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1
Kavi, Jonas, and Udaya B. Halabe. "Detection of Buried Pipelines Transporting Hot Fluids Using Infrared Thermography." Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology 5, no. 11 (2018): 9060–67. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2597610.
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<strong><em>Abstract</em></strong>— Detection of buried utilities such as pipelines is essential for infrastructure asset management operations. Pipeline locating operations are carried out during construction, rehabilitation, or farming activities in order to avoid digging into the buried pipeline; or to locate the pipe for maintenance work. Several techniques exist for locating buried pipelines, including Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) and tracer wires. GPR is less effective in locating non-metallic pipes or pipes buried in very wet and electrically conductive soils, while the tracer wire technique can only be used if the wires are buried with the pipe. A method of locating buried pipelines transporting hot fluids using Infrared Thermography (IRT) is presented in this paper. Additionally, IR cameras come in portable and compact form factors, which make it possible for it to be mounted on UAVs or to be integrated into UAV inspection systems. A 3 inch diameter Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) composite pipe buried at 14 inch depth and transporting hot water was easily detected in the laboratory using IRT. A 6 inch diameter pipe buried at 3 ft. depth and transporting steam in the field environment was also detected all year round in different weather conditions with IRT. The laboratory and field results offer a great potential for detecting pipelines transporting hot petroleum from production wells and refineries, as well as pipes transporting fluids with significantly higher or lower temperatures with respective to the surrounding soil.
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Inoue, Koki, Shuichiro Ogake, Kazuma Kobayashi, et al. "An AR Application for the Efficient Construction of Water Pipes Buried Underground." Electronics 12, no. 12 (2023): 2634. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12122634.
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Unlike other civil engineering works, water pipe works require digging out before construction because the construction site is buried. The AR application is a system that displays buried objects in the ground in three dimensions when users hold a device such as a smartphone over the ground, using images from the smartphone. The system also registers new buried objects when they are updated. The target of this project is water pipes, which are the most familiar of all buried structures. The system has the following functions: “registration and display of new water pipe information” and “acquisition and display of current location coordinate information.” By applying the plane detection function to data acquired from a camera mounted on a smartphone, the system can easily register and display a water pipe model horizontally to the ground. The system does not require a reference marker because it uses GPS and the plane detection function. In the future, the system will support the visualization and registration of not only water pipes but also other underground infrastructures and will play an active role in the rapid restoration of infrastructure after a large-scale disaster through the realization of a buried-object 3D MAP platform.
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Liu, Habibi, Chai, Wang, and Chen. "A Numerical Study of Axisymmetric Wave Propagation in Buried Fluid-Filled Pipes for Optimizing the Vibro-Acoustic Technique when Locating Gas Pipelines." Energies 12, no. 19 (2019): 3707. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12193707.
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Buried pipeline systems play a vital role in energy storage and transportation, especially for fluid energies like water and gas. The ability to locate buried pipes is of great importance since it is fundamental for leakage detection, pipeline maintenance, and pipeline repair. The vibro-acoustic locating method, as one of the most effective detection technologies, has been studied by many researchers. However, previous studies have mainly focused on vibro-acoustic propagation in buried water pipes. Limited research has been conducted on buried gas pipes. In this paper, the behavior of gas-dominated wave motion will be investigated and compared against water-dominated wave motion by adapting an established analytical model of axisymmetric wave motion in buried fluid-filled pipes. Furthermore, displacement profiles in spatial domain resulting from gas-dominated wave in buried gas pipeline systems will be analyzed, and the effects of pipe material, soil property, as well as mode wave type will be discussed in detail. An effective radiation coefficient (ERC) is proposed to measure the effective radiation ability of gas-dominated wave and water-dominated wave. It is observed that the gas-dominated wave in gas pipes cannot radiate into surrounded soil as effectively as water-dominated wave in water pipes because of the weak coupling between gas and pipe-soil. In this case, gas-dominated wave may not be the best choice as the target wave for locating buried gas pipes. Therefore, the soil displacements result from the shell-dominated wave are also investigated and compared with those from gas-dominated wave. The results show that for buried gas pipes, the soil displacements due to radiation of shell-dominated wave are stronger than gas-dominated wave, which differs from buried water pipe. Hence, an effectively exciting shell-dominated wave is beneficial for generating stronger vibration signals and obtaining the location information. The findings of this study provide theoretical insight for optimizing the current vibro-acoustic method when locating buried gas pipes.
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Wasa, Y., Y. Kondo, F. Yamauchi, and Y. Miyamoto. "Magnetic Field Analysis in Buried Pipe Detection." IEEE Translation Journal on Magnetics in Japan 2, no. 12 (1987): 1120–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tjmj.1987.4549710.
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Thiesson, Julien, Alain Tabbagh, Michel Dabas, and Antoine Chevalier. "Characterization of buried cables and pipes using electromagnetic induction loop-loop frequency-domain devices." GEOPHYSICS 83, no. 1 (2018): E1—E10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2016-0476.1.
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The detection and characterization of buried cables and metal pipes has become a key component of field surveys carried out prior to excavation work on construction sites. The very high conductivity and magnetic permeability contrast between any buried cables/pipes compared with the soil makes electromagnetic induction (EMI) instruments very useful for their detection. We have developed a seminumerical method that can be used to model the responses of this type of target. A straight horizontal conductor is equivalent to a series of magnetic dipoles, the magnitude of which can be determined in the spectral domain and then converted back into the spatial domain through the use of an inverse fast Fourier transform. Simulations and case studies allow to establish rules of thumb for the estimation of (1) the nature of the metal: the in-phase response of magnetic cables is of the opposite sign from the conducting ones, (2) the sensitivity to the target characteristic: the influence of the cable/pipe diameter is greater than that of the metal properties, and (3) the depth of the cables. The simulations also underline the role of the coil configuration: Vertical coplanar and perpendicular responses allow a more precise location of the cable/pipe, whereas the horizontal coplanar response is less dependent on the orientation. As ground truth, a known electric cable buried at a depth of 0.5 and 0.002 m in diameter is determined at 0.56 m. The first field test is related to the detection of a buried military cable from World War I, between 2.5 and 3 m below the original ground level. The second field test is related to the detection of a water pipe 0.35 m deep. The modeling technique can be applied to all EMI prospecting methods, and thus it opens the way to the correction of the disturbances generated by cables and pipes.
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Xu, Chuandi, Wanze Li, and Fei Lv. "Study on the Relationship Between Thickness Measurement and Strength Defect of Buried Pipeline." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2428, no. 1 (2023): 012033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2428/1/012033.
