To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Bohemian Kingdom.
Journal articles on the topic 'Bohemian Kingdom'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Bohemian Kingdom.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Galyamichev, Alexander N. "Anne of Bohemia – Queen of England." Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations 24, no. 1 (2024): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1819-4907-2024-24-1-34-39.
Full textAbstract:
The article examines the history of the dynastic marriage of King Richard II of England and the daughter of the Bohemian King and Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV Anna of Bohemia, analyzes her role in the life of the English kingdom, as well as the historical consequences of the dynastic marriage for the development of England and the Bohemia.
2
Birkel, Christa. "Vos autem estis advena." Historical Studies on Central Europe 2, no. 2 (2022): 5–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.47074/hsce.2022-2.02.
Full textAbstract:
While Count John ‘the Blind’ is celebrated as a national hero in Luxembourg, in 1939 the Czech historian J. Šusta famously coined his image as the ‘King Foreigner’ (král cizinec). In fact, due to the murder of the last male Přemyslid, Wenceslas III, for the first time in history, the Kingdom of Bohemia was forced to elevate to king a representative of a non-Bohemian dynasty. To what extent was the first Luxembourg on the Bohemian throne considered ‘foreign’ in fourteenth-century Bohemia? What factors did his contemporaries use to define a potential otherness? The paper shows the phases of the rule of John of Luxembourg where the aspect of ‘foreignness’ determined public discourse, and the goals various groups of actors intended to achieve by recourse to it.
3
Mariani, Andrea. "From Bohemia with Drugs: Jesuit Pharmacy Networks in Central-Eastern Europe." Journal of Jesuit Studies 12, no. 2 (2025): 281–315. https://doi.org/10.1163/22141332-12020004.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The article focuses on the development of the network of Jesuit pharmacies across the Habsburg Monarchy and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from the early seventeenth century to 1773. This process occurred under social, political, and economic circumstances that favored the creation of religious pharmacies rivaling secular ones. Against this background, the author analyses a group of more than six hundred Jesuit apothecaries from the Habsburg Monarchy and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. He adopts a prosopographic approach based on the full set of personnel catalogs from the Austrian, Bohemian, Polish, and Lithuanian provinces, analyzed through RStudio, an integrated development environment based on the R programming language. The research focuses on the total number of Jesuit pharmacists in each province, their regional distribution, mobility, and geographic origin. Although the first Jesuit pharmacies emerged in Poland, the Bohemian Province had the largest number of apothecaries and pharmacies for most of the analyzed period. The total number of pharmacies increased until the mid-eighteenth century. At that time, it began diminishing due to restrictions introduced by Austrian authorities, which, however, were consistently applied only in the Czech part of the Habsburg Monarchy. In turn, Jesuit pharmacies in Poland–Lithuania thrived until 1773. Overall, the article demonstrates the crucial role of Bohemians and Silesians, who joined not only the Bohemian Province but also the Austrian and Polish ones, thus contributing to the dissemination of medical knowledge across Central-Eastern Europe. It also challenges the traditional historiographic thesis that the Counter-Reformation policies implemented by the Habsburgs in the Kingdom of Bohemia after the Battle of the White Mountain (1620) caused the neglect of sciences and cultural stagnation.
4
David, ZdenĚk V. "Utraquists, Lutherans, and the Bohemian Confession of 1575." Church History 68, no. 2 (1999): 294–337. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3170859.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this article is to address the controversial issue of the status of the Utraquist Church in the Kingdom of Bohemia in consequence of the drafting of the Bohemian Confession in 1575. The chronological scope is limited to the period up to 1609, when the issuance of the Letter of Majesty in 1609 formalized the gentlemen's agreement of 1575 and altered the ecclesiastical structure accordingly. According to Czech historiography, the parliamentary action of 1575– which granted toleration, albeit tacit and conditional, to the Lutherans and the Bohemian Brethren—represented a moment of truth for traditional Utraquism, which dated to the original Bohemian Reformation. On the one hand, the Utraquists' choice was to reaffirm its late medieval reformist tradition that preserved the traditional liturgy (including the seven sacraments), a belief in the sacramental episcopate and priesthood in a historic apostolic succession, and the belief in the efficaciousness of good works in the drama of salvation. On the other hand, their choice was to embrace the Lutheran Reformation, which rejected all the doctrines just enumerated.
5
Pacholski, Jan. "Was man vom Grenzgebiet Riesengebirge erwartet und was womöglich überraschen kann." Góry, Literatura, Kultura 11 (July 17, 2018): 69–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2084-4107.11.6.
Full textAbstract:
THE OBVIOUS AND NOT SO OBVIOUS BORDERS IN THE GIANT MOUNTAINSStretching over ca 36 km, the Giant Mountains Krkonoše/Karkonosze range is a naturalborder between Silesia and Bohemia, today between Poland and the Czech Republic. In the late Middle Ages and the beginning of the early modern period, i.e. when the highest range of the Sudetes separated two provinces of the Kingdom of Bohemia, its role as border mountains was notas important, although it was precisely a border dispute between Bohemian Harrach and Silesian Schaffgotsch lords of these lands that increased interest in the region, laying the foundations, in a way, for the development of tourism in the future. Side effects of the border dispute included St. Lawrence Chapel on Śnieżka and spread of the popularity of the source of the Elbe, i.e. sites that have remained the most frequently visited spots in these mountains to this day. Around the mid-18th century, when, as a result of wars, most Silesia was incorporated into the Kingdom of Prussia, the Giant Mountains border grew in importance. From that moment the highest range of the Sudetes would separate lands ruled by two different dynasties — the Austro-Bohemian Habsburgs and the Prussian Hohenzollerns, with two different and hostile religions — Catholic and Lutheran. Having become more significant, the border began to appear in literary works, from Enlightenment period travel accounts to popular novels. The author of the present article discusses literary images of this border, using several selected examples.
6
Pacholski, Jan. "O oczywistych i nieoczywistych granicach karkonoskich." Góry, Literatura, Kultura 11 (July 17, 2018): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2084-4107.11.7.
Full textAbstract:
THE OBVIOUS AND NOT SO OBVIOUS BORDERS IN THE GIANT MOUNTAINSStretching over ca 36 km, the Giant Mountains Krkonoše/Karkonosze range is a naturalborder between Silesia and Bohemia, today between Poland and the Czech Republic. In the late Middle Ages and the beginning of the early modern period, i.e. when the highest range of the Sudetes separated two provinces of the Kingdom of Bohemia, its role as border mountains was notas important, although it was precisely a border dispute between Bohemian Harrach and Silesian Schaffgotsch lords of these lands that increased interest in the region, laying the foundations, in a way, for the development of tourism in the future. Side effects of the border dispute included St. Lawrence Chapel on Śnieżka and spread of the popularity of the source of the Elbe, i.e. sites that have remained the most frequently visited spots in these mountains to this day. Around the mid-18th century, when, as a result of wars, most Silesia was incorporated into the Kingdom of Prussia, the Giant Mountains border grew in importance. From that moment the highest range of the Sudetes would separate lands ruled by two different dynasties — the Austro-Bohemian Habsburgs and the Prussian Hohenzollerns, with two different and hostile religions — Catholic and Lutheran. Having become more significant, the border began to appear in literary works, from Enlightenment period travel accounts to popular novels. The author of the present article discusses literary images of this border, using several selected examples.
7
Šimůnek, Robert. "The Bohemian Nobility and Foreign Policy in the Middle Ages." Przegląd Historyczny 112, no. 2 (2021): 271–92. https://doi.org/10.36693/202102pp.271-292.
