Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Champignons phytopathogènes – Génie génétique'
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Blesa, Stéphane. "Étude moléculaire de l'interaction plante-pathogène (Basidiomycète Rhizoctonia Solani riz Oryza Sativa) : mise au point du modèle expérimental : Clonage et séquençage d'ADNc impliqués dans la différenciation des structures infectieuses de Rhizoctonia Solani." Bordeaux 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BOR28546.
Full textAvenot, Hervé. "Variabilité au sein de l'espèce fongique phytopathogène Alternaria brassicicola : analyse au niveau d'un marqueur sélectionné de type résistance aux fongicides et de marqueurs neutres de type microsatellites." Angers, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ANGE0033.
Full textAlternaria brassicicola causes blackspot disease of crucifers worldwide. This disease is seed-borne and responsible for important yield losses. Field isolates of A. Brassicicola highly resistant to dicarboximide and phenylpyrroles fungicides have been identified. These isolates are still pathogenic to host plants and most of them are more sensitive to osmotic stress than wild type strains. To elucidate the molecular basis of the osmosensitive and dicarboximide/phenylpyrrole-resistant phenotypes, an osmosensing histidine kinase gene AbNIK1 was isolated from a fungicide-sensitive isolate and its sequence compared with corresponding sequences from fungicide-resistant isolates. All the fungicide-resistant strains displaying a osmosensitive phenotype were found to have null mutations in the AbNIK1 gene. To investigate the effects of AbNIK1 null mutations on their fitness, these strains were inoculated on radish under field conditions. Quality controls of produced seeds revealed that null mutants are strongly affected in their competitivity towards wild type strains in the absence of selective pressure. In parallel, the genetic diversity within the species A. Brassicicola was estimated. Twelve polymorphic microsatellite loci were identified and used to analyze a population of strains with various geographic origins. In agreement with the lifestyle of this fungus (absence of sexual reproduction and seed transmission) a relatively weak polymorphism (3. 5 alleles per locus) and an absence of population structuration were observed
Halama, Patrice. "Phaeosphaeria nodorum (mull. ) Hedj. (ex. Leptosphaeria nodorum mull. ). Teleomorphe de septoria nodorum berk : déterminisme et ontogénie : hérédité du pouvoir pathogène." Lille 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991LIL10019.
Full textJaverzat, Jean-Paul. "Etude des éléments chromosomiques chez le champignon filamenteux Podospora Anserina." Bordeaux 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BOR28172.
Full textGrosjean, Marie-Claire. "Classification et identification des espèces du genre Pythium, champignons phytopathogènes du sol, par l'analyse de l'espace interne transcrit de l'opéron ribosomique." Lyon 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LYO10098.
Full textRoy, Sébastien. "Mise en évidence et caractérisation d'une activité phospholipase dans le tabac (Nicotiana tabacum) au cours de l'interaction avec un champignon phytopathogène, Phytophthora parasitica var. Nicotianae." Toulouse 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOU30091.
Full textBen, Krima Safa. "Adaptation des champignons phytopathogènes à des peuplements hôtes génétiquement hétérogènes – cas du pathosystème blé dur – Zymoseptoria tritici." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASB004.
