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Journal articles on the topic 'Brain Brain mapping. Rats'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 19 February 2022

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Evans, Brianna Brie, Sarah Ballard, Kyra Newmaster, Yongsoo Kim, and Sue Grigson. "59821 Brain Mapping Addiction." Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 5, s1 (2021): 15–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2021.443.

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ABSTRACT IMPACT: Gaining a better understanding on the role of opioids in opioid use disorder (OUD) can help us find better diagnostics, treatments, and procedures to treat the disorder. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: While we are familiar with brain areas and pathways that are implicated in opioid use disorder (OUD), we do not have a full understanding of the neural circuits activated upon drug exposure. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: In order to identify areas of the brain most activated by opioids, we ran a pilot study using transgenic cFos-GFP mice that were injected with saline or heroin and examined the brain-wide activity patterns using a quantitative high-resolution mapping method. We observed many brain regions highly activated upon drug exposure. To examine cFos based brain activation in rats, we also ran a pilot study using a tissue clearing and 3D immunolabeling method combined with light sheet microscopy. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We would expect to see higher cFos activation for brain areas in the reward pathway [including the Nucleus Accumbens (NAc), Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA), Prefrontal Cortex (PFC)] in heroin animals compared to saline animals. We can also expect higher activation in more novel areas like the lateral hypothalamus. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: If we are able to track OUD effects through imaging in mice and rats, this can help us find better diagnostics, therapeutics, and procedures to treat the disorder. We can also eventually have a human brain atlas that outlines these affected areas as well in order to gain a better understanding on OUD particularly in the human population.

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Mericle, Robert A., Erich O. Richter, Eric Eskioglu, et al. "Preoperative endovascular brain mapping for intraoperative volumetric image guidance: preliminary concept and feasibility in animal models." Journal of Neurosurgery 104, no. 4 (2006): 566–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.2006.104.4.566.

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ObjectThe authors describe a novel concept for brain mapping in which an endovascular approach is used, and they demonstrate its feasibility in animal models. The purpose of endovascular brain mapping is to delineate clearly the nonfunctional brain parenchyma when a craniotomy is performed for resection. The nonfunctional brain will be stained with sharp visual margins, differentiating it from the functional, nonstained brain. The authors list four essential criteria for developing an ideal endovascular mapping agent, and they describe seven potential approaches for accomplishing a successful endovascular brain map.MethodsFour Sprague–Dawley rats and one New Zealand white rabbit were used to determine initial feasibility of the procedure. The animals were anesthetized, and the internal carotid artery was catheterized. Four potential brain mapping agents were infused into the right hemisphere of the five animals. Afterward, the brains were removed and each was analyzed both grossly and histologically.Fluorescein and FD&C Green No. 3 provided good visual clarity and margins, but required blood–brain barrier (BBB) manipulation. Tantalum particles enabled avoidance of BBB manipulation, but provided inadequate visual clarity, probably because of their size. A Sudan black “cocktail” provided excellent clarity and margins despite remaining in the brain capillaries.ConclusionsThis is a novel application of the endovascular approach, and has broad potential for clinical neurosurgical brain mapping. The animal models in this study establish the feasibility of the procedure. However, further study is required to demonstrate safety, minimize toxicity, investigate stain durability, and improve the characteristics of potential mapping agents. The authors are planning to conduct future studies for identification of mapping agents that do not require BBB manipulation or vascular occlusion.

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Tsurugizawa, Tomokazu, Akira Uematsu, Hisayuki Uneyama, and Kunio Torii. "Functional brain mapping of conscious rats during reward anticipation." Journal of Neuroscience Methods 206, no. 2 (2012): 132–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2012.02.014.

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Manning, H. Charles, Sheila D. Shay, and Robert A. Mericle. "Multispectral molecular imaging of capillary endothelium to facilitate preoperative endovascular brain mapping." Journal of Neurosurgery 110, no. 5 (2009): 975–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2008.9.jns08420.

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Object Brain mapping aims to localize neurological function to specific regions of the human brain. Preoperative endovascular brain mapping (PEBM) is a novel approach that allows clear visualization of nonfunctional (silent) brain parenchyma in real time during a resection. It has potential to improve neurosurgical guidance because brain shift does not alter the maps, and the map is visualized directly on the brain in situ rather than on a nearby image. Therefore, the risk of a new neurological deficit should be reduced. The authors report the first PEBM approach that combines selective molecular targeting of brain endothelium with multispectral (optical) imaging in preclinical animal models. Methods Sprague-Dawley rats and New Zealand white rabbits were selectively catheterized, and a fluorescein isothiocyanate–derivatized tomato lectin–based imaging probe was administered into the carotid artery or posterior cerebral artery, measuring < 500 μm in diameter. After binding/uptake of the imaging probe, and removal of unbound probe, a craniotomy was performed to directly visualize the “brain map.” Results Selective localization of the imaging probe to the right hemisphere in rats or right posterior cerebral artery in rabbits was clearly visualized after craniotomy. Cross-sections of stained capillaries demonstrated that the imaging probe did not cause vascular occlusion. Gross regional selectivity of the imaging probe was documented by multispectral molecular imaging of intact brains, with discrete localization and endothelium-directed targeting validated by histological examination. Conclusions The authors have demonstrated the first molecular endothelium-targeted approach to PEBM that does not require manipulation of the intact blood-brain barrier or result in vascular occlusion. Furthermore, the presented multispectral molecular imaging technique appears to be a suitable methodology for the generation of region-selective brain maps of vascularized brain parenchyma. Further refinement of the PEBM approach, as well as the development of improved imaging probes, may result in clinical advancement of PEBM where direct visual discrimination of nonfunctional silent brain parenchyma at the time of resection could significantly improve neurosurgical outcomes.

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Holschneider, D. P., J.-M. I. Maarek, J. Yang, J. Harimoto, and O. U. Scremin. "Functional Brain Mapping in Freely Moving Rats during Treadmill Walking." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 23, no. 8 (2003): 925–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.wcb.0000072797.66873.6a.

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A dilemma in functional neuroimaging is that immobilization of the subject, necessary to avoid movement artifact, extinguishes all but the simplest behaviors. Recently, we developed an implantable microbolus infusion pump (MIP) that allows bolus injection of radiotracers by remote activation in freely moving, nontethered animals. The MIP is examined as a tool for brain mapping in rats during a locomotor task. Cerebral blood flow–related tissue radioactivity (CBF-TR) was measured using [14C]-iodoantipyrine with an indicator-fractionation method, followed by autoradiography. Rats exposed to walking on a treadmill, compared to quiescent controls, showed increases in CBF-TR in motor circuits (primary motor cortex, dorsolateral striatum, ventrolateral thalamus, midline cerebellum, copula pyramis, paramedian lobule), in primary somatosensory cortex mapping the forelimbs, hindlimbs and trunk, as well as in secondary visual cortex. These results support the use of implantable pumps as adjunct tools for functional neuroimaging of behaviors that cannot be elicited in restrained or tethered animals.

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Braidy, Nady, Anne Poljak, Ross Grant, et al. "Mapping NAD+ metabolism in the brain of ageing Wistar rats: potential targets for influencing brain senescence." Biogerontology 15, no. 2 (2013): 177–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10522-013-9489-5.