Full textAbstract:
The Bohemian Nobility and Foreign Policy in the Middle Ages The subject matter comprises to basic topics: the first is the role of the nobility in the foreign policy of the kingdom (or of the Bohemian kings), and the second the actual “foreign policy” of noble families, that is their private international contacts. They were interlinked — contacts stemming from the fact of holding an office in overseas diplomacy were inextricably connected to personal and family ties. The common denominator was not only geographical reach beyond borders, but also the unique phenomenon of (foreign) travel, inspiration and cultural exchange in a broad meaning of the term, reflected in the royal court milieu as well as private courts of the nobility; the social status of a nobleman and a noble family depended equally on ties to the royal court and on the involvement in provincial structures and hierarchies, including cross-border links, which among the Bohemian nobility date largely to the turn of the fourteenth century. The rituals, ceremonies, settings and means of expressions used for the purpose of self-presentation of the nobility were basically identical in the Bohemian and the foreign milieus, and as such they constituted a social capital that was universally accepted and “understood” by all. To this we should add the links between the Bohemian and foreign nobility in the form of partial contacts, shared interests or family ties. An important question is that of foreign travels of the Bohemian nobility in the twelfthseventeenth centuries reflecting the nobility’s overseas contacts. We find Bohemian noblemen in the entourage of the monarch and as direct representatives of the monarch — the king of Bohemia, on whose behalf they appeared at the courts of secular and ecclesiastical rulers. Territorially, foreign travels (and contacts) of the Bohemian nobility encompassed almost the entire Europe, with the focus being on the neighbouring German lands, Austria and, of course, Silesian duchies. The horizon of Central Europe went beyond pilgrimages and educational travels. Another phenomenon was late medieval military (mercenary) activity of the Bohemian nobility
8
Hlavačka, Milan. "Zemská samospráva a vodní hospodářství. Spor o správu řek v Čechách v letech 1861-1913." Český časopis historický 123, no. 1 (2025): 7–32. https://doi.org/10.56514/cch.123.01.01.
Full textAbstract:
The development of the management of Czech bodies of water is monitored through the file material of the Czech Land Diet and the Land Committee of the Kingdom of Bohemia from the second half of the 19th century. The analysis is primarily of commemorative dossiers created by the so-called “interested parties” and expert inquiry commissions appointed by the diet. At the same time, stenographic protocols from the meetings of the Bohemian Land Diet from the 1860s to the 1880s are used, from which it is possible to deduce the disputes over jurisdiction over Bohemian rivers between the land and the empire. These sources are supplemented by an authentic, but very critical view of one of the actors in the construction of waterworks in Bohemia, who gained professional experience in Prague, Vienna as well as in district water authorities. The constant postponement of water management projects for decades, or rather until the next flood, and their constant revision will be commented on here by Ing. Emil Zimmler, who wrote his assessments of the very complicated cooperation between the land and the empire in waterway matters in his engineering memoirs.
9
Monostori, Tibor. "The Integration of Bohemian and Hungarian Aristocrats into the Spanish Habsburg System via Diplomatic Encounters, Cultural Exchange, and News Management (1608–1655)." Hungarian Historical Review 12, no. 2 (2023): 171–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.38145/2023.2.171.
Full textAbstract:
The composite state of the Spanish Habsburgs had a fading military, financial and diplomatic predominance in Central Europe in the first half of the seventeenth century. The Bohemian and Hungarian aristocracy was, to varying extents, integrated into the Spanish Habsburg system. This article presents three forms of integration and diplomatic relationship. First, it examines diplomatic and political encounters in the main governmental bodies and diets advising the emperor in decision-making, or more specifically, in the Imperial Privy Council in Vienna and during the diets of the kingdom of Hungary. Spanish Habsburg politicians and diplomats acted in many powerful ways to establish connections with Bohemian and Hungarian aristocrats so that they follow and adjust to their political agenda. Bohemian families (Slavata, Martiniz) had close relations and alliances with Spanish councilors in Vienna (who acted as ambassadors of the Spanish king), and several Hungarian aristocrats had interactions with them during the diets in order to secure the long-term interests of the dynasty in the Kingdom of Hungary. Second, the exchange, purchase, and influence of cultural goods and objects (e.g., books and gifts) and the ways in which these cultural goods were put to use, as well as the migration of people, show that the relationship went well beyond power politics and formal diplomatic relations. Personal and cultural influence and even early signs of acculturation can be clearly detected in several Bohemian and Hungarian families (e.g., the Forgách, Pázmány, and Zrínyi families), who ordered and read hundreds of books from Spanish Habsburg authors (including several books from Spanish Habsburg diplomats) and cities and exchanged diplomatic gifts with their Spanish counterparts. People, including influential figures (soldiers and nobles), also moved among Habsburg political centers, prompted by diplomatic or family relations between Spanish Habsburg politicians and Bohemian or Hungarian families. Third, information gathered in Vienna radiated to all Spanish Habsburg states in different layers of granularity, density, and confidentiality. Top Spanish diplomats could access and transmit classified documents and the texts of international contracts obtained from Central European aristocrats and events. They also sent thousands of reports to their superiors about general news in Bohemia and Hungary. At the same time, lower-ranking nobles often struggled to keep up with and understand international events and trends and failed to get information about the key results of wars and imperial diets, since they lacked access to the network and the seniority to exert adequate influence.
10
Megaw, J. V. S. "A Bohemian paradise." Antiquity 89, no. 343 (2015): 224–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2014.8.
Full textAbstract:
It is true that in Europe when it comes to writing broad-based surveys of their archaeology some countries have been more equal than others. The United Kingdom and Ireland probably hold the record, closely followed by the Low Countries. The Czechs also have a long tradition of publishing surveys in one or other of the major European languages, commencing with three slender but well-illustrated volumes with texts in French by the prehistorian Albín Stocký (1924, 1928, 1933). Then in 1961 appeared Czechoslovakia before the Slavs (Neustupný 1961), the English edition of the overview written by the father and son team of Evžen and Jiří Neustupný and published in the previous year (Neustupný & Neustupný 1960). In 1978 appeared a massive single-volume prehistory of Bohemia with a brief summary and captions to the illustrations in German (Pleiner & Rybová 1978). Most recently, from 2007 to 2008 the eight volumes of Archeologie pravěkých Čech appeared—and then disappeared; in a matter of months the entire print run had been sold.
11
Kis, Iván. "A huszita betörés a Magyar Királyságba 1428 februárjában." Belvedere Meridionale 34, no. 4 (2022): 56–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/belv.2022.4.4.
Full textAbstract:
In my paper I analyze a raid led by the Hussites to the north-west region of the Hungarian Kingdom in February 1428. According to the previous opinion of the historiography of the topic, the route of the campaign was the following: after leaving Bohemia, and crossing the Lesser Carpathians, the Bohemians marched toward Bratislava, and, while attacking and burning down smaller settlements along the way, they turned to Nagyszombat then back to Bohemia. In my study, I examine the relevant charters, letters, and narrative sources of the raid, and I present the information about the defensive actions taken by the king and the magnates of Hungary in the 1420s against the Hussites. Furthermore, I summarize the warfare strategies of the Hussites, including the phenomenon of the so-called “small wars.” By the demonstration of the mentioned aspects, I intend to present a new interpretation concerning the Bohemian raid in 1428. My opinion is that Hussites, after they crossed the Lesser Carpathians in early February, marched not on Bratislava, but they split into two parts. The main troop of the army marched on Nagyszombat and conducted war activities there for the next two weeks. Only a small group of Hussites left toward Bratislava; the latter’s strategy was only rapid predation, accompanied by arson, in order to divide the Hungarian defensive contingents.
12
Andresová, Klára. "Česká vojenská příručka z roku 1618." Acta Musei Nationalis Pragae – Historia litterarum 65, no. 1-2 (2020): 44–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.37520/amnpsc.2020.005.
