Journal articles: 'China Missions'

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Gewurtz, Margo S. "Introduction." Social Sciences and Missions 27, no. 1 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18748945-02701001.

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During most of the modern history of the expansion of Western Christendom, China, as the world’s most populous country, was the great prize. Although the results were disappointing, as the numbers of converts both Protestant and Catholic remained relatively small throughout the height of China missions in the nineteenth and first half of the twentieth century, the promise of China missions never diminished. Despite the pre-eminence of China in overall mission history, very little attention has been given to the role and influence of China missions beyond the borders of China proper either to the Chinese diaspora or to the wider mission community. This special issue is a first attempt to explore the impact of “China” in missions beyond China’s borders. For our purposes, China becomes both a place where tactics and vocabulary could be invented and tried, a sort of laboratory for mission methodology, and a place of the imagination where “muscular” Christianity could be displayed and tested, or where medical practices were adapted with global implications. In more recent times, China missions, not allowed on the mainland after 1950, have once again as they did in the nineteenth century, addressed the needs of the Chinese diaspora in Europe and America. The essays in this collection challenge scholars to reflect more broadly on the variety of intercultural encounters enabled by missionary work, and ask us to think of this history trans-nationally by going beyond the borders of single nations or mission fields to embrace a global perspective.

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Xin, Ling. "China targets gravitational-wave missions." Physics World 31, no. 8 (August 2018): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-7058/31/8/9.

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Hsia, Ronnie Po-chia. "Jesuit Foreign Missions. A Historiographical Essay." Journal of Jesuit Studies 1, no. 1 (2014): 47–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22141332-00101004.

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A review of recent scholarship on early modern Jesuit missions, this essay offers a reflection on the achievements and desiderata in current trends of research. The books discussed include studies on Jesuit missions in China (Matteo Ricci), on the finances of the eighteenth-century Madurai mission in India, the debates over indigenous missions in the Peruvian province in the sixteenth and early seventeenth century, on print and book culture in the Jesuits’ European missions, and finally a series of studies on German-speaking Jesuit missionaries in Brazil, Chile, and New Granada.

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Montenegro, Renan Holanda. "China in UN Peacekeeping Operations: A 30-Year Assessment (1990-2019)." Contexto Internacional 43, no. 2 (August 2021): 405–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-8529.2019430200008.

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Abstract This article presents a broad assessment of Chinese personnel deployments to peacekeeping operations (PKOs) for the past three decades (1990-2019). To this end, an original dataset was built with data collected from the UN Department of Peace Operations. The following four indicators were considered in the analysis: (i) total personnel contribution per year; (ii) personnel contribution per mission; (iii) personnel contribution in relation to the mission’s total contingent; and (iv) personnel in a given mission in relation to the total personnel dispatched by China that year. Generally speaking, UN missions in Liberia (UNMIL) and South Sudan (UNMISS) have been the main destinations of Chinese peacekeepers in the 21st Century, while Cambodia (UNTAC) was by far the only place where China got deeply involved during the 1990s. In addition to displaying descriptive data, the paper also briefly analyses Chinese engagement in these operations.

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Xin, Ling. "China forges ahead with Moon missions." Physics World 30, no. 5 (May 2017): 12–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2058-7058/30/5/27.

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Chen, Tsung-ming. "The office of the prefect apostolic, Clemente Fernandez, o.p. (1913–1920) in difficulties: analysis on Jean de Guébriant's report to Propaganda fide." Asian Education and Development Studies 9, no. 3 (May 26, 2020): 403–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeds-10-2018-0159.

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PurposeThe study discovers a crisis of authority and administration in Catholic mission of Taiwan during 1910 and 1920s. It aims to discover the reasons and the significance of the problem.Design/methodology/approachThe author works on the reports and correspondence of Jean de Guébriant, apostolic visitor of China missions in 1919–1920. He received some reports from the Dominican Prefect Apostolic of Formosa, Clemente Fernandez.FindingsThe author discovers a severe problem of authority brought about some conflicts between the Prefect Apostolic Clemente Fernandez, o.p. and some Dominican missionaries in the mission, conflicts reflecting ambiguous status of this prefecture apostolic with regard to not only the Dominican Provincia del Santo Rosario, headquarters of Dominican missions in East Asia, but also the Dominican apostolic vicariate of Southern Fujian in China, and even the Japanese Catholic church, because Taiwan had been conceded to the Japanese empire since 1895 until 1945.Research limitations/implicationsThe author has not yet consulted the archives in Propaganda Fide in Vatican circle and in Dominican archives. Still, some questions remain unanswered for lack of related archives. This study calls for further works in the future.Originality/valueVery few relevant studies are found on the Dominican mission in Taiwan during 1860–1949. This study reveals a serious problem on the structure of Catholic mission due to an unclear status of Taiwan. It reflects, in fact, the delicate situation in ecclesial and political aspects between China, Japan and Spanish missions in Manila, Philippines.

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Boesch, Hartmut, Yi Liu, Johanna Tamminen, Dongxu Yang, Paul I. Palmer, Hannakaisa Lindqvist, Zhaonan Cai, et al. "Monitoring Greenhouse Gases from Space." Remote Sensing 13, no. 14 (July 8, 2021): 2700. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13142700.

