced the incidence of signs and symptoms of postoperative respiratory failure. Methods: We enrolled 3,000 patients in this prospective, observer-blinded, observational study. We documented the intraoperative use of neuromuscular blocking agents and neostigmine. At postanesthesia care unit admission, we measured train-of-four ratio and documented the ratio of peripheral oxygen saturation to fraction of inspired oxygen (S/F). The primary outcome was oxygenation at postanesthesia care unit admission (S/F). Secondary outcomes included the incidence of postoperative atelectasis and postoperative hospital length of stay. Post hoc, we defined high-dose neostigmine as more than 60 μg/kg and unwarranted use of neostigmine as neostigmine administration in the absence of appropriate neuromuscular transmission monitoring. Results: Neostigmine reversal did not improve S/F at postanesthesia care unit admission (164 [95% CI, 162 to 164] vs. 164 [161 to 164]) and was associated with an increased incidence of atelectasis (8.8% vs. 4.5%; odds ratio, 1.67 [1.07 to 2.59]). High-dose neostigmine was associated with longer time to postanesthesia care unit discharge readiness (176 min [165 to 188] vs. 157 min [153 to 160]) and longer postoperative hospital length of stay (2.9 days [2.7 to 3.2] vs. 2.8 days [2.8 to 2.9]). Unwarranted use of neostigmine (n = 492) was an independent predictor of pulmonary edema (odds ratio, 1.91 [1.21 to 3.00]) and reintubation (odds ratio, 3.68 [1.10 to 12.4]). Conclusions: Neostigmine reversal did not affect oxygenation but was associated with increased atelectasis. High-dose neostigmine or unwarranted use of neostigmine may translate to increased postoperative respiratory morbidity.

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Dai, Peng, Shuyu Liu, Shiqi Fang, and Zheng Gong. "Optimal Asymmetric Duty Modulation for Dual Active Bridge Converters with DC Blocking Capacitors." Energies 16, no. 18 (2023): 6674. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16186674.

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Aiming at the optimization of current stress with low voltage ratio and full ZVS, a control method combining variable duty cycle and phase shift was proposed based on dual active bridge (DAB) converters with DC blocking capacitors. By adding DC bias to the DC blocking capacitors, asymmetric duty modulation (ADM) can adjust the bias as needed. Based on the theoretical analysis of steady-state operation, the operating modes can be divided into eight modes. According to the features of each mode, equivalent circuits are established. The transmission power and the boundary of zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) are deduced through a detailed analysis of each mode. Based on the theoretical deduction, ADM is more suitable for a low voltage ratio. Verified by experiment, optimized asymmetric duty modulation (OADM) can increase efficiency by 3.58%, 6.57%, 8.81%, and 10.33% compared with DPS when P is equal to 0.36 and m is equal to 0.4, 0.3, 0.2, and 0.1, respectively. Using this method, the current stress of the converter is lighter than that under regular modulation when the voltage ratio m ≤ 0.5 with full ZVS.

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Hung, Vu Viet, Soo-Yeon Seo, Hyun-Woo Kim, and Gun-Cheol Lee. "Permeability and Strength of Pervious Concrete According to Aggregate Size and Blocking Material." Sustainability 13, no. 1 (2021): 426. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13010426.

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The purpose of this study is to identify the differences in porosity and permeability coefficients when the mixing ratio of aggregates is different and to present the mixing ratio satisfying the strength requirement of compressive specified in a specification of Korea. Three mix ratios were suggested by considering various aggregate sizes and three cylinders were made for each ratio. The porosities of those cylinders were evaluated through the compression and water permeability test, measuring the weight of specimens in underwater and analysis of the pictured Computed Tomography (CT) image. Experiments have shown that it is best to mix 50% for 5–10 mm aggregates, 45% for 2–5 mm aggregates, and 5% for sand in terms of strength and permeability. In addition, as the proportion of fine aggregates increased, the porosity and permeability decreased. Moreover, the effectiveness of maintenance method was also examined in this study.

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Kumar, Gopalaiah Venkatesh, Anita Pramod Nair, Hanuman Srinivasa Murthy, Koppa Ramegowda Jalaja, Karnate Ramachandra, and Gundappa Parameshwara. "Residual Neuromuscular Blockade Affects Postoperative Pulmonary Function." Anesthesiology 117, no. 6 (2012): 1234–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0b013e3182715b80.

