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Journal articles on the topic "Cattle stations"
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Ross, Robert, Lyle Parsons, Ba Son Thai, Richard Hall, and Meha Kaushik. "An IoT Smart Rodent Bait Station System Utilizing Computer Vision." Sensors 20, no. 17 (August 19, 2020): 4670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20174670.
Full textAbstract:
Across the world billions of dollars of damage are attributed to rodents, resulting in them being classified collectively as the biggest animal pest in the world. At a commercial scale most pest control companies employ the labour intensive approach of deploying and manually monitoring rodenticide bait stations. In this paper was present, RatSpy, a visual, low-power bait station monitoring system which wirelessly reports both on bait station levels and intruders entering the bait station. The smart bait stations report data back to a custom designed cloud platform. The system performance was evaluated under realistic field conditions (on an active cattle farm) with initial results showing significant potential in terms of reducing manual labour, improving scalability and data.
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Michell, VJ. "Some economic and social factors affecting the cattle industry in the Gulf Area of the Northern Territory - Results of the 1982 Cattle Industry Survey." Rangeland Journal 7, no. 1 (1985): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9850051.
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The Gulf District of the Northern Territory is one of Australia's most remote cattle-growing areas. The national brucellosis and tuberculosis eradication policy is forcing management to change from the traditional hunting of cattle on unfenced areas to property development and improved animal husbandry practices. In 1982 only 45% of properties were actively participating in the BTB eradication programme. The paper describes the area and looks at the effect of development on a number of economic parameters, as well as the effect of these parameters on operating costs and returns. The development of stations is related to higher stocking rates and total numbers of stock. Costs per head decrease and turnoff and branding rates tend to increase with development. However stations had to go heavily into debt to achieve this development. Only 32% of stations covered their operating costs in 1982; although these stations were less developed they were also smaller, owner- managed stations employing less labour.
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Michna, P., W. Eugster, R. V. Hiller, M. J. Zeeman, and H. Wanner. "Topoclimatological case-study of Alpine pastures near the Albula Pass in the eastern Swiss Alps." Geographica Helvetica 68, no. 4 (December 16, 2013): 249–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gh-68-249-2013.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Alpine grasslands are an important source of fodder for the cattle of Alpine farmers. Only during the short summer season can these pastures be used for grazing. With the anticipated climate change, it is likely that plant production – and thus the fodder basis for the cattle – will be influenced. Investigating the dependence of biomass production on topoclimatic factors will allow us to better understand how anticipated climate change may influence this traditional Alpine farming system. Because small-scale topoclimatological variations of the main meteorological variables: temperature, humidity, precipitation, shortwave incoming radiation and wind speed are not easily derived from available long-term climate stations in mountainous terrain, it was our goal to investigate the topoclimatic variations over the pastures belonging to the Alp Weissenstein research station north of the Albula Pass in the eastern Swiss Alps. We present a basic assessment of current topoclimatic conditions as a site characterization for ongoing ecological climate change studies. To be able to link short-term studies with long-term climate records, we related agrometeorological measurements with those of surrounding long-term sites run by MeteoSwiss, both on valley bottoms (Davos, Samedan), and on mountain tops (Weissfluhjoch, Piz Corvatsch). We found that the Davos climate station north of the study area is most closely correlated with the local climate of Alp Weissenstein, although a much closer site (Samedan) exists on the other side of the Albula Pass. Mountain top stations, however, did not provide a convincing approximation for the climate at Alp Weissenstein. Direct comparisons of near-surface measurements from a set of 11 small weather stations distributed over the domain where cattle and sheep are grazed indicate that nocturnal minimum air temperature and minimum vapor pressure deficit are mostly governed by the altitudinal gradient, whereas daily maxima – including also wind speed – are more strongly depending on vegetation cover and less on the altitude.