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The increase in atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations of CO2 and CH4, due to human activities, is the main driver of the observed increase in surface temperature by more than 1 °C since the pre-industrial era. At the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference held in Paris, most nations agreed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to limit the increase in global surface temperature to 1.5 °C. Satellite remote sensing of CO2 and CH4 is now well established thanks to missions such as NASA’s OCO-2 and the Japanese GOSAT missions, which have allowed us to build a long-term record of atmospheric GHG concentrations from space. They also give us a first glimpse into CO2 and CH4 enhancements related to anthropogenic emission, which helps to pave the way towards the future missions aimed at a Monitoring & Verification Support (MVS) capacity for the global stock take of the Paris agreement. China plays an important role for the global carbon budget as the largest source of anthropogenic carbon emissions but also as a region of increased carbon sequestration as a result of several reforestation projects. Over the last 10 years, a series of projects on mitigation of carbon emission has been started in China, including the development of the first Chinese greenhouse gas monitoring satellite mission, TanSat, which was successfully launched on 22 December 2016. Here, we summarise the results of a collaborative project between European and Chinese teams under the framework of the Dragon-4 programme of ESA and the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) to characterize and evaluate the datasets from the TanSat mission by retrieval intercomparisons and ground-based validation and to apply model comparisons and surface flux inversion methods to TanSat and other CO2 missions, with a focus on China.

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Szippl, Richard F. "The Cross and the Flag." Mission Studies 14, no. 1 (1997): 175–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338397x00112.

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AbstractChina has always occupied a special place in the history of Christian Missions. The second half of the nineteenth century was a time of especially intense missionary interest in China that coincided with a rapid overseas economic, military, and political expansion of the Western world. Conventionally, there have been two approaches to the question of the relationship between Christian missions and Western expansion. One paints missionaries as the vanguard of Western colonization, while the other stresses the detached idealism of the missionaries. In fact, the relationship between Christian missions and Western expansionism is a complicated one. This article considers this problematic relationship from a diplomatic perspective based on the views of Max von Brandt, a veteran German diplomat and expert in East Asian affairs at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries. Retiring from diplomatic service after thirty-three years in East Asia, Brandt served as an adviser to the German Foreign Office, and wrote a dozen books and over a hundred periodical articles on East Asian and other topics. The article briefly sketches Brandt's involvement with the mission question as a diplomat, and then analyses his writings on the subject. It shows how complicated the relationship between Christian missions and the policies of the Western governments really was. On the one hand, as the German envoy in China, Brandt promoted the German government protection of Catholic missionaries and intervened with the Chinese government repeatedly for the safety and security of Western missionaries when it suited the basic aims of government policy. At the same time, however, Brandt's diplomatic reports and later writings clearly reveal a basically negative appraisal of the effects of missionary activity. From Brandt's diplomatic perspective, Christian missions in China were both boon and bane.

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Rivinius, Karl Josef. "The Boxer Movement and Christian Missions in China." Mission Studies 7, no. 1 (1990): 189–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338390x00245.

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Dunch, Ryan. "Authority and Ideology in German Missions in China." Politics, Religion & Ideology 19, no. 3 (July 3, 2018): 376–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21567689.2018.1495166.

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11

Devine, Jaime, Caio Garcia, Audrey Simoes, Jake Choynowski, Marina Guelere, Bruno de Godoy, Philipe Pacheco, and Steven Hursh. "286 Pilot Sleep During Brazil-to-China COVID-19 Humanitarian Mission Flights Compared to Biomathematical Predictions of Sleep." Sleep 44, Supplement_2 (May 1, 2021): A114—A115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsab072.285.

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Abstract Introduction n response to the COVID-19 pandemic, Azul Airlines organized and conducted five separate humanitarian missions to China between May and July, 2020. Each mission consisted of 4 flight legs between 11-15 hours long crewed by a team of 8 pilots. Each pilot was given a 9-hour sleep opportunity during the flight period. Prior to conducting the missions, a sleep-prediction algorithm (AutoSleep) within the Sleep, Activity, Fatigue, and Task Effectiveness (SAFTE) model Fatigue Avoidance Scheduling Tool (FAST) was used to predict in-flight time in bed (TIB) and total sleep time (TST). During missions, pilots wore a wrist actigraph and completed a sleep diary. These analyses compare the accuracy of SAFTE-FAST AutoSleep predictions against pilots’ sleep diary and actigraphy from Azul’s COVID-19 humanitarian missions. Methods Pilots wore a sleep-tracking actigraphy device (Zulu Watch, Institutes for Behavior Resources), and reported the TIB and sleep quality of their in-flight rest periods using a sleep diary. Diary TST was estimated from TIB and sleep quality. AutoSleep, diary, and actigraphy measures were compared using paired samples t-tests. Agreement was compared using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Results Twenty (n=20) pilots flying across 5 humanitarian missions provided sleep diary and actigraphy data. AutoSleep predictions of TIB (235±20 minutes) and TST (193±16 minutes) were significantly lower than diary (TIB: 330±123, t=6.80, p≤0.001; TST: 262±108, t=5.60, p≤0.001) and comparable to actigraphy (TIB: 246±127, t=0.78, p=0.43; TST: 212±113, t=1.59, p=0.12). ICC values were >0.90, indicating excellent agreement, for TIB (0.94) and TST (0.91). Conclusion Biomathematical predictions of in-flight sleep during unprecedented humanitarian missions were in agreement with actual sleep patterns during flights. These findings indicate that biomathematical models may retain accuracy even under extreme circumstances like the COVID-19 pandemic. Pilots may overestimate the amount of sleep that they receive during extreme flights-duty periods, which could constitute a fatigue risk. Support (if any) NA

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Brown, G. Thompson. "Why Has Christianity Grown Faster in Korea than in China?" Missiology: An International Review 22, no. 1 (January 1994): 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009182969402200107.

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The article contrasts the rapid growth of Protestant Christianity in Korea with the slow growth in China during the missionary era. The question is asked: “Why the difference?” since both countries shared the same cultural and religious environment. The answer is to be found in five factors which characterized the Korea Mission: (1) the Nevius Plan which emphasized self-support, self-government, and self-propagation, (2) the support the Christian movement gave to Korean nationalism against Japanese aggression, (3) the independence of the church which was free of foreign control, (4) the cooperation which existed among various missions, and (5) certain distinctive religious traits which characterized the Korean people.

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Bachmann, E. Theodore. "Book Review: Peaks of Faith: Protestant Mission in Revolutionary China Studies in Christian Missions, 8." Missiology: An International Review 21, no. 4 (October 1993): 492–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009182969302100422.