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Wang, Hao, Qingyuan Zhu, Lufeng Ding, et al. "Scalable volumetric imaging for ultrahigh-speed brain mapping at synaptic resolution." National Science Review 6, no. 5 (2019): 982–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwz053.

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Abstract The speed of high-resolution optical imaging has been a rate-limiting factor for meso-scale mapping of brain structures and functional circuits, which is of fundamental importance for neuroscience research. Here, we describe a new microscopy method of Volumetric Imaging with Synchronized on-the-fly-scan and Readout (VISoR) for high-throughput, high-quality brain mapping. Combining synchronized scanning beam illumination and oblique imaging over cleared tissue sections in smooth motion, the VISoR system effectively eliminates motion blur to obtain undistorted images. By continuously imaging moving samples without stopping, the system achieves high-speed 3D image acquisition of an entire mouse brain within 1.5 hours, at a resolution capable of visualizing synaptic spines. A pipeline is developed for sample preparation, imaging, 3D image reconstruction and quantification. Our approach is compatible with immunofluorescence methods, enabling flexible cell-type specific brain mapping and is readily scalable for large biological samples such as primate brains. Using this system, we examined behaviorally relevant whole-brain neuronal activation in 16 c-Fos-shEGFP mice under resting or forced swimming conditions. Our results indicate the involvement of multiple subcortical areas in stress response. Intriguingly, neuronal activation in these areas exhibits striking individual variability among different animals, suggesting the necessity of sufficient cohort size for such studies.

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Nair, Hemanth P., Jason D. Berndt, Douglas Barrett, and F. Gonzalez-Lima. "Metabolic mapping of brain regions associated with behavioral extinction in preweanling rats." Brain Research 903, no. 1-2 (2001): 141–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-8993(01)02469-6.

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Thanos, P. K., L. Robison, E. J. Nestler, et al. "Mapping Brain Metabolic Connectivity in Awake Rats with PET and Optogenetic Stimulation." Journal of Neuroscience 33, no. 15 (2013): 6343–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.4997-12.2013.

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Shaw, Fu-Zen, Tsung-Fu Yang, Chien-Chun Huang, Keng-Hung Yeh, Tao-Chih Chang, and Fang-Jun Leu. "MULTICHANNEL PLANAR MICROELECTRODE ARRAY FOR SOMATIC MAPPING IN RATS." Biomedical Engineering: Applications, Basis and Communications 23, no. 06 (2011): 501–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4015/s1016237211002840.

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Planar electrode array is an important tool to evaluate perceptual or cognitive functions of the cortex and prosthetic applications. Many construction methods have been developed. To maximize the usefulness of an array electrode, a low-cost, precise, and flexible microelectrode array with low man power and short construction duration is crucial. In this study, we introduced an 8 × 8 microelectrode array on a flexible polyimide film through microelectronics fabrication. The array dimension was capable of covering the primary somatosensory cortex of a rat. The microelectrode array was insulated with biocompatible Parylene-C except of microelectrode tip. Each electrode tip was 66 μm height and separated with 0.5 mm to refine a detail somatic sensory processing. In pentobarbital anesthetized rats, stable spontaneous brain activity was successfully recorded through the electrode array. In addition, positive peaks of somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) elicited by stimulating rat's whisker pad, forepaw, hindpaw, and tail were obviously and consistently recorded. Latencies of SEPs increased as caudal part of the body was stimulated. The SEPs from stimulation of 4 body parts revealed different spatiotemporal patterns, which indicated a somatotopic organization of the rat. Our results demonstrated the superiority of the planar microelectrode array on the application of simultaneous recording and analysis of the brain activity in rats.

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Barone, Fabio, Nicola Alberio, Domenico Iacopino, et al. "Brain Mapping as Helpful Tool in Brain Glioma Surgical Treatment—Toward the “Perfect Surgery”?" Brain Sciences 8, no. 11 (2018): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci8110192.

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Gliomas are the most common primary malignant brain tumours in adults, representing nearly 80%, with poor prognosis in their high-grade forms. Several variables positively affect the prognosis of patients with high-grade glioma: young age, tumour location, radiological features, recurrence, and the opportunity to perform post-operative adjuvant therapy. Low-grade gliomas are slow-growing brain neoplasms of adolescence and young-adulthood, preferentially involving functional areas, particularly the eloquent ones. It has been demonstrated that early surgery and higher extent rate ensure overall longer survival time regardless of tumour grading, but nowadays, functional preservation that is as complete as possible is imperative. To achieve the best surgical results, along with the best functional results, intraoperative mapping and monitoring of brain functions, as well as different anaesthesiology protocols for awake surgery are nowadays being widely adopted. We report on our experience at our institution with 28 patients affected by malignant brain tumours who underwent brain mapping-aided surgical resection of neoplasm: 20 patients underwent awake surgical resection and 8 patients underwent asleep surgical resection. An analysis of the results and a review of the literature has been performed.

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Klein, J., C. Eberhardt, A. Männer, J. Baldassarri, R. Morgenstern, and C. Winter. "P.3.b.003 Mapping brain regions in which deep brain stimulation affects schizophrenia-like behaviour in rats – a pilot study." European Neuropsychopharmacology 20 (August 2010): S453. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-977x(10)70663-5.

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Lin, Shi-Hua, Seiji Miyata, Wataru Matsunaga, Tatsuhiko Kawarabayashi, Toshihiro Nakashima, and Toshikazu Kiyohara. "Metabolic mapping of the brain in pregnant, parturient and lactating rats using Fos immunohistochemistry." Brain Research 787, no. 2 (1998): 226–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-8993(97)01484-4.

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Shih, Yen-Yu I., Chen Chang, Jyh-Cheng Chen, and Fu-Shan Jaw. "BOLD fMRI mapping of brain responses to nociceptive stimuli in rats under ketamine anesthesia." Medical Engineering & Physics 30, no. 8 (2008): 953–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.medengphy.2007.12.004.

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Zhang, Cui, Ying Li, Jingjing Lu, Xiuying Yang, Jie Wang, and Jinwei Qiang. "MR T1 mapping for quantifying brain manganese deposition in type C hepatic encephalopathy rats." BioMetals 34, no. 4 (2021): 841–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10534-021-00311-2.

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Nehlig, Astrid, Marguerite Vergnes, Edouard Hirsch, Sylvette Boyet, Violette Koziel, and Christian Marescaux. "Mapping of Cerebral Blood Flow Changes during Audiogenic Seizures in Wistar Rats: Effect of Kindling." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 15, no. 2 (1995): 259–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.1995.32.

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The quantitative autoradiographic [14C]iodoantipyrine technique was applied to the measurement of rates of local cerebral blood flow (LCBF) during audiogenic seizures in Wistar AS rats belonging to a genetic strain selected at the Centre de Neurochimie (Strasbourg, France) for their sensitivity to sound. Seizures were elicited in naive rats never exposed to sound (single audiogenic seizures) or in rats previously exposed to 10–40 seizure-inducing sound stimulations until generalization of the seizure to forebrain areas (referred to as “kindled animals”). During single audiogenic seizures, rates of LCBF increased over control values in all areas but the genu of the corpus callosum. The highest increases in LCBF (180–388%) were recorded in the inferior and superior colliculus, reticular formation, monoaminergic cell groupings, especially the substantia nigra, posterior vegetative nuclei, and many thalamic and hypothalamic regions. The lowest increases were seen in forebrain limbic regions and cortical areas. In kindled animals, LCBF rates increased over control levels in 67 areas of the 75 studied. LCBF increases were generally of a lower amplitude in kindled than in naive rats. Differences between the two groups of seizing rats were located mostly in brain-stem regions, mainly the inferior colliculus, reticular formation, substantia nigra, and posterior vegetative nuclei. Conversely, rates of LCBF were similar in forebrain areas of naive and kindled animals. In conclusion, the present data show that there is a good correlation between the structures known to be involved in the expression of audiogenic seizures (inferior colliculus, reticular formation, substantia nigra mainly) and the large increase in LCBF during single audiogenic seizures, while rates of LCBF increase to a lesser extent in forebrain areas not involved in this type of seizures. The circulatory adaptation to kindled seizures is rather a decreased response in brain-stem regions and no change in the forebrain, although the kindling process induces a generalization of the seizure from brain-stem to anterior regions.