Full textTraditional varieties are heterogeneous and constitute a source of diversity, which contributes to the productivity and the stability of agroecosystems. Indeed, plant diversity provides services to a given ecosystem, including reducing disease pressure. Understanding the mechanisms underlying plant-pathogen interactions is fundamental to improve disease management. With this in mind, I studied the adaptation between traditional Tunisian durum wheat varieties and populations of Zymoseptoria tritici, the fungus responsible for Septoria Tritici Blotch (STB). Firstly, genotyping 14 traditional varieties, considered as populations, using 9 SSR, showed that genetic diversity is equally important within a population (45%) as it is between populations (54%). This diversity is structured in seven genetic groups that can be explained in part by the nested effect of the « variety name » and the « location ». 15 phenotypic traits, including resistance to STB, were characterized and showed that the populations were also phenotypically diverse. Resistance to STB is qualitative (major resistance) for two of the populations, but generally more quantitative for the other populations. A Pst-Fst comparison demonstrated a local adaptation of traditional varieties, underlining selection trajectories that are closely linked to the territory and the agricultural practices in place. Meanwhile, a high density SNP genotyping (TaBW35K array) of a panel of 127 individuals hailing from four populations all carrying the same variety name ‘Mahmoudi’ brought to light two genetic groups shared by the four populations. This panel of individuals was phenotyped for resistance to a Tunisian Z. tritici strain in a field trial and in controlled conditions. The resulting data was used in a GWAS analysis. This analysis led to the detection of 6 loci associated to STB resistance on chromosomes 1B, 4A, 5B and 7A, including a locus on chromosome 1B associated to a qualitative major resistance. The frequency of the resistant alleles oscillates between 6 and 46% and is variable between populations. On the fungus side, four populations of Z. tritici collected on modern cultivar ‘Karim’ widely cultivated in Tunisia and one population collected on traditional variety ‘Mahmoudi’ were genotyped using 12 SSR. A low level of genetic differentiation was identified between these fungal populations suggesting a significant gene flow between locations. The population collected on ‘Mahmoudi’ was less diversified and had a higher clonal fraction than the populations collected on ‘Karim’. This points towards host-effect on Z. tritici diversity. Cross-inoculation tests highlighted a higher aggressiveness of isolates collected on ‘Mahmoudi’ to ‘Mahmoudi’ lines than that of isolates collected on ‘Karim’, interpreted as a local adaptation of pathogen populations to their sympatric host. This adaptation was especially pronounced for the latency period of isolates, once again underlining the importance of quantitative resistance in the adaptive processes evidenced here. Traditional Tunisian durum wheat varieties are practical cases of heterogeneous host populations effectively limiting STB epidemics. Our results suggest that a combination of resistance genes, mainly quantitative and occasionally with a major effect, with variable frequencies from one variety to another, is key to the sanitary success of these varieties. Findings from this study can be utilized to improve our management of crop diversity in other environments
Marais, Armelle. "Transfert de genes chez le mollicute phytopathogene Spiroplasma citri : expressions d'un epitope de l'Adhesine P1 de Mycoplasma pneumoniae, mise en évidence d'évènements de recombinaison impliques dans l'instabilité du vecteur viral recombinant, caractérisation du gene recA de la Souche Hote." Bordeaux 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BOR28371.
Full textFoissac, Xavier. "Insertion du Transposon TN4001 dans le génome de Spiroplasma Citri : sélection d'un mutant non transmissible par la Cicadelle Circulifer Haematoceps et d'un mutant non phytopathogene : contribution à l'étude de la spiraline protéine majeure de la membrane des spiroplasmes du groupe I." Bordeaux 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BOR28367.
Full textIoos, Renaud. "Caractérisation génétique de Phytophthora alni Brasier & S. A. Kirk, hybride interspécifique agent du dépérissement de l'aulne en Europe." Nancy 1, 2006. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2006_0105_IOOS.pdf.
Full textAn emergent disease of alder is caused by a complex of three taxa belonging to the genus Phytophthora (Oomycetes): P. Alni subsp. Alni (Paa), P. Alni subsp. Multiformis (Pam) and P. Alni subsp. Uniformis (Pau). The first part of this study focused on the development of specific detection tools for these three taxa. Based on SCARs generated with RAPD, we designed three PCR primer pairs which can be combined to specifically detect and identify Paa, Pam and Pau in different substrates (plant tissue, water, soil). Second, we studied the occurrence and the allelic distribution for several nuclear single-copy genes containing introns on a wide collection of P. Alni and close species. Mitochondrial DNA was also studied through RFLP and gene sequencing. We demonstrated that i) Pau may not result from a hybridization event, ii) two divergent alleles for each of the nuclear genes are observed in Pam, which suggests this taxon may have been generated by a reticulation or by autopolyploidisation, iii) Paa combines the alleles observed in Pam and Pau and was probably generated by hybridization between Pam and Pau or Pam- and Pau-like taxa. In addition, we studied the expression of elicitin genes, a multigenic family specific to the genus Phytophthora. The cumulative patterns of Pau and Pam in regard with Paa confirmed our first results. Last, in order to study the genetic variability of the different taxa, microsatellite markers were isolated in Paa and characterized. The genotypes we resolved demonstrate a low level of variability for the three taxa. They confirm our hypotheses in regard with Paa origin and suggest that Pam is also an allopolyploid taxon
Citti, Christine. "Contribution à l'étude de l'organisation du génome de S. Citri : caractérisation de deux tRNAs TRP chez S.Citri et des gènes correspondants, organisation de gènes de tRNAs et identification des gènes pyrG, purA et purB." Bordeaux 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BOR28215.