Full textAbstract:
In the early modern period, only a few military handbooks were printed in the Czech language in the Kingdom of Bohemia. The first of them was a translation of Kriegs Discurs written by Lazarus von Schwendi, which was published by Daniel Carolides in Prague in 1618 as Discurs o běhu válečném [A Discourse on the Course of War]. The book was translated from German by Bartoloměj Havlík of Varvažov and edited by his son Jan Havlík of Varvažov. It was published only six months after the beginning of the Bohemian Revolt, which started the Thirty Years’ War. It is possible that this handbook was printed because its originators wanted to support the Bohemian Revolt. The book was dedicated to one of the main figures of the revolt – Albrecht Jan Smiřický, who however died only a few days after the publication of the title. Discurs o běhu válečném presented military thoughts from the 1550s together with some later ideas from the 1570s. The publication discussed the military organisation, various military ranks and offices and the obligations of soldiers. The book has been published in Czech only once, but there are at least four editions in German.
13
Naumov, Nikolay N. "On the Problem of the Czech-German Opposition in the Hussite Wars." Slavic World in the Third Millennium 16, no. 3-4 (2021): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2412-6446.2021.16.3-4.01.
Full textAbstract:
Since the time of the historico-political polemics between František Palacký and Constantin von Höfler in the middle of nineteenth century, the term “national” has been used by Czech historians to identify the character of the Hussite wars. The execution of Jan Hus in Constance as well as the proclamations of the crusades against the Hussites in Bohemia are defined as “an insult to national honor” (František Palacký), and they produced the Taborite movement as “a national peasant war of the Czech under the flag of religion against the German nobility and the supremacy of the German Emperor” (Friedrich Engels / Josef Macek), while the military invasion released a “national” which spread among the whole society (František Šmahel). To what extent does the term “nationalism of defense” and its derivates befit the study of the contradictions that existed between the Czechs and the Germans in the Bohemian kingdom of that period? This paper proves that the Prague Hussites did not consider the Bohemian Germans their “natural foes” but did so of the crusaders who came from the German lands along with King Sigismund. The author argues that the Prague Hussites had not a cultural, but a political xenophobia focused on the foreign German invaders.
14
Nodl, Martin. "Impacts of the plague epidemic on the Kingdom of Bohemia in the second half of the XIVth century and at the beginning of the XVth century." Studia Historica Gedanensia 12, no. 2 (2021): 44–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/23916001hg.21.004.14986.
Full textAbstract:
Although the medieval plague epidemic had a global impact, its intensity varied from region to region in Europe. Plague rates as well as mortality rates were conditioned by climatic and geographical conditions, population density, migration, and trade activities, as well as nutritional opportunities and mental or cultural habits. If we look at Europe as a whole, then the Czech lands, the Bohemian Kingdom and the Moravian Margraviate were among the areas affected by plague epidemics in the XIVth and XVth centuries much less than medieval France, England, Italy, or the German lands of the Holy Roman Empire. The causes of the lower intensity of the plague epidemic in Bohemia and Moravia can be seen in all of the aspects mentioned above, which does not, however, mean that the impact of the plague epidemic in the Kingdom of Bohemia was not, in some regards, comparable to that in Western Europe. Research on the medieval plague epidemic in Bohemia and Moravia has struggled with a lack of relevant sources from the very beginning. The limited explanatory power of the sources has also influenced the limited interest of Czech historians in this topic. The only debate that was ever conducted about the impact of the plague epidemic in a Czech intellectual milieu concerned its possible influence on the outbreak of the Hussite revolution, or the degree of the intensity of the plague in 1380. This debate quite clearly led to the conclusion that in plague epidemics, or in their impact on pre-Hussite society, it is not possible to see a significant or even decisive cause of the outbreak of the Hussite revolution.
15
Nolte, Claire E. "Czechs and Germans—An Enduring Problem in the Heart of Central Europe: A Conclusion." Nationalities Papers 24, no. 01 (1996): 107–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905999608408430.
Full textAbstract:
The relationship between Germans and Czechs has often been the crucible on which the history of Central Europe was forged. Although characterized more by enmity than amity in recent times, this was not always the case. For most of the centuries when Czechs and Germans shared the same Central European space, the cultural differences between them lacked a political dimension, and their interaction was peaceful and mutually beneficial. The Teutonic Knights named their citadel “Königsberg” in honor of the Czech ruler, Přemysl Otakar II, while German townspeople contributed their skills and crafts to the economic advancement of the Bohemian kingdom which he ruled. Beginning in the nineteenth century, however, the positive aspects of this ethnic coexistence were ignored, forgotten, or suppressed by scholars and politicians, both Czech and German, who interpreted the Bohemian past in the language of national separatism.
16
Čábelka, Miroslav. "Analysis of watercourses on Aretin's map of the Bohemian Kingdom from 1619." Abstracts of the ICA 7 (September 2, 2024): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-7-18-2024.
Full text
17
Hrubý, Petr, Matěj Kmošek, Romana Kočárová, et al. "Medieval Mining Centre of Buchberg in the Bohemian-Moravian Highlands. Metal Production in the Kingdom of Bohemia (13th–14th Centuries)." Památky archeologické 112 (December 1, 2021): 333–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.35686/pa2021.7.
Full textAbstract:
The study presents the results of a wide range of research approaches and surveys of the defunct mining centre at Buchberg in the region of Havlíčkův Brod, which was involved in silver production in the 13th and 14th centuries. Burchberg is exceptional in its size and well-advanced community infrastructure. Its significance is also reflected in written sources. Surveys and trial diggings focused on the residential area, and especially on the adjoining metallurgical facilities providing unique spatial information, as well as a wealth of valuable data obtained by analysing archaeometallurgical materials, representing the links in the operational chain, staring with the raw ore extraction and ending with the final production of the desired metals. The current deforestation of mining field relics enabled their three-dimensional survey, and, thus, providing a hitherto unknown view of the spatial structure of historical mining activities.
18
Marek, Pavel. "ON THE POLITICAL DIFFERENTIATION OF CZECH SOCIETY AT THE TURN OF THE 19TH AND 20TH CENTURIES. ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE CZECHOSLAVONIC TRADER'S PARTY IN MORAVIA." Scientific Herald of Uzhhorod University. Series: History, no. 1 (44) (June 27, 2021): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2523-4498.1(44).2021.232479.
Full textAbstract:
The 1990s represent one of the historical turning points in the character of Czech political partisanship. It brought an end to the existence of honorary political parties as a loose grouping of a narrow class of elites and triggered the beginning of well-organized communities with a solid, mass membership-based internal structure and expansion of their electoral potential by establishing interest affiliate organizations offering benefits to supporting voters. At the same time, the change in the parties’ character was accompanied by processes of political differentiation in Czech society as an expression of its modernization and desire to complete national emancipation and the creation of its statehood. The result was the creation of several new political parties and, at the same time, the creation of political camps, which became the foundation of the emergence of the Czech society pillar political structure. With a certain time lag, the processes of political differentiation in Czech society in the first decade of the 20th century were completed by efforts to form Czech professional political parties, comprised of the so-called old urban middle classes, i.e. tradesmen, craftsmen, and merchants. In the initial phase, their founders believed that they could promote their economic interests on the political scene through established civic and socialist political parties. However, quite quickly, the elites of small entrepreneurs abandoned this vision and began to seek to establish a professional trader’s political party. In Bohemia, three professional political parties were established in the short period between 1903 and 1909: the Trader’s Progressive and Independent Party in Bohemia, the Trader’s Party in Bohemia in the Czech Kingdom, and the Czechoslavonic Trader’s Party. These were honorary-type organizations or pre-party units that just started searching for their party identity. The failures of the traders’ parties in the elections to the Reich Council and the Landtag revealed a weakness in the cooperation tactics. They contributed to the transformation or the disappearance of said parties. The situation in the trader’s movement in Moravia was different. The Trader’s Party was formed here compared to Bohemia with a slight time lag, but its founders immediately began to form it as a mass political party. The Czechoslavonic Trader’s Party in Moravia, founded in 1908 in Prostějov, even though in the short period before the outbreak of World War I, it went through a building phase, is the first successful attempt to create a standard, classical political party in the Bohemian territory. This study reflects its efforts for internal consolidation and integration into the Bohemian party-political system of pre-war Moravia.