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박형신. "“Alexander Williamson’s China Missions: Christian Literature, Emancipation, and Commerce”." Multiculture & Peace 3, no. 1 (June 2009): 85–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.22446/mnpisk.2009.3.1.004.

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15

Gewurtz, Margo S. "Missions in China: From Enterprise to Cross-Cultural Project." Social Sciences and Missions 25, no. 1-2 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187489412x625841.

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MacInnis, Donald. "Protestant and Catholic Missions in South China: 1911–1986." International Bulletin of Missionary Research 12, no. 1 (January 1988): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/239693938801200102.

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17

Lutz, Jessie G. "Chinese Christianity and China Missions: Works Published since 1970." International Bulletin of Missionary Research 20, no. 3 (July 1996): 98–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/239693939602000301.

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Wielander, Gerda. "Civilizing Missions: International Religious Agencies in China. Miwa Hirono." China Journal 66 (July 2011): 219–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/tcj.66.41262839.

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Mong, Ambrose. "Catholic missions in China: failure to form native clergy." International Journal for the Study of the Christian Church 19, no. 1 (January 2, 2019): 30–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1474225x.2019.1586168.

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Sharkey, Heather J. "An Egyptian in China: Ahmed Fahmy and the Making of “World Christianities”." Church History 78, no. 2 (May 28, 2009): 309–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000964070900050x.

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Ahmed Fahmy, who was born in Alexandria, Egypt, in 1861 and died in Golders Green, London, in 1933, was the most celebrated convert from Islam to Christianity in the history of the American Presbyterian mission in Egypt. American Presbyterians had started work in Egypt in 1854 and soon developed the largest Protestant mission in the country. They opened schools, hospitals, and orphanages; sponsored the development of Arabic Christian publishing and Bible distribution; and with local Egyptians organized evangelical work in towns and villages from Alexandria to Aswan. In an age when Anglo-American Protestant missions were expanding across the globe, they conceived of their mission as a universal one and sought to draw Copts and Muslims alike toward their reformed (that is, Protestant) creed. In the long run, American efforts led to the creation of an Egyptian Evangelical church (Kanisa injiliyya misriyya) even while stimulating a kind of “counter-reformation” within Coptic Orthodoxy along with new forms of social outreach among Muslim activists and nationalists.

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Bruner, Jason. "Inquiring into Empire: Princeton Seminary’s Society of Inquiry on Missions, the British Empire, and the Opium Trade, Ca. 1830‐1850." Mission Studies 27, no. 2 (2010): 194–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338310x536438.

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AbstractPrinceton Seminary was intimately involved in the North American foreign missions movement in the nineteenth century. One remarkable dimension of this involvement came through the student-led Society of Inquiry on Missions, which sought to gather information about the global state of the Christian mission enterprise. This paper examines the Society’s correspondence with Protestant missionaries in China regarding their attitudes to the British Empire in the years 1830‐1850. It argues that the theological notion of providence informed Princetonians’ perceptions of the world, which consequently dissociated the Christian missionary task with any particular nation or empire. An examination of the Society of Inquiry’s correspondence during the mid-nineteenth century reveals much about Protestant missionaries and their interactions with the opium trade and the results of the First Opium War (1839‐1842). Princetonians’ responses to the opium trade and the First Opium War led ultimately to a significant critique of western commercial influence in East Asia. In conclusion, this paper questions the extent to which commerce, empire, and Christian missions were inherently associated in nineteenth century American Protestant missionary activity.

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Wang, Yi. "Missions to China's Heartland: The Letters of Hazel Todd of the China Inland Mission, 1920–1941." Asian Studies Review 36, no. 2 (June 2012): 276–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10357823.2012.685504.

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Renshaw, Michelle. "Saving Missionary Skins Saves Patients’ Lives." Social Sciences and Missions 27, no. 1 (2014): 31–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18748945-02701003.

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When the first American medical missionary to China established the first western-style hospital in Guangzhou in 1834 the political and legal environment was hostile to foreigners and to missionaries in particular but, in some respects, it was conducive to safe medical practice. Given that the early nineteenth-century hospital in the West was a very dangerous place it was important to limit risk in the hospital if the evangelical mission was to survive. An analysis of Peter Parker’s (1804–1888) reports and case studies reveals not only his superior skill and patient outcomes but also the medical and administrative strategies he employed to minimize risk. The study places Parker’s medical work in a comparative frame; moving away from a mission-centric focus to draw China medical missions into a larger narrative of the history of modern medicine.

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Lewis, Nicholas J. "Revisiting De Christiana Expeditione as an Artefact of Globalisation." Itinerario 45, no. 1 (March 15, 2021): 47–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115321000097.

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AbstractFor Europeans, Matteo Ricci's mission memoirs proved to be the most comprehensive and accessible book about China. Ricci's account of the early Jesuit mission was immensely popular, receiving translations into most European languages. Until the twentieth century, however, anyone who read Ricci's narrative was not reading what Ricci himself had written. Rather, they were reading a curated translation produced by one of his successors, Nicolas Trigault. The resulting work, De Christiana Expeditione apud Sinas, was an edited translation, substantially the same but often different than Ricci's original manuscript.This article reexamines Trigault's translation, on its own terms, as an artefact of globalisation. Not only does the adaptation reveal information about the Jesuit missions that Ricci's manuscript did not, but it also had a significant impact on European Catholics, as its dissemination inspired would-be missionaries to seek their vocations in China.

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Amstutz, John L. "Foursquare Missions: Doing More With Less." Pneuma 16, no. 1 (1994): 63–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157007494x00067.