Full textManga, Bella. "Etude de la diversité de "Colletotrichum kahawae" responsable de l'anthracnose des baies et caractérisation de la résistance du caféier Arabica à cet agent pathogène." Montpellier 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON20088.
Full textXhaard, Constance. "Influence des processus démographiques sur la structure et les caractéristiques génétiques des champignons phytopathogènes : cas de l'agent de la rouille du peuplier Melampsora larici-populina." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NAN10038/document.
Full textMany factors can impact the genetic structures and population dynamics of fungal plant pathogens. Here we illustrated some of them at different spatial scales for the poplar rust fungus Melampsora larici-populina. At the scale of France, two main genetic groups were found. The first one infects only wild hosts and results from natural evolution of rust populations. The second one was formed after the R7 resistance breakdown, which is carried by the cultivar ?Beaupré?. This group exhibited a high proportion of virulent 7 individuals and presented signs of selection and demographic expansion; these signs indicate the recent invasion of individuals from this group on both wild and cultivated poplars in the northern half of France. At a regional scale, we focused on a contact zone between the ?cultivated? and the ?wild? genetic groups, located in the Alps. Upstream the Durance River valley, the influence of landscape has been highlighted by the effect of the Ecrins range which protects the ?wild? group located on the east side from the invasion of individuals from the ?cultivated? group, which arise from the northwest. Downstream the valley the annual epidemic wave was shown to be composed of admixed individuals from ?wild? and ?cultivated? groups, originating from both sides of the Ecrins range. Lastly we assessed the genetic consequences of the colonization wave. We evidenced a gradual increase of genetic differentiation with the epidemic source and a loss of genetic diversity. This work highlights the need of combining population genetics and epidemiology to characterize demographic processes and their genetic consequences
Le, Gall Fabrice. "Ingénierie d'un anticorps recombinant et son expression par le tabac : évaluation comme méthode de lutte contre un mollicute phytopathogène, le phytoplasme du Stolbur." Bordeaux 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998BOR28594.
Full textJacqua, Guy. "Contribution à l'étude biologique et écologique des principaux Helminthosporium (H. Maydis, H. Turcicum) affectant le mai͏̈s (Zea mays L. ) en Guadeloupe." Montpellier 2, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986MON20105.
Full textHolguin, Melendez Francisco. "Contribution à la recherche d'une résistance durable du caféier (Coffea spp. ) à la rouille orangée (Hemileia vastatrix Berk. Et Br. ). Etude de la variabilité génétique du pathogène." Montpellier 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993MON20199.
Full textBardin, Marc. "Diversité phénotypique et génétique des oïdiums des cucurbitacées, Sphaerotheca fuliginea et Erysiphe cichoracearum." Lyon 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LYO10103.
Full textLespinasse, Denis. "Cartographie génétique de l'"Hevea (Hevea spp)" et déterminisme de la résistance au champignon pathogène "Microcyclus ulei"." Montpellier 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON20053.
Full textLagorce, Arnaud. "Etude du mécanisme de compensation induit en réponse à des mutations pariétales chez la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Toulouse, INSA, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002ISAT0021.