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Guzman, Paula Olivares, David L. Pearl, Karen S. Schwartzkopf-Genswein, Tina M. Widowski, Daniela M. Meléndez Suárez, Sonia Marti, and Derek B. Haley. "6 Does Bedding Influence Lying Behaviour of Cattle Unloaded for Rest During Long-distance Transportation?" Journal of Animal Science 99, Supplement_3 (October 8, 2021): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab235.002.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract In Canada, cattle must be unloaded, fed, watered, and rested after 36 h of transport; however, little is known about what constitutes appropriate rest station conditions. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between providing straw bedding (14-cm deep) and trip, load, and commercial rest station characteristics, on lying behaviour. Truckloads (n = 13) were split; half the animals were assigned to either bedded (n = 452 cattle) or non-bedded (n = 470 cattle) pens. Trip characteristics [time in motion (TIM), duration of stops en route (DUR_STOPS)], load characteristics (sex: heifers, steers, both; and load weight), and rest station characteristics [ambient temperature at unloading; rest pen space allowance (k_PEN); time in resting pen (TIP)] were recorded. Once unloaded we counted the number of cattle lying/pen, every 10 min for 8 h. A mixed logistic regression model with random intercepts for load and truck compartment was fitted to examine associations between the proportion of animals lying and the independent variables (i.e., treatment, trip, load, and rest station characteristics). Odds of lying increased with load weight (i.e., cattle weight class, P = 0.02) and with DUR_STOPS (P < 0.03). There was an interaction (P < 0.01) between treatment and TIM: as TIM increased, the odds of observing cattle lying showed a notable increase for cattle rested in bedded pens, whereas for those rested in non-bedded pens, the odds showed little change as TIM increased. An interaction (P < 0.01) was also found between treatment and TIP: early in the observation period, the odds of cattle lying were greater in bedded pens. Both groups showed an increase in the probability of lying over time, plateauing at similar levels, near the end of the 8-h observation period. In conclusion, providing straw bedding at rest stations influenced cattle’s motivation to lie, particularly following longer transport durations.
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Allen, L., R. Engeman, and H. Krupa. "Evaluation of three relative abundance indices for assessing dingo populations." Wildlife Research 23, no. 2 (1996): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9960197.
Full textAbstract:
Three methods of assessing relative abundance of wild canids were evaluated on a population of dingoes, Canis lupus dingo (Corbett), on a cattle station in south-westem Queensland. The tested indices relied on measurements of activity based on spoor. Two of the techniques attracted the target species to tracking stations through the use of a novel (fatty acid scent) or food-based (buried meat) attractant. The third index (activity) measured the number of dingo tracks crossing tracking stations placed at 1-km intervals along a road transect. All three indices had a high level of agreement for detecting differences in relative abundance, with correlation coefficients exceeding 0.85. When the stations were analysed in 1-km segments, the activity index proved the most sensitive, producing proportionally more positive responses than either of the other two indices irrespective of whether the tracking stations were assessed at 1-, 2-, 3- or 4-day intervals. Inconsistencies between indices existed, with the derived abundance indices not showing the anticipated reduction following population reduction. The effect of season and the interaction between dingo activity and index methodology are discussed.
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Šafus, P., J. Přibyl, Z. Veselá, L. Vostrý, M. Štípková, and L. Stádník. "Selection indexes for bulls of beef cattle." Czech Journal of Animal Science 51, No. 7 (December 5, 2011): 285–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3941-cjas.
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Three selection indexes were constructed for bulls of beef cattle: IM for terminal crossing (in dairy herds), IZ for the selection of foundation sires for beef herd and IS for the selection of bulls for beef herd. Each index was constructed in five variants that differed in the number of used traits from the most important ones to all traits with known breeding values. The sources of information were breeding values routinely calculated in performance testing – 10 breeding values for direct and maternal effects for easy calving and growth, breeding value for daily gain of bulls at performance-testing stations and 10 breeding values for the type traits of young animals. The reliability of partial breeding values that enter into the indexes ranged from 11% to 36%. Reliability influences subsequent accuracy of index selection for total genotype that is in the range of 30% to 46%. The discounting of economic values (0% or 10%) did not influence the selection indexes significantly. Index selection was expressed almost exclusively in genetic gain of direct effects while maternal effects were of only small importance in the breeding objective. Direct effects for daily gain until weaning and after weaning are of the highest importance in the breeding objective, accounting for 90% to 96% of the total selection effect. The most important information sources in selection indexes are direct effect of weaning weight (importance of approximately 74% to 95%) and maternal effect of weaning weight (importance of approximately 5% to 7%). The inclusion of daily gain of bulls at performance-testing stations with the importance of about 16% in the index decreased the importance of weaning weight. Selection can be aimed at these main traits – calving ease (direct and maternal effect) and weight at 210 days (direct and maternal effect) only because the importance of the other traits in the index is very low.