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Abstract Based on the principle of electromagnetic eddy current testing, aiming at the problems of heavy workload and difficult location of defects in the periodic inspection of buried pipelines, the eddy current distribution of pipelines, probes, and defects is modeled and simulated by using ANSYS EM simulation software, the correlation model between pipeline parameters, excitation signals, and received signals is established, and the quantitative relationship between pipeline wall thickness parameters and eddy current distribution is clarified. Based on the accuracy and engineering application ability, the through pipe wall thickness detection device is optimized, and the structure of the eddy current probe is improved. The experimental results show that the improved eddy current probe can improve the detection accuracy of 6.9% in detecting the induced eddy rheology in the workpiece and effectively improve the efficiency of pipe wall thickness defect location and pipe radius detection, which can provide a new reference for the regular detection and troubleshooting of buried pipelines.
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Chen, Bo, Jiao Lan, Liang Ge, et al. "Simulation Research on Acoustic Detection Technology of Buried PE Pipes." International Journal of Circuits, Systems and Signal Processing 15 (April 23, 2021): 400–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.46300/9106.2021.15.44.
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Polyethylene (PE) pipe has been widely used in gas transportation pipeline system because it overcomes the shortcomings of non-corrosion resistance of metal pipelines. However, the stiffness and strength of PE pipe are small, and it is easy to be destroyed in the third-party construction process. Moreover, PE pipe is not electrically or magnetically conductive, and it is unable to use the developed metal pipe detection method, which has brought great security risks. Urban gas pipeline accidents occur frequently, and the situation during the production is complex and severe. Therefore, it is of great significance to study how to effectively realize the detection of underground PE pipe. This paper verifies the feasibility of the acoustic method from the perspective of simulation. Firstly, it studies the influence of buried pipe depth on the received signal of geophone. Secondly, it studies the influence of buried pipe size on the received signal of PE geophone with a certain depth Finally, it studies the received signal of geophone when PE pipe is in mixed soil. The simulation results show that the method based on acoustic wave is suitable, the signal source emits a sweeping frequency single tone sine wave, which propagates to the target and is reflected. A string of geophones on the ground measure the velocity of the surface vibration. Given the propagation rate of wave in the material, time delay can be used between signal sent and received on the ground to obtain the estimated distance to the target.
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Jazayeri, Sajad, Anja Klotzsche, and Sarah Kruse. "Improving estimates of buried pipe diameter and infilling material from ground-penetrating radar profiles with full-waveform inversion." GEOPHYSICS 83, no. 4 (2018): H27—H41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2017-0617.1.
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Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is a widely used tool for the detection and location of buried utilities. Buried pipes generate characteristic diffraction hyperbolas in raw GPR data. Current methods for analyzing the shapes and timing of the diffraction hyperbolas are very effective for locating pipes, but they are less effective for determining the diameter of the pipes, particularly when the pipes are smaller than the radar wavelengths, typically a few tens of centimeters. A full-waveform inversion (FWI) method is described for improving estimates of the diameter of a pipe and confirming the infilling material (air/water/etc.) for the simple case of an isolated diffraction hyperbola on a profile run perpendicular to a pipe with antennas in broadside mode (parallel to the pipe). The technique described here can improve a good initial guess of the pipe diameter (within 30%–50% of the true value) to a better estimate (less than approximately 8% misfit). This method is developed by combining two freely available software packages with a deconvolution method for GPR effective source wavelet estimation. The FWI process is run with the PEST algorithm (model-independent parameter estimation and uncertainty analysis). PEST iteratively calls the gprMax software package for forward modeling of the GPR signal as the model for the pipe and surrounding soil is refined.
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Lin, Ting, Zhichi Wang, Bin Hu, Yubo Ji, and Xiaoyu Liang. "Simulation and experimental study of buried natural gas pipeline leak detection based on sound source characteristics." Thermal Science, no. 00 (2023): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci230313102l.
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Buried pipeline leakage will affect the thermal characteristics of the soil environment, leading to a poor soil environment. In addition, leakage of natural gas possibly produces an explosion and subsequent fire, which has fatal harm. Sustainable detection of underground gas pipeline leaks is a significant part of current research. In this study, a method for leak detection of buried natural gas PE pipelines based on sound source characteristics is investigated. The simulation software was applied in analyzing the variation of leakage rate and sound source in buried pipes under different leakage conditions including mainly different leakage apertures and pipe pressures. Also, an experiment platform was built to verify the simulation results. These results can provide help for gas pipeline leakage detection and safety protection.
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KaziTani, Nabil. "A Combined Probabilistic Approach for Natural Hazards Assessment of Soil-Sewer Pipes (S-SP) Systems." E3S Web of Conferences 150 (2020): 03019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202015003019.
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The structural failure prediction of underground sewer pipes systems seems very complicated due to the natural hazards of soils in which these elements are buried. The apparition of first cracks and notches in sewer pipes parts is governed by the interaction model of soil-sewer pipes system (S-SP)parameters mainly, the constitutive material laws of soil and sewer pipe materials. The detection of critical sections where the structural damages are highly probable is the focus point of this present study. Based on probabilistic analysis of stochastic modelling results (Monte Carlo Method) of random soil properties, the mechanical behaviour of a part of sewer pipe is analysed in terms of settlements and flexural stress distribution fluctuations. A parametric study is performed to quantify the effect of correlation length (Lc) and soils types on the structural reliability of underground sewer pipes. This current structural analysis offers to engineers and researchers a useful numerical tool in order to allow them the well understanding of the structural behaviour of buried sewer pipes by considering the spatial variability of soil geo-mechanical characteristics which reflects the soil natural process of formation, its aggregation and heterogeneity. The obtained numerical results show that the probabilistic analysis of the spatial variability of soil properties into structure numerical modelling of sewer pipes presents an accurate approach for the prediction of structural responses of waste water transportation infrastructures particularly, if the sewer pipe lengths are relatively significant and buried into several classes of soils along sewer pipe networks.
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Atojunere, Eganoosi Esme, and Godspower Elvis Amiegbe. "AUTOMATED LEAK AND WATER QUALITY DETECTION SYSTEM FOR PIPED WATER SUPPLY." Malaysian Journal of Science 43, no. 3 (2024): 98–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/mjs.vol43no3.11.