Full textSaccharomyces cerevisiae cells are surrounded by a cell wall, which consists of a complex structure essentially composed of polymers of glucose units (b-glucans), of mannose units (mannans) and of N-acetylglucosamine units (chitin). In order to investigate on the cell wall rescue mechanism induced in response to cell wall mutations, we studied five mutants affected in different pathways of the cell wall metabolism. First, this work demonstrated the key role played by the gene GFA1, which encodes a glutamine fructose-6P-amidotransferase, in the activation of the chitin biosynthesis pathway in response to cell wall mutation. Secondly, we investigated the cell wall rescue mechanism using high density filters arrays. This approach led to the characterisation of the cell wall compensatory transcriptional signature and to the identification of a novel regulatory motif named WCE (for Wall Consensus Element). Moreover, promoter analysis of the genes implicated in the cell wall compensatory mechanism clarified the two regulatory pathways underlying this mechanism : the cell wall integrity pathway and the general stress response pathway
Dechamp-Guillaume, Grégory. "Expression et régulation des gènes de glycoprotéines riches en hydroxyproline dans le cadre du développement des plantes et des interactions avec les microorganismes." Toulouse 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993TOU30187.
Full textGonzalez, Patrice. "Organisation moléculaire et réarrangements des gènes mitochondriaux codant pour les ARNs ribosomiques du champignon cultivé (Agrocybe aegerita) : applications à la taxonomie et la phylogénie des champignons Basidiomycota." Bordeaux 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR28642.
Full textGuérin, Fabien. "Mise en évidence d'une population génétiquement différenciée de Venturia inaequalis, agent de la tavelure du Pommier, associée au contournement du gène majeur de résistance Vf." Angers, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ANGE0021.
Full textStrategies of genetic control against the phytopathogenic fungus Venturia inaequalis are mainly based on the use of major resistance genes which confer a complete resistance towards the disease. By the end of the Eighties, strains virulent against Vf, the most used resistance gene were evidenced. This thesis was aimed at understanding the evolutionary dynamics of pathogenic populations confronted to selection pressures exerted by a major gene of resistance. Thanks to the use of molecular markers, such as microsatellites and AFLP, we followed up the genetic structure of V. Inaequalis populations in several locations over several years. Our results showed that the genetic diversity of virVf populations drastically decreased as compared to the avrVf populations, revealing the typical structure of a founder effect. In addition, we showed that virVf populations were strongly differentiated from the avrVf populations and that they were stochastically dispersed over Europe from a common source of virulence. Finally, we revealed the maintenance of the genetic differentiation in space and time between virVf and avrVf populations. The lack of gene flow between virVf and avrVf compartments indicated a reproductive isolation of virVf strains, which could be partly explained by the avirulence spectrum of these strains towards some of the non-Vf hosts in the studied orchards. Results obtained from this work allowed us to discuss on the origin and the dispersion of the Vf virulence and then to propose topics to investigate in order to preserve the efficiency of the Vf resistance gene
Persoons, Antoine. "Le contournement de résistance par Melampsora Larici-populina l'agent de la rouille du peuplier : impact démographique et déterminisme génétique." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0176/document.
Full textMelampsora larici-populina is a pathogenic fungus responsible of poplar leaf rust, causing severe damages in plantations worldwide. Almost all poplar resistances deployed so far in France have been overcome and a major event that occurred in 1994 with the breakdown of resistance R7 mostly used in poplar cultivation. In order to identify candidate genes linked to pathogenicity, I conducted a comparative genomics study based on the sequencing of 15 isolates. This analysis revealed polymorphism patterns correlated to the distribution of virulences among isolates while the necessity of a population genetics study. I then analyzed the genetic structure of a comprehensive collection of 600 isolates of M. larici-populina sampled from 1992 to 2012. This analysis demonstrated the major impact of the R7 breakdown on populations. Finally, I conducted a population genomics analysis to obtain a demographic scenario describing the historical links between populations and to identify genomic regions under selection. This analysis is based on the Illumina sequencing of 86 isolates in four key populations identified by the population genetic analysis. Over 1,000,000 polymorphic positions were identified. The best demographic scenario was assessed using Approximate Bayesian Computation algorithms based on coalescent simulations. Using this demographic scenario, I computed the confidence interval of several population genetic indices. This genome scan analysis was performed on the 86 genomes using this same indices and revealed 20 genomic regions containing 14 genes potentially involving in the resistance 7 breakdown
Djebali, Naceur. "Etude des mécanismes de résistance de la plante modèle Medicago truncatula vis-à-vis de deux agents pathogènes majeurs des légumineuses cultivées : Phoma medicaginis et Aphanomyces euteiches." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/581/.