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Cheong, Chen Chen, Asmidawati Ashari, Rahimah Ibrahim, Wan Aliaa W. Sulaiman, and Koo Kian Yong. "Brain Electrical Activity Mapping (BEAM) on Trait Anxiety among Malaysian Chinese Children." GATR Global Journal of Business and Social Science Review (GJBSSR) Vol. 8(4) OCT-DEC 2020 8, no. 4 (2020): 246–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gjbssr.2020.8.4(6).

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Objective - Woefully, the early onset of anxiety disorders had affected children in different aspects throughout their developmental stages. In order to get rid of the increased prevalence rate among children, the biological attributed risk factors for anxiety should be given more concern. Particularly, this research intended to study the biological brain mechanism for trait anxiety among children. With brain electrical activity mapping, this research was aimed to study the relationship between the brain locations situated at the prefrontal cortex and temporal lobe with trait anxiety. Subsequently, this research aimed to predict the associated brain locations for trait anxiety among anxious children. Methodology/Technique – A total of 212 Chinese children from Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia with high trait anxiety was recruited after the first phase of the screening phase through the administration of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children-Trait Scale (STAIC-T). Recruited children then proceeded to the second phase of brain electrical activity brain mapping with a Quantitative Electroencephalogram (qEEG) brain mapping machine. Finding – Results showed that brain locations Fp1, Fp2, F7, F8, F3, F4, T3, and T4 are significantly correlated with trait anxiety while F8, Fp2, F4, and Fp1 are the significant predictors for trait anxiety among children during on task state. In short, the biological brain mechanism of brain locations played a role in forming the anxious trait the personality of children which resulted in reducing their resilience towards stress. Type of Paper: Empirical JEL Classification: D83, I19 Keywords: Brain Electrical Activity Mapping (BEAM); Children; Chinese; Malaysia; Trait anxiety; Quantitative Electroencephalogram (qEEG) Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Cheong, C.C; Ashari, A; Ibrahim, R; Sulaiman, W.A.W; Yong, K.K. (2020). Brain Electrical Activity Mapping (BEAM) on Trait Anxiety among Malaysian Chinese Children, GATR Global J. Bus. Soc. Sci. Review, 8(4): 246 – 259. https://doi.org/10.35609/gjbssr.2020.8.4(6)

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Lee, Do-Wan, Chul-Woong Woo, Dong-Cheol Woo, Jeong Kon Kim, Kyung Won Kim, and Dong-Hoon Lee. "Regional Mapping of Brain Glutamate Distributions Using Glutamate-Weighted Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer Imaging." Diagnostics 10, no. 8 (2020): 571. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics10080571.

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Purpose: To investigate glutamate signal distributions in multiple brain regions of a healthy rat brain using glutamate-weighted chemical exchange saturation transfer (GluCEST) imaging. Method: The GluCEST data were obtained using a 7.0 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner, and all data were analyzed using conventional magnetization transfer ratio asymmetry in eight brain regions (cortex, hippocampus, corpus callosum, and rest of midbrain in each hemisphere). GluCEST data acquisition was performed again one month later in five randomly selected rats to evaluate the stability of the GluCEST signal. To evaluate glutamate level changes calculated by GluCEST data, we compared the results with the concentration of glutamate acquired from 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) data in the cortex and hippocampus. Results: GluCEST signals showed significant differences (all p ≤ 0.001) between the corpus callosum (−1.71 ± 1.04%; white matter) and other brain regions (3.59 ± 0.41%, cortex; 5.47 ± 0.61%, hippocampus; 4.49 ± 1.11%, rest of midbrain; gray matter). The stability test of GluCEST findings for each brain region was not significantly different (all p ≥ 0.263). In line with the GluCEST results, glutamate concentrations measured by 1H MRS also appeared higher in the hippocampus (7.30 ± 0.16 μmol/g) than the cortex (6.89 ± 0.72 μmol/g). Conclusion: Mapping of GluCEST signals in the healthy rat brain clearly visualize glutamate distributions. These findings may yield a valuable database and insights for comparing glutamate signal changes in pre-clinical brain diseases.

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Caron, Bradley, Nicholas Port, and Franco Pestilli. "Advanced white matter mapping in the subconcussive brain." Neurology 91, no. 23 Supplement 1 (2018): S15.2—S15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000550693.00184.ee.

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The topic of behavioral and structural deficits caused by concussions is an increasingly important 1 in the related research fields. With an incidence rate of 2.9 competition concussions per 1,000 athlete exposures (NCAA 2013) in collegiate football, the concussion risk to athletes is significant. However, even subconcussive blows, or blows that do not lead to a concussion diagnosis, appear to create health risks for athletes. These impacts appear to lead to significant neural changes, the severity of which may depend on the number of hits (McAllister et al., 2014). An anatomically informed, personalized-medicine tractography approach was used to determine which major white matter tracts showed the greatest degree of difference in white matter tensor measures between 17 Division I upperclassmen football players, 15 Division I upperclassman cross-country runners, and 9 socioeconomically-matched non-athlete controls. We determined the underlying microstructural white matter biomarkers, using a classic diffusion-tensor model (Pierpaoli and Basser, 1999) as well as Neurite Orientation Dispersion and Density Imaging (NODDI; Zhang et al., 2012), that predict differences across different white matter tracts in the groups of athletes. Results show widespread differences in white matter tissue properties in multiple tracts and among the 3 athletes groups, including decreased FA, increased ICVF, and OD in the football players vs the 2 control groups. These differences occurred more often in longer fiber tracts compared to shorter fiber tracts, suggesting a differential effect of head impacts based on the geometric properties of these tracts. We developed a fully automated processing pipeline for this study, available as open source code as well as open service at brainlife.io. These results support the hypothesis that multiple subconcussive blows can result in white matter structural changes, with differential effects based on the length of the fiber tract being investigated, that are detectable with diffusion MRI and tractography.

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Wang, Zhuo, Raina Pang, Yumei Guo, Sylvie Bradesi, Emeran A. Mayer, and Daniel P. Holschneider. "M1289 Functional Brain Mapping of Visceral Hypersensitivity Induced by Chronic Water Avoidance Stress in Rats." Gastroenterology 138, no. 5 (2010): S—372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-5085(10)61715-5.

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Dunn, Jeff F., Ursula I. Tuor, Jonn Kmech, et al. "Functional brain mapping at 9.4T using a new MRI-compatible electrode chronically implanted in rats." Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 61, no. 1 (2008): 222–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrm.21803.