19
Křenová, Zdenka, Zdeňka Chocholoušková, and Vladimír Zýval. "Salt no longer travels through the Bohemian Forest along the Golden Trail, but halophytic neophytes do." EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 11, no. 2 (2021): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/23361964.2021.10.
Full textAbstract:
The Golden Trail, used for the transport of salt from alpine mines to the Czech Kingdom for centuries, was a crucial ancient trade route in the Central European region. The contemporary road I/4, copying the Golden Trail, plays the same role today. The I/4 is used year round with deicing salt, a common standard, applied for winter maintenance. Deicing salt is often used, even in sections where the I/4 passes through the Bohemian Forest and its protected areas. The effects of applying deicing salts on ecosystems in the region is well documented. In addition to many other effects, high concentrations of salt along the roads cause significant changes in plant communities. Plant species sensitive to salinity disappear and the abundance of halophytes increases. Roads are also trajectories for the migration of neophytes. Seeds or other propagules are transported with cargo or in car tires. In this paper, we present our findings on the pilgrimage of Plantago coronopus, a true halophyte, into the Bohemian Forest. We also describe the species’ colonisation strategy and human measures supporting its successful migration in a region of high conservation value.
20
Altová, Blanka. "Město Kutná Hora jako český barokní prostor?" Lidé města 11, no. 1 (2009): 3–68. https://doi.org/10.14712/12128112.3671.
Full textAbstract:
The city as an urbanistic and social space is related to its broader territorial and social whole which is most often represented by a country or a state and a nation. The relationship is historically based as well as depending on the current form of the state, the country's integration into a broader political formation and above all on the current understanding of the concept of a nation. In Baroque, Kutna Hora was a mining city, it had a status of a royal city, it belonged to the kingdom of Bohemia as well as Czech Crown lands which were part of the Habsbourg states and the Roman Empire. After the year 1620 Bohemia underwent a process of recatholicization which meant a fundamental change for the city of Kutna Hora. A city of utraquists and luterans changing to a city of catholics. The Jesuits became then the creators of the new image of the catholic Kutna Hora. They operated in the city from 1626 until 1773 when the friary was closed. As a matter of coincidence along with Jesuits the Baroque period with it its new visual code arrived to the city. The division of the baroque period by generations suggested by Václav Černý (1620 – 1650; 1650 – 1680; 1680 – 1710; 1710 – 1740) reflects the gradual spreading and acceptance of the Jesuit influence. Building of the Jesuit College marked significantly the town's cityscape (panorama), this emphasis went along the Jesuits' recatholicisation efforts. The Jesuits updated and altered furnishing of the churches in the town in accordance with Trident catholicism. They aimed at optical and content unification of sacred buildings to emphasize true presence of Jesus Christ and all the saints. Similar process of unification and actualization the Jesuits introduced in the urban areas; in a form of sculptural series and architectonically created sceneries they have converted the city – image of the world – into theatre of the world. New language of architecture, symbols and signs created a true present image in city and above ti a mental image of „Bohemian heaven“ based on emphasis on bohemian patrons. The patrons followed by St. Barbora, the patron of the town and amorous image (sculpture) of Virgin Mary from the church of St. Barbora joined the cult of image of protection (Palladium of Stará Boleslav). The concept put Kutna Hora back on the map of cult of Virgin Mary in the catholic world. The Jesuits introduced the whole system of visual communication through system of signs and symbols, within the realm of town they have created holy theatre based on the motives of Bohemian patriotism. I study the image of city from existing visual sources, which I interpret through the style analysis a iconographic method influenced by the literature of the period – The Old Memoirs of Kutna Hora (1675) from Kořínek, one of the Jesuits. I also use the method of historical synthesis in a form of an image. I follow the motif of a city as a historical representation of the Bohemian space. From the position of historical anthropology I am interested in town as a social space and space for visual communication. The histories of vision help me assess visualizations of town – its cityscape as well as urban concept and language of the architecture in the context of the period. In the thesis I want to stress the importance of visualization, fine art, thinking with image and architecture in the time of Baroque. I am convinced that fine art is a self-standing system of means of expression (not only illustration of text) which often precedes ideas recorded in text and forms them with its own expressive means.
21
Barber, Peter. "Aretin’s Map of the Bohemian Kingdom. Monumenta Cartographica Bohemiae Aretin’s Map of the Bohemian Kingdom . Monumenta Cartographica Bohemiae . By Eva Novotná, Mirka Tröglová Sejtková, Miroslav Čábelka and Josef Patak. Translation by Lucie Lukavska. Prague: Charles University, Karolinum Press, 2022. ISBN 978-80-246-5153-8. Pp. 248, illus. CZK 560 (cloth)." Imago Mundi 75, no. 1 (2023): 139–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03085694.2023.2221568.
Full text
22
Carpentieri, Chiara Maria. "The hungarica of the Ambrosiana Library of Milan Documents related to Mátyás Hunyadi and his family." EPHEMERIS HUNGAROLOGICA 4, no. 2 (2024): 5–31. https://doi.org/10.53644/eh.2024.2.5.
Full textAbstract:
The article investigates the cultural and historical relations established between the Kingdom of Hungary and the Italian states during the reign of Matthias Corvinus. The first part of the article briefly reconstructs the most important artistic, scientific, and intellectual exchanges between Italy and Hungary during that period. The second part analyzes 13 documents preserved in the Ambrosiana Library in Milan which may serve as additional sources on Matthias’ era. The documents are divided into three cate- gories: texts specifically dedicated to Matthias; letters or instructions concerning his reign, particularly his relations with the Republic of Venice and his wars against the Turks and the Bohemian Hussites; and historiographical texts centered on Matthias and his family. The list of documents is accompanied by transcriptions of their incipits and explicits, brief summaries, and relevant bibliography.
23
Naumov, Nikolay. "The notion of “truth” (“pravda”) in the Late Medieval Bohemia." Slavic Almanac 2023, no. 1-2 (2023): 12–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2073-5731.2023.1-2.1.01.
Full textAbstract:
The paper deals with the semantic transformation of the Old Czech term “pravda” (meaning “truth” or “justice” in different contexts) in the political and legal socioleсt of the Bohemian nobility from the end of the 14th till the end of the 15th century. This term was used in the charter issued by the Bohemian lords on the 5th of May, 1394 in such a way that it received a meaning of “straightness” denoting a legal reference point set in the past once and forever which does not allow any deviations. The lords declared their will “to put straight the Bohemian land and to bring it to the law and to the truth—in such a way as it stood firm in truth in the times of our forefathers.” The Land constitutions (Zemské zřízení) of the year 1395 written by the lords appeal to an unnamed “ancient constitution” and reproduce some laws from the “Statutes of the Kingdom” issued by Charles IV in 1355. However, in some other cases the Land Tables are inconsistent with the written law as they express their authors’ own notion concerning the social justice. An explanation could be found in the treatise “Land’s laws” by Ondřej of Dubá written around the turn of the 15th century: Here the term “pravda” means an opinion of a litigating person who considers himself to be right. The Hussites of the 15th century used the term as a motto, however, they meant the “God’s truth” (Old Czech: “pravda Boží”) and not the human one. In 1421 the diety of Čáslav issued a decree obliging everybody to confess the Four Prague Articles as “the truths of God”. Due to the absolutization of the term the Hussite legists of the second half of the 15th century Ctibor, of Cimburk and Viktorín of Všehrdy considered the “pravda” to be an impersonal, objectively given reality, i. e. the verity.
24
Pacholski, Jan. "Od relacji z wypraw do przewodnika — początki karkonoskich poradników dla podróżnych na przełomie XVIII i XIX wieku." Góry, Literatura, Kultura 12 (August 1, 2019): 11–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2084-4107.12.3.
