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1
Chowdhury, Piklu Roy, and Jack A. Heinemann. "The General Secretory Pathway of Burkholderia gladioli pv. agaricicola BG164R Is Necessary for Cavity Disease in White Button Mushrooms." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, no. 5 (2006): 3558–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.72.5.3558-3565.2006.
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ABSTRACT Cavity disease in white button mushrooms is caused by Burkholderia gladioli pv. agaricicola. We describe the isolation and characterization of six mutants of the strain BG164R that no longer cause this disease on mushrooms. The mutations were mapped to genes of the general secretory pathway (GSP). This is the first report of the association of the type II secretion pathway with a disease in mushrooms. Phenotypes of the six avirulent mutants were the following: an inability to degrade mushroom tissue, a highly reduced capacity to secrete chitinase and protease, and a reduced number of flagella. Using these mutants, we also made the novel observation that the factors causing mushroom tissue degradation, thereby leading to the expression of cavity disease, can be separated from mycelium inhibition because avirulent mutants continued to inhibit the growth of actively growing mushroom mycelia. The GSP locus of B. gladioli was subsequently cloned and mapped and compared to the same locus in closely related species, establishing that the genetic organization of the gsp operon of B. gladioli pv. agaricicola is consistent with that of other species of the genus. We also identify the most common indigenous bacterial population present in the mushroom fruit bodies from a New Zealand farm, one of which, Ewingella americana, was found to be an apparent antagonist of B. gladioli pv. agaricicola. While other investigators have reported enhanced disease symptoms due to interactions between endogenous and disease-causing bacteria in other mushroom diseases, to the best of our knowledge this is the first report of an antagonistic effect.
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Hatvani, Lóránt, Petra Sabolić, Sándor Kocsubé, et al. "The First Report on Mushroom Green Mould Disease in Croatia / Prvi Izvještaj O Bolesti Zelene Plijesni U Hrvatskoj." Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 63, no. 4 (2012): 481–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/10004-1254-63-2012-2220.
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AbstractGreen mould disease, caused by Trichoderma species, is a severe problem for mushroom growers worldwide, including Croatia. Trichoderma strains were isolated from green mould-affected Agaricus bisporus (button or common mushroom) compost and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom) substrate samples collected from Croatian mushroom farms. The causal agents of green mould disease in the oyster mushroom were T. pleurotum and T. pleuroticola, similar to other countries. At the same time, the pathogen of A. bisporus was exclusively the species T. harzianum, which is different from earlier findings and indicates that the range of mushroom pathogens is widening. The temperature profiles of the isolates and their hosts overlapped, thus no range was found that would allow optimal growth of the mushrooms without mould contamination. Ferulic acid and certain phenolic compounds, such as thymol showed remarkable fungistatic effect on the Trichoderma isolates, but inhibited the host mushrooms as well. However, commercial fungicides prochloraz and carbendazim were effective agents for pest management. This is the first report on green mould disease of cultivated mushrooms in Croatia
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Potocnik, Ivana, Milos Stepanovic, Emil Rekanovic, Biljana Todorovic, and Svetlana Milijasevic-Marcic. "Disease control by chemical and biological fungicides in cultivated mushrooms: Button mushroom, oyster mushroom and shiitake." Pesticidi i fitomedicina 30, no. 4 (2015): 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pif1504201p.
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The most commonly cultivated basidiomycetes worldwide and in Serbia are button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus), oyster mushroom (Pleurotus sp.) and shiitake (Lentinus edodes). Production of their fruiting bodies is severely afflicted by fungal, bacterial, and viral pathogens that are able to cause diseases which affect yield and quality. Major A. bisporus fungal pathogens include Mycogone perniciosa, Lecanicillium fungicola, and Cladobotryum spp., the causal agents of dry bubble, wet bubble, and cobweb disease, respectively. Various Trichoderma species, the causal agents of green mould, also affect all three kinds of edible mushrooms. Over the past two decades, green mould caused by T. aggressivum has been the most serious disease of button mushroom. Oyster mushroom is susceptible to T. pleurotum and shiitake to T. harzianum. The bacterial brawn blotch disease, caused by Pseudomonas tolaasii, is distributed globally. Disease control on mushroom farms worldwide is commonly based on the use of fungicides. However, evolution of pathogen resistance to fungicides after frequent application, and host sensitivity to fungicides are serious problems. Only a few fungicides are officially recommended in mushroom production: chlorothalonil and thiabendazol in North America and prochloraz in the EU and some other countries. Even though decreased sensitivity levels of L. fungicola and Cladobotryum mycophilum to prochloraz have been detected, disease control is still mainly provided by that chemical fungicide. Considering such resistance evolution, harmful impact to the environment and human health, special attention should be focused on biofungicides, both microbiological products based on Bacillus species and various natural substances of biological origin, together with good programs of hygiene. Introduction of biofungicides has created new possibilities for crop protection with reduced application of chemicals.
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Radványi, Dalma, András Geösel, Zsuzsa Jókai, Péter Fodor, and Attila Gere. "Detection and Identification of Microbial Volatile Organic Compounds of the Green Mold Disease." International Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Information Systems 11, no. 2 (2020): 14–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijaeis.2020040102.
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Button mushrooms are one of the most commonly cultivated mushroom species facing different risks e.g.: viral, bacterial and fungal diseases. One of the most common problems is caused by Trichoderma aggressivum, or ‘green mould' disease. The presence or absence of mushroom disease-related moulds can sufficiently be detected from the air by headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS SPME GC-MS) via their emitted microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOCs). In the present study, HS SPME GC-MS was used to explore the volatile secondary metabolites released by T. aggressivum f. europaeum on different nutrient-rich and -poor media. The MVOC pattern of green mould was determined, then media-dependent and independent biomarkers were also identified during metabolomic experiments. The presented results provide the basics of a green mould identification system which helps producers reducing yield loss, new directions for researchers in mapping the metabolomic pathways of T. aggressivum and new tools for policy makers in mushroom quality control.
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Carrasco, Jaime, María-Jesús Navarro, and Francisco J. Gea. "Cobweb, a serious pathology in mushroom crops: A review." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 15, no. 2 (2017): e10R01. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2017152-10143.
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Cobweb is a fungal disease of commercially cultivated mushrooms. Several members of the ascomycete genus Cladobotryum sp. have been reported as causal agents. White button mushroom is the most frequently cited host, but a wide range of cultivated edible mushrooms suffer cobweb. The pathology causes production losses and reduces the crop surface available. The parasite produces a great number of harmful conidia that can be released easily and distributed throughout the mushroom farm to generate secondary points of infection. To prevent initial outbreaks, hygiene is of primary importance within the facilities dedicated to mushroom cultivation, while additional measures must be implemented to control and reduce cobweb if there is an outbreak, including chemical and biological methods. This review summarizes and discusses the knowledge available on the historic occurrence of cobweb and its impact on commercial mushroom crops worldwide. Causal agents, disease ecology, including the primary source of infection and the dispersal of harmful conidia are also reviewed. Finally, control treatments to prevent the disease from breaking out are discussed.
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Szumigaj-Tarnowska, Joanna, Czesław Ślusarski, and Zbigniew Uliński. "Pathogenicity Of Mycogone Perniciosa Isolates Collected On Polish Mushroom Farms." Journal of Horticultural Research 23, no. 1 (2015): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/johr-2015-0011.
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AbstractMycogone perniciosa is the fungal pathogen causing the wet bubble of white button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus). The main symptoms of disease are undifferentiated, irregular forms of mushroom tissue, cap spotting and development of amber liquid droplets on the distorted mushrooms. The aim of the research was to assess the pathogenicity of M. perniciosa isolates that were obtained from the infected sporophores. Six isolates from Polish mushroom farms as well reference strain of Hypomyces perniciosus CBS 322.52 were used in this study. The pathogenicity of isolates was assessed on the basis of severity of disease symptoms and crop reduction in the first flush. Mushroom crop was infected with different suspensions containing of M. perniciosa aleuriospores. Significant variability was shown between tested isolates. It was stated that the pathogenicity of isolates and concentration of conidia had a significant influence on the mushroom yield. The isolate of high pathogenicity caused significant yield losses, after inoculation with 1.3 × 104·m−2, whereas the isolate with fairly pathogenicity did not produce symptoms of wet bubble disease or caused slight deformation of single sporophores, even when the casing soil was inoculated with 1.3 × 106·m−2 spores.