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Abstract"Around the world with the Foursquare Gospel." With these words Aimee Semple McPherson focused the mission and message of the denomination her ministry spawned. The mission of world evangelization was birthed in the heart of this Canadian woman as a teenager. In 1910 at age 20, she, with her husband Robert Semple, went to China as missionaries. After less than a year of ministry Robert died of malaria and was buried in Hong Kong. Heartbroken, Aimee returned to the U.S., but her vision for world missions remained. God's people must be challenged with a vision for the lost, a vision for reaching those yet unreached. The vision was clear. And the message was equally clear. It was a message about Jesus Christ. This message was dramatically focused for Mrs. McPherson during a citywide evangelistic meeting in Oakland, California in 1922 as she was preaching from Ezekiel 1:10. In the faces of the four living creatures she saw a fourfold picture of Jesus Christ as Savior, Baptizer with the Holy Spirit, Healer and Coming King. This "Foursquare Gospel" was the good news that must be proclaimed around the world1

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Yip, Ka-che. "Civilizing Missions: International Religious Agencies in China (review)." China Review International 17, no. 3 (2010): 335–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cri.2010.0088.

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Khudaykulova, Alexandra Victorovna. "China as an Emerging Actor in Conflict Management: from Non-Interference in Internal Affairs to “Constructive” Engagement." Vestnik RUDN. International Relations 19, no. 3 (December 15, 2019): 420–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2019-19-3-420-431.

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The need to protect citizens and investments abroad is placing tremendous pressure on China’s traditional foreign policy strategy and noninterference principle. Instability in most of BRI countries form new security conditions, pushing China to be more flexible in engaging in missions it had previously opposed, including political engagement in intrastate conflicts in the developing world. Following the formula “politics is a big economy”, China starts rethinking its security interests. As a result, China has smoothly adopted the transition strategy from non-intervention into internal affairs to a more proactive non-indifference approach, that Chinese academics are describing as “creative” or “constructive” engagement. Many new elements contribute to this new constructive engagement - conceptual narrative, political support, geopolitical competition, growing capacities and new security conditions. The key point of the article is to analyze China’s strategy in defending national interests overseas, including the rescue and peacekeeping operations, mediation, political envoys, etc. The special focus is done on proactive peacekeeping policy of China and its new role in the security environment. Obviously, in future China will follow implementing the overseas missions, including humanitarian assistance and disaster relief, evacuation operations, defense of sea lanes, stabilization operations, peacekeeping and counterterrorism missions. After launching in 2017 its first overseas military base in Djibouti, there is little evidence to predict that in the near future China intends to construct more bases. But nevertheless the geopolitical rivalry with the United States might push China to convert three deep-water ports - Gwadar (Pakistan), Salalah (Oman), and Seychelles ports into naval bases. The degree of the China’s involvement in global security landscape will depend on the level of its responsibility, since Beijing is undergoing through a higher degree of international pressure in order to take more obligations. Responding to overseas security crises through military actions would be mostly shaped by events (case-by-case approach), inspired by political motivations and organized as small-scale and low-intensity missions.

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Li, Chunlai, Chi Wang, Yong Wei, and Yangting Lin. "China’s present and future lunar exploration program." Science 365, no. 6450 (July 18, 2019): 238–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aax9908.

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Since the beginning of the 21st century, the pace of lunar exploration has accelerated, with more than a dozen probes having undertaken scientific exploration of the Moon. Prominent among these have been the robotic “Chang’E” (CE) missions of the China Lunar Exploration Program (CLEP). We discuss technological and scientific goals and achievements for the four completed, and four planned, CE missions, and longer-term goals and plans of the CLEP beyond the CE missions. The exploration plan is flexible and iterative, with an emphasis on international cooperation.

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Henderson, Gail, and Yuet-wah Cheung. "Missionary Medicine in China: A Study of Two Canadian Protestant Missions in China Before 1937." Contemporary Sociology 19, no. 1 (January 1990): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2073511.

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Jingfeng, Cai. "Missionary medicine in China, a study of two Canadian protestant missions in China before 1937." Social Science & Medicine 31, no. 5 (January 1990): 627–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(90)90101-w.

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Ma, Li, and Jin Li. "The Tragic Irony of a Patriotic Mission: The Indigenous Leadership of Francis Wei and T. C. Chao, Radicalized Patriotism, and the Reversal of Protestant Missions in China." Religions 11, no. 4 (April 8, 2020): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel11040175.

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Motivated by a patriotic zeal for the national salvation of China, in the 1910s, US-trained Chinese intellectuals like Francis Wei and T. C. Chao embraced a progressive version of Protestantism. While Christian colleges established by liberal missionaries during this time initially contributed greatly to nurturing a generation of intellectual elites for China, its institutionalization of progressive ideas, and its tolerance and protection of revolutionary mobilization under extraterritorial rights, also unintendedly helped invigorate indigenous revolutionary movements. Meanwhile, in the 1920s, anti-Western and anti-Christian student movements radicalized in China’s major urban centers. When the communist revolution showed more promise of granting China independence, Francis Wei and T. C. Chao became optimistic supporters. However, neither of them foresaw the reversal of China missions under the Three-Self Patriotic Movement in the 1950s.

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Luo, Wei. "Technique Transmission of Flemish Church Buildings in China: Works of Scheut Fathers." Applied Mechanics and Materials 357-360 (August 2013): 271–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.357-360.271.

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Church missions have performed substantial missionary work and experienced many twists and turns in Modern China. Contacts and interchange between Chinese and Western culture became intense. A great number of churches were built to accommodate the Scheutist missionaries in the remote counties beyond the Great Wall. Many of these churches are still used, while others have been abandoned or fallen into disrepair. These churches bear witness to the architectural transmission and culture exchange between the West and East during the modernization process. I will trace the history of Scheut Missions in northern China, and focus on their church buildings. Through the comparison of the Belgian churches with the Chinese variants, the relevant similarities and differences in architectural design and construction will become evident within a global environment.