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Passineau, M. J., W. Zhao, R. Busto, et al. "Chronic metabolic sequelae of traumatic brain injury: prolonged suppression of somatosensory activation." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 279, no. 3 (2000): H924—H931. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.2000.279.3.h924.

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Injuries to the brain acutely disrupt normal metabolic function and may deactivate functional circuits. It is unknown whether these metabolic abnormalities improve over time. We used 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) autoradiographic image-averaging to assess local cerebral glucose utilization (lCMRGlc) of the rat brain 2 mo after moderate (1.7–2.1 atm) fluid-percussion traumatic brain injury (FPI). Four animal groups ( n = 5 each) were studied: sham-injured rats with and without stimulation of the vibrissae-barrel field ipsilateral to injury; and animals with prior FPI, with or without this stimulation. In sham-injured rats, resting lCMRGlc was normal, and vibrissae stimulation produced right-sided metabolic activation of the ventrolateral thalamic and somatosensory-cortical projection areas. In rats with prior injury, lCMRGlccontralateral to injury was normal, but lCMRGlc of the ipsilateral forebrain was depressed by ∼38–45% compared with shams. Whisker stimulation in rats with prior trauma failed to induce metabolic activation of either cortex or thalamus. Image-mapping of histological material obtained in the same injury model was undertaken to assess the possible influence of injury-induced regional brain atrophy on computed lCMRGlc; an effect was found only in the lateral cortex at the trauma epicenter. Our results show that, 2 mo after trauma, resting cerebral metabolic perturbations persist, and the whisker-barrel somatosensory circuit shows no signs of functional recovery.

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Babovic, Sinisa, Biljana Srdic-Galic, Branislava Soldatovic-Stajic, Mina Cvjetkovic-Bosnjak, Bojana Krstonosic, and Djendji Siladji-Mladenovic. "Expression of neuropeptide Y in rat brain ischemia." Medical review 66, no. 9-10 (2013): 361–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns1310361b.

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Introduction. The immunohistochemical method was used to follow the expression of neuropeptide Y in the course of pre ischemia of the rat brain. The aim of the study was to define all the areas of expression of this protein, show their localization, their map of distribution and histological types. Material and Methods. All the sections of telencephalon, diencephalon and midbrain were studied in resistant, and transitory ischemia, which enabled us to observe the reaction of neurons to an ischemic attack or to repeated attacks. The mapping was done for all three proteins by introducing our results into the maps of rat brain atlas, George Paxinos, Charles Watson. Photographing and protein expression was done using Analysis program. Results. The results of this research show that there is a differens in reaction between the resistant and transitory ischemia groups of rats, especially in the caudoputamen, gyrus dentatus, corpus amygdaloideum, particularly in the medial nucleus. The mapping shows the reaction in caudoputamen, gyrusdentatus, corpus amygdaloideum - especially in the central nucleus, then in the sensitive and secondary auditory cortex, mostly in the laminae V/VI, but less in neuron groups CA1, CA2, CA3 of hippocampus. Discussion. The phylogenetically older parts of the brain-rhinencephalon, also showed reaction, which lead us to conclude that both newer and older brain structures reacted immunohistochemically. Histological data have shown that small neurons are most commonly found while the second most common ones are big pyramidal cells of multipolar and bipolar type, with a different body shape. Conclusion. Our findings have confirmed the results obtained in some rare studies dealing with this issue, and offered a precise and detailed map of cells expressing neuropeptide Y in the rat brain following ischemic attack.

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Li, Junning, Jin Kyu Gahm, Yonggang Shi, and Arthur W. Toga. "Topological false discovery rates for brain mapping based on signal height." NeuroImage 167 (February 2018): 478–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.09.045.

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Hyodo, Fuminori, Kai-Hsiang Chuang, Artem G. Goloshevsky, et al. "Brain Redox Imaging Using Blood—Brain Barrier-Permeable Nitroxide MRI Contrast Agent." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 28, no. 6 (2008): 1165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.2008.5.

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Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and compromised antioxidant defense may contribute to brain disorders such as stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, etc. Nitroxides are redox-sensitive paramagnetic contrast agents and antioxidants. The ability of a blood—brain barrier (BBB)-permeable nitroxide, methoxycarbonyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrrolidine-1-oxyl (MC-P), as a magnetic resonance-imaging (MRI) contrast agent for brain tissue redox imaging was tested. MC-P relaxation in rodent brain was quantified by MRI using a fast Look-Locker T1-mapping sequence. In the cerebral cortex and thalamus, the MRI signal intensity increased up to 50% after MC-P injection, but increased only by 2.7% when a BBB-impermeable nitroxide, 3CxP (3-carboxy-2,2,5,5,5-tetramethylpyrrolidine-1-oxyl) was used. The maximum concentrations in the thalamus and cerebral cortex after MC-P injection were calculated to be 1.9±0.35 and 3.0±0.50 mmol/L, respectively. These values were consistent with the ex vivo data of brain tissue and blood concentration obtained by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Also, reduction rates of MC-P were significantly decreased after reperfusion following transient MCAO (middle cerebral artery occlusion), a condition associated with changes in redox status resulting from oxidative damage. These results show the use of BBB-permeable nitroxides as MRI contrast agents and antioxidants to evaluate the role of ROS in neurologic diseases.

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Llera, A., V. Gómez, and H. J. Kappen. "Adaptive Multiclass Classification for Brain Computer Interfaces." Neural Computation 26, no. 6 (2014): 1108–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_00592.

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We consider the problem of multiclass adaptive classification for brain-computer interfaces and propose the use of multiclass pooled mean linear discriminant analysis (MPMLDA), a multiclass generalization of the adaptation rule introduced by Vidaurre, Kawanabe, von Bünau, Blankertz, and Müller ( 2010 ) for the binary class setting. Using publicly available EEG data sets and tangent space mapping (Barachant, Bonnet, Congedo, & Jutten, 2012 ) as a feature extractor, we demonstrate that MPMLDA can significantly outperform state-of-the-art multiclass static and adaptive methods. Furthermore, efficient learning rates can be achieved using data from different subjects.

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Zhao, Weizhao, Myron D. Ginsberg, and David W. Smith. "Three-Dimensional Quantitative Autoradiography by Disparity Analysis: Theory and Application to Image Averaging of Local Cerebral Glucose Utilization." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 15, no. 4 (1995): 552–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.1995.69.