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Rockett, Paige L., Flavio Schenkel, Christine F. Baes, Filippo Miglior, and Dan Tulpan. "PSIII-12 Genetic analysis of heat tolerance in Holsteins using test-day production records and satellite-based meteorological data." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (November 3, 2020): 229–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.422.
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Abstract Heat stress in dairy cattle is an existing issue in temperate regions that can cause reduced milk production, impaired fertility, and mortality. Genetic selection for heat tolerance using test-day production records and weather station data is a potential mitigation strategy. However, weather stations can have temporal data gaps and a low spatial resolution, which reduces the number of herds that can be incorporated into an analysis. The objectives for this study include: (1) compare satellite-based meteorological data from the NASA POWER database to weather station records in Ontario and Quebec, (2) evaluate the effects of heat stress on Canadian Holsteins, and (3) assess breeding value estimates for heat tolerance in the same population. Daily estimates of ambient temperature, dewpoint temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed from 481 weather stations in Ontario and Quebec were compared to the parameters estimated by the NASA POWER project using an ordinary least squares regression. The coordinates of herds in Ontario and Quebec were estimated using their addresses and Google Maps Geocoding. The best weather data for each herd location will be incorporated into two random regression animal models to analyze three test-day production traits: milk, fat, and protein yield. The first model will be used to estimate general and specific additive genetic merits over the thermal gradient. The second model will estimate the traditional additive genetic merit. In conclusion, this study explores the use of satellite estimated meteorological parameters in addition to or alternatively to weather station data in heat tolerance studies, quantifies the sensitivity of Canadian dairy cattle to heat stress, and evaluates if genetic selection for increased heat tolerance in Canadian dairy herds is possible.
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Garmaev, D. T., and A. V. Tsydypova. "CATTLE BREEDING IN THE REPUBLIC OF BURYATIA: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS FOR DEVELOPMENT." Scientific Review Theory and Practice 11, no. 7 (2021): 2070–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.35679/2226-0226-2021-11-7-2070-2082.
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The article considers one of the main directions of increasing the level of food security of the country at the present time – the development of specialized beef cattle breeding, which contributes to an increase in pro- duction volumes in Russia and the Republic of Buryatia. The purpose of the article is to identify the problems of the development of the beef catle breeding industry; it is recommended to take measures to increase the production of beef meat in Russia and the Republic of Buryatia. Methods used: static, comparison, deductive analysis with a monographic survey, and also used logical, static, mathematical methods of information processing. The natural and climatic conditions of the republic are characterized as extreme, which increase costs, require disproportionately significant costs for the production of crop products, necessitate an increase in feed for the production of live- stock products, due to a long stall period and low negative temperatures determine its high cost. For the development of pedigree farms engaged in beef cattle breeding, the following measures will be taken: creation of stations for testing pedigree bulls on the basis of cows’ own productivity. Beef cattle breeding in the Republic of Buryatia is the most labor-intensive industry with a long payback period, therefore this sector is underdeveloped. The main problems of beef cattle breeding: the lack of high-value breeding bulls, the technology of dairy and beef cattle breeding is carried out on an extensive basis, and the low potential of livestock productivity. The following activities will take place. Measures to increase the production of high-quality beef: formation of a breeding base for beef cattle breeding based on the provision of differentiated subsidies for the maintenance of broodstock of beef cattle according to the “cow-calf” system in breeding plants and pedigree reproducers; purchase of pedigree young stock of specialized meat breeds.
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Twigg, Laurie E., Steve R. Eldridge, Glenn P. Edwards, Bernie J. Shakeshaft, Nicki D. dePreu, and Neville Adams. "The longevity and efficacy of 1080 meat baits used for dingo control in central Australia." Wildlife Research 27, no. 5 (2000): 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr99044.