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Sabharwal, Aprna, and S. Kapoor S. Kapoor. "In vitro effect of essential oils on Mushroom pathogen Mycogone perniciosa causal agent of Wet Bubble Disease of White Button Mushroom." Indian Journal of Applied Research 4, no. 4 (2011): 482–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/apr2014/152.
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Storey, Nathaniel, Mojgan Rabiey, Benjamin W. Neuman, Robert W. Jackson, and Geraldine Mulley. "Genomic Characterisation of Mushroom Pathogenic Pseudomonads and Their Interaction with Bacteriophages." Viruses 12, no. 11 (2020): 1286. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12111286.
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Bacterial diseases of the edible white button mushroom Agaricus bisporus caused by Pseudomonas species cause a reduction in crop yield, resulting in considerable economic loss. We examined bacterial pathogens of mushrooms and bacteriophages that target them to understand the disease and opportunities for control. The Pseudomonastolaasii genome encoded a single type III protein secretion system (T3SS), but contained the largest number of non-ribosomal peptide synthase (NRPS) genes, multimodular enzymes that can play a role in pathogenicity, including a putative tolaasin-producing gene cluster, a toxin causing blotch disease symptom. However, Pseudomonasagarici encoded the lowest number of NRPS and three putative T3SS while non-pathogenic Pseudomonas sp. NS1 had intermediate numbers. Potential bacteriophage resistance mechanisms were identified in all three strains, but only P. agarici NCPPB 2472 was observed to have a single Type I-F CRISPR/Cas system predicted to be involved in phage resistance. Three novel bacteriophages, NV1, ϕNV3, and NV6, were isolated from environmental samples. Bacteriophage NV1 and ϕNV3 had a narrow host range for specific mushroom pathogens, whereas phage NV6 was able to infect both mushroom pathogens. ϕNV3 and NV6 genomes were almost identical and differentiated within their T7-like tail fiber protein, indicating this is likely the major host specificity determinant. Our findings provide the foundations for future comparative analyses to study mushroom disease and phage resistance.
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Hamidizade, Mozhde, S. Mohsen Taghavi, Samuel J. Martins, et al. "Bacterial Brown Pit, a New Disease of Edible Mushrooms Caused by Mycetocola sp." Plant Disease 104, no. 5 (2020): 1445–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-10-19-2176-re.
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From September to December 2018, commercial button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) farms in central Iran were surveyed to monitor the causal agent(s) of browning and blotch symptoms on mushroom caps. In addition to dozens of pseudomonads (i.e., Pseudomonas tolaasii and Pseudomonas reactans), six slow-growing gram-positive bacterial strains were isolated from blotched mushroom caps. These bacteria presented as creamy white, circular, smooth, nonfluorescent, and shiny colonies with whole margins resembling members of Microbacteriaceae (Actinobacteria). All of the actinobacterial strains were aggressively pathogenic on cut cap surface of two edible mushrooms (i.e., A. bisporus and Pleurotus eryngii), inducing brown pit symptoms 48 h postinoculation. The strains did not induce symptoms on the vegetables tested (i.e., carrot, cucumber, and potato), and they did not affect the growth of mycelium of tested plant-pathogenic fungi (i.e., Acremonium sp., Fusarium spp., and Phytopythium sp.). Phylogeny of 16S ribosomal RNA and multilocus sequence analysis of six housekeeping genes (i.e., atpD, dnaK, gyrB, ppK, recA, and rpoB) revealed that the bacterial strains belong to the actinobacterial genus Mycetocola spp., whereas the species status of the strains remains undetermined. Mushroom-associated Mycetocola species were previously reported to be capable of detoxifying tolaasin, a toxin produced by P. tolaasii, whereas the strains isolated in this study did not show tolaasin detoxification activities. Altogether, this is the first report of a mushroom disease caused by an actinobacterial species, and “bacterial brown pit” was assigned as the common name of the disease.
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de la Fuente, M. E., D. M. Beyer, and D. L. Rinker. "First Report of Trichoderma harzianum Biotype Th4, on Commercial Button Mushrooms in California." Plant Disease 82, no. 12 (1998): 1404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1998.82.12.1404b.
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Button mushrooms of Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach are commercially cultivated under environmentally controlled conditions. In California they are the most economically important agricultural crop in Santa Clara and San Mateo counties, and also an important crop in 10 other counties. Trichoderma harzianum Rifai, biotype Th4, can reduce production by preventing formation of fruiting bodies. Biotype Th4 was previously detected and described in Canada (2), Pennsylvania, and Delaware. Unofficial reports suggest its presence in San Mateo County since 1995. Disease incidence and severity on the mushroom farms varied; some mushrooms became severely infected. Green epigeous mycelia and conidia were present on the casing layer resulting in empty patches. On some farms 30% of the production surface was infected during the peak of the epidemic. Initial identification of the species was made by isolating the fungus from the substrate and casing layer. Potato dextrose agar (PDA) cultures coincided with the cultural description of T. harzianum (1,3). Biotype assessments with standard procedures were conducted at Penn State, with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of total genomic DNA to screen the California isolates of T. harzianum. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR analysis with 14 different primers indicated that they were the same RAPD haplotype as biotype Th4. The Horticultural Research Institute of Ontario relies on morphological observations from cultures grown on 2% MEA (malt extra agar) at 24°C under diffuse daylight to identify biotypes of T. harzianum (2), and microscopic characters of biotype Th4 were also positively confirmed on the California isolates. More than a parasite or pathogen, T. harzianum biotype Th4 is considered a weed mold of mushroom cultivation. The precise interaction is yet unknown. Modified Koch's postulates were confirmed with bags of commercial mushroom substrate (45 kg) inoculated by spraying 100 ml of a spore suspension (3.0 × 106 spores per ml) at filling, to give final concentrations of 103 to 108 spores per kg of compost. Treatments were T. harzianum biotype Th4, strain Th1, an unidentified isolate, control (distilled water only), and noninoculated. Eight replications per treatment were laid out in a randomized block design. Bags were subjected to standard mushroom cultivation practices. Biotype Th4 was reisolated from empty patches on the casing of all Th4 repetitions. Mean percent cover of the mold (therefore mushroom empty patches) was 30% for crops (flushes) 1 and 2, but individual bags varied from 15 to 90%. The mean percent cover in the other two treatments and in the controls was 0% for crops 1 to 4, therefore significantly different. Green mold was covering the total surface on all Th4 repetitions at third crop. No yields were recorded, but serious losses were obvious for the Th4 treatments. Green mold was not observed in the controls. References: (1) H. M. Grogan et al. Mushroom News 45:29, 1997. (2) D. L. Rinker et al. Mushroom World 8:71, 1997. (3) D. A. Seaby. Plant Pathol. 45:905, 1996.
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Potocnik, Ivana, Emil Rekanovic, Milos Stepnovic, et al. "Possibility of environmentally-safe casing soil disinfection for control of cobweb disease of button mushroom." Pesticidi i fitomedicina 29, no. 4 (2014): 283–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pif1404283p.
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The soil-borne pathogen Cladobotryum dendroides causes cobweb disease of button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) and its significant yield losses. Casing soil disinfection by toxic formaldehyde is a widespread practice. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of two environmentally friendly substances, colloidal silver and peracetic acid, against C. dendroides. Their biological efficacy (impact on mushroom yield), effectiveness (disease control) and type of interactions between them and the fungicide prochloraz-manganese were evaluated. Black peat/lime casing soil was applied to a colonized substrate with the white button mushroom strain 737, then inoculated with C. dendroides and treated with the fungicide prochloraz-manganse and two environmentally friendly disinfectants based on peracetic acid and colloidal silver. The effects of fungicides on mushroom productivity were evaluated as biological efficacy and calculated as a ratio of fresh weight of total mushroom yield to the weight of dry substrate. Fungicide effectiveness and synergy factor were calculated by Abbott?s (1925) formula. Tests for synergism between prochloraz-manganese and both other substances were performed using Limpel?s formula. The highest biolgical efficacy, exceeding 92.00, was achieved in treatments with prochlorazmanganese, applied alone or in combination with both other disinfectants. The highest effectiveness of 93.33% was attained in treatments with peracetic acid combined with prochloraz-manganese. Trials against cobweb disease revealed a synergistic reaction between the fungicide and peracetic acid and antagonistic between the fungicide and colloidal silver. Peracetic acid provided better disease control, compared to colloidal silver applied alone or in combination with the fungicide. Based on these findings, peracetic acid should be recomended as an environmentally friendly casing soil disinfectant against cobweb disease of A. bisporus.