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Traditional autoradiographic image analysis has been restricted to the two-dimensional assessment of local cerebral glucose utilization (LCMRglc) or blood flow in individual brains. It is advantageous, however, to generate an entire three-dimensional (3D) data set and to develop the ability to map replicate images derived from multiple studies into the same 3D space, so as to generate average and standard deviation images for the entire series. We have developed a novel method, termed “disparity analysis,” for the alignment and mapping of autoradiographic images. We present the theory of this method, which is based upon a linear affine model, to analyze point-to-point disparities in two images. The method is a direct one that estimates scaling, translation, and rotation parameters simultaneously. Disparity analysis is general and flexible and deals well with damaged or asymmetric sections. We applied this method to study LCMRglc in nine awake male Wistar rats by the [14C]2-deoxyglucose method. Brains were physically aligned in the anteroposterior axis and were sectioned subserially at 100-μm intervals. For each brain, coronal sections were aligned by disparity analysis. The nine brains were then registered in the z-axis with respect to a common coronal reference level (bregma + 0.7 mm). Eight of the nine brains were mapped into the remaining brain, which was designated the “template,” and aggregate 3D data sets were generated of the mean and standard deviation for the entire series. The averaged images retained the major anatomic features apparent in individual brains but with some defocusing. Internal anatomic features of the averaged brain were smooth, continuous, and readily identifiable on sections through the 3D stack. The fidelity of the internal architecture of the averaged brain was compared with that of individual brains by analysis of line scans at four representative levels. Line scan comparisons between corresponding sections and their template showed a high degree of correlation, as did similar comparisons performed on entire sections. Fourier analysis of line scan data showed retention of low-frequency information with the expected attenuation of high-frequency components produced by averaging. Region-of-interest (ROI) analysis of the averaged brain yielded LCMRglc values virtually identical to those derived from measurements and subsequent averaging of data from individual brains. In summary, 3D reconstruction of averaged autoradiographic image data by disparity analysis is a feasible approach, which vastly simplifies ROI analysis, facilitates the assessment of hemodynamic or metabolic patterns in three dimensions, permits the computation of threshold-defined volumes of interest on averaged 3D data sets, makes possible atlas-based ROI strategies, and importantly provides the capability of generating 3D image data sets derived from arithmetic manipulations on two or more primary data sets (e.g., percent difference or ratio images).

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Kaboodvand, Neda, Martijn P. van den Heuvel, and Peter Fransson. "Adaptive frequency-based modeling of whole-brain oscillations: Predicting regional vulnerability and hazardousness rates." Network Neuroscience 3, no. 4 (2019): 1094–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/netn_a_00104.

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Whole-brain computational modeling based on structural connectivity has shown great promise in successfully simulating fMRI BOLD signals with temporal coactivation patterns that are highly similar to empirical functional connectivity patterns during resting state. Importantly, previous studies have shown that spontaneous fluctuations in coactivation patterns of distributed brain regions have an inherent dynamic nature with regard to the frequency spectrum of intrinsic brain oscillations. In this modeling study, we introduced frequency dynamics into a system of coupled oscillators, where each oscillator represents the local mean-field model of a brain region. We first showed that the collective behavior of interacting oscillators reproduces previously shown features of brain dynamics. Second, we examined the effect of simulated lesions in gray matter by applying an in silico perturbation protocol to the brain model. We present a new approach to map the effects of vulnerability in brain networks and introduce a measure of regional hazardousness based on mapping of the degree of divergence in a feature space.

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Rusjan, Pablo M., Alan A. Wilson, Romina Mizrahi, et al. "Mapping Human Brain Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase Activity with PET." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 33, no. 3 (2012): 407–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.2012.180.

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Endocannabinoid tone has recently been implicated in a number of prevalent neuropsychiatric conditions. [11C]CURB is the first available positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer for imaging fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), the enzyme which metabolizes the prominent endocannabinoid anandamide. Here, we sought to determine the most suitable kinetic modeling approach for quantifying [11C]CURB that binds selectively to FAAH. Six healthy volunteers were scanned with arterial blood sampling for 90 minutes. Kinetic parameters were estimated regionally using a one-tissue compartment model (TCM), a 2-TCM with and without irreversible trapping, and an irreversible 3-TCM. The 2-TCM with irreversible trapping provided the best identifiability of PET outcome measures among the approaches studied (coefficient of variation ( COV) of the net influx constant Ki and the composite parameter λ k3 (λ = K1/ k2) <5%, and COV( k3) < 10%). Reducing scan time to 60 minutes did not compromise the identifiability of rate constants. Arterial spin labeling measures of regional cerebral blood flow were only slightly correlated with Ki, but not with k3 or λ k3. Our data suggest that λ k3 is sensitive to changes in FAAH activity, therefore, optimal for PET quantification of FAAH activities with [11C]CURB. Simulations showed that [11C]CURB binding in healthy subjects is far from a flow-limited uptake.

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Ciccocioppo, R., J. Ge, N. M. Barnes, and S. J. Cooper. "Autoradiographic Mapping of Brain 5-HT 2A Binding Sites in P and in AA Alcohol-Preferring Rats." Brain Research Bulletin 44, no. 1 (1997): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0361-9230(96)00379-6.

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Dong, Hai-Lin, Yin Ma, Hao Yu, et al. "Bi-allelic loss of function variants in COX20 gene cause autosomal recessive sensory neuronopathy." Brain 144, no. 8 (2021): 2457–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awab135.

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Abstract Sensory neuronopathies are a rare and distinct subgroup of peripheral neuropathies, characterized by degeneration of the dorsal root ganglia neurons. About 50% of sensory neuronopathies are idiopathic and genetic causes remain to be clarified. Through a combination of homozygosity mapping and whole exome sequencing, we linked an autosomal recessive sensory neuronopathy to pathogenic variants in the COX20 gene. We identified eight unrelated families from the eastern Chinese population carrying a founder variant c.41A&gt;G (p.Lys14Arg) within COX20 in either a homozygous or compound heterozygous state. All patients displayed sensory ataxia with a decrease in non-length-dependent sensory potentials. COX20 encodes a key transmembrane protein implicated in the assembly of mitochondrial complex IV. We showed that COX20 variants lead to reduction of COX20 protein in patient’s fibroblasts and transfected cell lines, consistent with a loss-of-function mechanism. Knockdown of COX20 expression in ND7/23 sensory neuron cells resulted in complex IV deficiency and perturbed assembly of complex IV, which subsequently compromised cell spare respiratory capacity and reduced cell proliferation under metabolic stress. Consistent with mitochondrial dysfunction in knockdown cells, reduced complex IV assembly, enzyme activity and oxygen consumption rate were also found in patients’ fibroblasts. We speculated that the mechanism of COX20 was similar to other causative genes (e.g. SURF1, COX6A1, COA3 and SCO2) for peripheral neuropathies, all of which are functionally important in the structure and assembly of complex IV. Our study identifies a novel causative gene for the autosomal recessive sensory neuronopathy, whose vital function in complex IV and high expression in the proprioceptive sensory neuron further underlines loss of COX20 contributing to mitochondrial bioenergetic dysfunction as a mechanism in peripheral sensory neuron disease.

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Cheong, Chen Chen, Asmidawati Ashari, Rahimah Ibrahim, Wan Aliaa W. Sulaiman, and Koo Kian Yong. "Brain Electrical Activity Mapping (Beam) on Trait Anxiety among Malaysian Chinese Children." 11th GLOBAL CONFERENCE ON BUSINESS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 11, no. 1 (2020): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gcbssproceeding.2020.11(46).