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In central Australia, most 1080 (sodium monofluoroacetate) meat baits placed on soil in predator-proof cages remained toxic to dingoes, foxes and feral cats for at least 8 months regardless of whether they were protected from rain or not. Thus, untaken baits will remain a potential hazard to non-target species, particularly farm dogs, for a considerable period. However, when dingo-control programs were monitored (n = 3 stations), approximately 85% of meat baits were taken within 4 days. Dingo-control programs were undertaken on three stations by placing 1080 meat baits near water points (bores) with known dingo activity. Baiting was effective on two stations but not on the third. Where successful, dingo numbers were reduced by 50–70%. The failure on the third station was not due to the lack of bait-take as approximately 80% of these baits were taken within 4 days; it was probably caused by the presence of ephemeral water-bodies that could not be baited. However, this technique was effective in removing those dingoes that utilised the artificial water points, and hence were likely to be interacting with cattle. Such an outcome has benefits to both conservation and the pastoral industry, as problem dogs are removed without placing the long-term survival of dingoes at risk.
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Foran, B. D., and D. M. Stafford Smith. "Risk, biology and drought management strategies for cattle stations in central Australia." Journal of Environmental Management 33, no. 1 (July 1991): 17–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-4797(05)80045-3.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Cattle stations"
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Cooper, David Edward. "An unequal coexistence: From 'station blacks' to 'Aboriginal custodians' in the Victoria River District of Northern Australia." Phd thesis, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/9513.
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The thesis addresses the broader theme of coexistence between black and white
Australians through an extended case study of the mediation of overlapping Aboriginal
‘heritage’ interests in land with the interests of non-Indigenous landowners and land managers in the Victoria River District of the Northern Territory (the ‘VRD’). The thesis shows that while an historical perspective reveals marked changes in many of the outward manifestations of intercultural relations (for example, changes in white categorisations of Aboriginal people from ‘station blacks’ to ‘Aboriginal custodians’, and
changes in the conduct of relations from violent to non-violent behaviours), the overall tenor of relations has changed little. The VRD community remains ‘racially’ segregated, characterised by separate cultural domains, poor intercultural communication and entrenched Aboriginal marginality and socio-economic disadvantage. The thesis shows how recognition of Aboriginal heritage interests in land is largely determined by the parameters of this pattern of relations, which are analysed in the thesis through the themes of power, cultural difference and strategic action. The thesis also examines the Western paradigm of heritage, from its conceptual origins to the structures and processes which have subsequently been developed in Indigenous heritage policy, including heritage protection legislation and processes of consultation. The integration
of heritage protection with development approvals processes has created many
difficulties for Aboriginal communities in the VRD, whose heritage interests are often
placed in opposition to the economic interests of the wider Australian community. The thesis endorses a coexistence approach to mediating Indigenous heritage interests
with the interests and needs of non-Indigenous land owners and land managers. This must include effective statutory protection of Indigenous heritage interests together with mechanisms and resources to promote and negotiate voluntary agreements
between Indigenous and non-Indigenous stakeholders.
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Le, Roux Gustav Nic. "Cattle and veld interactions at the Armoedsvlakte Research Station." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/10740.
Full textAbstract:
A long-term grazing trial was started in 1977 at Armoedsvlakte Research Station, about 10km
west of Vryburg, in Tarchonanthus veld of the Ghaap’s Plateau, which is a variation of the
Kalahari Thornveld veld type. The main aim of this study was to use the extensive veld condition
and animal production data set to investigate the effects and interactions of stocking rate, grazing
system applied and seasonal rainfall on veld condition and cattle production. The grazing trial
has changed three times since its inception resulting in three different phases.
The main changes in veld condition during phase one (1977-1991) was due to density
independent effects (e.g. seasonal rainfall) and not density dependent effects (e.g. stocking rate).
A major change occurred in 1985 following a multiple year drought. The drought resulted in
adverse changes in species composition, basal cover and residual biomass of all treatments. The
system did not recover from the drought during phase one, despite well above mean seasonal
rainfall for a number of years after the drought.
During phase two (1992-1999) and phase three (2000 to present) completely different vegetation
dynamics occurred than what was experienced during phase one. Density dependent effects (e.g.
stocking rate) were more important in explaining variation in veld condition during these two
phases. High stocking rates resulted in adverse changes in species composition, poor basal cover
and a low residual biomass production. It is however important to note that seasonal rainfall did
explain a significant additional amount of variation in veld condition. This suggests that a
continuum of non-equilibrium and equilibrium vegetation dynamics occurred in these two
phases.