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The volume of water loss because of leakage in the conveyance pipe has been alarming. Old and poorly constructed pipelines, inadequate corrosion protection, poorly maintained valves, and mechanical damage contribute to leakage. Water-carrying pipes were buried underground, so tracing leak points manually could be tasking, if not impossible. This work was to report on the effectiveness of a developed Automated Leak and Water Quality Detection (ALWQD) system. This device can detect leaks in the piped water system automatically and can also report any deterioration in the quality of water that flows through affected pipes. The ALWQD consisted of several drainpipe connections, pipe accessories, electronic components, and sensors to monitor water quality impairment. The control signal was the solenoid valves that interfaced with the ESP-32 microcontroller boards placed on the pipe manifold at intervals, along with water quality monitoring sensors of turbidity, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), and pH. The fabrication and testing of the device followed standard procedures. Testing of ALWQD was done at 0, 5, and 10 minutes under load and no-load conditions, with average variation in reading recorded after three trials. The findings indicated that the efficiency of ALWQD was between 70% and 80%, which could be improved upon. The trend in the results of the monitored parameters was not different from that of similar previous work. Leaks caused pressure drops and disallowed the full flow of water found at pipe joints, which could be a pathway for the intrusion of contaminants into the water conveyance system.
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Yu, Yicheng, Kirill Horoshenkov, Rob Worley, and Sean Anderson. "Robotic sensing for buried pipes with sound waves." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 154, no. 4_supplement (2023): A68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0022823.
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The length of buried sewer and drainage network in Europe is several million kilometres. Autonomous robots are being developed to inspect this massive network of pipes pervasively. These inspection technologies traditionally rely on CCTV images. However, detection of the condition of buried pipes with autonomous robots is challenging computationally. Acoustic waves provide an efficient alternative to conventional CCTV methods to detect a range of artefacts that can lead to pipe failure and map these conditions. This paper presents an acoustic method for simultaneous condition detection, localization, and classification in air-filled pipes. A microphone array is used to estimate the reflection coefficient from a range of artefacts. This information is used together with a regularization method. A wavelet basis function is adapted to enhance the fidelity of collected acoustic data. It is shown that the wavelet components can also be used to train and to test a support vector machine (SVM) classifier for the condition identification. This work can also inform the route planning and low-level control algorithms for autonomous robots which are being developed for the inspection of buried pipes.
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Scussel, O., J. M. Muggleton, M. Karimi, et al. "On the Significance of Parameter Uncertainties for Prediction of Leak Noise Wave Speed in Buried Pipes." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2909, no. 1 (2024): 012009. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2909/1/012009.
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Abstract The modern world is facing the challenging issue of water wastage due to leaks, which is causing severe economic, environmental and social impacts. Consequently, the inspection and maintenance of buried water pipes is crucial and there is still a lack of investigations towards the uncertain parameters affecting the wave speed associated with the predominantly fluid-borne wave s=1, the main carrier of leak noise. This study investigates the effects of uncertainties present in the pipe and soil parameters which are affecting the speed of propagation of the leak noise wave. To achieve this, a sensitivity analysis is performed using Monte Carlo simulations and Sobol’ indices. Uncertainties are commonly associated with the material and geometrical properties of the pipe along with the surrounding soil characteristics. However, the significance of these parameters varies depending on the type of soil in which the water pipe is buried. In clay soil, the soil-related parameter plays a crucial role compared to sandy soil and this is verified through some experimental work carried out in two water pipe systems with very different properties, one in the UK and the other one in Brazil. This research is of fundamental importance for determining the most critical parameters affecting the leak noise wave, allowing to evaluate and integrate uncertainty information into decision-making of current technologies, such as loggers and leak noise correlators, aiming enhanced detection and location of water leakage in buried plastic water pipes.
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B. J. Allred, N. R. Fausey, L. Peters, et al. "DETECTION OF BURIED AGRICULTURAL DRAINAGE PIPE WITH GEOPHYSICAL METHODS." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 20, no. 3 (2004): 307–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.16067.
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Sinha, Sunil K., and Paul W. Fieguth. "Automated detection of cracks in buried concrete pipe images." Automation in Construction 15, no. 1 (2006): 58–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2005.02.006.
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Gozum, Murat M., Saber Nasraoui, Georgios Grigoropoulos, Moez Louati, and Mohamed S. Ghidaoui. "A noise-based high-resolution time-reversal method for acoustic defect localization in water pipes." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 152, no. 6 (2022): 3373–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0016502.
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Pressurized water supply pipeline systems (PWSPS) are quintessential to human development and sustenance, but suffer a multitude of unresolved defects (i.e., leaks, blockages, etc.) due to aging and inaccessibility. In this paper, the ubiquitous high-frequency background noise in PWSPS is harnessed to introduce a high-resolution, passive defect detection technique. The relation between the acoustic Green's and cross correlation functions for a pressurized water pipe is derived for the case of high frequency waves, i.e., acoustic wavelengths smaller than the pipe diameter. This relation is subsequently used to formulate a time-reversal technique for localizing anomalies such as small variations in pipe wall impedance and through-wall defects (i.e., leaks). It is shown that the derived relationship between the cross correlation and acoustic Green's functions enables very accurate defect detection and localization by measuring the background noise at two locations along a pipe. This is an important result given that (i) there is limited access to buried PWSPS to conduct high-frequency active defect detection, and (ii) traditional methods to actively probe pipes (e.g., valve maneuverer) are low-resolution (tens to hundreds of meters) and often result in pipe overloading and fatigue.
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Li, Jingxia, Yang Liu, Hang Xu, Bingjie Wang, Li Liu, and Xinpeng Chen. "A High Signal–Noise Ratio UWB Radar for Buried Pipe Location Using Golay Complementary Sequences." Applied Sciences 9, no. 23 (2019): 5090. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9235090.
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A Golay-based ultra wideband ground penetrating for underground pipes location is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. Golay complementary codes with the code length of 1024 and frequency of 1 GHz are used as the probe signals. The two-dimensional image of the buried pipes is achieved by a correlation method and a back-projection algorithm. The experimental results show that both the plastic pipe and metallic pipe can be located with a range resolution of 10 cm. Furthermore, as the Golay complementary sequences are a pair of complementary sequences, the sum of their correlation function yields twice the value of the peak at the target position and zero elsewhere. Thus, compared with the stepped frequency signal radar or chaotic signal radar, the Golay-based radar can significantly improve the signal–noise ratio and has the capability of deep detection.
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Pedram, Seyed Kamran, Tat-Hean Gan, and Mahdieh Ghafourian. "Improved Defect Detection of Guided Wave Testing Using Split-Spectrum Processing." Sensors 20, no. 17 (2020): 4759. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20174759.