Full textAbstract:
From travel accounts to guidebooks: The beginnings of guidebooks to the Giant Mountains Karkonosze for travellers in the late 18th and early 19th centuryIn the history of European tourism the Giant Mountains Karkonosze occupy a unique place thanks to the Chapel of St. Lawrence, funded by Count Christoph Leopold Schaffgotsch and located on the summit of Śnieżka. Its construction in the Habsburg dominions in the turbulent period of the Counter-Reformation was meant to finally put an end to the Silesian-Bohemian border dispute and become a visible sign of Catholic rule over the highest mountain range of the two neighbouring countries. The construction of the chapel also marked the beginning of tourism in the highest range of the Sudetes; initially, its nature was religious and focused on pilgrimages to the summit of Śnieżka, featuring, in addition to local inhabitants, also sanatorium visitors to Cieplice Warmbrunn, which was owned by the Schaffgotschs.After the three Silesian Wars, as a result of which the lands to the north of the mountains were separated from the Habsburgs’ Kingdom of Bohemia, the situation in the region changed radically. The Counter-Reformation pressure ceased and the Lutherans began to grow in importance, supported as they were by the decidedly pro-Protestant Prussian state, governed by its tolerant monarch.The period was also marked by an unprecedented growth in the literature on the Giant Mountains — there were poems Tralles, nature studies Volkmar and travel accounts GutsMuths, Troschel and others written about the highest range of the Sudetes. A special role among these writings was played by works aimed at introducing the public from the capital Berlin to the new province of the Kingdom of Prussia, especially to the mountains, so exotic from the point of view of the “groves and sands” of Brandenburg. These publications were written primarily by Lutheran clergymen, which was not without significance to the nature of the works. This was also a time when the first guidebooks to the Giant Mountains were written, with many of their authors also coming from the same milieu.What emerges from this image is a kind of confessionalisation of tourism in the highest mountains of Silesia and Bohemia: on the one hand there are mass Catholic pilgrimages and on the other — a new type of individual tourists who, with a book in hand, traverse mountain paths in a decidedly more independent fashion.
25
Pacholski, Jan. "Von Expeditionsberichten zum Führer — die Anfänge der Ratgeber für Riesengebirgereisende an der Jahrhundertwende des 18. zum 19. Jahrhundert." Góry, Literatura, Kultura 12 (August 1, 2019): 33–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2084-4107.12.4.
Full textAbstract:
From travel accounts to guidebooks: The beginnings of guidebooks to the Giant Mountains Karkonosze for travellers in the late 18th and early 19th centuryIn the history of European tourism the Giant Mountains Karkonosze occupy a unique place thanks to the Chapel of St. Lawrence, funded by Count Christoph Leopold Schaffgotsch and located on the summit of Śnieżka. Its construction in the Habsburg dominions in the turbulent period of the Counter-Reformation was meant to finally put an end to the Silesian-Bohemian border dispute and become a visible sign of Catholic rule over the highest mountain range of the two neighbouring countries. The construction of the chapel also marked the beginning of tourism in the highest range of the Sudetes; initially, its nature was religious and focused on pilgrimages to the summit of Śnieżka, featuring, in addition to local inhabitants, also sanatorium visitors to Cieplice Warmbrunn, which was owned by the Schaffgotschs.After the three Silesian Wars, as a result of which the lands to the north of the mountains were separated from the Habsburgs’ Kingdom of Bohemia, the situation in the region changed radically. The Counter-Reformation pressure ceased and the Lutherans began to grow in importance, supported as they were by the decidedly pro-Protestant Prussian state, governed by its tolerant monarch.The period was also marked by an unprecedented growth in the literature on the Giant Mountains — there were poems Tralles, nature studies Volkmar and travel accounts GutsMuths, Troschel and others written about the highest range of the Sudetes. A special role among these writings was played by works aimed at introducing the public from the capital Berlin to the new province of the Kingdom of Prussia, especially to the mountains, so exotic from the point of view of the “groves and sands” of Brandenburg. These publications were written primarily by Lutheran clergymen, which was not without significance to the nature of the works. This was also a time when the first guidebooks to the Giant Mountains were written, with many of their authors also coming from the same milieu.What emerges from this image is a kind of confessionalisation of tourism in the highest mountains of Silesia and Bohemia: on the one hand there are mass Catholic pilgrimages and on the other — a new type of individual tourists who, with a book in hand, traverse mountain paths in a decidedly more independent fashion.
26
Todika, Raul‑Alexandru. "A few considerations concerning the presence of Hussite‑style war wagons as part of John Hunyadi’s army." Acta Musei Napocensis. Historica 56 (January 15, 2021): 9–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.54145/actamn.56.01.
Full textAbstract:
The main objective of this paper is to bring forward a subject that was long neglected by the Romanian historiography and Slavic studies: the military importance of the contingents of Bohemian mercenaries within the army of John Hunyadi, and the extensive usage of the Wagenburg and the Hussite war wagons as part of the improvements of the armed forces in the Medieval Kingdom of Hungary. These changes were made by John Hunyadi during the first half of the fifteenth century, in relation to the tactical and strategic necessities imposed by the wars fought against the Turks. My approach of the topic sheds light on the ability of John Hunyadi to use the offensive, defensive, and logistical potential of this rudimentary but extremely versatile and efficient war machine, and points out at the fact that the Kingdom of Hungary was, at that time, up to date with the fourteenth- and fifteenth-century military technologies. In addition, this paper explores a variety of Christian and Ottoman sources and compares these narratives in regard to the subject. The current Romanian historiography has failed to provide a comprehensive analysis of the Hussite-style war wagons, and thus the relevance of this paper is linked to broadening the perspective on the matter.
27
Halasi, Tibor, Snezana Kalamkovic, and Stanko Cvjeticanin. "Academic roots of chemical engineering in XVIII and XIX century in middle Europe." Chemical Industry 64, no. 2 (2010): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind091120004h.
Full textAbstract:
Roots of chemical engineering in Middle Europe lead to the first mining and metallurgy academies, established in VIII century in Upper Hungaria and in Bohemian Kingdom. Chemical engineering skills originate from ancient Egyptian handicraft, alchemy, technical chemistry, pneumochemistry and phlogiston chemistry. Development of mining and metallurgy coincided with great scientific discoveries and industrial revolution. In Middle Europe, the first such academies were opened in St. Joachimstahl and in Schemnitz, and the first Serbian mining engineers Djordje Brankovic, Vasilije Bozic and Stevan Pavlovic studied, as well as the first chemistry professor of the High School in Belgrade, Mihajlo Raskovic. Eminent professors were employed by the Schemnitz academy, such as: Nicol Jacquin, Giovanni Scopoli, Ignaz von Born and Christian Doppler. It is important to emphasize that Shemnitz practiced the first modern, practical laboratory education. In VIII century, Schemnitz Mining and metallurgy academy was the most contemporary educational insistution for engineers. However, in XIX century, mining and metallurgy academies stagnated, due to the replacement of professional academies with polytechnic schools, technical universities and scientific research institutes.
28
Starý, Marek. "The Regulation of Land Court concerning settling of Bohemian crown subsidiary lands' inhabitants in Bohemia from year 1617. A contribution to the normative competence of the Kingdom of Bohemia's High Land Court and to the informative potential of Land tables." Opera Historica 17, no. 1 (2016): 34–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.32725/oph.2016.002.
Full text
29
Gulyás, Borbála. "Prints and miniatures made by Donat Hübschmann in Vienna for clients from Hungary." Acta Historiae Artium 64, no. 1 (2024): 125–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/170.2023.00008.