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Anderson, Gerald. "Peter Parker and the Introduction of Western Medicine in China Peter Parker et l'introduction de la médecine occidentale en Chine Peter Parker und die Einführung westlicher Medizin in China Peter Parker y la Introducción de Medicina Occidental en China." Mission Studies 23, no. 2 (2006): 203–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338306778985776.

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AbstractIn the context of the life and missionary career of Peter Parker, M.D., a graduate of Yale who went to China in 1834, this article looks first at three issues: Who was the first medical missionary? Who was the first medical missionary in China? Who first introduced Western medicine in China?It also considers the tensions in the emerging understanding of the role of a medical missionary in the mid-nineteenth century, and the problems this caused for Parker, which led to his dismissal by the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions.It then assesses the role of Parker as an American diplomat, when he became involved, first as a part-time secretary and interpreter, and confidential advisor, for the U.S. Commissioner to China, and helped to negotiate the first treaty between China and the United States in 1844. And later when Parker himself was appointed as the US Commissioner, and proposed aggressive military action against China, which led to his recall by the US State Department.Finally, in retirement for 30 years in Washington, DC, Parker received numerous honors and recognition, including appointment as a corporate member of the American Board, which earlier had terminated him as a missionary. Jetant un regard sur la vie et la carrière missionnaire de Peter Parker, M.D., diplômé de Yale parti en Chine en 1834, cet article pose d'abord trois questions: Qui a été le premier missionnaire médecin? Qui a été le premier missionnaire médecin en Chine? Qui a le premier introduit la médecine occidentale en Chine?Il considère aussi les tensions à l'œuvre dans la conception progressive du rôle d'un missionnaire médecin au milieu du dix-neuvième siècle, et les problèmes que cela a causé à Parker, allant jusqu'à la démission de ses fonctions par le Bureau américain des Missions étrangères.Il évalue ensuite le rôle de Parker comme diplomate américain lorsqu'il entra en scène d'abord comme secrétaire-interprète à temps partiel et conseiller particulier du Haut-commissaire américain pour la Chine, et qu'il aida à négocier le premier traité entre la Chine et les Etats-Unis en 1844. Et plus tard, lorsque Parker fut lui-même nommé Haut-commissaire américain et proposa une action militaire agressive contre la Chine, ce qui conduit à son rappel par le Département d'Etat américain.Finalement, retiré pendant trente ans à Washington, D.C., Parker reçut reconnaissance et de nombreux honneurs, y compris sa nomination au Bureau américain qui l'avait démis comme missionnaire quelques années auparavant. Im Zusammenhang mit dem Leben und der Missionslaufbahn des Arztes Peter Parker, einem Absolventen von Yale, der 1834 nach China ging, beleuchtet dieser Artikel eingangs drei Fragen: Wer war der erste ärztliche Missionar? Wer war der erste ärztliche Missionar in China? Wer hat die westliche Medizin als erster in China eingeführt?Der Artikel behandelt auch die Spannung zwischen dem damals entstehenden Begriff der Aufgabe eines ärztlichen Missionars Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts und den Problemen, die er für Parker bedeutete und die zu seiner Entlassung vom American Board of Commissioners für auswärtige Mission führte.Dann bewertet der Artikel die Rolle Parkers als amerikanischer Diplomat, als er zuerst als Teilzeit Sekretär, Übersetzer und geheimer Berater für den US Commissioner in China arbeitete und ihm half, 1844 den ersten Vertrag zwischen China und den USA auszuhandeln. Und später, als Parker selbst zum US Commissioner bestellt wurde und eine aggressive militärische Vorgangsweise gegen China vorschlug, was zu seiner Abberufung durch das US State Department führte.Schließlich, über 30 Jahre im Ruhestand in Washington D.C., erhielt Parker zahlreiche Ehren und Anerkennung, eingeschlossen seine Berufung als Vollmitglied des American Board, das ihn früher als Missionar abgesetzt hatte. En el contexto de la vida y carrera misionera de Peter Parker, M.D., un graduado de la universidad Yale que fue a China en 1834, este artículo examina primero tres asuntos: ¿Quién era el primero misionero médico? ¿Quién era el primero misionero médico en China? ¿Quién era el primero para introducir medicina Occidental en China?También considera las tensiones en el entendimiento desallorrando del papel de un misionero médico en el siglo medio-decimonono, y los problemas éstas causó para Parker, que llevó a su despido por el Junta Norteamericano de Comisionados de las Misiones Extranjeras.Luego el articulo evalúa el papel de Parker como un diplomático norteamericano, cuando llegó a ser ocupado, primero como una secretaria de la jornada incompleta e intérprete, y consejero confidencial, para el EE.UU. Comisionado a China, y ayudó negociar el primer tratado entre China y los Estados Unidos en 1844. Y más tarde cuando Parker que se fijó como el Comisionado estadounidense, y se propuso acción agresiva militar contra China, que resultó en su revocación por el EE.UU. Departamento Estatal.Finalmente, durante su jubilación de 30 años en Washington, D.C., Parker recibió honores numerosos y reconocimiento, incluso su nombramiento como un miembro corporativo de la Junta Norteamericana, que más temprano lo había terminado como un misionero.

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WANG, Marina Xiaojing. "Neutrality is Impossible: Nationalism, Unequal Treaties and the National Christian Council of China 1925-1926." International Journal of Sino-Western Studies 20 (July 14, 2021): 135–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.37819/ijsws.20.113.