The residual biomass and seasonal rainfall model for phase one indicate completely different
results for the gain per animal data. In the seasonal rainfall model, stocking rate does not have a
significant effect on gain per animal, but seasonal rainfall and the interaction of stocking rate
with seasonal rainfall explains most of the variation in gain per animal. This suggest a continuum
of non-equilibrium and equilibrium dynamics and that animal production is more sensitive to
seasonal rainfall than to stocking rate, although the significant interaction of stocking rate with
seasonal rainfall suggest that the seasonal rainfall effect on animal production is dependant on
stocking rate.
The residual biomass model however indicates that stocking rate is more important than rainfall
in explaining variation in the mass gains per animal. The stocking rate effect on gain per animal
was significant and indicated that as stocking rate increased, that gain per animal decreases.
Seasonal rainfall and the interaction of stocking rate with seasonal rainfall had no significant
effect on gain per animal.
The amount of variation explained by the seasonal rainfall model was larger than the residual
biomass model and this indicates that rainfall explains more variation in gain per animal, than
residual biomass does. This possibly indicates that non-equilibrium effects are stronger than the
equilibrium effects, but it is important to notice that stocking rate had a significant effect in some
cases.
The gain per hectare models (seasonal rainfall and residual biomass) for phase one indicates that
stocking rate has a significant effect on gain per hectare. Increasing stocking rates resulted in
higher gain per hectare, which suggests that the turning point of the typical “Jones and Sandland
model” has not been reached and this might be due to light stocking rates applied during the
duration of phase one. The seasonal rainfall model however has significant effects of seasonal
rainfall and interactions of stocking rate with seasonal rainfall on gain per hectare. This suggests
that the effect of stocking rate is dependent on seasonal rainfall and that seasonal rainfall explain
an additional amount of variation in gain per hectare.
In general, it appreared that the optimal stocking rate for animal production was higher than
those applied during the duration of the trial, but this is due to lower than planned actual stocking
rates applied during all three phases of the trial. It is very difficult to determine a generic optimal
stocking rate for different rainfall volumes and it is recommended that the actual stocking rate
for different ecological zones be determined based on rainfall, biomass, species compos[i]tion,
basal cover and available browse and not just on the provisional recommendations.
The type of grazing system applied did not show any statistically significant effects on both gain
per animal and gain per hectare for the animal production data during phase one. This result is
interesting and contradictive to most of the scientific literature where some authors concluded
from their studies that rotational grazing systems produce higher animal production than
continuous grazing systems, whereas others researchers state that continuous grazing systems
produce higher animal production than rotational grazing systems.
In phase two both the residual biomass and seasonal rainfall models for phase two did not show
any significant effects and interactions of stocking rate, seasonal rainfall level and/or residual
biomass on both gain per animal and gain per hectare.
Both the residual biomass and seasonal rainfall models for phase three did not show any
significant effects and interactions of stocking rate, seasonal rainfall level and/or residual
biomass on animal gains per animal. The seasonal rainfall model did not show any any
significant effects and interactions of stocking rate, seasonal rainfall level and/or residual
biomass on animal gains per hectare. However, the residual biomass model indicated that
stocking rate had a significant effect on gain per hectare and the production closely followed the
Jones and Sandland (1974) model as at low stocking rates, gain per hectare increases at a rapid
rate, but as stocking rates increases to high stocking rates, the rate of increase in gain per hectare
declines, until it eventually reaches a turning point, where after gain per hectare declines with
increasing stocking rates.
Stocking rate only had a significant effect on the condition score of cows during phase two and
phase three, as high stocking rates resulted in poor animal condition in both phases. No
significant effects and interactions of stocking rate and seasonal rainfall were indicated on
calving percentage, weaning percentage, conception rates and percentage of desirable meat
produced during phase two.Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, [2011].
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Moizo, Bernard. "We all one mob but different: groups, grouping and identity in a Kimberley Aboriginal village." Phd thesis, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/8798.
Full textAbstract:
`This thesis examines the development and maintenance of a fragile group identity at the community level among Aboriginal people in the West Kimberley in Western Australia. It focuses on the town-based Aboriginal settlement of Junjuwa in Fitzroy Crossing.