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Woefully, the twenty-first century is described as an era of anxiety (Malcolm, 2015; Karas, 2013). In fact, the increasing prevalence rate of anxiety disorder has afflicted children at alarming rates nowadays. However, early onset of childhood anxiety is still underestimated. Consistent and intense feeling of fear had affected them in various aspects like emotions, behaviours and cognitive functions throughout their developmental stage (Bittner et al., 2007; Pine, Cohen, Gurley, Brook, & Ma, 1998; Woodward & Fergusson, 2001). Without proper early intervention, children are at risk for anxiety disorders with more severe anxiety symptoms when they are growing up. In order to get rid of the elevating of prevalence rate for anxiety, understanding the etiology of the onset of anxiety should be given more concern. In fact, this Biopsychosocial model views anxiety disorders as the products of biological aspects (gene and brain mechanism), psychological aspect (beliefs, behavior, coping skills) and social aspect (environmental factor). Among these three aspects, biological attributed vulnerabilities formed the first anxious personality in children since birth and reduced their resilience towards psychological and social stressors later on in their life (Averill, 2015). For instance, trait anxiety, the prolong state of anxious feeling is much more impactful for children compared to state anxiety as this inborn anxious personality shaped the first default biological vulnerability to fear. Hight trait anxiety level be adopted by the individual and form anxious personality in children since birth (Miu et al., 2009; Miclea, Albu & Ciuca, 2009). Keywords: Brain Electrical Activity Mapping (BEAM); Children; Chinese; Malaysia; Trait anxiety; Quantitative Electroencephalogram (qEEG)

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Romero, Asunción, Santiago Rojas, David Cabañero, et al. "A 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose MicroPET Imaging Study to Assess Changes in Brain Glucose Metabolism in a Rat Model of Surgery-induced Latent Pain Sensitization." Anesthesiology 115, no. 5 (2011): 1072–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0b013e31823425f2.

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Background Neuroplastic changes involved in latent pain sensitization after surgery are poorly defined. We assessed temporal changes in glucose brain metabolism in a postoperative rat model using positron emission tomography. We also investigated brain metabolism after naloxone administration. Methods Rats were given remifentanil anesthetic and underwent a plantar incision, with 1 mg/kg of (-)-naloxone subcutaneously administered on postoperative days 20 and 21. Using the von Frey test, mechanical thresholds were measured pre- and postoperatively at different time points in awake animals during F-fluorodeoxyglucose (F-FDG) uptake. Brain images were also obtained the day before mechanical testing, using a positron emission tomography R4 scanner (Concorde Microsystems, Siemens, Knoxville, TN). Differences in brain activity were assessed utilizing a statistical parametric mapping. Results Surgery induced minor changes in F-FDG uptake in the cerebellum, hippocampus, and posterior cortex, which extended to the thalamus, hypothalamus, and brainstem on days 6 and 7. Changes were still present on day 21. Maximal postoperative hypersensitivity was observed on day 2. The administration of (-)-naloxone on day 21 induced significant hypersensitivity, greatly enhancing the effect on F-FDG uptake. In sham-operated rats, naloxone induced changes limited to the striatum and the cerebellum. Nonnociceptive stimulation with von Frey filaments had no effect on F-FDG uptake. Conclusions Surgery, remifentanil, and their combination induced long-lasting and significant metabolic changes in the pain brain matrix, with a positive correlation with hypersensitivity after naloxone. Changes in brain F-FDG precipitated by naloxone suggest that surgery under remifentanil anesthetic induces the greatest neuroplastic brain adaptations in opioid-related pathways involved in nociceptive processing and long-lasting pain sensitization.

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Stöber, Franziska, Kathrin Baldauf, Iryna Ziabreva, et al. "Single-Cell Resolution Mapping of Neuronal Damage in Acute Focal Cerebral Ischemia Using Thallium Autometallography." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 34, no. 1 (2013): 144–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.2013.177.

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Neuronal damage shortly after onset or after brief episodes of cerebral ischemia has remained difficult to assess with clinical and preclinical imaging techniques as well as with microscopical methods. We here show, in rodent models of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), that neuronal damage in acute focal cerebral ischemia can be mapped with single-cell resolution using thallium autometallography (TlAMG), a histochemical technique for the detection of the K+-probe thallium (Tl+) in the brain. We intravenously injected rats and mice with thallium diethyldithiocarbamate (TlDDC), a lipophilic chelate complex that releases Tl+ after crossing the blood–brain barrier. We found, within the territories of the affected arteries, areas of markedly reduced neuronal Tl+ uptake in all animals at all time points studied ranging from 15 minutes to 24 hours after MCAO. In large lesions at early time points, areas with neuronal and astrocytic Tl+ uptake below thresholds of detection were surrounded by putative penumbral zones with preserved but diminished Tl+ uptake. At 24 hours, the areas of reduced Tl+uptake matched with areas delineated by established markers of neuronal damage. The results suggest the use of 201TlDDC for preclinical and clinical single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging of hyperacute alterations in brain K+ metabolism and prediction of tissue viability in cerebral ischemia.

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Hyder, Fahmeed, Kevin L. Behar, Margaret A. Martin, Andrew M. Blamire, and Robert G. Shulman. "Dynamic Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Rat Brain during Forepaw Stimulation." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 14, no. 4 (1994): 649–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.1994.81.

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A magnetic resonance (MR) imaging brain mapping method was used to localize an activated volume of brain tissue in chloralose-anesthetized rats during electrical stimulation of the forepaw. Physiologically-induced changes are characterized by alterations of the magnetic properties of blood as determined by the oxygenation state of hemoglobin. Stimulation of the left forepaw led to an increase in MR signal intensity of the contralateral frontal and parietal cortices, which corresponded to forelimb motor and somatosensory areas. The activation was contiguous in coronal planes between +5 and +2 mm anterior to the bregma, and its volume was calculated to be 20–30 mm3. Each activated region was revealed using a paired t-test statistical analysis method and the activated volume was calculated from regions exposed by thresholding at p < 0.005. Physiologically-induced fractional signal changes, ΔS/S, in the motor and somatosensory areas were 0.06 ± 0.04 and 0.17 ± 0.06, respectively.

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Marshall, Charles R., Christopher J. D. Hardy, Lucy L. Russell, et al. "The functional neuroanatomy of emotion processing in frontotemporal dementias." Brain 142, no. 9 (2019): 2873–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awz204.

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Abstract Impaired processing of emotional signals is a core feature of frontotemporal dementia syndromes, but the underlying neural mechanisms have proved challenging to characterize and measure. Progress in this field may depend on detecting functional changes in the working brain, and disentangling components of emotion processing that include sensory decoding, emotion categorization and emotional contagion. We addressed this using functional MRI of naturalistic, dynamic facial emotion processing with concurrent indices of autonomic arousal, in a cohort of patients representing all major frontotemporal dementia syndromes relative to healthy age-matched individuals. Seventeen patients with behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia [four female; mean (standard deviation) age 64.8 (6.8) years], 12 with semantic variant primary progressive aphasia [four female; 66.9 (7.0) years], nine with non-fluent variant primary progressive aphasia [five female; 67.4 (8.1) years] and 22 healthy controls [12 female; 68.6 (6.8) years] passively viewed videos of universal facial expressions during functional MRI acquisition, with simultaneous heart rate and pupillometric recordings; emotion identification accuracy was assessed in a post-scan behavioural task. Relative to healthy controls, patient groups showed significant impairments (analysis of variance models, all P < 0.05) of facial emotion identification (all syndromes) and cardiac (all syndromes) and pupillary (non-fluent variant only) reactivity. Group-level functional neuroanatomical changes were assessed using statistical parametric mapping, thresholded at P < 0.05 after correction for multiple comparisons over the whole brain or within pre-specified regions of interest. In response to viewing facial expressions, all participant groups showed comparable activation of primary visual cortex while patient groups showed differential hypo-activation of fusiform and posterior temporo-occipital junctional cortices. Bi-hemispheric, syndrome-specific activations predicting facial emotion identification performance were identified (behavioural variant, anterior insula and caudate; semantic variant, anterior temporal cortex; non-fluent variant, frontal operculum). The semantic and non-fluent variant groups additionally showed complex profiles of central parasympathetic and sympathetic autonomic involvement that overlapped signatures of emotional visual and categorization processing and extended (in the non-fluent group) to brainstem effector pathways. These findings open a window on the functional cerebral mechanisms underpinning complex socio-emotional phenotypes of frontotemporal dementia, with implications for novel physiological biomarker development.