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"This article takes the National Christian Council of China (NCC) as a ease study. By examining the responses from various stakeholder both mainline Chinese Protestants and western mission within the NCC to the campaigns for the abrogation of the unequal treaties during the period of 1925——1926, it aims to reveal the tension and interaction between Christian missions? Chinese churches and the nationalist discourse. This article argues that although both Protestant missions and Chinese churches were in general the beneficiaries of the utoleration clauses“ of the unequal treaties and were aware of the necessity of drawing a clear borderline with the treaties > the two parties viewed the matter from different standpoints. To the majority of the missionary societies associated with the NCC > it was a diplomatic matter to be solved through formal negotiation between the governments. Whereas to most of the mainline Chinese Protestants> it had developed into a fundamental factor causing not only Christianity's unfavourable position in Chinese society, but also China's backwardness and uhumiliation. Considerably influenced by the nationalist discourse? they ardently engaged themselves in the campaigns to abrogate the unequal treaties > individually or as a group. Specific Chinese socio-political context and the nationalist discourse contributed significantly to the divergence of views. The NCC, incorporating both sides?was obliged to make a prompt response to the treaty issue and struggled to find common ground among the cooperating bodies.

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Pomozova, Natal'ya B. "ON STRENGTHENING CHINA'S DIPLOMATIC STRATEGY AND SOME FEATURES OF THE PERSONNEL POLICY REGARDING THE HEADS OF THE PRC DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS." RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Political Sciences. History. International Relations, no. 3 (2020): 50–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-6339-2020-3-50-58.

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The article attempts to trace some features of the China diplomatic strategy in the context of the global confrontation between the United States and the PRC. Diplomacy is an essential foreign policy tool of any state. In the era of mass media and communication, diplomatic agents face new realities, while their role in implementing the foreign policy strategy is increasing due to the relevance of a new type of confrontation – the information and hybrid wars. Traditionally, the United States remained the leader in the number of diplomatic missions abroad; however, in 2019 China was ahead of its main competitor in that respect. The geographical choice in opening new diplomatic missionsis an indicator ofthe country’sforeign policy priorities. Thus,the work of the new Chinese embassies helped to reduce the number of countries recognizing the Republic of Taiwan down to 15. An analysis of the personnel policy regarding the heads of the diplomatic missions of the PRC in the “key” areas has revealed some features that affect the working style of the ambassadors. The factor of strengthening the influence of the PRC in reputable international organizations through its diplomatic agents, which has traditionally been the prerogative of the United States, also demonstrates the offensive ambitions of China’s foreign policy strategy.

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Pierard, Richard V. "Missionaries as Role Models in the Christian Quest for Justice." Missiology: An International Review 21, no. 4 (October 1993): 469–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009182969302100409.

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Although some fail to understand the Christian commitment to justice, the history of missions is replete with instances of believers who put their faith in action. Where they labored, they challenged existing social customs and even defied European colonial authorities and white settler interests. Examples cited include missionaries who fought inhumane practices such as the caste system, widow burnings, and footbinding. Among those who stood against unjust power structures were John Philip in South Africa, William Knibb in Jamaica, the Rhine Mission workers in Southwest Africa, and Timothy Richard in China. Missionaries are appropriate role models for Christians who are seeking after justice.

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de Saldanha, António Vasconcelos. "EMBASSIES AND TRIBUTES. THREE CENTURIES OF PORTUGUESE DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS IN CHINA." MING QING YANJIU 9, no. 1 (February 6, 2000): 43–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24684791-90000392.

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Mong, Ambrose. "Guns and gospel: a critical examination of Christian missions in China." International Journal for the Study of the Christian Church 16, no. 3 (July 2, 2016): 232–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1474225x.2016.1237017.

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Long, Han. "Shanghai pilot free trade zone: A test for renminbi internationalization?" Journal of Governance and Regulation 6, no. 3 (2017): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/jgr_v6_i3_p6.

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China（Shanghai）Pilot Free Trade Zone (“SHFTZ”) as well as other Pilot Free Trade Zones established in China carries on the mission to make the test for, inter alia, China’s strategic financial reforms and for Renminbi(“RMB”) internationalization in particular. However, the financial reforms in SHFTZ according to its design and relevant provisions can only provide very limited rather than fully effective test for the reforms of free convertibility, international capital transactions as well as risk hedging needed by RMB internationalization. The aim of the paper is to investigate the test effect that SHFTZ have on the above capital account reforms. It argues that the main reason for the test failure lies in “outward free and inward control” mode designed for SHFTZ which makes it an insulated customs territory, a situation which differs from the circumstances in which a currency gets internationalized. Moreover, SHFTZ runs the risk of evolving into an offshore RMB market set up inside China, a trend China should prevent because it cannot serve the testing missions mentioned above.

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Bennett, Bruce W., and Jennifer Lind. "The Collapse of North Korea: Military Missions and Requirements." International Security 36, no. 2 (October 2011): 84–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00057.

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In North Korea, the upcoming leadership transition in the Kim Jong-il regime will be a precarious time for the Kim family's hold on power. A collapse of the North Korean government could have several dangerous implications for East Asia, including “loose nukes,” a humanitarian disaster, a regional refugee crisis, and potential escalation to war between China and the United States. To respond to a collapse and these problems, neighboring countries may perform several military missions to stabilize North Korea. These include the location and securing of North Korean weapons of mass destruction, stability operations, border control, conventional disarmament, and combat/deterrence operations. Assuming that collapse occurs in a relatively benign manner, military missions to stabilize North Korea could require 260,000 to 400,000 troops. If collapse occurs after a war on the peninsula, or if it sparks civil war in North Korea, the number of missions—and their requirements—would grow. Because of the size and complexity of these missions, and because of the perils associated with mismanaging them, advance and combined planning is essential. Combined planning should include those actors (e.g., China, South Korea, and the United States) that could otherwise take destabilizing action to protect their own interests.

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Kulikov, Andrey M. "Correspondence of Archimandrite Palladius (Kafarov) with E. K. Byutsov." Oriental Studies 20, no. 4 (2021): 68–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2021-20-4-68-79.