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Glamoclija, Jasmina, Marina Sokovic, Milica Ljaljevic-Grbic, Jelena Vukojevic, Ivanka Milenkovic, and Griensven van. "Morpho-physiological characteristics and interactions of isolates of Mycogone perniciosa (Magnus) Delacr." Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke, no. 113 (2007): 235–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmspn0713235g.
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Mycogone perniciosa (Magnus) Delacr., which causes wet bubble disease of Agaricus bisporus Lange (Imb), results in a considerable crop loss on mushroom farms in Serbia. The isolation and identification of five isolates of M. perniciosa from diseased fruit bodies of white button mushroom from mushroom units in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Holland were made. Morpho-physiological characteristics and inter-relationships of the obtained isolates were studied. Macroscopic and microscopic investigations of different zones between colonies of the isolates of M. perniciosa revealed the phenomenon of the hyphal interference between different isolates. The obtained results suggest that hyphal interference could serve as an additional parameter for a more reliable determination of fungal specifity.
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Gea, Francisco J., Jaime Carrasco, Fernando Diánez, Mila Santos, and María J. Navarro. "Control of dry bubble disease (Lecanicillium fungicola) in button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) by spent mushroom substrate tea." European Journal of Plant Pathology 138, no. 4 (2013): 711–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10658-013-0344-y.
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Singh, Shivam, Abhilasha A. Lal, Anurag Singh, Rao Yaduman, and Rakhi Murmu. "Evaluation of some plant extracts in management of dry bubble (Verticillium fungicola) disease of white button mushroom [Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach]." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 8, no. 3 (2016): 1205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v8i3.941.
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The study was undertaken to determine antifungal potentials of some plant extracts against dry bubble (Verticillium fungicola) disease of white button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus). Twelve botanicals namely, Allium cepa, A. sativum, Saraca asoca, Aloe vera, Azadirachta indica, Lantana camara, Ocimum sanctum, Solanum lycopersicum (Lycopersicon esculentum), Tagetes erecta, Psidium guajava, Catharanthus roseus and Aparagus racemosus were evaluated in-vitro and in-vivo for their efficacy against both A. bisporus and V. fungicola, causing dry bubble disease of mushroom. The efficacy of botanicals was examined by poison food technique in in-vitro. The percent inhibition produced by botanicals against V. Fungicola recorded in-vitro was; A. cepa (25.87%), A. sativum (24.70%), S. asoca (12.35%), A. vera (22.35%), A. indica (35.11%), L. camara (28.48%), O. sanctum (20.59%), S. lycopersicum (20.34%), T. erecta (14.11%), P. guajava (15.11%), C. roseus (18.11%) and A. racemosus (13.52%). Among these plant extracts, A. indica was found best treatment followed by L. Camara and A. Cepa. Plant extracts showing maximum efficacy against V. fungicola and minimum inhibition against mushroom were further evaluated against V. fungicola infection in mushroom crop room (in-vivo test). In in-vivo test, the polybags which receive A. indica show maximum mean increase in yield (43.46%) over control and exhibited minimum mean disease incidence (27.7%).
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Szumigaj-Tarnowska, Joanna, Piotr Szafranek, Zbigniew Uliński, and Czesław Ślusarski. "Efficiency of Gaseous Ozone in Disinfection of Mushroom Growing Rooms." Journal of Horticultural Research 28, no. 2 (2020): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/johr-2020-0017.
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AbstractFungal diseases are a persistent problem in the cultivation of white button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus). The chemical control of pathogens is becoming less effective and less desirable, so new ways to limit these infections are urgently required. What is more, the disease is mostly controlled through cultural practices and good hygiene on mushroom farms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the fungicidal effects of ozone on fungal pathogens of common mushrooms. Experiments with the use of ozone gas for disinfection of growing rooms after the completion of the mushroom growing cycle were carried out. The fungicidal effectiveness of ozone fumigation was evaluated on the basis of the survival rate of the spores of the pathogens tested (Lecanicillium fungicola, Cladobotryum dendroides, Mycogone perniciosa, and Trichoderma aggressivum). Spore suspension was applied to aluminum plates and then was exposed to gaseous ozone. The assessment of the growth of colonies of fungal isolates obtained from infected surfaces was carried out using Rodac contact test plates. The results showed that L. fungicola, M. perniciosa, and C. dendroides isolates were sensitive to the gas ozone. In order to achieve 100% efficacy against Mycogone strains, a minimum of 6 hours of ozonation had to be applied, whereas for Cladobotryum strains, a minimum of 8 hours had to be applied. The Lecanicillium species was the most sensitive to ozonation because 30 minutes of ozonation was enough to gain 100% inhibition of its growth. No satisfactory results were obtained in the case of the pathogenic species of Trichoderma, regardless of the experimental conditions. Nevertheless, this study has demonstrated the usefulness of ozone as a disinfectant for empty growing rooms after the completion of the mushrooms’ cultivation cycle.
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Szumigaj-Tarnowska, Joanna, Piotr Szafranek, Zbigniew Uliński, and Czesław Ślusarski. "Efficiency of Gaseous Ozone in Disinfection of Mushroom Growing Rooms." Journal of Horticultural Research 28, no. 2 (2020): 91–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/johr-2020-0017.
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Abstract Fungal diseases are a persistent problem in the cultivation of white button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus). The chemical control of pathogens is becoming less effective and less desirable, so new ways to limit these infections are urgently required. What is more, the disease is mostly controlled through cultural practices and good hygiene on mushroom farms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the fungicidal effects of ozone on fungal pathogens of common mushrooms. Experiments with the use of ozone gas for disinfection of growing rooms after the completion of the mushroom growing cycle were carried out. The fungicidal effectiveness of ozone fumigation was evaluated on the basis of the survival rate of the spores of the pathogens tested (Lecanicillium fungicola, Cladobotryum dendroides, Mycogone perniciosa, and Trichoderma aggressivum). Spore suspension was applied to aluminum plates and then was exposed to gaseous ozone. The assessment of the growth of colonies of fungal isolates obtained from infected surfaces was carried out using Rodac contact test plates. The results showed that L. fungicola, M. perniciosa, and C. dendroides isolates were sensitive to the gas ozone. In order to achieve 100% efficacy against Mycogone strains, a minimum of 6 hours of ozonation had to be applied, whereas for Cladobotryum strains, a minimum of 8 hours had to be applied. The Lecanicillium species was the most sensitive to ozonation because 30 minutes of ozonation was enough to gain 100% inhibition of its growth. No satisfactory results were obtained in the case of the pathogenic species of Trichoderma, regardless of the experimental conditions. Nevertheless, this study has demonstrated the usefulness of ozone as a disinfectant for empty growing rooms after the completion of the mushrooms’ cultivation cycle.
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Beyer, D. M., K. O'Donnell, K. Paley, and M. P. Wach. "First Report of Syzygites megalocarpus (Mucorales) Web Mold on the Commercial Portabella Button Mushroom Agaricus bisporus in North America." Plant Disease 97, no. 1 (2013): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-07-12-0619-pdn.