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Akazawa, Ko-hei, Yilong Cui, Masaaki Tanaka, Yosky Kataoka, Yukio Yoneda, and Yasuyoshi Watanabe. "Mapping of regional brain activation in response to fatigue-load and recovery in rats with c-Fos immunohistochemistry." Neuroscience Research 66, no. 4 (2010): 372–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2009.12.009.

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De Deurwaerdère, P., M. Rivalan, A. Fitoussi, and F. Dellu-Hagedorn. "Brain mapping of dopaminergic and serotonergic metabolisms at rest in impulsivity, risk-taking and inflexible behaviour in rats." IBRO Reports 7 (December 2019): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibror.2019.09.080.

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Wood, Tobias C., Diana Cash, Eilidh MacNicol, et al. "Non-Invasive measurement of the cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen using MRI in rodents." Wellcome Open Research 6 (September 9, 2021): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16734.2.

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Malfunctions of oxygen metabolism are suspected to play a key role in a number of neurological and psychiatric disorders, but this hypothesis cannot be properly investigated without an in-vivo non-invasive measurement of brain oxygen consumption. We present a new way to measure the Cerebral Metabolic Rate of Oxygen (CMRO2) by combining two existing magnetic resonance imaging techniques, namely arterial spin-labelling and oxygen extraction fraction mapping. This method was validated by imaging rats under different anaesthetic regimes and was strongly correlated to glucose consumption measured by autoradiography.

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Wood, Tobias C., Diana Cash, Eilidh MacNicol, et al. "Non-Invasive measurement of the cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen using MRI in rodents." Wellcome Open Research 6 (May 13, 2021): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16734.1.

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Babovic, Sinisa, Biljana Srdic-Galic, Branislava Soldatovic-Stajic, Mina Cvjetkovic-Bosnjak, Bojana Krstonosic, and Ljilja Mijatov-Ukropina. "Expression of somatostatine in ischemia of rat brain." Medical review 66, no. 11-12 (2013): 476–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns1312476b.

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Introduction. This study used the immunohistochemical method to follow the expression of cytoplasmatic protein somatostanin in the course of ischemia of rat brain. The aim of the study was to define all the areas of expression of somatostain and to show the protein distribution on the map. Material and Methods. All the sections of telencephalon, diencephalon and midbrain were studied in resistant, and transitory ischemia, which enabled us to observe the reaction of neurons to an ischemic attack or to repeated attacks. Results and Discussion. The results of this study show that there is a difference in the reaction between the resistant and transitory ischemia groups of rats, especially in the parietofrontal cortex, area amygdaloidea anterior, clastrum, nc. reuniens and nc. suprachiasmaticus. The mapping shows the reaction in the structures of motor, sensitive and sensory cortex, mostly in the laminae II/III and V/VI, hippocampus - gyrus dentatus and CA1, CA2, CA3, endopiriform nucleus, paraventricular and periventricular nucleus of hypothalamus, corpus amygdaloideum, claustrum and caudoputamen. The more primitive sections of the brain - rhinencephalon, also showed a reaction, which led us to conclude that both newer and older brain structures reacted immunohistochemically. Histological data showed that small neurons are most commonly found while the second most common are big pyramidal cells of multipolar and bipolar type, with the different body shape. Conclusion. Our findings have confirmed the results of rare studies that dealt with these issues, and offered a precise and detailed map of cells expressing somatostanin in the rat brain following ischemic attack.

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Roux, Franck-Emmanuel, Imène Djidjeli, Romain Quéhan, Emilie Réhault, Carlo Giussani, and Jean-Baptiste Durand. "Intraoperative electrostimulation for awake brain mapping: how many positive interference responses are required for reliability?" Journal of Neurosurgery 133, no. 4 (2020): 1191–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2019.6.jns19925.

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OBJECTIVEThe purpose of this study was to characterize the reproducibility of language trials within and between brain mapping sessions.METHODSBrain mapping and baseline testing data from 200 adult patients who underwent resection of left-hemisphere tumors were evaluated. Data from 11 additional patients who underwent a second resection for recurrence were analyzed separately to investigate reproducibility over time. In all cases, a specific protocol of electrostimulation brain mapping with a controlled naming task was used to detect language areas, and the results were statistically compared with preoperative and intraoperative baseline naming error rates. All patients had normal preoperative error rates, controlled for educational level and age (mean 8.92%, range 0%–16.25%). Intraoperative baseline error rates within the normal range were highly correlated with preoperative ones (r = 0.74, p < 10−10), although intraoperative rates were usually higher (mean 13.30%, range 0%–26.67%). Initially, 3 electrostimulation trials were performed in each cortical area. If 2 of 3 trials showed language interference, 1 or 2 additional trials were performed (depending on results).RESULTSIn the main group of 200 patients, there were 82 single interferences (i.e., positive results in 1 of 3 trials), 227 double interferences (2/3), and 312 full interferences (3/3). Binomial statistics revealed that full interferences were statistically significant (vs intraoperative baseline) in 92.7% of patients, while double interferences were significant only in 38.5% of patients, those with the lowest error rates. On further testing, one-third of the 2/3 trials became 2/4 trials, which was significant in only one-quarter of patients. Double interference could be considered significant for most patients (> 90%) when confirmed by 2 subsequent positive trials (4/5). In the 11 patients who were operated on twice, only 26% of areas that tested positive in the initial operation tested positive in the second and showed the same type of interference and the same current threshold (i.e., met all 3 criteria).CONCLUSIONSElectrostimulation trials in awake brain mapping produced graded patterns of positive reproducibility levels, and their significance varied with the baseline error rates. The results suggest that caution is warranted when 2 of 3 trials are positive, although the need for additional trials depends on the individual patients’ baseline error rates. Reproducibility issues should be considered in the interpretation of data from awake brain mapping.

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Peña, Marcela, and Lucia Melloni. "Brain Oscillations during Spoken Sentence Processing." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 24, no. 5 (2012): 1149–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00144.

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Spoken sentence comprehension relies on rapid and effortless temporal integration of speech units displayed at different rates. Temporal integration refers to how chunks of information perceived at different time scales are linked together by the listener in mapping speech sounds onto meaning. The neural implementation of this integration remains unclear. This study explores the role of short and long windows of integration in accessing meaning from long samples of speech. In a cross-linguistic study, we explore the time course of oscillatory brain activity between 1 and 100 Hz, recorded using EEG, during the processing of native and foreign languages. We compare oscillatory responses in a group of Italian and Spanish native speakers while they attentively listen to Italian, Japanese, and Spanish utterances, played either forward or backward. The results show that both groups of participants display a significant increase in gamma band power (55–75 Hz) only when they listen to their native language played forward. The increase in gamma power starts around 1000 msec after the onset of the utterance and decreases by its end, resembling the time course of access to meaning during speech perception. In contrast, changes in low-frequency power show similar patterns for both native and foreign languages. We propose that gamma band power reflects a temporal binding phenomenon concerning the coordination of neural assemblies involved in accessing meaning of long samples of speech.