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Ultrasonic guided wave (UGW) testing is widely applied in numerous industry areas for the examination of pipelines where structural integrity is of concern. Guided wave testing is capable of inspecting long lengths of pipes from a single tool location using some arrays of transducers positioned around the pipe. Due to dispersive propagation and the multimodal behavior of UGW, the received signal is usually degraded and noisy, that reduce the inspection range and sensitivity to small defects. Therefore, signal interpretation and identifying small defects is a challenging task in such systems, particularly for buried/coated pipes, in that the attenuation rates are considerably higher compared with a bare pipe. In this work, a novel solution is proposed to address this issue by employing an advanced signal processing approach called “split-spectrum processing” (SSP) to minimize the level of background noise and enhance the signal quality. The SSP technique has already shown promising results in a limited trial for a bar pipe and, in this work, the proposed technique has been experimentally compared with the traditional approach for coated pipes. The results illustrate that the proposed technique significantly increases the signal-to-noise ratio and enhances the sensitivity to small defects that are hidden below the background noise.
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Zhang, Hang, Na Lu, Can Cui, and Shuqiang Du. "Vibration response analysis of free-spanning pipeline based on inner pipe excitation signal." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 10, no. 11 (2018): 168781401881466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814018814660.
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Pipeline is important for gas transportation. Free span of buried pipeline may cause safety problem as a result of decreasing the load-carrying capacity of the pipeline. A method for detecting the free span of buried pipelines based on the inner pipe excitation signal was proposed. Vibration characteristics analysis of the pipe and its surrounding coupling system were discussed by means of the finite element method. A three-dimensional pipe model containing a free-spanning segment with a certain length was established. Transient dynamic response analysis was adopted. Frequency response function plots were generated to analyze the results of simulation. The effects of soil type, the length of the free-spanning segment, and the excitation signal on detection were studied. The results show that (1) the obvious change of the first natural frequency of the pipe with different surroundings can be used to detect the free-spanning segment of pipeline; (2) the harder the soil medium is, the higher the first natural frequency of the pipe and soil surrounding system will be; (3) the longer the length of the free-spanning segment is, the lower the first natural frequency will be.
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Iyer, Shivprakash, and Sunil K. Sinha. "Segmentation of Pipe Images for Crack Detection in Buried Sewers." Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering 21, no. 6 (2006): 395–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8667.2006.00445.x.
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Liu, Ying, Daryoush Habibi, Douglas Chai, et al. "A Comprehensive Review of Acoustic Methods for Locating Underground Pipelines." Applied Sciences 10, no. 3 (2020): 1031. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10031031.
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Underground pipelines are vital means of transporting fluid resources like water, oil and gas. The process of locating buried pipelines of interest is an essential prerequisite for pipeline maintenance and repair. Acoustic pipe localization methods, as effective trenchless detection techniques, have been implemented in locating underground utilities and shown to be very promising in plastic pipeline localization. This paper presents a comprehensive review of current acoustic methods and recent advances in the localization of buried pipelines. Investigations are conducted from multiple perspectives including the wave propagation mechanism in buried pipe systems, the principles behind each method along with advantages and limitations, representative acoustic locators in commercial markets, the condition of buried pipes, as well as selection of preferred methods for locating pipelines based on the applicability of existing localization techniques. In addition, the key features of each method are summarized and suggestions for future work are proposed. Acoustic methods for locating underground pipelines have proven to be useful and effective supplements to existing localization techniques. It has been highlighted that the ability of acoustic methods to locate non-metallic objects should be of particular practical value. While this paper focuses on a specific application associated with pipeline localization, many acoustic methods are feasible across a wide range of underground infrastructures.
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Köpke, U. G. "Transverse Vibration of Buried Pipelines Due to Internal Excitation at a Point." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering 207, no. 1 (1993): 41–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1993_207_206_02.
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This paper is concerned with the dynamic response of buried pipelines due to excitation located inside the pipe. This work is important for application to techniques that employ vibration to investigate pipeline support conditions using a vibrating pipe inspection device. It also has application to the detection of spanning in off-shore pipelines. Three different theoretical models are developed and investigated. The first model employs the theory of elasticity, the second is a finite element model and the third is a beam-on-elastic Pasternak foundation. Good agreement between these models is demonstrated. The beam-on-elastic Pasternak foundation model is successfully used to predict ‘signatures’ of the pipe-soil response that characterize soil support features, such as hard and soft supports.
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F. Senin, S., M. S. Jaafar, and R. Hamid. "Locating Underground Water Pipe Leakages Via Interpretation of Ground Penetrating Radar Signals." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 8, no. 1.2 (2019): 72077. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v8i1.2.24875.
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Water wastage due to leakages in the water distribution system is a common problem encountered worldwide. The detection and localization of water pipes’ leakages in the underground pipe system is possible by the high-resolution images of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) with 1.6 GHz antenna. Experimental simulation of water leakage for shallow buried PVC pipe at a depth of 0.24 m and 0.23 m in mediums of dry sand and loose soil, respectively was performed. Holes were drilled in the middle of the pipe to allow water to leak inside the soils. The presence of water in the soils is detected as the soils’ moistures influence the GPR signal reflection characteristics. The GPR images show appearance of delayed hyperbolas and the attenuation of reflection when the water content increased. The increased in dielectric constant and the reduction of wave velocity of the GPR signals in soil enabled the inspector to detect the water leakage in pipes. Results showed that the depth of the water leakages in the pipes were detected at 0.242 m 0.220 m respectively. GPR method is able to locate the underground water pipes leakages in the underground pipes accurately. Â
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Gamba, P., and V. Belotti. "Two fast buried pipe detection schemes in Ground Penetrating Radar images." International Journal of Remote Sensing 24, no. 12 (2003): 2467–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0143116021000050673.
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Wan Hamat, Wan Sofian, Mohd Fairusham Ghazali, and Gigih Priyandoko. "Ultrasonic Guided Wave Method For Crack Detection In Buried Plastic Pipe." MATEC Web of Conferences 74 (2016): 00012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/20167400012.
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Kavi, Jonas, and Udaya B. Halabe. "An Approach for Easy Detection of Buried FRP Composite/Non-Metallic Pipes Using Ground-Penetrating Radar." Sensors 23, no. 20 (2023): 8465. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23208465.
