Academic literature on the topic 'Causes and consequences of corruption'

Abstract Industrial and marine protective coating systems are most commonly applied without incident, and perform as expected over their anticipated service life. However, occasionally, a coating system will fail prematurely, for unexpected reasons, and with expensive consequences. This paper addresses those unexpected failures, and provides reasons and remedies for such occurrences. The paper addresses in brief the following topics: Coating deficiencies attributed to: Coating manufacturingSpecificationsSurface preparation and applicationService environment excursions Additionally, normal environmental deteriorating effects on a coating are briefly discussed. These topics include: Internal stresses-coating drying and curing.External stresses-Vibration, flexing, mechanical damage.Solar energy.Heat.Permeation (water, chemicals, oxygen). Unfortunately, each of these deficiencies may occur in combinations with each other, and any or all may aggravate a coating system. One or more of these deficiencies or deteriorating effects are often sufficient to cause a coating system that otherwise would be protective and long lasting to break down prematurely months or years after the original application. Too often the cost to remediate and repair or replace a coating system that has failed prematurely is greater than the cost of the original coating installation, especially when down time of the structure is considered.

Today, corruption is one of Russia’s acute problems. In order to resolve this issue, it is necessary to consider the causes of corruption, its consequences for society, as well as the categories of abuse of their position by officials and the penalties imposed on them.