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Abstract Background Residual neuromuscular blockade (RNMB) is known to be associated with respiratory complications in the postoperative period after muscle relaxant usage. The authors hypothesized that RNMB causes reductions in pulmonary function test (PFT) parameters in the immediate postoperative period. Methods An open-label prospective randomized cohort study was conducted comparing reductions in PFT parameters due to RNMB among different neuromuscular blocking agents. One hundred and fifty patients were randomized to receive vecuronium, atracurium, or rocuronium. After reversal of neuromuscular blockade and extubation, train-of-four ratio was measured every 5 min until the train-of-four ratio of 0.9 or greater was attained. PFTs were performed preoperatively and postoperatively when the patients were willing and fit. The train-of-four ratio, measured at PFT, was used to classify patients into “RNMB absent” and “RNMB present.” RNMB was defined as a train-of-four ratio less than 0.9. Results Thirty-nine patients had RNMB at the time of performing PFT. There was no statistically significant difference in the postoperative reductions in PFT parameters in patients with RNMB among different neuromuscular blocking agents. Patients were regrouped as RNMB absent and RNMB present, irrespective of neuromuscular blocking agents. Postoperative PFT values for the RNMB-absent and RNMB-present groups were 62% and 49% of baseline forced vital capacity and 47% and 38% of baseline peak expiratory flow of the baseline, respectively. Postoperative forced vital capacity and peak expiratory flow values of RNMB-present patients were lower by 13% and 9% in absolute terms (P &lt; 0.008) and 21% and 19% in relative terms, respectively, compared with RNMB-absent patients. Conclusion RNMB results in reductions in forced vital capacity and peak expiratory flow in the immediate postoperative period indicating impaired respiratory muscle function.

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Wang, Yahui, Yajie Li, Jiaxing Guo, et al. "Application-Aware Resource Allocation Based on Benefit–Cost Ratio in Computing Power Network with Heterogeneous Computing Resources." Photonics 10, no. 11 (2023): 1273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics10111273.

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The computing power network (CPN) is expected to realize the efficient provisioning of heterogeneous computing power through the collaboration between cloud computing and edge computing. Heterogeneous computing resources consist of CPU, GPU, and other types of computing power. Different types of applications may have diverse requirements for heterogeneous computing resources, such as general applications, CPU-intensive applications, and GPU-intensive applications. Service providers are concerned about how to dynamically provide heterogeneous computing resources for different applications in a cost-effective manner, and how to deploy more applications as much as possible with limited resources. In this paper, the concept of the benefit–cost ratio (BCR) is proposed to quantify the usage efficiency of CPU and GPU in CPNs. An application-aware resource allocation (AARA) algorithm is designed for processing different types of applications. With massive simulations, we compare the performance of the AARA algorithm with a benchmark. In terms of blocking probability, resource utilization, and BCR, AARA achieves better performance than the benchmark. The simulation results indicate that more computing tasks can be accommodated by reducing 3.7% blocking probability through BCR-based resource allocation.

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Asano, Katsunori, Atsushi Tanaka, Shuuji Ogata, Koji Nakayama, and Yoichi Miyanagi. "Transient Electrical Characteristics of Electron Irradiated High Blocking Voltage 4H-SiC Pin Diode." Materials Science Forum 717-720 (May 2012): 965–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.717-720.965.

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The transient electrical characteristics of the forward recovery and reverse recovery characteristics of lifetime-controlled high blocking voltage 4H-SiC pin diodes by electron irradiation are investigated. Even at a heavy electron dose of 1×1014 cm-2, the forward voltage overshoot of a 4H-SiC pin diode is lower than that of a 2 kV/100 A class Si fast diode. As for the reverse recovery characteristics, small reverse recovery current and fast reverse recovery time are obtained by electron irradiation. The reduction ratio of recovery loss can therefore exceed the increase ratio of steady-state loss by electron irradiation.

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Wu, Kai, Yujie Feng, and Ying Xu. "Research on Method for Detecting Pipeline Blockages Based on Fluid Oscillation Theory." Energies 15, no. 15 (2022): 5373. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15155373.

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To address the problem of pipeline blockage detection, a mathematical model of pipeline blockage detection is established based on fluid oscillation theory. This paper proposes a governing equation of the water hammer of fluid motion in a pipeline with a blockage point, and The Dirac function is introduced for dimensionlessness and linearization. The amplitude of the harmonic of each component in different periods is expressed by a Fourier series. The blocking position can be determined by the ratio of the two-component harmonics, and the blocking magnitude can be determined by the blocking attenuation parameters of each component’s harmonics. The numerical simulation and experimental results show that the application of fluid oscillation theory to detect the location and magnitude of pipeline blockages is effective, and the accuracy of the detection method is verified, which lays a theoretical foundation for the application of the proposed method in engineering practice.

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