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The article contains the correspondence of participant XII (1840–1849), head XIII (1849–1859) and XV (1865–1878) of Russian Ecclesiastical Missions in Beijing (REM), the greatest Russian orientalist, Archimandrite Palladius (Kafarov) (1817–1878) to the head of the Russian Diplomatic Mission in China, Evgeny Karlovich Byutsov (1837–1904). The original letters were found by the author in the State Archive of the Russian Federation (Moscow) in the Byutsov collection. The analyzed letters were written in Beijing from June 30 to December 3, 1877, during the period when Archimandrite Palladius (Kafarov) was the head of the XV Russian Ecclesiastical Mission, and Yevgeny Byutsov led the Russian diplomatic mission in China. The study of documents that were not yet introduced into scientific circulation aims to fill in the gaps in the study of the activities of the XV Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in Beijing and its contacts with the Russian Diplomatic Mission in China. The letters provide rich material on the relationship between the two leaders of the most important Russian authorities, officially operating in the Chinese capital after the Second Opium War. The letters contain numerous details about the everyday aspects of the life of XV REM, including many References to earlier unknown difficulties encountered by the chief of the XV REM with its employees. Archimandrite Palladius pays much attention to the description of the restructuring of the Northern Metochion of the REM, which began during this period.

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Daily, Christopher. "Robert Morrison and the Multicultural Beginning of Chinese Protestantism." Social Sciences and Missions 25, no. 1-2 (2012): 9–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187489412x625832.

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Robert Morrison (1782-1834), the first Protestant missionary to operate in China, was sent alone to his East Asian post by the London Missionary Society in 1807. He spent more than half his life (he died at his station in Guangzhou) planting a foothold in China for the benefit of evangelical Christianity, and, consequently, he established the foundation upon which all subsequent Protestant missions to China rested. While sinologists are generally familiar with the checklist of Morrison’s accomplishments in the areas of translating and publishing, less has been written about the multicultural nature of Morrison’s mission. His approach to China derived from a strain of British evangelical dissent, and the Protestantism that he planted reflected this cultural background. It follows that his converts absorbed many of these particularly evangelical traits. However, although Morrison was in China to execute this dissenting plan, it cannot go unnoticed that the actual execution of this plan relied on the Chinese. This essay explores the multicultural relationships that led to the beginning of Chinese Protestantism. In the first half of the article I demonstrate how Morrison pro-actively followed his British mission strategy; whilst in the second part I analyze his mission from an alternate viewpoint to show how he was shaped by the Chinese, for example in his speed of language study and in the print opportunities or difficulties he encountered. My aim is to demonstrate not only the degree to which Morrison planted his evangelical version of Protestantism in China, but also that the pioneer responsible for the foundations of Chinese Protestantism and Anglophone sinology only found success through the help of his interactions with the Chinese.

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LAI, JOHN T. P. "Doctrinal Dispute within Interdenominational Missions: The Shanghai Tract Committee in the 1840s." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 20, no. 3 (June 4, 2010): 307–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186310000052.

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AbstractBoth interdenominational co-operation and denominational competition featured in the Protestant missionary literary enterprise in nineteenth-century China. The interdenominational Religious Tract Society in London became the most vital link between the missionary translators, printing presses and target audiences in the production, publication and distribution of Christian tracts. Ideally, interdenominational missions would pool resources and promote cooperation among missionaries with different denominational affiliations. Doctrinal disputes, however, seem to have been inevitable among them in the everyday operation of missions. The first tract committee established in China, the Shanghai Tract Committee in the 1840s is a case in point. Unequal denominational representation resulted in heated doctrinal controversies and the resignation of a Committee member over the publication of a problematic tract in Chinese.

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Coutaz, Gregory. "Image-building as Impetus for the Growth of the People’s Liberation Army (PLA)’s Engagement in International Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HA/DR) Operations." European Journal of East Asian Studies 18, no. 1 (July 4, 2019): 36–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700615-01801006.

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AbstractThe People’s Liberation Army’s (PLA’s) engagement in humanitarian assistance and disaster relief (HA/DR) enables China to reassure the international community and change perceptions of its global intentions. Natural disasters are expected to increase worldwide, requiring greater PLA involvement in international HA/DR missions. However, maximising the public relations benefits of participating in such missions will require leadership to avoid short-term irritations and political speculation that often accompany China’s foreign intervention, hampering Beijing’s soft-power initiatives.

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van der Heyden, Ulrich. "The Archives and Library of the Berlin Mission Society." History in Africa 23 (January 1996): 411–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3171952.

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This paper highlights a rich source of history of the cultures of foreign peoples hitherto referred to little by academics—the archive and library of the Berlin Mission Society, now the Berliner Missionswerk. It will discuss the immense opportunities that the library and the archives offer for academic research. It is not intended to be a history of the Berlin Mission Society or its institutions but will rather suggest initial points of interest for further investigation. I shall also refer to the present state of research in both history and anthropology of foreign peoples based on an assessment of the materials available in the mission societies in the former German Democratic Republic. This paper then is less a contribution to theoretical problems than an attempt to draw the attention of historians, anthropologists and others to the resources of the Berlin Mission Society.In the street called Georgenkirchstrasse, No. 70, in East Berlin, opposite the fairy tale Fountain of Friedrichshain and the famous park, is the Berlin Mission House, built in 1873—the location of the Berlin Mission Society, founded in 1824. Until 1991 the latter was called the Ecumenical Missionary Centre/Berlin Mission Society (Ökumenisch-Missionarisches Zentrum/Berliner Missionsgesellschaft).As one of the largest missionary societies, its missionaries have worked since the mid-nineteenth century in South Africa and later in China and East Africa. In the long history of the Berlin Mission many printed and unpublished texts, as well as drawings, maps, and photographs were collected. The archives retain 270 meters of file. There are also the records of other missions, as well as the largest specialist library for missions and ecumenical movements (50,000 volumes and scholarly papers) in the former GDR.

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Crane, Paul S. "Book Review: Missionary Medicine in China: A Study of Two Canadian Protestant Missions in China before 1937." Missiology: An International Review 18, no. 1 (January 1990): 104–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009182969001800139.