Actuality. Corruption in sports refers to any unethical or illegal activities that compromise the integrity of sporting events, organizations, or athletes. It can take various forms, including match-fixing, doping, bribery, embezzlement, and other forms of dishonest behavior. Corruption in sports not only tarnishes the reputation of the games but also undermines the principles of fair competition and sportsmanship. Here are some key aspects and examples of corruption in sports: Match-Fixing: Match-fixing occurs when athletes, officials, or individuals involved in sports conspire to manipulate the outcome of a game or event. This can involve intentionally losing, scoring own goals, or ensuring that certain outcomes occur to benefit those involved in the fix, often for financial gain. Doping: Doping involves the use of banned substances or methods to enhance an athlete's performance. This practice is not only unethical but also poses health risks to athletes. Organizations like the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) work to combat doping in sports by implementing testing and regulations. Bribery and Corruption: Corruption can also manifest as bribery, where athletes or officials accept money or gifts to influence their decisions or actions in sports. This can range from bribing referees to influence match outcomes to paying off officials for favorable treatment. Embezzlement: Embezzlement occurs when individuals in positions of trust within sports organizations misappropriate funds for personal gain. This can involve stealing ticket revenue, sponsorship money, or other financial resources meant for the development of sports. Governance Issues: Sports organizations, including governing bodies and national associations, may become corrupt when leaders or officials engage in fraudulent practices, such as nepotism, misappropriation of funds, or election rigging. Gambling: The rise of sports betting can also contribute to corruption, as individuals may attempt to manipulate outcomes to profit from their bets. This can create incentives for match-fixing and other forms of cheating. The purpose of the research is to present a summary of the scientific literature on the threats to corruption in sport; introduce a framework to categorise these threats; identify research gaps in the field and provide safeguarding recommendations for sport organizations. Corruption in sports serves various purposes, although all of them are unethical and detrimental to the integrity of sports and fair competition. It's important to note that corruption in sports is not justifiable, and its purposes are harmful. Here are some of the purposes behind corruption in sports: Financial Gain: One of the primary purposes of corruption in sports is financial gain. Individuals involved in corrupt practices, such as match-fixing, bribery, or embezzlement, seek to profit from their actions. This can involve players, coaches, officials, or even organized crime syndicates looking to make money through illegal means. Influence and Power: Corruption can also be driven by the desire for influence and power within the sports world. Individuals may engage in corrupt activities to secure positions of authority, gain control over sports organizations, or manipulate the outcomes of events to their advantage. Preservation of Reputation: In some cases, athletes or teams may resort to corrupt practices to protect or enhance their reputation. This can involve doping to achieve better results and maintain a positive public image, even if it means cheating. Maintaining Employment: Athletes, coaches, and other individuals involved in sports may engage in corrupt practices to ensure their continued employment or contract extensions. This can include actions such as point-shaving in team sports to influence the final score without drawing suspicion. Research into corruption in sports typically employs various methods to gather data, analyze trends, and uncover the underlying causes and consequences of corrupt practices. These research methods can be broadly categorized into quantitative and qualitative approaches, and they often involve a combination of techniques. Here are some common methods used in researching corruption in sports: Surveys and Questionnaires: surveys or questionnaires to collect data from athletes, coaches, officials, and other stakeholders in the sports world. These surveys can ask about personal experiences with corruption, perceptions of corruption within the sport, and attitudes toward anti-corruption measures. Interviews: In-depth interviews with key informants, such as athletes, coaches, sports officials, and experts, can provide valuable qualitative data. Interviews allow researchers to explore the motivations, behaviors, and perspectives of individuals involved in or affected by corruption in sports. Content Analysis: Researchers analyze written, audiovisual, or digital content related to sports, such as news articles, social media discussions, and legal documents. Content analysis can help identify and track instances of corruption, as well as public reactions and perceptions. Case Studies: Researchers often conduct detailed case studies of specific instances of corruption in sports. This qualitative approach involves in-depth examination of the circumstances, individuals involved, and consequences of particular corruption cases. Data Mining: With the proliferation of digital data, researchers can use data mining techniques to extract valuable insights from vast datasets related to sports, including financial transactions, betting patterns, and social media interactions. Data mining can help detect irregularities and suspicious activities. Observation: Ethnographic research involves observing and immersing oneself in the sports environment to gain firsthand insights into the culture, practices, and dynamics related to corruption. Researchers may attend sporting events, interact with participants, and document their observations. Secondary Data Analysis: Researchers often analyze existing datasets and reports related to sports corruption. This can include data from sports governing bodies, law enforcement agencies, and academic studies. Secondary data analysis allows for the examination of trends and patterns over time. Surveillance and Whistleblower Reports: Surveillance methods and whistleblower reports can be valuable sources of information on corrupt activities in sports. These reports can include evidence of match-fixing, doping, and other illicit activities. Network Analysis: Researchers use network analysis techniques to map out relationships and connections among individuals and organizations involved in corruption in sports. This approach helps identify key actors and their roles in corrupt networks. Comparative Studies: Comparative research involves analyzing corruption in sports across different countries, regions, or sports disciplines. This approach allows researchers to identify variations in corrupt practices and anti-corruption efforts. Research findings and results in the area of corruption in sports have revealed numerous insights into the extent, causes, consequences, and strategies to combat corruption within the sports industry. While specific findings can vary depending on the research focus and methodology, here are some common themes and key findings from studies on corruption in sports: Prevalence of Corruption: Research consistently highlights that corruption in sports is a widespread problem that affects various sports disciplines and regions across the world. Studies have documented cases of match-fixing, doping, bribery, and embezzlement in both amateur and professional sports. Financial Impact: Corruption in sports can have significant financial consequences. Research has shown that match-fixing and doping scandals can lead to financial losses for sports organizations, sponsors, and broadcasters. Additionally, corruption can deter legitimate investment in sports. Motivations: Studies often explore the motivations behind corrupt practices in sports. Financial gain, the pursuit of power and influence, and a desire for success or recognition are among the primary motivations identified for individuals involved in corruption in sports. In conclusion, corruption in sports represents a significant and multifaceted challenge that has far-reaching consequences for athletes, organizations, fans, and the integrity of sports as a whole. The findings and research in this area have shed light on the prevalence, motivations, and impacts of corruption in various sports disciplines around the world. Corruption in sports encompasses practices such as match-fixing, doping, bribery, embezzlement, and more, with financial gain, power, and influence often serving as key motivations. It is not limited to a particular sport or region, and it can undermine the very essence of fair competition, sportsmanship, and trust that underpin the sporting world. Efforts to combat corruption in sports involve a combination of stringent regulations, effective monitoring and enforcement, education and awareness programs, whistleblower protection, and enhanced transparency and governance within sports organizations. Technology also plays a pivotal role in both detecting and perpetrating corruption, presenting both challenges and opportunities for anti-corruption efforts. Preserving the integrity of sports is essential not only for the well-being of athletes but also for maintaining the trust and enthusiasm of fans and sponsors. Corruption erodes the core values of sports and can lead to financial losses, damaged reputations, and a decline in fan engagement.