With no indigenous political structures relevant to the permanent co-residence of several hundreds of people the development and maintenance of a community sentiment powerful enough to allow the effective operation of the community as an administrative unit is problematic. While the material constraints of successive government policies have been a key limitation on people, indigenous identities, groupings and associations which pose obstacles to sustaining a commitment to the community are always present and constantly threatening it.
This thesis explores the bases of cohesion at the community level and the constant tension with sub-community loyalties of one kind or another. It begins with a consideration of aspects of the historical background that are crucial to understanding the contemporary situation, paying particular attention to the transformations in residence patterns brought about by the pastoral industry. The emergence of Junjuwa is described in the context of the pastoral industry in the 1960s, which forced many Aboriginal people into Fitzroy Crossing. This is followed by an analysis of the community constitution, the physical structure and the resident population. In the subsequent Chapter, the bases of group sentiments and the circumstances in which these were expressed and operated are analysed. Chapters six and seven examine the sub-groupings, associations and identities that are in constant tension with the community identity. Chapter eight concentrates on the leadership in the community and Chapter nine on the consequences of external interventions. In the final chapter I discuss why the factors that make the emergence of a community sentiment at the level of associations like Junjuwa are not, at present, expendable to the regional level.
Books on the topic "Cattle stations"
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Young, E. A. Aboriginal cattle stations in the East Kimberley: Communities or enterprises. Canberra City: East Kimberley Project, 1988.
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Lake, Fiona. Life as an Australian horseman: Images of Australia's largest cattle stations. Hermit Park, Queensland, Australia: Fiona Lake, 2009.
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Ata, Khawar. Baseline survey of strengthening of government livestock farms: Experiment stations in Punjab. Edited by Ahmed Waqas, Khan Ghulam Abbas, and Khan Muhammad Jameel. Lahore: Punjab Economic Research Institute, 2003.
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McHugh, Evan. Outback stations: The life and times of Australia's biggest cattle and sheep properties. Camberwell, Vic: Viking, 2012.
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1955-, McDonald Barry, ed. Working Saumarez: People and places on a sheep and cattle station. Armidale, NSW: Saumarez Advisory Committee of the National Trust of Australia (New South Wales), 1996.
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Jameson, Bryan. Movement at the station: The revolt of the mountain cattlemen. Sydney: William Collins, 1987.
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Shadows in the dust: A contemporary portrait of Aboriginal station life. Glebe, New South Wales, Australia: Wild Pony Pty Ltd, 1997.
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Lake, Fiona. Million Acre Masterpiece: Images of Australia's Largest Cattle Stations. Hermit Park, 2005.
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McHugh, Evan. Outback Stations: The Life and Times of Australia's Biggest Cattle and Sheep Properties. Penguin Random House, 2014.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Cattle stations"
1
Anthony, Thalia. "Criminal justice and transgression on northern Australian cattle stations." In Transgressions: Critical Australian Indigenous histories. ANU Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.22459/t.12.2007.03.
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Hart, Richard H., and Justin D. Derner. "Cattle Grazing on the Shortgrass Steppe." In Ecology of the Shortgrass Steppe. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195135824.003.0021.
Full textAbstract:
Cattle are the primary grazers on the shortgrass steppe. For example, during the late 1990s, 21 shortgrass counties in Colorado reported about 2.36 million cattle compared with 283,000 sheep (National Agricultural Statistics Service, USDA, 1997a), 60,000 pronghorn antelope, and a few thousand bison (Hart, 1994). Assuming one bison or five to six sheep or pronghorn consume as much forage as one bovine (Heady and Child, 1994), cattle provide about 97% of the large-herbivore grazing pressure in this region. The ratio of cattle to other grazers is even greater in the remainder of the shortgrass steppe. In 1997, the three panhandle counties of Oklahoma reported 387,000 cattle and only 1300 sheep, whereas the 38 panhandle counties of Texas reported 4.24 million cattle and 14,000 sheep (National Agricultural Statistics Service, USDA, 1997b,c). How ever, only a bout half the cattle in the panhandle counties of Texas and Oklahoma graze on rangeland the remainer are in feedlots. Rangeland research on the shortgrass steppe (Table 17.1 describes the parameters of the major research stations in the shortgrass steppe) has included a long history of both basic ecology and grazing management. The responses of rangeland plant communities to herbivory are addressed by Milchunas et al. (chapter 16, this volume) and to disturbance are discussed by Peters et al. (chapter 6, this volume). Here we focus on research pertaining to three management practices important to cattle ranching on shortgrass steppe: stocking rates, grazing systems, and extending the grazing season via complementary pastures and use of pastures dominated by Atriplex canescens [Pursh] Nutt (fourwing saltbush). Stocking rate, de. ned as the number of animals per unit area for a speci. ed time period, is the primary and most easily controlled variable in the management of cattle grazing. Cattle weight gain responses to stocking rate or grazing pressure (animal days per unit of forage produced) have been quanti. ed in several grazing studies on the shortgrass steppe (Bement, 1969, 1974; Hart and Ashby, 1998; Klipple and Costello, 1960). Average daily gains per animal are better estimated as a function of grazing pressure, rather than stocking rate, as forage production is highly variable in this semiarid environment (Lauenroth and Sala, 1992; Milchunas et al., 1994).