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Liu, Z. X., C. P. Escoubet, Z. Pu, H. Laakso, J. K. Shi, C. Shen, and M. Hapgood. "The Double Star mission." Annales Geophysicae 23, no. 8 (November 8, 2005): 2707–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-23-2707-2005.

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Abstract. The Double Star Programme (DSP) was first proposed by China in March, 1997 at the Fragrant Hill Workshop on Space Science, Beijing, organized by the Chinese Academy of Science. It is the first mission in collaboration between China and ESA. The mission is made of two spacecraft to investigate the magnetospheric global processes and their response to the interplanetary disturbances in conjunction with the Cluster mission. The first spacecraft, TC-1 (Tan Ce means "Explorer"), was launched on 29 December 2003, and the second one, TC-2, on 25 July 2004 on board two Chinese Long March 2C rockets. TC-1 was injected in an equatorial orbit of 570x79000 km altitude with a 28° inclination and TC-2 in a polar orbit of 560x38000 km altitude. The orbits have been designed to complement the Cluster mission by maximizing the time when both Cluster and Double Star are in the same scientific regions. The two missions allow simultaneous observations of the Earth magnetosphere from six points in space. To facilitate the comparison of data, half of the Double Star payload is made of spare or duplicates of the Cluster instruments; the other half is made of Chinese instruments. The science operations are coordinated by the Chinese DSP Scientific Operations Centre (DSOC) in Beijing and the European Payload Operations Service (EPOS) at RAL, UK. The spacecraft and ground segment operations are performed by the DSP Operations and Management Centre (DOMC) and DSOC in China, using three ground station, in Beijing, Shanghai and Villafranca.

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Chaffee, John. ""Diasporic Identities in the Historical Development of the Maritime Muslim Communities of Song-yuan China"." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 49, no. 4 (2006): 395–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852006779048408.

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AbstractThe Muslim communities that flourished in the ports of southeastern China c. 10th-14th centuries AD were part of a trade diaspora that played a central role in the commercial life of maritime Asia. In contrast to past treatments which portray these communities as essentially static entities, this paper proposes a tripartite periodization. In the first (c. 907-1020), trade and merchants were concentrated in Guangzhou, with frequent tribute missions playing a major role. In the second (1020-1279), maritime trade involved multiple ports and free trade under the supervision of the maritime trade superintendencies, and the Muslim communities became increasingly integrated into the society of southeastern China. In the third period (1279-1368), preferential Mongol policies towards Muslims significantly altered the nature of the communities and their diasporic identity. Les communautés musulmanes qui se sont épanouies dans les ports de la Chine du sud-est des 10th-14th siècles faisaient partie d'une diaspora commerciale qui a joué un rôle central dans la vie commerciale de l'Asie maritime. Contrairement aux traitements passés qui dépeignent ces communautés en tant qu'essentiellement entités statiques, cet article propose un periodization triple. Dans la premiere période (c. 907-1020), le commerce et les n eacute;gociants ont été concentrés dans Guangzhou, avec des missions fréquentes d'hommage jouant un rôle important. Dans la deuxième period (1020-1279), le commerce maritime a impliquéles ports multiples et le libre échange, quoique sous la surveillance des surintendances du commerce maritime, et les communautés musulmanes est devenu de plus en plus intégré dans la société de la Chine du sud-est. Dans la troisième période (1279-1368), les politiques mongoliennes préférentielles envers des musulmans ont changéde manière signi fi cative la nature des communautés et de leur identité diasporic.

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Scaioni, M., P. Giommi, M. T. Brunetti, C. Carli, P. Cerroni, G. Cremonese, G. Forlani, et al. "THE ‘MOON MAPPING’ PROJECT TO PROMOTE COOPERATION BETWEEN STUDENTS OF ITALY AND CHINA." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B6 (June 17, 2016): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b6-71-2016.

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The research project ‘Moon Mapping’ has been established in 2014 between the Italian and Chinese Governments to promote cooperation and exchange between undergraduate students from both countries. The operational phase of the project started in early 2015, and will end in 2017, for a total length of three years. The main aim is to train new scholars to be able to work on different kinds of remotely-sensed data collected over the Moon surface by the Chinese space missions Chang’E-1/2. The project coordination has been assigned to the Italian Space Agency for the Italian side and to the Center of Space Exploration, China Ministry of Education, for the Chinese side. Several Chinese universities and Italian national research institutes and universities have been officially involved in this project. Six main research topics have been identified: (1) map of the solar wind ion; (2) geomorphological map of the Moon; (3) data preprocessing of Chang’E-1 mission; (4) map of element distribution; (5) establishment of 3D digital visualization system; and (6) compilation and publication of a tutorial on joint lunar mapping.

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Scaioni, M., P. Giommi, M. T. Brunetti, C. Carli, P. Cerroni, G. Cremonese, G. Forlani, et al. "THE ‘MOON MAPPING’ PROJECT TO PROMOTE COOPERATION BETWEEN STUDENTS OF ITALY AND CHINA." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B6 (June 17, 2016): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b6-71-2016.

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The research project ‘Moon Mapping’ has been established in 2014 between the Italian and Chinese Governments to promote cooperation and exchange between undergraduate students from both countries. The operational phase of the project started in early 2015, and will end in 2017, for a total length of three years. The main aim is to train new scholars to be able to work on different kinds of remotely-sensed data collected over the Moon surface by the Chinese space missions Chang’E-1/2. The project coordination has been assigned to the Italian Space Agency for the Italian side and to the Center of Space Exploration, China Ministry of Education, for the Chinese side. Several Chinese universities and Italian national research institutes and universities have been officially involved in this project. Six main research topics have been identified: (1) map of the solar wind ion; (2) geomorphological map of the Moon; (3) data preprocessing of Chang’E-1 mission; (4) map of element distribution; (5) establishment of 3D digital visualization system; and (6) compilation and publication of a tutorial on joint lunar mapping.

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Journal articles on the topic 'China Missions'

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