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Pipelines remain the safest means of transporting natural gas and petroleum products. Nonetheless, the pipeline infrastructure in the US is facing major challenges, especially in terms of corrosion of steel/metallic pipes and excavation damage of onshore pipelines (leading to oil spills, explosions, and deaths). Corrosion of metallic pipelines can be avoided by using non-corrosive materials such as plastic pipes for low-pressure applications and glass-fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite pipes for transporting high-pressure oil and natural gas. However, buried non-metallic pipelines are not easily detectable, which can lead to increased excavation damage during construction and rehabilitation work. Alternative strategies for making buried non-metallic pipes easily locatable using ground-penetrating radar (GPR) were investigated in this study. Results from this study have shown that using carbon fabric or an aluminum foil overlay on non-metallic pipes before burying in soil significantly increases the reflected GPR signal amplitude, thereby making it easier to locate such pipelines. The reflected GPR signal amplitude for pipe sections with carbon fabric or aluminum foil overlays was found to have increased by a factor of up to 4.5 over the control samples. The results also highlight the importance of selecting the appropriate antenna frequency for GPR surveys, since wet silt loam soil and clay significantly reduce the penetration depths of the radar signals produced by the GPR antennae.
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Wong, Leslie, Ravin Deo, Suranji Rathnayaka, et al. "Leak Detection in Water Pipes Using Submersible Optical Optic-Based Pressure Sensor." Sensors 18, no. 12 (2018): 4192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18124192.
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Leakage is undesirable in water distribution networks, as leaky pipes are financially costly both to water utilities and consumers. The ability to detect, locate, and quantify leaks can significantly improve the service delivered. Optical fibre sensors (OFS) have previously demonstrated their capabilities in performing real-time and continuous monitoring of pipe strength leak detection. However, the challenge remains due to the high labour cost and time-consuming process for the installation of optical fibre sensors to existing buried pipelines. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the feasibility of a submersible optical fibre-based pressure sensor that can be deployed without rigid bonding to the pipeline. This paper presents a set of experiments conducted using the proposed sensing strategy for leak detection. The calibrated optical fibre device was used to monitor the internal water pressure in a pipe with simultaneous verification from a pressure gauge. Two different pressure-based leak detection methods were explored. These leak detection methods were based on hydrostatic and pressure transient responses of the optical fibre pressure sensor. Experimental results aided in evaluating the functionality, reliability, and robustness of the submersible optical fibre pressure sensor.
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Sharma, Prabhat, Bambam Kumar, and Dharmendra Singh. "NOVEL ADAPTIVE BURIED NONMETALLIC PIPE CRACK DETECTION ALGORITHM FOR GROUND PENETRATING RADAR." Progress In Electromagnetics Research M 65 (2018): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2528/pierm17101002.
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Ni, Sheng-Huoo, Yan-Hong Huang, Kuo-Feng Lo, and Da-Ci Lin. "Buried pipe detection by ground penetrating radar using the discrete wavelet transform." Computers and Geotechnics 37, no. 4 (2010): 440–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2010.01.003.
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Kim, Min-Gi, Hui-Yeon No, Hyeong-Gi Kim, et al. "Comparison of Detection Results Based on Buried Pipe Coating Flaw Measurement Environments." JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY FOR NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING 43, no. 5 (2023): 398–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.7779/jksnt.2023.43.5.398.
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Meng, Xu, Zhaogang Huang, Xin Deng, et al. "Leakage detection and localization of buried water pipe using ground penetrating radar." Measurement 254 (October 2025): 117902. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2025.117902.
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Oh, Se-Beom, Yong-Moo Cheong, Deok-Hyun Lee, and Kyung-Mo Kim. "Magnetostrictive Guided Wave Technique Verification for Detection and Monitoring Defects in the Pipe Weld." Materials 12, no. 6 (2019): 867. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12060867.
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During inspection of piping in nuclear power plants or other industries, it is difficult to implement conventional nondestructive techniques due to limited accessibility or obstacles such as pipes with insulation, pipes buried underground, structural complexity, or radiation environments. In addition, since the defects mainly occur in the weld region or support area, it is not easy to separate defect signals from those of structural components. To solve these problems, we developed a technique to detect and monitor the formation and growth of defects, using a magnetostrictive guided wave sensor. This sensor has advantages (such as sharp and clear signal patterns and ability to easily eliminate the signal from the geometric structure) over the conventional piezoelectric transducer. To verify our technique, signals from actual pipe welds with defects were acquired and processed with our phase matching/subtraction program. The proposed technique shows a superior capability for detection and monitoring of defects, compared to the conventional guided wave methods.
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Perpar, Matjaž, and Zlatko Rek. "The Ability of a Soil Temperature Gradient-Based Methodology to Detect Leaks from Pipelines in Buried District Heating Channels." Energies 14, no. 18 (2021): 5712. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14185712.
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We carried out several numerical experiments to analyze how different boundary conditions affect the ability to detect small pipeline leaks. Our method is based on determining the soil temperature gradient above a buried district heating channel. The equivalent thermal conductivity of a wet insulation (λeq) value of 0.5 W/(m·K) was used to mimic a small water leakage. To evaluate the heat loss through the channel cross section, the heat conduction model was used for the pipe insulation, the concrete, and the soil, while the convection model was considered within the channel. The following effects were used to simulate different operating conditions: heat convection at the soil surface, leakage only from the supply or return pipe, soil height above the channel, soil thermal conductivity, and pipe diameter. With the exception of leakage only from the return pipe and low soil thermal conductivity 0.4 W/(m·K), the results showed a doubling of the soil temperature gradient when compared with the no-leakage case. This fact undoubtedly confirms the potential of the method, which is particularly suitable for leak detection in old pipelines that have priority for renovation. A key added value of this research is that the soil temperature gradient-based leak detection technique was found useful in most foreseeable DH operating situations.
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Matos, P. H., J. M. Muggleton, M. J. Brennan, et al. "Enhancing Leak Location in Buried Water Pipes using Array Signal Processing Techniques: the Effect of Wave Velocity Variation." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2647, no. 8 (2024): 082011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2647/8/082011.