Full textAbstract:
Originating from Leipzig and active in Vienna, the printmaker and painter Donat Hübschmann (†1583) had clients from Hungary who were close to the joint Hungarian and Bohemian royal and imperial court in Vienna of the composite Habsburg Monarchy, to which the Kingdom of Hungary belonged. Miklós Oláh (Nicolaus Olahus), humanist prelate and Archbishop of Esztergom, and head of the Hungarian Court Chancellery based in Vienna, commissioned him to make a copy of his etched portrait. János Zsámboky (Johannes Sambucus), who entered court service as a humanist, ordered two works from him. In 1564–65 Zsámboky had an illustrated broadsheet made to commemorate the coronation in Pozsony (now Bratislava, Slovakia) as King of Hungary of Archduke Maximilian II of Habsburg in 1563, which was decorated with a woodcut by Donat Hübschmann: a veduta of Pozsony. Further, in 1566 he assigned Donat Hübschmann to produce a copy of the earliest surviving printed map of Hungary (Lazarus secretarius, Tabula Hungariae, 1528). Other Hungarian-related works can be found among the master’s prints, such as a woodcut portrait of Hans Francolin the Younger, Hungarian Herald of Ferdinand I. It is likely that Donat Hübschmann was also responsible for the painted decoration on five letters patent, which were commissioned by Hungarian noblemen and issued by the Hungarian Court Chancellery in Vienna. In every case, the miniature coats of arms were signed with the monogram “DH”. The calligraphic decoration of these can be attributed to the noted calligrapher György (George) Bocskay and his workshop.
30
Kónya, Annamária. "The Coexistence of Protestant Confessions – Alliances, Unions as an Existential Strategy." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Theologia Reformata Transylvanica 69, no. 1 (2024): 191–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbtref.69.1.11.
Full textAbstract:
It is generally known that during the Reformation, there was no good relationship between the Protestant denominations, and rather discord and intolerance characterized the relationship between the Lutheran and Calvinist churches in particular. The same applied to the rejectionist and sometimes-persecutory attitude of the two leading Protestant doctrines towards radical tendencies. This was manifested on several levels and for different reasons. First and foremost, it was caused by theological differences, i.e. each Reformation doctrine was convinced of the sole truth of its own doctrine. These disagreements were manifested in the first joint Protestant synods and later in disputes between individual theologians, in polemical writings, but also in the denial of any unification of religions. Another important factor that influenced the bad relationship was, of course, the loss of believers. Especially the Evangelical Church, which had been established in the mid-16th century, feared that the later spreading Swiss Reformation doctrines would cause a loss of believers. However, there have been individual, local examples where different Protestant religions have been able to cooperate and ally with each other very well and profitably when mutual benefit or even existential motivation was at stake. The paper would like to outline some examples of this: the union between the Protestants and the Reformed in Zemplín County existing throughout six decades in the 17th century, the union between the Reformed Church and the Bohemian brethren concluded in 1647, and the union in the form of smooth coexistence between the Protestants and the Reformed in Košice in the first half of the 17th century. Keywords: union, Protestant denominations, 17th century, intolerance, cooperation, Hungarian Kingdom
31
Gagas, Ignas. "Review of the Monograph “Canon Law in the Kingdom of Bohemia in the Middle Ages”." Teisė 133 (January 9, 2025): 176–78. https://doi.org/10.15388/teise.2024.133.11.
Full text
32
Drašar, Pavel. "The Only Chairman of the Society for the Chemical Industry in the Kingdom of Bohemia 1893–1907." Chemické listy 117, no. 7 (2023): 451–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.54779/chl20230451.
Full text
33
Ledvinka, Tomáš. "Královské lesy v Maiestas Carolina: Monumentalita krajiny a právní pluralismus v procesu utváření suverenity českého království." Sociální studia / Social Studies 17, no. 2 (2020): 71–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/soc2020-2-71.
Full textAbstract:
De juribus regiis silvarum (On the Law of the Royal Forests) is a segment of an unrealised constitutional project for the Kingdom of Bohemia from the mid-fourteenth century (Maiestas Carolina) which is usually interpreted as a law to protect the Royal Forests from arsonists and other criminals to maintain the forests as a source of the king’s revenue. This paper reinterprets the regulation with the emphasis on the interconnection between the Royal Forests and the constitutional mythos of the inalienability of the Kingdom. It suggests that the designation of the Forests to protect the wild (trees, beasts and outlaws) was based not merely on reverence for the king but also on the seclusion of the landscapes from intensive human use by means of a robust material, military-bureaucratic infrastructure (castles, roads...) which was equally meant to establish the Forests as an autonomous and constitutive pillar of the Kingdom’s sovereignty. It shows how the monumental landscape of the Royal Forests acquired a specific legitimacy function in terms of heterogeneous space and legal pluralism in the Kingdom, which is contrasted to the national territoriality and House metaphorics of modern State sovereignty. The paper further analyses the remarkable societal arrangement of the Maiestas Carolina Forest Court, which represents a unique configuration for the resolution of conflicts between various legal units and micro-sovereignties situated within the landscape of the Kingdom.
34
Wolski, Marian. "O okolicznościach powstania i wydania „Diadochosa” Bartosza Paprockiego." Historia Slavorum Occidentis 43, no. 4 (2024): 153–66. https://doi.org/10.15804/hso240405.
Full textAbstract:
In July 1602 in Prague, under the patronage of Emperor Rudolf II, Bartłomiej Paprocki published “Diadochos” , the greatest book written in exile, devoted to the history and nobility of the Kingdom of Bohemia. Paprocki’s experiences while preparing his work were similar to what he experienced while working in Poland. Intrigues by Czech elites to discredit Paprocki led to the withdrawal of the patronage in 1597. Among Paprocki’s opponents was Jiři Bořita of Martinice, the Supreme Chancellor of the Kingdom of Bohemia. After his death in 1598, the opportunities for Paprocki arose again. In 1600, the Archbishop of Prague, Zbyňek Berka of Dubé, suspended the publication of the first volume of the Czech Chronicle. Paprocki won him over by dedicating a work entitled “Ecclesia” to him. He dedicated similar texts to representatives of powerful Czech families to win their approval of his work.
35
Vadas, András. "The Black Death in the Kingdom of Hungary." Historical Studies on Central Europe 4, no. 1 (2024): 9–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.47074/hsce.2024-1.02.
Full textAbstract:
Western scholarship has studied the mid-fourteenth-century cataclysm of the Black Death for centuries. In contrast, due to the limited number of contemporary narrative sources, in East Central Europe, until recently historians discussed it only marginally. In the past decades, not independent of the emergence of new methods, such as archaeogenetics and palynology, and novel approaches to studying the Black Death such as climate and environmental history, scholars have increasingly turned to the analysis of the multiple waves of the second plague pandemic in this region. Recent studies have drawn attention to the apparent lack of data on the Black Death in the region while pointing to the potential role of the later waves, such as the pestis secunda and tercia, as well as later medieval and early modern recurrences of the epidemic in the historical demography of Bohemia, Poland, and Hungary. The paper provides an overview of the written evidence of the Black Death in Hungary and publishes in extenso some of the most important documentary evidence of the episodes of the epidemic in the Kingdom of Hungary. It argues that, unlike in the case of Bohemia and Poland, the first wave of the plague can be relatively well pursued by a critical analysis of the written evidence.
36
Olivová, Lucie. "The spread of Chinese fashion and Chinoiseries in Bohemia." Cornova 14, no. 1 (2024): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.51305/cor.2024.01.02.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this article is to introduce the phenomenon of Chinese fashion or Chinamode in the 18th century Kingdom of Bohemia, and – in line with the theme of this issue of Cornova – to explain how it moved first into, and then across the territory. Without attempting a thorough analysis of the subject, which would be beyond the scope of a short essay, my investigation centred on interior furnishing and wall decorations in particular: three diverse case studies are provided. The polarity between Chinoiseries and authentic imports from East Asia is also looked at. In conclusion, I try to delineate the phases of Chinese fashion in Bohemia, and present their characteristics.