Full textTo gain insights into resistance mechanisms in legumes against fungal-like microorganisms, two pathosystems were developed with the model legume Medicago truncatula (Mt) on one side, P. Medicaginis (Pm), responsible for black stem alfalfa disease and A. Euteiches (Ae), the causal agent of pea root rot disease, on the other side. Several fungal isolates were collected across Tunisia and thereafter identified. One Pm isolate, selected for its high aggressiveness, was inoculated on two Mt lines that displayed contrasted responses to Pm. Analysis of H2O2 accumulation and regulation in these two lines showed that this compound is more rapidly and strongly produced in DZA45. 5 epidermal cells. This line has also a more elevated basal peroxidase activity than F83005. 5 (the most susceptible line). These results indicated that reactive oxygen species might play a role in DZA45. 5 to control the disease extent. In the Mt-Ae pathosystem, A17 (partially resistant) and F83005. 5 (susceptible) were selected for further cytological and genetic analyses. Microscopy analyses of root sections revealed that A17 partial resistance to Ae was linked to the protection of the central cylinder. Pericycle cell divisions, lignin deposition around the pericycle and accumulation of soluble phenolic compounds were found to be involved in A17 stele protection. Genetic analyses of resistance were performed with the RIL population (A17 x F83005. 5) and identify one major QTL, named Ae1, on the top of chromosome 3. .
Peyrot, Elisabeth. "La concrête de fleurs du jasmin des Açores (Jasminum azoricum L. ). Recherches pour l'obtention "in vitro" de jasmins résistants au pourridié." Montpellier 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993MON20072.
Full textMercier, Alex. "Déterminants génomiques de la spécialisation à l’hôte chez le champignon phytopathogène polyphage Botrytis cinerea." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS442.
Full textPhytopathogenic fungi are major parasites to wild or domesticated plant species. The grey mold fungus, Botrytis cinerea, infects more than 1400 plant species and thus is considered a broad generalist. However, recent data have revealed population structure correlated to the host of origin of isolates. This observation raises the hypothesis of ongoing host specialization in a generalist species. Studying this question could greatly deepen our theoretical knowledge of the evolutionary mechanisms involved in the early stages of population divergence and subsequent speciation. This thesis aims (i) to formally demonstrate the host specialization in B. cinerea’s populations and determine its magnitude, and (ii) to identify the genomic determinants of this specialization. Thus, I studied population structure based on 683 isolates characterized using microsatellite markers. We compared the inferred genetic structure with variations in aggressiveness measured through cross-pathogenicity tests on multiple hosts. These experiments and analyses confirmed the specialization of B. cinerea to tomato and grapevine hosts. Besides these specialized lineages, the species B. cinerea is composed of generalist individuals capable of infecting multiple hosts. I sequenced the whole genome of 32 individuals and characterized nucleotide polymorphism. Structure inference and genomic genealogy methods allowed us to more accurately define the population structure and identify a lineage specialized on tomato. Lastly, McDonald-Kreitman tests and genomic scans methods allowed the identification of genes under divergent natural selection between populations, revealing possible genomic determinants of specialization. This work can serve as foundation for the validation of multiple genes involved in host-specific pathogenicity of B. cinerea, and pave the way for the implementation of efficient strategies for managing pathogen reservoirs and new agricultural practices for controlling grey mold
Sajid, Ali. "Population biology and invasion history of puccinia striformis F.SP. tritici at worldwide and local scale." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00806507.
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