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Goldman, Wendy Z., and Donald Filtzer. "Rolling East and Resettlement." In Fortress Dark and Stern, 57–93. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190618414.003.0003.
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The transfer and resettlement of millions of people, including children, invalids, and elderly, posed a vast challenge to public health officials, factory managers, and local soviets. People crammed into freight and cattle cars, and their journeys were often derailed by bombing, illness, and death. Child measles and typhus took a deadly toll. Evacuees from Leningrad during the siege were often in no condition to travel. Families left their dead at unknown stations along the way. The exhausted people who reached their destinations were billeted with other families, in barracks, and in earthen dugouts. Newcomers and natives clashed. Construction crews built their own shelters before laying new electricity, water, and railway lines, and erecting structures for the evacuated factories. Factories too were ordered to merge and share space. Along with new hazards, new, more efficient methods of production emerged. The war proved a powerful crucible, forcing every branch of administration to confront challenges of epic proportions.
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"‘Unfree’ labour on the cattle stations of Northern Australia, the tea gardens of Assam and the rubber plantations of Indo-China, 1920–50." In Resisting Bondage in Indian Ocean Africa and Asia, 108–25. Routledge, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203968246-13.
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Lee, Julia H. "The Chinaman’s Crime." In The Racial Railroad, 64–83. NYU Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479812752.003.0003.
Full textAbstract:
Chapter two argues that Willa Cather’s short story “The Affair at Grover Station” uses the railroad as a lens through which to explain and obscure Chinese racial difference. Cather’s “Chinese fiction” stories express a particular strain of Sinophobia that emphasizes the unnatural ancientness of the Chinese both individually and culturally. In the case of “The Affair at Grover Station,” this is complicated by the fact that Freymark, the half-Chinese cattle magnate who is the story’s villain, possesses a seemingly uncanny ability to navigate masterfully the modernity that the US imagined itself to embody and that was supposed to be antithetical to the Chinese.
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Collier, Paul. "Natural Liabilities." In The Plundered Planet. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195395259.003.0015.
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Factories produce the goods that we want. They also spew out smoke. The smoky factory is, in fact, the classic image used by economists to illustrate the idea of an externality. The factory sells the goods but does not have to pay for the smoke. We now know that smoke is more damaging than previously appreciated. There is nothing more natural than carbon dioxide; it is one of the basic ingredients of life. Yet carbon has become a natural liability. It accumulates up in the atmosphere, trapping in heat. Of course carbon only becomes a problem when it passes the threshold at which it is excessive. We have passed that threshold. As the extra carbon traps in heat, the world heats up, and as it heats up the climate becomes more volatile. The consequences are wide-ranging, but Africa will be the region most severely affected. Africa is huge and climate change will not affect it uniformly, but it seems likely that the drier parts will become drier still, making staple foods unviable. Increased climate variation, which means droughts, floods, and bouts of intense heat, can wreak havoc with traditional cultivation. Agriculture, which is currently Africa’s main economic activity, will become less productive. A rapidly growing population will be scratching a living from a progressively less amenable natural environment. Carbon brings together the key themes of this book. Although it is natural, extra carbon is now a liability; there is nothing intrinsically benign about nature. It is emitted not just by industry but by a number of natural processes. For example, probably the most natural of all human economic activities is rearing cattle. Pastoralists have been ranging the wilderness for millennia. Unfortunately, in terms of global warming, they are more of a menace than nuclear power stations, which produce energy without emitting carbon. That is because cows fart. Being renewable, carbon shares much of the economics of fish and trees, except that instead of being a renewable natural asset it is a renewable natural liability. The damage it does depends not upon how much is emitted today, but on how much has been emitted cumulatively over recent decades.