37
Schejbalova, Zdenka. "Oikonyms of the Czech Lands of the Kingdom of Bohemia in documents from the first half of the 14th century." XLinguae 16, no. 4 (2023): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.18355/xl.2023.16.04.07.
Full textAbstract:
In the article we study the Czech oikonyms Praha, Pohořelice, Křivoklát, Kutná Hora and Hranice na Moravě which appeared in documents written under John of Luxembourg, King of Bohemia, King of Poland and Count of Luxembourg, during his reign from 1310 to 1346. The documents studied are written in French and Latin. The oikonyms are spelled in different ways, which proves that the documents were established by several scribes or copyists. They remain valuable for knowledge of the history and development of the Kingdom of Bohemia and the evolution of French in its phase of transformation in the 1st half of the 14th century.
38
Jovanović, Neven. "Epithalamium Mateja Andreisa. Žanrovski okvir i struktura djela." Umjetnost riječi 38, no. 1 (1994): 57–64. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3567799.
Full textAbstract:
The Epithalamium, a literary wedding song in the classical times, was revived during the Renaissance period. Among the humanist poets who wrote following the conventions of the ancient genre was Matthaeus Andreis from Trogir. In 1502 he published an narrative-epic epithalamium celebrating the wedding of the king of Hungary and Bohemia, Vladislaus II. This erudite poem uses various elements from its classical predecessors - works by Catullus, Statius, Claudian - but adapting, merging and blending them.
39
Altová, Blanka. "Druhý život kostela sv. Barbory v Kutné Hoře." Lidé města 15, no. 3 (2013): 325–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/12128112.3468.
Full textAbstract:
At the time when images are transferred physically, as well as virtually, in time and space and are used in new contexts, we tend to perceive buildings as static images or permanent artifacts, and some of them are even set as symbols for their durability in time and space. Namely, they stand amidst the movement caused by the human need for narration. In the chapter In the Search of Not Quite Lost Time, N. N. Taleb (2011, 87–88) writes: “Our tendency to perceive – more precisely, to introduce – narrative structure and causality are a symptom of the same disease: reduction in the number of dimensions.” Reduction of the narration of the past occurs, according to Taleb, either because of our inability to remember the actual plot or because we tend to interpret past events in our own favor. Both of these general observations can (must) be applied to history, and history can be seen as a reduction of the past carried out by the historian while being determined by the objectives of constructing causal connections based on available and understandable sources. The French psychologist and historian Michele de Certeau (1925–1986) writes about the power of the narrative act, which he already observes in the descriptive text (which precedes the interpretation): “Description is a culturally creative act, it has distributive power and performative strength” (Certeau, 1996, 88). So we have many reasons to accept that the texts of historians are not innocent and cannot be objectively valid, but they represent powerful forces with more-or-less hidden individual, as well as collective, goals. In this study, I follow the use of historical narratives – arguments used in the political discourse of the 19th century with an implicit objective: to raise funds for the restoration and the extension of St. Barbara’s Church in Kutná Hora, both from the budget of the Austrian Empire and from the Provincial Assembly of the Bohemian Kingdom. This political effort reflected the process of Czech national emancipation within the Habsburg monarchy in the period of European historicism. One must admit that despite a number of substantive and conceptual reservations about these texts today, these historical and political narratives have enabled St. Barbara’s Church its significance, have kept it in religious service and in historical memory and consciousness, and have placed it on the national and world maps of art and cultural heritage. These narrations have had an undeniable impact on the practical implementation of the restoration work, i.e. what should be preserved from the past of the church and how, what should be added and what should be removed. Based on this example, it is possible to realize how narrations, for better or worse, have shaped and still shape our ideas of Czech and European identity and what affects our relationship to the nation and Europe.
40
Neumann, Miroslav. "Representation of Medieval Realia in PC game: Kingdom Come: Deliverance." Czech-polish historical and pedagogical journal 11, no. 2 (2019): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cphpj-2019-020.
Full textAbstract:
The study describes the Czech computer game Kingdom Come: Deliverance and the scale of its historical depiction of medieval realia. The well-known title is set in the medieval Czech Kingdom in 1403 and the player is presented with a complex world where he has to survive, acquire the game mechanics and complete historically inspired quests within and besides the main storyline. In this study, we will present various historical aspects of the game, such as political background, geographical setting, social depiction of the part of medieval Bohemia, late medieval armour and weapons in comparison with reality. Kingdom Come: Deliverance is sometimes referred to as a medieval simulator or a learning tool, based on its effort to realistically demonstrate history.
41
Krafl, Pavel. "Canonical Jurisprudence in the Kingdom of Bohemia in the Middle Ages." Anali Pravnog fakulteta u Beogradu 71, no. 3 (2023): 441–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.51204/anali_pfbu_23302a.
Full textAbstract:
During the High and Late Middle Ages, canon law played a crucial role. This study provides an overview of ecclesiastical legal scholarship in the Czech lands, i.e. in Bohemia (in the Archdiocese of Prague) and in Moravia (in the Diocese of Olomouc). The development of a legal jurisprudence went hand in hand with the development of ecclesiastical administration in the second half of the 14th century and in the early 15th century, which evolved into a compact system. An important factor in this was the establishment of Prague University, including the Law Faculty, in 1348, and also, in particular, the establishment of the separate Prague Law University in 1372. Amongst the major canonists who left work behind were Štěpán of Roudnice, Bohuslav of Krnov, Kuneš of Třebovle, Mikuláš Puchník, and Jan of Jesenice, amongst others.
42
HODÁLOVÁ, IVA, LENKA MÁRTONFIOVÁ, KATARÍNA SKOKANOVÁ, STANISLAV ŠPANIEL, and PAVOL MEREĎA Jr. "Fallopia ×moravica (Polygonaceae), a new hybrid between Fallopia compacta and F. sachalinensis." Phytotaxa 572, no. 2 (2022): 123–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.572.2.1.
Full textAbstract:
A new knotweed hybrid originating from the crossing of Fallopia compacta and F. sachalinensis is described based on plant material collected in the Moravia region in the Czech Republic as F. ×moravica. In addition to the Czech Republic, the hybrid has also been reported previously from the United Kingdom and New Zealand; however, it was not distinguished from F. ×bohemica, a hybrid between F. japonica and F. sachalinensis, since its one parent (F. compacta) has been generally treated only as a variety of F. japonica. F. ×moravica differs from the morphologically most similar hexaploid (2n = 6x = 66) F. ×bohemica by its tetraploid (2n = 4x = 44) number of chromosomes and by the constant absence of purple spots on stem internodes (which are usually present in F. ×bohemica). The new hybrid also differs from F. ×bohemica as well as other European Fallopia members by its unique relative genome size. Other potential morphological and cytological differences of F. ×moravica from the related F. ×bohemica are discussed.
43
Buhl, Peter. "Five new species of Platygastroidea from Norway (Hymenoptera)." Entomologica Fennica 8, no. 4 (1997): 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.33338/ef.83944.
Full textAbstract:
Five new species are described from Southern Norway, viz. Telenomus ciliatus sp. n. (♂), Synopeas brevis sp. n. (♀) (also from the United Kingdom), S. bohemani sp. n. (♀, ♂), Platygaster litoralis sp. n. (♀, ♂), and Prosactogaster damokles sp. n. (♀).
44
MIHAIL, MIHNEA ALEXANDRU. "BOUND TO THE COLUMN: ANTICHRIST ICONOGRAPHY IN THE LAST JUDGMENT SCENES IN THE MEDIEVAL KINGDOM OF HUNGARY." New Europe College Yearbook 2021-2022 (March 31, 2023): 163–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.58367/necy.odo.2022.1.163-200.