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Abstract Leakage in buried pipelines is a significant cause of water wastage in distribution systems, resulting in water losses ranging from 30% to 50% in many countries. To address this issue, techniques have been developed to detect leaks in buried pipes over the last few decades. The leak detection procedure typically involves three steps: (1) leak detection, which involves analysis of water pressure/flow measurements along the pipelines; (2) estimation of the approximate region where the leak occurred through local pressure variations; and (3) pinpointing the estimated location of the leak to perform maintenance procedures. Acoustic pinpointing techniques are among the most effective ones to deal with the latter step. These techniques exploit the delays in time of arrival of acoustic waves, caused by the leak, between different sensors placed around the suspected leak. By calculating the cross-spectral densities (CSDs) between sensors and analysing their phase difference over frequency, it is possible to infer the estimated location of the radiating source. Existing methods rely on access points to the pipeline through correlators. However, the buried pipe acts as a radiating source, and its location could also be estimated through ground vibration signals. Although array signal processing techniques applied to source localization are well-established in the acoustics field, their adaptation to the vibroacoustic field is less well developed. Among the many challenges, the identification of wave velocity is one of the most troublesome. In this paper, the effect of the wave velocity variation on the leak pinpointing is investigated and tested against numerical data. Results show that the estimation of the leak position is sensitive to the wave velocity variabilities. The pinpointing error is found to be more significant in terms of the depth of the pipe, compared to the error on the ground surface.
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Li, Xinze, Qingbai Wu, Huijun Jin, and Wei Kan. "A New Stress Monitoring Method for Mechanical State of Buried Steel Pipelines under Geological Hazards." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 (March 24, 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4498458.
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Long-distance pipelines are threatened by a variety of natural geological hazards. A stress monitoring system driven by the strain-stress solution algorithm was proposed; it can achieve real-time maximum axial stress measurement by installing vibrating wire gauges (VWGs) on the surface of the pipe. To verify the effectiveness of the algorithm, a large-scale pipe mechanical loading experiment combined with a finite element model (FEM) was conducted. The results show that VWGs were reliable with a relative error of 1.19%∼7.98% compared with resistance strain gauges (SGs). The FEM was also reliable with a maximum relative error of 4.04% compared with theoretical analysis. When the reasonable combination modes of VWGs were chosen utilizing the least square method, the error of the pipe stress detection algorithm could be controlled within the range of −13.33∼16.66%. This pipeline stress monitoring technology can meet the requirement of 24-hour dynamic monitoring of the underground pipeline’s mechanical state, realizing the early warning of geohazards.
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Kavi, Jonas, Udaya B. Halabe, and Hota V. S. GangaRao. "Detection of Buried FRP Composite Pipes Using Ground Penetrating Radar." Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST) 6, no. 7 (2020): 10479–84. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3766364.
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<strong>Abstract— </strong>Millions of miles of pipelines are used in the United States to transport natural gas and petroleum products. The traditional metallic pipelines undergo significant amount of corrosion related degradation in the field environment, which have led to numerous explosions and accidents. This research proposes innovative Fibre Reinforced Polymer (FRP) composite pipes for replacing degraded metallic pipes and for new pipeline construction. The FRP composite pipes are lighter, non-corrosive, and have a long service life. However, they pose a challenge for subsurface detection and mapping since the traditional techniques used by construction crews to detect buried metallic pipes do not work for non-metallic composite pipes. This research investigates the use of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) based Nondestructive Testing (NDT) technique in conjunction with innovative strategies to make buried FRP composite pipes detectable, which is crucial for the field implementation of new generation of pipelines.
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Andersen, Bo A. "Increased safety and improved operation of pipelines with integrated condition sensing in flexible risers and flowlines." APPEA Journal 54, no. 1 (2014): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj13029.
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Continuous condition monitoring of offshore production installations is a vital part of integrity management to ensure safe operation of the asset at its optimum level for the maximum period of time. The recent implementation of fiber-optic condition monitoring embedded into the structures of flexible risers and flowlines is an important step towards turning flexible pipelines into inspectable structures. Embedded sensors enable a suite of monitoring options for both real-time response and long-term changes, which can provide a highly accurate picture of a pipeline’s condition during operation. In this paper the author reports the results from extensive full-scale testing on flexible pipes instrumented with sensors, conducted in cooperation with a major operator. The testing includes detection of a breach of the outer sheath with ingress of seawater into the annulus, remote monitoring of the location of accessories mounted on the pipe—such as buoyancy modules—monitoring of the temperature at a buried section of a pipe in the seabed, identification of hotspots, detection of breaks of tensile armor wires, and monitoring of accumulated fatigue damage in tensile armor wires during operation. Reported failure modes from flexible pipes in operation are briefly discussed to show that the major failure modes reported across all operators through the years are covered by the NOV integrated sensing systems. The detection of structural and temperature issues with integrated condition sensing in flexible pipelines will allow operators to satisfy requirements for periodic inspection, which for rigid steel pipes is performed with intelligent pigging.
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Yao, Jing, Chengming Hao, Xiaosen Xiang, Shuli Wang, Shiqing Huang, and Yongchao Rao. "Numerical simulation of the impact of casing on the buried metal pipeline cathodic protection potential." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2834, no. 1 (2024): 012204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2834/1/012204.
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Abstract Metal casings shield the cathodic protection current and detection signals of buried metal pipelines, making the corrosion protection and detection technology of pipelines at the casing one of the challenges for safe operation and integrity evaluation of pipelines. This paper uses the primary current distribution physics interface in the COMSOL Multiphysic simulation software to study the effects of the coating quality of the casing and pipeline, the installation of sacrificial anodes in the casing, the conductivity of the electrolyte, and defects in the pipeline coating in the casing on the pipeline potential. The influence of distribution. The results show that: The coating quality of the outer surface of the casing and the pipe inside the casing has a great influence on the cathodic protection potential of the pipeline. The better the coating quality, the more negative the cathodic protection potential is, and the less cathodic protection current required by the pipeline, so the power consumption of the forced current law is reduced, and the service life of the sacrificial anode is longer. Installing sacrificial anodes in the casing has a positive effect on the cathodic protection of this special pipe section. The conductivity of the electrolyte in the casing has a certain impact on the cathodic protection potential of the pipeline. When the conductivity of the internal electrolyte is greater, the protective potential of the pipeline becomes more negative. However, impurities such as soil, groundwater, and silt make the pipeline more susceptible to corrosion, so keeping the annular space relatively dry is an important prerequisite for anti-corrosion. When there is a coating defect on the inner and outer pipes of the casing, the potential at the damaged point will have a potential peak. The larger the potential peak difference, the more serious the coating defect is.
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Yu, Yicheng, Rob Worley, Sean Anderson, and Kirill V. Horoshenkov. "Microphone array analysis for simultaneous condition detection, localization, and classification in a pipe." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 153, no. 1 (2023): 367–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0016856.