The field of public procurement is one of the most vulnerable to corruption, and ensuring the integrity of subjects involved in public procurement constitutes a current approach to corruption prevention and research. Strengthening the integrity of public procurement subjects is an essential measure to prevent corruption, because public procurement is one of the key areas in which the public sector and the private sector interact financially. However, this interaction is based on public money, which attracts the corrupt subjects to illegal activities, due to the position they hold, they take advantage of public funds in personal interest or of a group at the expense of the general interest. Specifically, this paper researches the general conceptions of public procurement and integrity, the national normative framework regarding integrity in public procurement, identifies and analyzes the categories of subjects, their role, the causes and consequences of non-compliance with integrity in the public procurement system. In conclusion, it is deduced that the lack of integrity of subjects in the public procurement system generates not only deficient policies, norms and procedures, but endangers public respect for the government, erodes the rule of law, distorts the economy of a country and seriously affects the fundamental rights of citizens.

According to numerous international and local reports, spatial development in Serbia is significantly influenced by the negative effects of corruption. Executive authorities face frequent criticism due to a lack of transparency in major infrastructure projects, while non-transparent reporting undermines democratic decision-making processes. Considering the pivotal role future professionals, particularly students of the Faculty of Architecture at the University of Belgrade, will play in these decision-making processes, the professional organization "New Planning Practice" and the research units "Laboratory for Planning Culture and Spatial Policy Design" and "Laboratory for Collaborative Urban Practices" of the University of Belgrade - Faculty of Architecture, are implementing a project during the autumn semester of 2024/2025. The project's goal is to educate young experts to recognize and address the causes and consequences of corruption in urban planning, establish cross-sector dialogue, and empower them for critical thinking and responsible professional action. This paper presents the key components of the project, while focusing on selected case studies and research sites, such as the Belgrade Fair complex and the ensemble of the General Staff and Ministry of Defense buildings, with a review of achieved results.

The article presents a general description of the demographic situation in the Republic of Moldova at the beginning of the XXI century (negative population growth), a comparative analysis with the previous period is carried out, the main factors contributing to the deterioration of demographic indicators are analyzed: a decrease in the birth rate, an increase in mortality rates – causes and effects, migration outflow of the population of working and reproductive age, negative tendencies in nuptiality (reduction in the number of marriages, postponement of marriages to a later date, a sharp increase in the number of divorces), deterioration in the health of the population, reduction in life expectancy. In general, the deterioration of demographic indicators is a consequence of political instability, a high level of corruption, a severe economic crisis, resulting in the decline of living standards, increase of unemployment, degradation of social security systems, education, culture, science, etc. All these negative processes were reflected in the Ukrainians of Moldova. The most compact Ukrainians live in the northern regions and on the left bank of the Dniester, which is due to historical factors.

In many countries in recent decades, the practice of earmarking (that is, raising and allocating) particular taxes for specific benefits is widespread (McCleary 1991; Wagner 1991; Wilkinson 1994; Hsiung 2001). It is often promoted by international financial organisations to enhance fiscal transparency and is sometimes even a pre-condition for loan programmes in many developing countries with high levels of corruption and low levels of government accountability (Teja 1988; IMF 2007). However, recent literature has argued that earmarking (or hypothecation) can be an inefficient fiscal tool. Earmarked funds may cause budget rigidities due to the inability to fund programmes that are in line with new or changing policy priorities (Wilkinson 1994; Flores-Macías 2018). It is unclear why earmarking remains a prevalent tool in public finance, being widely implemented in many developing tax states today while introducing inefficient budgetary rigidities. One way to rationalise this is to explore whether there is a decidedly political logic linked to a government’s fear of social mobilisation in response to general fund taxation. This paper tries to think through the puzzling prevalence and persistence of tax earmarking and its political causes and consequences in many emerging ‘fiscal states’ today. Why and under what conditions governments resort to tax earmarking remains understudied.