Full textAbstract:
This study aims to investigate the relationship between visual culture and theological disputes during the pre‑Hussite and Hussite eras. By looking at fourteenth‑century Last Judgment scenes from the Hungarian Kingdom that contain an image of a demon bound to the column inside Leviathan’s jaws, I analyze the connections between this figure and the eschatological and Antichrist‑related discourse used by both Church representatives and preachers of the Reformation in Bohemia.
45
Krafl, Pavel. "The Ecclesiastical Justice System in the Kingdom of Bohemia in the Middle Ages." Bratislava Law Review 8, no. 2 (2024): 33–56. https://doi.org/10.46282/blr.2024.8.2.831.
Full textAbstract:
The study concentrates on the ecclesiastical courts that operated within the Prague ecclesiastical province. The episcopal judiciary in the Czech lands comprised the officialis, the vicar general, the corrector cleri, and the bishop's inquisitor. The officialis appears for the first time in the Diocese of Olomouc under Bishop Bruno of Schaumburg (1245–1281). The judicial office of the corrector cleri was a unique office that emerged only in Prague. The papal courts in the territory of the ecclesiastical province comprised the papal inquisitors and the conservators of rights. During the Hussite and post-Hussite era, the archbishopric of Prague was left unoccupied, and the judicial agenda was conducted to a limited extent by the administrators of the archbishopric. One of the criticisms made by pre-Hussite reform theorists was levelled at the negative features of the judiciary, particularly the corruption of judges and the absence of impartiality.
46
Weeks, Charles Andrew. "Jacob Boehme and the Thirty Years' War." Central European History 24, no. 2-3 (1991): 213–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938900019014.
Full textAbstract:
The Thirty Years' War, which lasted from 1618 to 1648, was occasioned, if not caused, by complex disputes over religion. Fought mainly in Germany, it was a European war, involving powers from Spain to Poland. The three decades of merciless warfare in the heart of Europe undermined the old awareness of a universal Christendom, shattered the authority of the Holy Roman Empire, and contributed to the consolidation of the territorial entity or nation state. The war ended with Germany weakened and divided, and with the once proud Kingdom of Bohemia bereft of its former national and confessionla identity.
47
LOUTHAN, HOWARD. "Mediating Confessions in Central Europe: The Ecumenical Activity of Valerian Magni, 1586–1661." Journal of Ecclesiastical History 55, no. 4 (2004): 681–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022046904001484.
Full textAbstract:
The Capuchin friar, Valerian Magni, was one of the most influential churchmen of the first half of the seventeenth century. A confidant of Pope Urban VIII, an advisor to the emperor Ferdinand II and an intimate of the Polish king Władysław IV, Magni worked tirelessly as a religious mediator for nearly fifty years. This article investigates his ecumenical activity in two major arenas, Bohemia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. In the Czech kingdom Magni collaborated with young Archbishop Harrach to counter the Jesuits' harsher policies of reCatholicisation while in Poland he endeavoured to reunite both Protestant and Orthodox communities with the Catholic Church.
48
Dobiáš, Dalibor. "Die Anfänge der modernen tschechischen Dichtung im Spiegel der Rezensionskritik." Germanoslavica 35, no. 1 (2024): 73–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.58377/germ.2024.1.4.
Full textAbstract:
The paper considers how critical reviews in Central European journals could contribute to the formation of modern Czech poetry at the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries and in the first two decades of the 19th century, until the disputes around 1817 about prosody and poetic autonomy in general significantly affected its discourse. It places these mostly anonymous reviews within the broader framework of reviews of poetry in German and Czech from the Bohemian Lands, especially those in the major review journals (Jenaische allgemeine Literatur-Zeitung, Leipziger Literatur- Zeitung, Annalen der österreichischen Literatur, etc.), in which Bohemian and Moravian contributors also found a place, given the obstacles to the development of domestic periodicals. It argues that this criticism had discussed the constitution of a modern authorial type, which was, however, especially in domestic Bohemian and Moravian post-revolutionary conditions strongly concentrated on general social benefit of literature. Early Czech-language poets of Antonín Jaroslav Puchmajer’s circle asserted themselves with a similar social emphasis in self-criticism in the Viennese Annalen, taking into account the still partly scholarly nature of period criticism and representative values of Czech as a kingdom’s language. Characteristically of this scholarly-publicist criticism in contemporary Central Europe, most attention was paid to works such as Joseph Müller’s translation of The Tale of Igor’s Campaign, Meinert’s Der Fylgie or The Manuscript of Dvůr Králové, that could “shed light” on the former role of poetry for nations and open up ways for its modern authors (see similar German discussions on the Nibelungenlied among emerging national philologists and poets).
49
Kozak, S. "Czech Warriors on the Field of the Battle of Grunwald: Participation and Search for Contacts with Polond and Lithuania-Rus’." Problems of World History, no. 17 (January 27, 2022): 85–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2022-17-3.
Full textAbstract:
The article examines the problem of the participation of soldiers from Bohemia in the events of the Battle of Grunwald, both on the side of the Polish-Lithuanian forces and on the side of the Teutonic Order. The state of research of the topic, its place in the study of Grunwald is outlined. The urgency of studying the Czech military component in the armies of both sides was emphasized, given the need to further debunk the myth of the German danger and the pan-Slavic alliance. The author analyzes which Polish-Lithuanian and Order banners fought Czech mercenaries and names the names of their leaders known from sources. The “Czech” episodes in the work of Jan Dlugosz are analyzed, it is noted that the version of the participation of mercenaries from Bohemia in the battle reflects the negative attitude of the Polish chronicler to the Czech Republic. The issue of participation in the events of the war with the Order of the future leader of the Hussites Jan Žižka was raised, the opinion is defended that he fought in the ranks of the Polish-Lithuanian army. Attention is drawn to the involvement of Lithuanian-Rus’ Prince Zygmunt Korybutovych in the Battle of Grunwald, as well as to his further role in Czech-Rus’ relations in the wake of Hussite events. It is noted that the Battle of Grunwald was a decisive event that influenced the gradual withdrawal of Bohemia from the alliance with the Order, at least for those of its forces who later participated in the Hussite events and established contact with Wladyslaw II Jagiello and Vytautas. An episode of Jan Hus's correspondence with the Polish king is mentioned in the context of how Polish propaganda created the myth of its own peace victory immediately after the war. The author concludes that the events of the Battle of Grunwald partly determined for Bohemia its further geopolitical cooperation in Central and Eastern Europe and contributed to the restoration of communication with Lithuania, Poland and Rus’. At the same time, it was emphasized that Grunwald did not become the final severance of relations with the Order, with which Bohemia, like the Kingdom of Rus’, had had strong ties for centuries.
50
Wolski, Piotr. "Jan Černý. Pierwszy medyk piszący po czesku. Biograficzno-historiograficzny przyczynek do badań dziejów myśli przyrodoznawczej i medycznej na obszarze Europy Środkowej." Medycyna Nowożytna 30, Suplement I (2024): 461–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/12311960mn.24.028.20021.
Full textAbstract:
This article presents information about the life and work of Jan Černy (circa 1450– circa 1530), who is considered the first physician to write medical texts in the Czech language. His biography is depicted against the backdrop of the era, which includes phenomena and events such as the decline of the Luxembourg dynasty’s rule in Bohemia and the Hussite Wars. This period was characterized by a vibrant economic and cultural development in the Kingdom of Bohemia, which the article connects to Černy’s medical activities. The detailed part of the text discusses the opus magnum of this writer, which is “Knie-ha lékarská, kteráž slove herbář aneb zelinář,” printed in Nuremberg in 1517, with particular focus on Černy’s method of describing medical matters and selected linguistic aspects of this work. Additionally, the article provides a brief comparison of Černy’s writings with those of Stefan Falimirz, highlighting potential similarities in the linguistic layer. The aim of the article is to acquaint the Polish audience with Jan Černy and emphasize his contributions to the development of pharmacobotanical lexicon in West Slavic languages, as well as outline preliminary issues for further research.