Conference papers on the topic "Cattle stations"
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Chlebowski, Jaroslaw, Marek Gaworski, Tomasz Nowakowski, and Aleksandra Szczesniak. "Effect of liquid feed additive temperature on dosing accuracy in feeding station for dairy cattle." In 19th International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/erdev.2020.19.tf236.
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Garza, Tony, Todd Clare, David Lodge, and Robert Gates. "A CATT Scan for the Station: Time Phased Analysis of ISS External Stowage." In SpaceOps 2002 Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2002-t3-03.
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Babcenco, Coralia, Viorica Cazac-Scobioala, Olga Alcaz, and Eugenia Covaliov. "Revitalization of Moldovan alivanca: traditions and preparation experiences." In Ethnology Symposium "Ethnic traditions and processes", Edition II. Institute of Cultural Heritage, Republic of Moldova, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52603/9789975333788.25.
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Moldovan cuisine is a real treasure with tasty miracles, where the hearty soul of our people rules. These are the dishes generously and proudly served to all guests, who want to get familiarized with our country and culture. Moldovan cuisine is a part of the culture of the Republic of Moldova. Its diversity is due to the rich natural opportunities of our country. Grapes, fruit, vegetables, cattle breeding and aviculture – all such riches are successfully used in national cuisine. If speaking about traditional cuisine, we cannot but mention such dishes as Moldovan cozonac (sweet leavened bread), Moldovan pasca (Easter bread), sarmale (stuffed grape leaves or stuffed cabbage), zeama de gaina (sour chicken soup), alivanca (custard tart), Moldovan turta (cake), turta cu mac (poppyseed cake), and so on. The traditional dishes of the Republic of Moldova, which were forgotten in the mists of time, are the subject-matter of interest in this thesis paper, since they are less studied but still very valuable. The realized onsite study allowed us stating the existence of a large-scale range of recipes of alivanca, i.e. a peasant dessert, which is specific to Moldova, including: custard tart with sheep cheese (branza), custard tart with whey cheese (urda), custard tart with pork rinds (jumari), custard tart with dill and bunch onion, custard tart with nettle, custard tart with stevia, custard tart with garden orache, custard tart with chervil, custard tart with pumpkin, sweet custard tart.
Reports on the topic "Cattle stations"
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Ungar, Eugene D., Montague W. Demment, Uri M. Peiper, Emilio A. Laca, and Mario Gutman. The Prediction of Daily Intake in Grazing Cattle Using Methodologies, Models and Experiments that Integrate Pasture Structure and Ingestive Behavior. United States Department of Agriculture, July 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568789.bard.
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This project addressed the prediction of daily intake in grazing cattle using methodologies, models and experiments that integrate pasture structure and ingestive behavior. The broad objective was to develop concepts of optimal foraging that predicted ingestive behavior and instantaneous intake rate in single and multi-patch environments and extend them to the greater scales of time and space required to predict daily intake. Specific objectives included: to determine how sward structure affects the shape of patch depletion curves, to determine if the basic components of ingestive behavior of animals in groups differs from animals alone, and to evaluate and modify our existing models of foraging behavior and heterogeneity to incorporate larger scales of time and space. Patch depletion was found to be predominantly by horizon, with a significant decline in bite weight during horizon depletion. This decline derives from bite overlap, and is more pronounced on taller swards. These results were successfully predicted by a simple bite placement simulator. At greater spatial scales, patch selection was aimed at maximizing daily digestible intake, with the between patch search pattern being non-random. The processes of selecting a feeding station and foraging at a feeding station are fundamentally different. The marginal value theorem may not be the most appropriate paradigm for predicting residence time at a feeding station. Basic components of ingestive behavior were unaffected by the presence of other animals. Our results contribute to animal production systems by improving our understanding of the foraging process, by identifying the key sward parameters that determine intake rate and by improving existing conceptual and quantitative models of foraging behavior across spatial and temporal scales.