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Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach mushrooms, which are cultivated commercially under environmentally controlled conditions, are the most valuable crop in Pennsylvania. In August 2011, we first observed a mucoraceous mold colonizing primordia and mature basidiocarps of a new brown portabella strain of A. bisporus at two commercial mushroom farms in Chester County, PA. This strain is a hybrid between a commercial strain producing white basidiocarps and a brown wild type isolate of A. bisporus. Mushrooms mature in weekly “flushes”. By third flush, 25% of the production surface at both farms was colonized by a fast growing mycelium that was initially white, subsequently yellow to golden brown, and finally grayish. Mushrooms colonized by the mold showed pitting, discoloration, and necrosis. Two pure cultures of the mold were obtained by the hyphal tip method from mature, necrotic basidiocarps at each farm. These isolates were accessioned in the ARS Culture Collection (NRRL, Peoria, IL) as NRRL 54814 to 54815 and 54818 to 54819. The cultures produced abundant aerial sporangiophores that branched dichotomously on potato dextrose agar. Light microscopic examination revealed that each branch terminated in a globose, multispored sporangium with a conspicuous columella. Individual cultures of NRRL 54818 and 54819 produced large (175 to 250 × 200 to 250 μm), barrel-shaped, dark brown to black zygosporangia between opposed suspensors, indicating they were homothallic. Morphological and cultural characteristics of the mold matched the description of Syzygites megalocarpus (3), a member of the Mucorales reported to colonize diverse, mostly fleshy basidiomycetes (2), including cultivated matsutake (Tricholoma matsutake) in Korea (1). Molecular phylogenetic confirmation of the morphological identification was obtained by PCR amplifying and sequencing domains D1 and D2 at the 5′ end of the nuclear ribosomal large subunit (LSU rDNA). The four isolates shared an identical LSU rDNA allele. A search of the NCBI nucleotide database, using a partial LSU rDNA sequence from NRRL 54814 as the BLAST query, revealed that it shared 99.5% identity with AF157216.1, a reference isolate of S. megalocarpus NRRL 6288 (3). To assess whether cultures of S. megalocarpus could induce the disease, caps of portabella and white button mushrooms were inoculated with 3.7 × 106 sporangiospores. When incubated in moist chambers at 21 to 22°C with a 12-h photoperiod, disease symptoms developed in 2 to 3 days on portabella that included discoloration and pitting at the site of inoculation. S. megalocarpus was reisolated from the symptomatic mushrooms and produced a colony identical to the original. By comparison, white button mushrooms inoculated with S. megalocarpus, using the same method, only showed minor pitting and discoloration. Disease symptoms were not observed on mushrooms inoculated with water as a negative control. Although development of new commercial varieties derived using “wild” genetically diverse stocks is an effective way to introduce desirable traits into cultivated mushrooms, it carries the risk of introducing new diseases into the industry. References: (1) K.-H. Ka et al. Korean J. Mycology 27:345, 1999. (2) R. L. Kovacs and W. J. Sundberg. Trans. Il. State Acad. Sci. 92:181, 1999. (3) K. O'Donnell. Zygomycetes in culture. Palfrey Contributions in Botany. No. 2. Department of Botany, University of Georgia, Athens, 1979.
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Nikita, Arun Kumar Sud, and Pardeep Kumar. "Efficacy of fungicides and organic formulations against wet bubble disease of white button mushroom." Plant Disease Research 36, no. 1 (2021): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2249-8788.2021.00005.6.
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Gea, F. J., M. J. Navarro, J. Carrasco, A. J. González, and L. M. Suz. "First Report of Cobweb on White Button Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) in Spain Caused by Cladobotryum mycophilum." Plant Disease 96, no. 7 (2012): 1067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-02-12-0120-pdn.
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Between 2008 and 2011, symptoms of cobweb were observed in commercial white button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) crops in Castilla-La Mancha (Spain). Typical symptoms started as white, cobweb-like mycelial growth over the surface of the casing soils and fruiting bodies. Later, the mycelium changed to a grayish white, dense powder and the affected fruiting bodies turned pale yellow or reddish brown before rotting. Two types of cap spotting were observed, dark brown spots with a poorly defined edge and light brown spots. The first symptoms were commonly seen in the second or third break (flush) of mushrooms. Infected tissues of A. bisporus were plated onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) and a parasitic fungus was isolated. Fungal colonies consisted of abundant, cottony, aerial mycelium spreading rapidly over the PDA, and red pigment spreading into the agar. The cultures lacked a camphor odor. Conidiogenous cells were 24 to 45 μm long, 3 to 6 μm wide basally, and tapered slightly to the tip. Conidia were cylindrical to narrowly ellipsoidal, 15 to 28 × 8 to 11 μm, and zero- to three-septate. Total DNA was extracted and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA amplified for one mycelial isolate using ITS1F/ITS4 primers (2,4). The amplicon was sequenced (GenBank Accession No. JQ004732). BLAST analysis showed highest similarity (99 and 100%) of the ITS sequence to four ITS sequences of Cladobotryum mycophilum (teleomorph Hypomyces odoratus) (GenBank Accession Nos. AB527074, JF505112, Y17095, and Y17096) (1,3) among other sequences of the same species. Two pathogenicity trials (A and B) were performed in mushroom-growing rooms, with 24 blocks in each assay containing pasteurized, spawned, and incubated A. bisporus substrate (10 kg, 0.15 m2). The blocks were cased with a 35-mm layer of a peat-based casing soil (5.5 liter/block). Nine days after casing, a conidial suspension (7.5 × 103 conidia/ml) of one isolate of C. mycophilum was sprayed (20 ml/block) onto the surface of the casing layer of 12 blocks at 106 conidia/m2. Twelve blocks were sprayed with sterile distilled water as a control treatment. Blocks were maintained at 17.5°C and 90% relative humidity. The first cobweb symptoms developed 25 days after inoculation, between the second and third breaks in trial A; and after 11 days, between the first and second breaks in trial B. C. mycophilum was consistently reisolated from eight inoculated blocks (67%) in trial A, and 11 inoculated blocks (92%) in trial B. The total area of the crop affected by cobweb was 30% in inoculated blocks in trial A and 45% in trial B. The noninoculated blocks remained healthy. Compared with the noninoculated control blocks, a 10.7% decrease in yield of mushrooms was observed in trial A and 9.1% in trial B. Previously, C. dendroides was the only known causal agent of cobweb in Spain. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. mycophilum causing cobweb in white button mushroom in Spain, although the disease and causal agent were previously reported on cultivated king oyster mushroom (Pleurotus eryngii) in Spain (3). References: (3) C.-G. Back et al. J. Gen. Plant Pathol. 76:232, 2010. (1) M. Gardes and T. D. Bruns. Mol. Ecol. 2:113, 1993. (4) F. J. Gea et al. Plant Dis. 95:1030, 2011. (2) T. J. White et al. PCR Protocols. A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1990.
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McGuinness, Brian, Elodie Baqué, and Helen Grogan. "Efficacy of Liquid Soap and Alcohol-Based Hand Sanitisers in Eradicating Viable Conidia of the Mushroom Pathogen Lecanicillium fungicola on Contaminated Hands." Agronomy 11, no. 8 (2021): 1600. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11081600.
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Lecanicillium fungicola causes dry bubble disease of the white button mushroom and produces masses of sticky conidia. Humans are an important vector in the spread of this disease in mushroom farms. Three hand cleaning treatments (tap water, liquid soap and alcohol-based hand sanitisers (ABHSs)) were evaluated for their effectiveness at eliminating conidia of L. fungicola from a contaminated index finger. The hand sanitisers were highly efficacious in reducing the number of viable L. fungicola conidia on contaminated fingertips, although some variability was encountered. The tap water and liquid soap treatments had little effect. An in vitro test confirmed that the log10 reduction in viable conidia after 1 min exposure to the different treatments was ≤1 for tap water and soap and >4 for the ABHSs, which is similar to what is achieved in the medical care field for many bacteria and viruses. Thus, regular use of ABHSs by staff on mushroom farms may help to reduce the incidence of dry bubble disease. Their use could also be beneficial in other areas of intensive horticulture or agriculture where human hands are known to transmit plant pathogens to uninfected plants.
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Henkels, Marcella D., Teresa A. Kidarsa, Brenda T. Shaffer, et al. "Pseudomonas protegens Pf-5 Causes Discoloration and Pitting of Mushroom Caps Due to the Production of Antifungal Metabolites." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 27, no. 7 (2014): 733–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-10-13-0311-r.