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Boisserand, Ligia Simões Braga, Benjamin Lemasson, Lydiane Hirschler, et al. "Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging including oxygenation mapping of experimental ischaemic stroke." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 37, no. 6 (2016): 2196–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0271678x16662044.

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Recent advances in MRI methodology, such as microvascular and brain oxygenation (StO2) imaging, may prove useful in obtaining information about the severity of the acute stroke. We assessed the potential of StO2 to detect the ischaemic core in the acute phase compared to apparent diffusion coefficient and to predict the final necrosis. Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 38) were imaged during acute stroke (D0) and 21 days after (D21). A multiparametric MRI protocol was performed at 4.7T to characterize brain damage within three region of interest: ‘LesionD0’ (diffusion), ‘Mismatch’ representing penumbra (perfusion/diffusion) and ‘Hypoxia’ (voxels < 40% of StO2 within the region of interest LesionD0). Voxel-based analysis of stroke revealed heterogeneity of the region of interest LesionD0, which included voxels with different degrees of oxygenation decrease. This finding was supported by a dramatic decrease of vascular and perfusion parameters within the region of interest hypoxia. This zone presented the lowest values of almost all parameters analysed, indicating a higher severity. Our study demonstrates the potential of StO2 magnetic resonance imaging to more accurately detect the ischaemic core without the inclusion of any reversible ischaemic damage. Our follow-up study indicates that apparent diffusion coefficient imaging overestimated the final necrosis while StO2 imaging did not.

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Cohen, Hagit, Nitsan Kozlovsky, Michael A. Matar, Zeev Kaplan, and Joseph Zohar. "Mapping the brain pathways of traumatic memory: Inactivation of protein kinase M zeta in different brain regions disrupts traumatic memory processes and attenuates traumatic stress responses in rats." European Neuropsychopharmacology 20, no. 4 (2010): 253–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2009.12.006.

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Casquero-Veiga, Marta, David García-García, Manuel Desco, and María Luisa Soto-Montenegro. "Understanding Deep Brain Stimulation: In Vivo Metabolic Consequences of the Electrode Insertional Effect." BioMed Research International 2018 (October 17, 2018): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8560232.

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Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a neurosurgery technique widely used in movement disorders, although its mechanism of action remains unclear. In fact, apart from the stimulation itself, the mechanical insertion of the electrode may play a crucial role. Here we aimed to distinguish between the insertional and the DBS effects on brain glucose metabolism. To this end, electrodes were implanted targeting the medial prefrontal cortex in five adult male Wistar rats. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) studies were performed before surgery (D0) and seven (D7) and nine days (D9) after that. DBS was applied during the 18FDG uptake of the D9 study. PET data were analysed with statistical parametric mapping. We found an electrode insertional effect in cortical areas, while DBS resulted in a more widespread metabolic pattern. The consequences of simultaneous electrode and DBS factors revealed a combination of both effects. Therefore, the insertion metabolic effects differed from the stimulation ones, which should be considered when assessing DBS protocols.

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Seidel, Kathleen, Philippe Schucht, Jürgen Beck, and Andreas Raabe. "Continuous Dynamic Mapping to Identify the Corticospinal Tract in Motor Eloquent Brain Tumors: An Update." Journal of Neurological Surgery Part A: Central European Neurosurgery 81, no. 02 (2020): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1698384.

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Abstract Objective We recently developed a new subcortical mapping technique based on the concept of stimulating the tissue at the site of and synchronously with resection. Our hypothesis was that instead of performing resection and mapping sequentially, a synchronized resection and mapping could potentially improve deficit rates. Methods We report our 5-year series of patients who prospectively underwent tumor surgery adjacent to the corticospinal tract (CST) (defined as < 1 cm using diffusion tension imaging and fiber tracking) with simultaneous subcortical short train cathodal monopolar mapping, equipped with a new acoustic motor evoked potential (MEP) alarm. Continuous (temporal coverage) and dynamic (spatial coverage) mapping was realized technically by integrating the mapping probe at the tip of a new suction device. Motor function was assessed using the Medical Research Council scale (from M1 to M5) 1 day after surgery, at discharge, and at 3 months. Results Technically, the method was successful in all 182 cases. The lowest individual motor thresholds reached during resection were > 10 mA, n = 56; 6–10 mA, n = 31; 4–5 mA, n = 37; and 1–3 mA, n = 58. At 3 months, six patients (3%) had a persisting postoperative motor deficit that was caused by direct mechanical injury in three of these patients (1.7%). Conclusions Continuous dynamic mapping was found to be a feasible and ergonomic technique for localizing the exact site of the CST and distance to the motor fibers. This new technique may improve the safety of motor eloquent tumor surgery.

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De Witt Hamer, Philip C., Santiago Gil Robles, Aeilko H. Zwinderman, Hugues Duffau, and Mitchel S. Berger. "Impact of Intraoperative Stimulation Brain Mapping on Glioma Surgery Outcome: A Meta-Analysis." Journal of Clinical Oncology 30, no. 20 (2012): 2559–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2011.38.4818.

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Purpose Surgery for infiltrative gliomas aims to balance tumor removal with preservation of functional integrity. The usefulness of intraoperative stimulation mapping (ISM) has not been addressed in randomized trials. This study addresses glioma surgery outcome on the basis of a meta-analysis of observational studies. Methods A systematic search retrieved 90 reports published between 1990 and 2010 with 8,091 adult patients who had resective surgery for supratentorial infiltrative glioma, with or without ISM. Quality criteria consisted of postoperative neurologic examination details and follow-up timing. New postoperative neurologic deficits were categorized on the basis of timing and severity. Meta-analysis with a Bayesian random effects model determined summary event rates of deficits as well as gross total resection rate and eloquent locations. Meta-regression analysis explored heterogeneity among studies. Results Late severe neurologic deficits were observed in 3.4% (95% CI, 2.3% to 4.8%) of patients after resections with ISM, and in 8.2% (95% CI, 5.7% to 11.4%) of patients after resections without ISM (adjusted odds ratio, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.23 to 0.64). The percentages of radiologically confirmed gross total resections were 75% (95% CI, 66% to 82%) with ISM and 58% (95% CI, 48% to 69%) without ISM. Eloquent locations were involved in 99.9% (95% CI, 99.9% to 100%) of resections with ISM and in 95.8% (95% CI, 73.1% to 99.8%) of resections without ISM. Relevant sources of heterogeneity among studies were ISM, continent, and academic setting. Conclusion Glioma resections using ISM are associated with fewer late severe neurologic deficits and more extensive resection, and they involve eloquent locations more frequently. This indicates that ISM should be universally implemented as standard of care for glioma surgery.

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Inui-Yamamoto, C., Y. Yoshioka, T. Inui, et al. "The brain mapping of the retrieval of conditioned taste aversion memory using manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging in rats." Neuroscience 167, no. 2 (2010): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.02.027.

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Hoshikawa, Ryo, Hiroshi Kawaguchi, Hiroyuki Takuwa, et al. "Dynamic Flow Velocity Mapping from Fluorescent Dye Transit Times in the Brain Surface Microcirculation of Anesthetized Rats and Mice." Microcirculation 23, no. 6 (2016): 416–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/micc.12285.

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