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An acoustic method for simultaneous condition detection, localization, and classification in air-filled pipes is proposed. The contribution of this work is threefold: (1) a microphone array is used to extend the usable acoustic frequency range to estimate the reflection coefficient from blockages and lateral connections; (2) a robust regularization method of sparse representation based on a wavelet basis function is adapted to reduce the background noise in acoustical data; and (3) the wavelet components are used to localize and classify the condition of the pipe. The microphone array and sparse representation method enhance the acoustical signal reflected from blockages and lateral connections and suppress unwanted higher-order modes. Based on the sparse representation results, higher-level wavelet functions representing the impulse response are used to localize the position of the sensor corresponding to a blockage or lateral connection with higher spatial resolution. It is shown that the wavelet components can be used to train and to test a support vector machine (SVM) classifier for the condition identification more accurately than with a time domain SVM classifier. This work paves the way for the development of simultaneous condition classification and localization methods to be deployed on autonomous robots working in buried pipes.
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Iftimie, N., Gabriel Silviu Dobrescu, and A. Savin. "Imaging Subsurface Water Pipe Using GPR and Evanescent Waves: Experimental and Simulations Data." Applied Mechanics and Materials 772 (July 2015): 359–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.772.359.
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In this paper there are presented a series of methods and algorithms for signal processing (A-scan) and image processing (B-scan) which allow an easier and more accurate interpretation of the inspection results. The methods and the algorithms were tested for detection of a buried pipe, made of glass fiber polyester composite with a diameter of 1.3m, first when the survey conditions allowed only the scanning along the pipe, the most disadvantageous situation, but it has imposed by the configuration of the examined zone. After a few days of construction works, the site was prepared for inspection, orthogonally on the first scan direction.
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Eluwole, Akinola, Odunayo Emmanuel Bamidele, Akindeji Opeyemi Fajana, et al. "Remote Detection of Leakages from a Compromised Buried Water Supply Pipe through Geophysical Measurements." ABUAD International Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences 4, no. 1 (2024): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.53982/aijnas.2024.0401.04-j.
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The continuous drastic loss of stored water at a private household presumed to be caused by leakage(s) was subjected to geophysical investigations with a view to delineating the source(s) of the leakage(s). The Spontaneous Potential (SP) and Electrical Resistivity (ER) methods were deployed for the study. Measurements were taken along four (4) traverses at two intervals – firstly when the water supply valve from the overhead storage tank was closed and secondly when it was opened. The Total Field array was adopted for SP measurements with constant station separation of 0.5 m. ER measurements were taken via the Wenner array with electrode spacing (a) varied with an interval of 0.5 m from 0.5 m to 1.5 m. SP data were presented as profiles and maps while ER data were presented as 3-D resistivity depth stacks. SP values varied from -100 mV to 350 mV during the two measurement periods. ER values also varied from 100 ohm.m to 1200 ohm.m during the closed valve period and 100 ohm.m to 900 ohm.m during the opened valve period. During the closed valve period, pipeline routes were interpreted as manifesting oval-shaped high potential anomalies with central linear trend on the SP map; and as linearly-trending high resistivity intrusion within low resistivities on resistivity maps. The disparities between the results of closed valve and opened valve measurements were pointers to leakage-induced inhomogeneity in the subsurface. The diminished high potential SP anomaly and the anomalously low resistivity specks within linearly-trending high resistivity values were regarded as the source of leakage.
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He, Tengjiao, Jing Tang, Jun Liao, Lujie Chen, Jian Tang, and Guoqiang Xia. "Experimental Study on the Quantitative Relationship between the Non-contact Magnetic Signal and Detection Height of Ferromagnetic Pipelines." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2694, no. 1 (2024): 012046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2694/1/012046.
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Abstract The non-contact magnetic detection technology has good application prospects in the detection of buried steel pipelines. However, the variation of non-contact magnetic signal and measured height is unknown. The application of the technology in pipeline burial inspection is restricted. Therefore, this article conducts non-contact magnetic signal experimental testing on full-size steel pipelines. The collection method, pipe diameter, internal pressure, measurement height, and the non-contact magnetic signal are quantitatively analyzed. And the propagation factor f G was defined to quantify the degree of influence of measurement height on the non-contact magnetic signal. The results indicate that when the measurement height increases from 0.1 m to 2.0 m, the variation amplitude of the magnetic gradient modulus obtained by the parallel acquisition method is the largest, with a change rate of - 0.35. The amplitude and linear rate of change of the propagation factor f G increase with the pipe diameter and internal pressure. The amplitude and linear rate of change of the propagation factor f G increase with the pipe diameter and internal pressure. In the range of pipe diameters from 355.6 mm to 1016 mm, the amplitude of f G variation is 0.53, and the rate of change is 0.26. Furthermore, the amplitude of f G change due to a unit increase in internal pressure is 0.022, with a corresponding rate of change of 0.0114.
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Kim, Min-Soo, and Sang-Kwon Lee. "Detection of leak acoustic signal in buried gas pipe based on the time–frequency analysis." Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 22, no. 6 (2009): 990–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2008.08.009.
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Li, Hui, Liang He, Hua Li, and Deyuan Li. "Simulation of defect detection for the buried petroleum pipe by the X-ray backscatter imaging." Applied Radiation and Isotopes 207 (May 2024): 111278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2024.111278.
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Yang, Xuan, Fuming Wang, Xiang Yu, and Shaohui Li. "Numerical and Experimental Study on Propagation Attenuation of Leakage Vibration Acceleration Signal of the Buried Water Pipe." Sustainability 14, no. 23 (2022): 16071. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142316071.
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For detecting water pipeline leakage signals, in the past people preferred to use sensors to obtain the leakage signal and then use various means and methods to remove noise to increase the positioning accuracy. However, as the leakage signal is generated, it spreads along the pipeline wrapped in soil. In this process, the signal will change significantly, eventually becoming very different from the original signal. As such, the detection accuracy will decline, as the detection distance becomes longer. Despite this, few researchers have considered the distortion caused by signal propagation in the whole process and instead use the distorted signal characteristics for positioning. This direction needs to be further studied. In this paper, the acceleration signal of leakage vibration is taken as the research object using a combination of tests and numerical simulation. The acceleration signals from the leakage source are collected and simulated at different distances. The reliability of the numerical simulation model is verified by using the inversion theory, and the influence of soil with different elastic modulus on the acceleration signal is expanded. Research findings: (a) For the attenuation of the acceleration signal of pipeline leakage vibration along the pipeline, the elastic modulus of soil around the pipeline in the numerical simulation model is about 3.3 times its compression modulus, which is closer to the actual situation. (b) The attenuation of the acceleration signal amplitude of pipeline leakage vibration conforms to the characteristics of an exponential function. The higher the elastic modulus of soil, the stronger the signal attenuation. (c) The soil with different elastic modulus has different absorption capacities to signal components, and the high-frequency part of the acceleration signal attenuates faster. (d) The group velocity of the leakage vibration signal is 929 m/s, and the different elastic modulus of soil will affect the group velocity of the leakage vibration signal.