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Bacteria in the diverse Pseudomonas fluorescens group include rhizosphere inhabitants known for their antifungal metabolite production and biological control of plant disease, such as Pseudomonas protegens Pf-5, and mushroom pathogens, such as Pseudomonas tolaasii. Here, we report that strain Pf-5 causes brown, sunken lesions on peeled caps of the button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) that resemble brown blotch symptoms caused by P. tolaasii. Strain Pf-5 produces six known antifungal metabolites under the control of the GacS/GacA signal transduction system. A gacA mutant produces none of these metabolites and did not cause lesions on mushroom caps. Mutants deficient in the biosynthesis of the antifungal metabolites 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol and pyoluteorin caused less-severe symptoms than wild-type Pf-5 on peeled mushroom caps, whereas mutants deficient in the production of lipopeptide orfamide A caused similar symptoms to wild-type Pf-5. Purified pyoluteorin and 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol mimicked the symptoms caused by Pf-5. Both compounds were isolated from mushroom tissue inoculated with Pf-5, providing direct evidence for their in situ production by the bacterium. Although the lipopeptide tolaasin is responsible for brown blotch of mushroom caused by P. tolaasii, P. protegens Pf-5 caused brown blotch–like symptoms on peeled mushroom caps through a lipopeptide-independent mechanism involving the production of 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol and pyoluteorin.
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Rokni, Nader, and Ebrahim Mohammadi Goltapeh. "Tolerance to dry bubble disease (Lecanicillium fungicola) in Iranian wild germplasm of button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus)." Mycoscience 60, no. 2 (2019): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.myc.2018.10.001.
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Gea, Navarro, Santos, Diánez, and Herraiz-Peñalver. "Screening and Evaluation of Essential Oils from Mediterranean Aromatic Plants against the Mushroom Cobweb Disease, Cladobotryum mycophilum." Agronomy 9, no. 10 (2019): 656. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9100656.
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The main aim of this study was to evaluate the use of essential oils (EOs) as an alternative to synthetic fungicides used in the control of cobweb disease of button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) caused by Cladobotryum mycophilum. The EOs used were obtained by hydrodistillation from five Mediterranean aromatic species (Lavandula × intermedia, Salvia lavandulifolia, Satureja montana, Thymus mastichina, and Thymus vulgaris), analyzed by gas chromatography, and tested in vitro for their antifungal activity against C. mycophilum. In vitro bioassays showed that the EOs obtained from T. vulgaris and S. montana (ED50 = 35.5 and 42.8 mg L−1, respectively) were the most effective EOs for inhibiting the mycelial growth of C. mycophilum, and were also the most selective EOs between C. mycophilum and A. bisporus. The in vivo efficacy of T. vulgaris and S. montana EOs at two different concentrations (0.5 and 1%) were evaluated in two mushroom growing trials with C. mycophilum inoculation. The treatments involving T. vulgaris and S. montana EOs at the higher dose (1% concentration) were as effective as fungicide treatment. The effect of these EOs on mushroom productivity was tested in a mushroom cropping trial without inoculation. They had a strong fungitoxic effect at the first flush. However, a compensatory effect was observed by the end of the crop cycle and no differences were observed in biological efficiency between treatments. The main compounds found were carvacrol and p-cymene for S. montana, and p-cymene and thymol for T. vulgaris. These results suggest that T. vulgaris and S. montana EOs may be useful products to manage cobweb disease if used as part of an integrated pest management (IPM) program.
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Li, Dan, Frederick Leo Sossah, Lei Sun, Yongping Fu, and Yu Li. "Genome Analysis of Hypomyces perniciosus, the Causal Agent of Wet Bubble Disease of Button Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus)." Genes 10, no. 6 (2019): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10060417.
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The mycoparasitic fungus Hypomyces perniciosus causes wet bubble disease of mushrooms, particularly Agaricus bisporus. The genome of a highly virulent strain of H. perniciosus HP10 was sequenced and compared to three other fungi from the order Hypocreales that cause disease on A. bisporus. H. perniciosus genome is ~44 Mb, encodes 10,077 genes and enriched with transposable elements up to 25.3%. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that H. perniciosus is closely related to Cladobotryum protrusum and diverged from their common ancestor ~156.7 million years ago. H. perniciosus has few secreted proteins compared to C. protrusum and Trichoderma virens, but significantly expanded protein families of transporters, protein kinases, CAZymes (GH 18), peptidases, cytochrome P450, and SMs that are essential for mycoparasitism and adaptation to harsh environments. This study provides insights into H. perniciosus evolution and pathogenesis and will contribute to the development of effective disease management strategies to control wet bubble disease.
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Lukovic, Jelena, Milos Stepanovic, Biljana Todorovic, et al. "Antifungal activity of cinnamon and clove essential oils against button mushroom pathogens Cladobotryum dendroides (Bull.) W. Gams & Hooz and Lecanicillium fungicola var. fungicola (Preuss) Hasebrauk." Pesticidi i fitomedicina 33, no. 1 (2018): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pif1801019l.
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Antifungal activity of two essential oils, cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum J. Presl) and clove (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merrill & Perry), was evaluated against Cladobotryum dendroides (Bull.) W. Gams & Hooz, and Lecanicillium fungicola var. fungicola (Preuss) Hasebrauk, the causal agents of cobweb and dry bubble disease of cultivated mushroom. Inhibitory and fungicidal activity of the selected essential oils was assayed using three methods: microdilution, macrodilution fumigant and macrodilution contact method. Comparing all three methods, clove essential oil showed stronger activity than cinnamon against both fungi, having minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) at the lowest concentrations tested (1.56, 0.02 and 0.1 ?l ml-1, respectively). However, cinnamon oil was more toxic to L. fungicola var. fungicola then to C. dendroides in all three methods. Both oils exhibited stronger antifungal effects when used in the macrodilution fumigant than in contact method. The results showed that both cinnamon and clove essential oils have the potential for further in vivo experiments against L. fungicola var. fungicola and C. dendroides and indicated a possible use of these oils in integrated disease management in mushrooms.
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Kouser, S., M. Ahmed, and S. Shah. "Disease Status and Yield Losses Due to Wet Bubble Disease (Mycogone perniciosa) Associated with the Cultivation of White Button Mushroom at Different Mushroom Units of Kashmir Valley." Plant Pathology Journal 12, no. 2 (2013): 104–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ppj.2013.104.109.
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Hermenau, Ron, Susann Kugel, Anna J. Komor, and Christian Hertweck. "Helper bacteria halt and disarm mushroom pathogens by linearizing structurally diverse cyclolipopeptides." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 38 (2020): 23802–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2006109117.
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The bacterial pathogenPseudomonas tolaasiiseverely damages white button mushrooms by secretion of the pore-forming toxin tolaasin, the main virulence factor of brown blotch disease. Yet, fungus-associated helper bacteria of the genusMycetocola(Mycetocola tolaasinivoransandMycetocola lacteus) may protect their host by an unknown detoxification mechanism. By a combination of metabolic profiling, imaging mass spectrometry, structure elucidation, and bioassays, we found that the helper bacteria inactivate tolaasin by linearizing the lipocyclopeptide. Furthermore, we found thatMycetocolaspp. impair the dissemination of the pathogen by cleavage of the lactone ring of pseudodesmin. The role of pseudodesmin as a major swarming factor was corroborated by identification and inactivation of the corresponding biosynthetic gene cluster. Activity-guided fractionation of theMycetocolaproteome, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) analyses, and heterologous enzyme production identified the lactonase responsible for toxin cleavage. We revealed an antivirulence strategy in the context of a tripartite interaction that has high ecological and agricultural relevance.
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Djurovic-Pejcev, Rada, Ivana Potocnik, Svetlana Milijasevic-Marcic, Biljana Todorovic, Emil Rekanovic, and Milos Stepanovic. "Antifungal activity of six plant essential oils from Serbia against Trichoderma aggressivum f. europaeum." Pesticidi i fitomedicina 29, no. 4 (2014): 291–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pif1404291d.
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Six essential oils (EOs) extracted from plants originating in Serbia were assayed for inhibitory and fungicidal activity against a major fungal pathogen of button mushroom causing green mould disease, Trichoderma agressivum f. europaeum. The strongest activity was demonstrated by the oils of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) and peppermint (Mentha piperita L.). Medium antifungal activity of St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) and walnut [Juglans regia (F)] oils was also recorded. Oils extracted from yarrow (Achillea millepholium L.) and juniper (Juniperus communis L.) exhibited the lowest activity. Peppermint oil showed fungicidal effect on the pathogen, having a minimum fungicidal concentration of 0.64 ?l ml-1. The main components of peppermint essential oil were menthone (37.02%), menthol (29.57%) and isomenthone (9.06%).
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Narendra, Kumar Jatav, Singh Rana Ram, Ram Verma Jeeva, and Kishan Bairwa Verma Shri. "Chemical control of dry bubble disease induced by Verticillium fungicola [Preuss] Hassebr on white button mushroom, Agaricus bisporous." African Journal of Microbiology Research 8, no. 22 (2014): 2202–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajmr2014.6811.
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Collopy, P. D., M. L. Largeteau-Mamoun, C. P. Romaine, and D. J. Royse. "Molecular Phylogenetic Analyses of Verticillium fungicola and Related Species Causing Dry Bubble Disease of the Cultivated Button Mushroom, Agaricus bisporus." Phytopathology® 91, no. 9 (2001): 905–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2001.91.9.905.
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Molecular phylogenetic analyses were performed on 40 isolates of Verticillium fungicola collected from various Pennsylvania mushroom farms in 1999 and 28 isolates of Verticillium spp. collected during the last 50 years from various geographic locations. Sequence analysis of internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2 (ITS1 and ITS2) and 5.8S regions of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) transcriptional unit and analysis of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) data were performed for the 68 isolates of Verticillium spp. Identical rDNA sequences were obtained for all 40 Pennsylvania isolates collected during 1999, 13 North American isolates collected during the last 50 years, and the ex-type strain of V. fungicola var. aleophilum. Sequence analysis of European isolates revealed a close relationship to the ex-type strain V. fungicola var. fungicola. No European-like isolates of V. fungicola var. fungicola were detected in the collection of North American isolates examined. Results from six decamer RAPD primers strongly indicate the presence of a clonal population of V. fungicola among Pennsylvania isolates. In addition, RAPD data delineated a Korean isolate (DC130) and ex-type strain V. fungicola var. aleophilum from the North American group. Virulence assays, based on spore inoculation of mushroom pilei, revealed variation corresponding to each neighbor-joining and RAPD grouping. All isolates with rDNA sequence and RAPD grouping similarity to ex-type strains V. fungicola var. aleophilum and V. fungicola var. fungicola displayed the highest level of virulence. Based on rDNA sequence and RAPD analyses, isolates displaying reduced or no virulence were distantly related to these two varieties. All results obtained for the analyses of ex-type strain V. fungicola var. flavidum suggested that this fungal isolate should not be considered a variety of V. fungicola, but rather a distinct species.
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Singh, Shivam, Abhilasha A. Lal, Rao Yaduman, Sobita Simon, and P. W. Ramteke. "Genetic variability of strains of Verticillium fungicola causing dry bubble disease of white Button Mushroom Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach." Annals of Plant Protection Sciences 26, no. 1 (2018): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-0163.2018.00030.7.
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Shaheen, Kouser, Shah Shaiesta, Ahmed M, D. Shah M, and A. Sheikh P. "Morphological characteristics of wet bubble disease (Mycogone perniciosa) isolated from button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) and assessment of factors affecting disease development and spread." African Journal of Microbiology Research 9, no. 3 (2015): 185–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajmr2013.6533.
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Juarez Del Carmen, Sergio, Michele L. Largeteau-Mamoun, Thierry Rousseau, Catherine Regnault-Roger, and Jean-Michel Savoie. "Genetic and physiological variation in isolates of Verticillium fungicola causing dry bubble disease of the cultivated button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus." Mycological Research 106, no. 10 (2002): 1163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0953756202006500.
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Narendra, Kumar Jatav, S. Rana R., Ram Verma Jeeva, Kishan Bairwa Shri, and C. Tiwari G. "Evaluation of plant extract in control of dry bubble disease of white button mushroom caused by Verticillium fungicola f.sp. fungicola Preuss (Hassebr)." African Journal of Microbiology Research 8, no. 37 (2014): 3405–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajmr2014.6869.
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Tanovic, Brankica, Maja Vracarevic, and Ivana Potocnik. "Susceptibility of white button mushroom (agaricus bisporus lange) and its pathogens verticillium fungicola (preuss) hassebrauk and mycogone perniciosa (magnus) delacr. to fungicides." Pesticidi 18, no. 4 (2003): 237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pif0304237t.
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The isolates of two mycopathogenic fungi Verticillium fungicola and Mycogone perniciosa, and a commercial isolate of white button mushroom Agaricus bisporus were tested for sensitivity to prochloraz, benomyl, and iprodione in vitro. The pathogens were isolated from the diseased mushrooms originating from mushroom farms in Vracevsnica (Gornji Milanovac) and Pozarevac in Serbia. Prochloraz and iprodione were highly toxic to both M. perniciosa and V. fungicola. The isolate of M. perniciosa was also very sensitive to benomyl, whereas the toxicity of benomyl to V.fungicola was extremely low. Among the fungicides investigated, iprodion was the most toxic and benomyl the least toxic to the isolate of white button mushroom. Chemical control of both dry and wet bubble is possible by prochloraz and iprodione. Moreover, successful control of wet bubble causal agent can be obtained by benomyl as well, due to high toxicity of this fungicide to the pathogen and low toxicity to white button mushroom. In addition, use of benomyl alternating prochloraz provides resistance management strategy providing that a given farm is free of V.fungicola population.
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Abubaker, Kamal S., Calvin Sjaarda, and Alan J. Castle. "Regulation of three genes encoding cell-wall-degrading enzymes of Trichoderma aggressivum during interaction with Agaricus bisporus." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 59, no. 6 (2013): 417–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2013-0173.
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Members of the genus Trichoderma are very effective competitors of a variety of fungi. Cell-wall-degrading enzymes, including proteinases, glucanases, and chitinases, are commonly secreted as part of the competitive process. Trichoderma aggressivum is the causative agent of green mould disease of the button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus. The structures of 3 T. aggressivum genes, prb1 encoding a proteinase, ech42 encoding an endochitinase, and a β-glucanase gene, were determined. Promoter elements in the prb1 and ech42 genes suggested that transcription is regulated by carbon and nitrogen levels and by stress. Both genes had mycoparasitism-related elements indicating potential roles for the protein products in competition. The promoter of the β-glucanase gene contained CreA and AreA binding sites indicative of catabolite regulation but contained no mycoparasitism elements. Transcription of the 3 genes was measured in mixed cultures of T. aggressivum and A. bisporus. Two A. bisporus strains, U1, which is sensitive to green mould disease, and SB65, which shows some resistance, were used in co-cultivation tests to assess possible roles of the genes in disease production and severity. prb1 and ech42 were coordinately upregulated after 5 days, whereas β-glucanase transcription was upregulated from day 0 with both Agaricus strains. Upregulation was much less pronounced in mixed cultures of T. aggressivum with the resistant strain, SB65, than with the sensitive strain, U1. These observations suggested that the proteins encoded by these genes have roles in both nutrition and in severity of green mould disease.
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Twardowski, Przemyslaw, Paul Henry Frankel, Sumanta Kumar Pal, et al. "A phase Ib trial of mushroom powder in biochemically recurrent, hormone-naive prostate cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, no. 6_suppl (2013): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.6_suppl.142.
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142 Background: Biochemically recurrent prostate cancer (PC) is a common presentation of relapse after primary local therapies. Strategies to delay disease progression and defer initiation of androgen deprivation therapy and associated side effects are needed. White button mushroom (WBM, Agaricus bisporus) extract suppresses prostate cancer tumor growth in animals, and prior human experience indicates favorable toxicity profile. Methods: Patients (pts) with rising PSA of ≥0.2 ng/mL after prostatectomy (RP) and/or radiation (RT) and no radiographic evidence of metastases were treated with WBM powder tablets at 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 grams po daily. Dose escalation was conducted in cohorts of 6 and continued as long as no more than 1 patient per cohort experienced dose limiting toxicity (DLT). Therapy continued until PSA increased by ≥100% and by ≥1 ng/mL, or clinically detectable metastases or unacceptable toxicity occurred. Primary objective was feasibility and toxicity, secondary objective was the effect of WBM on serum PSA and androgen levels. Results: Thirty six pts were treated. Median age was 68 (53-80).Thirty three pts (92%) had prior RP and all underwent previous RT. Median PSA was 1.9 (0.2-22.2). Mean compliance was 98.6 %. No DLT’s were encountered. The most common side effect was grade 1 abdominal bloating (39%); one patient experienced asymptomatic grade 3 hyponatremia. Overall PSA response rate was 11% (95% CI: 4%-27%). Two pts receiving 8 and 14 gm/day demonstrated a PSA complete response (CR), defined as a decline in PSA to undetectable levels that continues for 26 and 7 months respectively. Two pts, receiving 8 and 14 gm/day, experienced confirmed PSA partial responses (PR), defined as a ≥50% PSA decline on treatment. After 3 months of therapy 36% of pts (13/36) demonstrated some PSA decrease below baseline. No association between PSA response and serum testosterone, DHT or DHEA levels was observed. Median duration on therapy is 10.2 months (0.9 – 35.3). Ten pts remain on therapy. Conclusions: Therapy with WBM was well tolerated. Our data suggest that WBM intake results in durable decreases in PSA level in some patients with biochemically recurrent PC. Further studies to clarify mechanism of action are warranted. Clinical trial information: NCT00779168.