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Mahal, Houman, Kai Yang, and Asoke Nandi. "Detection of Defects Using Spatial Variances of Guided-Wave Modes in Testing of Pipes." Applied Sciences 8, no. 12 (2018): 2378. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8122378.
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In the past decade, guided-wave testing has attracted the attention of the non-destructive testing industry for pipeline inspections. This technology enables the long-range assessment of pipelines’ integrity, which significantly reduces the expenditure of testing in terms of cost and time. Guided-wave testing collars consist of several linearly placed arrays of transducers around the circumference of the pipe, which are called rings, and can generate unidirectional axisymmetric elastic waves. The current propagation routine of the device generates a single time-domain signal by doing a phase-delayed summation of each array element. The segments where the energy of the signal is above the local noise region are reported as anomalies by the inspectors. Nonetheless, the main goal of guided-wave inspection is the detection of axisymmetric waves generated by the features within the pipes. In this paper, instead of processing a single signal obtained from the general propagation routine, we propose to process signals that are directly obtained from all of the array elements. We designed an axisymmetric wave detection algorithm, which is validated by laboratory trials on real-pipe data with two defects on different locations with varying cross-sectional area (CSA) sizes of 2% and 3% for the first defect, and 4% and 5% for the second defect. The results enabled the detection of defects with low signal-to-noise ratios (SNR), which were almost buried in the noise level. These results are reported with regard to the three different developed methods with varying excitation frequencies of 30 kHz, 34 kHz, and 37 kHz. The tests demonstrated the advantage of using the information received from all of the elements rather than a single signal.
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Ma, Baolong, Ruizhen Gao, Jingjun Zhang, and Xinmin Zhu. "A YOLOX-Based Automatic Monitoring Approach of Broken Wires in Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe Using Fiber-Optic Distributed Acoustic Sensors." Sensors 23, no. 4 (2023): 2090. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23042090.
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Wire breakage is a major factor in the failure of prestressed concrete cylinder pipes (PCCP). In the presented work, an automatic monitoring approach of broken wires in PCCP using fiber-optic distributed acoustic sensors (DAS) is investigated. The study designs a 1:1 prototype wire break monitoring experiment using a DN4000 mm PCCP buried underground in a simulated test environment. The test combines the collected wire break signals with the previously collected noise signals in the operating pipe and transforms them into a spectrogram as the wire break signal dataset. A deep learning-based target detection algorithm is developed to detect the occurrence of wire break events by extracting the spectrogram image features of wire break signals in the dataset. The results show that the recall, precision, F1 score, and false detection rate of the pruned model reach 100%, 100%, 1, and 0%, respectively; the video detection frame rate reaches 35 fps and the model size is only 732 KB. It can be seen that this method greatly simplifies the model without loss of precision, providing an effective method for the identification of PCCP wire break signals, while the lightweight model is more conducive to the embedded deployment of a PCCP wire break monitoring system.
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Lei, Ming Feng, Li Min Peng, and Cheng Hua Shi. "Whole Space Comprehensive Advanced Geological Forecast Technique in Shallow Buried Section of Tunnel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 170-173 (May 2012): 1211–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.170-173.1211.
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A new method named whole space comprehensive advanced geological forecast technique was constructed by surface spatial differential detection method combining with TSP203 system, the former can divide the distribution region, burial depth and thickness of each stratum from vertical direction clearly, and the letter can reveal the specific physical property of each stratum from horizontal direction, then combining both of them, the geological condition will be determined accurately. And then, this technique was tested and applied in a project as an example, the plan-validation results show: the formulations crossed by tunnel are full ~ strong weathered slate with rock broken zones, abundant groundwater and potential slip surface, even more, the range between crown and spandrel has irrupted into the gravel clays, all of these are unsafe for tunnel construction and suggest to have pre-supporting by 40 m Φ108 pipe shed. By comparing the results of prediction and in-situ, the whole space comprehensive advanced geological forecast scheme which avoids complexity of scheme, shortens forecasting cycle and reduces detection cost and construction interference, has encouraging forecast effect and significant popularization value.
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Grace, Robert A. "Outfall Inspections, Token Repairs, and Major Remedial Works." Marine Technology Society Journal 41, no. 2 (2007): 4–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/002533207787442222.
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The coastal marine environment is fraught with risk for any exposed or minimally-buried seabed structure such as an outfall. Thus, conduits of this type should be inspected on a regular basis, whether by divers, remotely operated vehicles, or manned submersibles. Small deficiencies may be handled upon detection by the same person or system. Major problems will require a competent marine contractor and an elapse of time. The paper lists a number of outfall malfunctions of various scales and, in most cases, the remedial measures pursued. With care, a typical pipe of this type should function efficiently for many years.
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Mendoza, Rosendo, Carlos Araque-Perez, Bruna Marinho, Javier Rey, and Mari Carmen Hidalgo. "Processing GPR Surveys in Civil Engineering to Locate Buried Structures in Highly Conductive Subsoils." Remote Sensing 15, no. 16 (2023): 4019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15164019.
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Many studies have illustrated the great benefit of ground-penetrating radar (GPR) in civil engineering. However, in some cases, this geophysical survey method does not produce the desired results due to the electromagnetic characteristics of the subsoil. This study presents the results obtained in two locations near Linares (southern Spain), evaluating the detection of structures buried in conductive host materials (0.02 S/m in site 1 and 0.015 S/m in site 2) characterized by strong signal attenuation. Accounting for the study depth, which was 1.5 m, a 500 MHz shielded GPR antenna was used at both sites. At the first site, a controlled experiment was planned, and it consisted of burying three linear elements. An iron pipe, a PVC pipe, and a series of precast blocks were buried at a depth of 0.5 m in a subsoil composed of highly conductive clayey facies. To eliminate additional multiples caused by other superficial structures and increasing the high-frequency content, the predictive deconvolution flow was applied. In the 3D processing, the cover surfaces technique was used. Once the acquired GPR signals was analyzed and the optimal processing flow established, a second site in which different infrastructures in a conductive host medium formed by marly facies was explored. The 2D flow and 3D processing applied in this work allows to detect and see the continuity of some structures not visible for the default processing.