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Usman, Muhammad, Ghulam Murtaza, and Allah Ditta. "Nutritional, Medicinal, and Cosmetic Value of Bioactive Compounds in Button Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus): A Review." Applied Sciences 11, no. 13 (2021): 5943. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11135943.
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Fungi are vital to numerous industrial and household processes, especially producing cheeses, beer, wine, and bread, and they are accountable for breaking down organic matter. The remarkable medicinal and nutritional values of the mushrooms have increased their consumption. Agaricus bisporus belongs to the Agaricaceae family, and it is a top-ranked cultivated mushroom that is well known for its edibility. A. bisporus is rich in nutrients such as carbohydrates, amino acids, fats, and minerals and has potential anticancer, antioxidant, anti-obesity, and anti-inflammation properties. The bioactive compounds extracted from this mushroom can be used for the treatment of several common human diseases including cancer, bacterial and fungal infections, diabetes, heart disorder, and skin problems. A. bisporus has opened new horizons for the world to explore mushrooms as far as their culinary and medicinal values are concerned. In recent years, tyrosinase and ergothioneine have been extracted from this mushroom, which has made this mushroom worth considering more for nutritional and medicinal purposes. To emphasize various aspects of A. bisporus, a comprehensive review highlighting the nutritional, medicinal, and cosmetic values and finding out the research gaps is presented. In this way, it would be possible to improve the quality and quantity of bioactive compounds in A. bisporus, ultimately contributing to the discovery of new drugs and the responsible mechanisms. In the present review, we summarize the latest advancements regarding the nutritional, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic properties of A. bisporus. Moreover, research gaps with future research directions are also discussed.
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Medvediev, D. G., A. O. Kerner, S. V. Bondaruk, and G. A. Al-Maali. "Investigation of cultural features and fungicide resistance of the strains of Cladobotryum mycophilum (Hypocreales, Ascomycota), a causal agent of cobweb disease on button mushroom crops, newly recorded in Ukraine." Ukrainian Botanical Journal 76, no. 2 (2019): 121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ukrbotj76.02.121.
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Hastuti, Liana Dwi Sri, Erman Munir, Rendra Syahputra Tanjung, and Iradani Yupita Ningrum. "Ulitization of Oil Palm Empty Bunches Waste as a Growth Media for Straw Mushrooms." ABDIMAS TALENTA: Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat 6, no. 1 (2021): 168–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/abdimastalenta.v6i1.5803.
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Straw Mushroom (Volvariella volvaceae) as well asmushrooms edible otherhave been developed in Indonesia, including North Sumatra as a substitute for animal protein. Mushrooms or also known as button mushrooms are vegetables that are recognized to have high nutritional value, and are even believed to have medicinal properties for various types of diseases so that they have a fairly high selling value. Some studies report that in 100 grams of mushroom, only 0.17% fat is contained and even better, this fat is not bad fat. Seeing the high demand because of its nutritional value, and its rich content, its taste that is liked by many people, mushroom cultivation has a very promising market value. Basically until now the demand for mushroom continues to increase, but farmers have not been able to meet market needs. good quality start to be limited. Some farmers have started to switch to alternative planting media which is currently mostly practiced, namely oil palm pulp or empty palm oil bunches (TKKS). EFB is a waste that is very easy and is found mostly around palm oil processing factories, whose use has been limited so far as heating materials for boilers and particle wood, many empty bunches have not been utilized. This service aims to provide training in the form of mushroom cultivation using TKKS, as well as provide training in the form of post-harvest handling which is important given the lack of understanding of farmers in production and marketing activities.
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BREENE, WILLIAM M. "Nutritional and Medicinal Value of Specialty Mushrooms." Journal of Food Protection 53, no. 10 (1990): 883–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-53.10.883.
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Although the button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) accounts for slightly over half of total world mushroom production, specialty mushrooms, e.g., shiitake (Lentinula edodes), straw (Volvariella volvacea), oyster (Pleurotus spp.), and enokitake (Flammulina velutipes), are increasing in popularity. These species contain moderate quantities of good quality protein and are good sources of dietary fiber, vitamin C, B vitamins, and minerals. Lipid levels are low, but unsaturated to saturated fatty acid ratios are high (about 2.0 – 4.5:1). Some species (e.g., shiitake) accumulate cadmium and selenium and other heavy metals, and some may contain toxic substances such as the heat labile cardiotoxic proteins volvatoxin in the straw mushroom and flammutoxin in enokitake. Extensive clinical studies, primarily in Japan, have clearly demonstrated that a number of species have medicinal and therapeutic value, by injection or oral administration, in the prevention/treatment of cancer, viral diseases (influenza, polio), hypercholesterolemia, blood platelet aggregation, and hypertension. Most of the studies have focused on shiitake, enokitake, Pleurotus spp., and on the generally nonculinary Ganoderma spp. Many of the active substances which include polysaccharides (e.g., β-glucans), nucleic acid derivatives (the hypocholesterolemic eritadenine), lipids, peptides, proteins, and glycoproteins, have been isolated and identified. Some of the mechanisms of activity have been elucidated, e.g., antiviral activity via stimulation of interferon production in the host. Additional medical claims less well documented may nonetheless have some validity and merit further study.
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Fazil Fayaz Wani, Zakir Amin, Humaira Gulzar W. A. Dar, and P. A. Sheikh. "Diseases of White Button Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus)- A Potential Threat to Mushroom Industry." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 10, no. 2 (2021): 2076–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2021.1002.247.
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Boiko, O. A., M. D. Mel’nichuk, and T. V. Ivanova. "Spread, diagnosis, and prevention of diseases of the button mushroom." Russian Agricultural Sciences 35, no. 2 (2009): 94–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068367409020086.
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Milijasevic-Marcic, Svetlana, Biljana Todorovic, Milos Stepanovic, et al. "Monitoring of bacterial diseases of Agaricus bisporus in Serbia." Pesticidi i fitomedicina 31, no. 1-2 (2016): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pif1602029m.
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Monitoring of button mushroom bacterial diseases was conducted to estimate the presence and identity of mycopathogenic bacteria and to determine the predominant bacterial pathogen in Serbia. Samples were collected from mushroom farms during 2006- 2010 and also from fresh markets during 2014-2015. The collected samples showed either symptoms of brown blotch or different degrees of brown discoloration on caps and stalks of Agaricus bisporus resembling bacterial infection. The presence of bacterial droplets on gills was not recorded. The isolated bacteria were Gram-negative and fluorescent on King?s medium B. In pathogenicity tests, most bacterial isolates induced superficial or sunken brown lesions with differences in the level of discoloration on A. bisporus tissue blocks after artificial inoculation. Based on LOPAT characteristics, the isolates were divided into two groups, showing characteristics of either the LOPAT group Va or group III. Based on these features and other differential biochemical characteristics, the presumptive Pseudomonas tolaasii isolates were confirmed by specific PCR. The other group of isolates was subjected to sequencing of the 16S rDNA. Based on these sequences most isolates were identified as Pseudomonas agarici, while two strains belonged to Pseudomonas fluorescens. The survey resulted in detection and identification of P. tolaasii in 11 locations and P. agarici in 7 locations in Serbian mushroom farms. Most samples from fresh markets were infected with P. tolaasii, suggesting that this pathogen has been the predominant cause of bacterial diseases in Serbian mushroom-growing facilities over the past 10 years.
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Carrasco, Jaime, Maria Luisa Tello, Maria de Toro, et al. "Casing microbiome dynamics during button mushroom cultivation: implications for dry and wet bubble diseases." Microbiology 165, no. 6 (2019): 611–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.000792.
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Lee, Hwa-Yong, Sebastin Raveendar, Hyejin An, et al. "Development of Polymorphic Simple Sequence Repeat Markers using High-Throughput Sequencing in Button Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus)." Mycobiology 46, no. 4 (2018): 421–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/12298093.2018.1538072.
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An, Hyejin, Ick-Hyun Jo, Youn-Lee Oh, et al. "Molecular Characterization of 170 New gDNA-SSR Markers for Genetic Diversity in Button Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus)." Mycobiology 47, no. 4 (2019): 527–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/12298093.2019.1667131.
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Bhushan, Apoorva, and Mayank Kulshreshtha. "Cardioprotective Activity of Agaricus bisporus Against Isoproterenol- Induced Myocardial Infarction in Laboratory Animals." Current Nutrition & Food Science 15, no. 4 (2019): 401–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573401314666180427161119.
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Background: Agaricus bisporus (A. bisporus) is an edible basidiomycete mushroom native to grasslands in Europe and North America. A. bisporus, commonly known as white button mushroom (WBM), is widely cultivated in most countries, and it constitutes the bulk of all mushrooms consumed in the United States and Australia. Traditionally this fungus has used in the treatment of heart diseases. Also it has anti-ageing property.Mushrooms have been found effective against cancer, cholesterol reduction, stress, insomnia, asthma, allergies and diabetes. Objective: The present research was designed to appraise the cardioprotective activity of a hydroalcoholic extract of Agaricus bisporus (EEAB) on Isoproterenol (ISO) induced myocardial infarction (MI) in Albino Wistar rat. Traditionally, Agaricus bisporus is reported in the treatment of heart diseases, cancer, cerebral stroke and anti-ageing property. Materials and Methods: Wistar rats of different sex were randomly split into five groups namely positive control, negative control, standard, test-1 and test-2 and received distilled water, ISO (85 mg/kg), Simvastatin (10 mg/kg/day, oral) and EEAB (200 and 400 mg/kg/day, p.o.) for 30 days, respectively. MI was induced in rats by ISO at an interval of 24 hrs on 31 and 32 day and on the next day, blood was amassed through retro-orbital plexus for the assessment of biochemical markers (cholesterol, lowdensity lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, very low-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, alanine aminotransferase and total protein) and finally, the rats were immolated by cervical dislocation. The heart tissue was reaped instantly, cleaned with chilled isotonic saline and clasped in 10% buffered formalin and used for the histopathological analysis. Results: ISO p.o. administration significantly elevated the cholesterol, low density lipoprotein, very low density lipoprotein, triglycerides, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels while it decreases high-density lipoprotein and total protein in plasma and administration of EEAB decreases the level of cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, very low-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels while it increases high-density lipoprotein and total protein levels. Pretreatment with EEAB protected the cardiotoxicity induced by ISO. The histopathological findings support the analysis of biochemical parameters, ISO-induced myocardium showed infracted zone with edema, inflammatory cells, lipid droplets, myocardial necrosis and vacuolization of myofibrils which were reduced. Conclusion: It can be an outcome that EEAB possessed cardioprotective activity against experimental and clinical studies of ISO-induced myocardial infarction in rats.
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Foulongne-Oriol, Marie, Anne Rodier, and Jean-Michel Savoie. "Relationship between Yield Components and Partial Resistance to Lecanicillium fungicola in the Button Mushroom, Agaricus bisporus, Assessed by Quantitative Trait Locus Mapping." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 78, no. 7 (2012): 2435–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.07554-11.
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ABSTRACTDry bubble, caused byLecanicillium fungicola, is one of the most detrimental diseases affecting button mushroom cultivation. In a previous study, we demonstrated that breeding for resistance to this pathogen is quite challenging due to its quantitative inheritance. A second-generation hybrid progeny derived from an intervarietal cross between a wild strain and a commercial cultivar was characterized forL. fungicolaresistance under artificial inoculation in three independent experiments. Analysis of quantitative trait loci (QTL) was used to determine the locations, numbers, and effects of genomic regions associated with dry-bubble resistance. Four traits related to resistance were analyzed. Two to four QTL were detected per trait, depending on the experiment. Two genomic regions, on linkage group X (LGX) and LGVIII, were consistently detected in the three experiments. The genomic region on LGX was detected for three of the four variables studied. The total phenotypic variance accounted for by all QTL ranged from 19.3% to 42.1% over all traits in all experiments. For most of the QTL, the favorable allele for resistance came from the wild parent, but for some QTL, the allele that contributed to a higher level of resistance was carried by the cultivar. Comparative mapping with QTL for yield-related traits revealed five colocations between resistance and yield component loci, suggesting that the resistance results from both genetic factors and fitness expression. The consequences for mushroom breeding programs are discussed.
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Gea, F. J., M. J. Navarro, and L. M. Suz. "First Report of Cladobotryum mycophilum Causing Cobweb on Cultivated King Oyster Mushroom in Spain." Plant Disease 95, no. 8 (2011): 1030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-03-11-0255.
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In 2010, symptoms of cobweb were observed on cultivated king oyster mushroom (Pleurotus eryngii) in Castilla-La Mancha (Spain) affecting 16% of the blocks of substrate cultivated. Cobweb appeared at the end of the crop cycle, first as small, white patches on the casing soil, subsequently spreading to the nearest king oyster mushroom by means of a fine gray-white mycelium, and eventually sporulating to produce masses of dry spores. The mycelium can quickly cover pinheads, stalks, pileus, and gills, eventually resulting in decomposition of the entire fruit body. Infected tissues of P. eryngii were plated onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) and the parasitic fungus was isolated. Fungal colonies consisted of abundant and cottony aerial mycelium spreading rapidly on PDA and red pigment spreading in the agar. Conidiogenous cells were 24 to 35 μm long, 3.5 to 5 μm wide basally, and tapered slightly to the tip. Conidia were cylindrical to narrowly ellipsoidal, 17 to 25 (-28) × 8 to 10 μm, and zero to three septate. Total DNA was extracted and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA was amplified for one isolate using ITS1F/ITS4 primers (1,3). The amplicon was sequenced (GenBank Accession No. JF505112). BLAST analysis showed 100% similarity of the obtained ITS sequence with two sequences of Cladobotryum mycophilum (teleomorph Hypomyces odoratus) (GenBank Accession Nos. Y17096 and Y17095) (2). Pathogenicity tests were performed using 24 blocks containing sterilized, spawned, and incubated P. eryngii substrate (3.6 kg, 352 cm2 in area). The blocks were placed in a mushroom-growing room and cased with a 40-mm layer of a casing soil (0.7 liter block–1) made with mineral soil + Sphagnum peat 4:1 (vol/vol). Five days after casing, a conidial suspension (7 × 103 conidia ml–1) of one isolate of C. mycophilum was sprayed (5 ml per block) onto the surface of the casing layer at a rate of 106 conidia m–2. Twenty-two blocks were sprayed with sterile distilled water as a control. A temperature of 17 to 18°C and 85 to 90% relative humidity were maintained throughout cropping. The first cobweb symptoms developed 23 days after inoculation and C. mycophilum was consistently reisolated from nine (37.5%) of the inoculated blocks. Noninoculated blocks remained healthy. In a second test, conidial suspensions (3.4 × 105 conidia ml–1) of one isolate of C. mycophilum were inoculated onto 20 P. eryngii fruit bodies. Ten fruit bodies were inoculated externally while the other 10 fruit bodies were cut in half and inoculated internally with 50 μl of conidial suspension per fruit body. Sterilized distilled water was used as a control. All fruit bodies were then incubated at 22°C in a moist chamber. Assays were conducted twice and the results were recorded after 7 days. C. mycophilum grew on 85% of the internally inoculated fruit bodies and on 40% of those inoculated superficially, while the control mushrooms remained symptomless. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. mycophilum causing cobweb in king oyster mushroom in Spain. This finding will have a potentially significant impact on button mushroom farms where cobweb is one of the most common diseases. References: (1) M. Gardes and T. D. Bruns. Mol. Ecol. 2:113, 1993. (2) G. J. McKay et al. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65:606, 1999. (3) T. J. White et al. PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press, San Diego, 1990.