Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Chrome – Fragilisation par l'hydrogène'
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Bedjou, Walid. "Caractérisation métallographique et fragilisation par l’hydrogène des revêtements de chrome issus de bains à base de chrome trivalent." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LAROS023.
Full textThis thesis is a part of the CRONOS 2024 project (ChROme hard New generatiOn Solutions by 2024) led by the IRT-M2P aiming at the replacement of hexavalent chromium based electrolytes by the trivalent chromium based electrolytes for hard chromium plating applications. The objective of this work is to characterize the deposits obtained from trivalent chromium baths in order to study the relationship between the chemical composition, metallurgical states and functional properties, in particular the role of light elements (especially hydrogen) which are incorporated during the electroplating. Conventional microstructural characterization techniques were not adapted as the deposit is amorphous in nature. So, an approach using different treatments by thermal analysis have been implemented. This approach allowed us a better understanding of the role of hydrogen on the amorphization and cracking of trivalent chromium deposits. The results obtained also enabled to discuss the increase of the hardness of deposits during a thermal treatment. Furthermore, the presence of hydrogen in the deposited steel led to a premature failure of the coated parts under mechanical stress. In this context, the impact of trivalent chromium electroplating processes on the mechanical strength of coated substrates has been studied and compared to conventional chromium plating processes. Different ways have been explored to limit the adverse effects of hydrogen incorporation during the electroplating process
Araujo, Paulo. "Etude par indentation interfaciale de l'adhérence du revêtement Ni-Cr projeté thermiquement : influence de l'hydrogène et effets thermiques." Lille 1, 2000. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2000/50376-2000-200.pdf.
Full textRigual, Sucre Yobiris. "Fragilisation par l'hydrogène d'aciers inoxydables austénitiques alliés à l'azote." Lille 1, 2001. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2001/50376-2001-11-12.pdf.
Full textRavix, Lilian. "Etude par émission acoustique des mécanismes de fragilisation par l'hydrogène des aciers peu alliés." Lyon, INSA, 2005. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2005ISAL0085/these.pdf.
Full textHydrogen embrittlement (HE) is observed in H2S containing environments on low alloy steels used for casing application. For a better understanding of this corrosion process, the normalized SSC tensile test (Nace TM 0177-96 Method A) was instrumented by acoustic emission (AE). In the configuration of test, the study of steels with different HE susceptility shows the presence of very emissive AE sources (HIC, FeS), hidding other AE sources (H2, SSC). For Hydrogen Induced Cracking, the monitoring of acoustic energy evidences that crack initiation, induced on segregated zones of the microstructure, is enhanced by stress application. For Sulphide Stress Cracking, statistical treatment of acoustic data allows the localization of the cracks on the specimens about fifty hours before rupture. Cracks associated with SSC mode of degradation initiate on the steel surface and mechanisms associated to their development are linked to hydrogen uptake
Moro, Isabelle. "Fragilisation par l'hydrogène gazeux d'un acier ferrito-perlitique de grade API X80." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009INPT032G/document.
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Dieudonné, Thomas. "Mécanismes d'absorption de l'hydrogène en milieux aqueux dans des aciers austénitiques Fe-Mn-C : conséquences sur l'endommagement." Thesis, Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012EVRY0011.
Full textThe automotive industry is a sector in constant evolution, in which the lightening of structures by the use of new alloys, in order to save energy, is one of the main objectives. In this context, austenitic Fe-Mn-C steels are developed in order to obtain high mechanical strength associated with considerable ductility. However, these steels are sensitive to different forms of hydrogen damage, in particular stress corrosion cracking. The objective of this study is to characterize the influence of the chemical composition and the microstructural state of these alloys on their sensitivity to hydrogen embrittlement (HE) phenomena associated with corrosion process in aqueous media. This work starts with a general presentation of the metallurgical properties of austenitic Fe-Mn-C steels and of the experimental techniques. Then, the isotopic tracing of hydrogen with deuterium by SIMS analysis allowed studying hydrogen diffusion mechanisms in these alloys. The corrosion of these steels in aqueous media have been studied by electrochemical tests and immersions at the rest potential in deuterated solution ; the influence of alloying elements on the hydrogen absorption during corrosion war characterized in detail. In situ tensile tests were used to characterize the HE susceptibility of these steels. They show that hydrogen-plasticity interactions play a predominant role in the HE mechanisms. This study also showed a strong influence of alloying elements on HE. Finally, the results of this study allowed discussing the mechanism involved in the role of alloying elements on the HE susceptibility of these steels
Casanova, Thierry. "Permeation de l'hydrogène à travers l'acier lors de l'électrocristallisation du zinc." Aix-Marseille 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AIX11006.
Full textBartier, Olivier. "Effet d'une nitruration par plasma d'ions sur la fragilisation par l'hydrogène d'un acier à haute résistance." Lille 1, 1996. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1996/50376-1996-250.pdf.
Full textIacoviello, Francesco. "Fragilisation par l'hydrogène de l'acier inoxydable austéno-ferritique Z2CND22 05 : rôle de la microstructure." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997ECAP0536.
Full textNajjar, Denis. "Compétition entre les mécanismes de dissolution anodique et de fragilisation par l'hydrogène dans le processus de fissuration par corrosion sous contrainte de l'alliage Al-Zn-Mg-Cu 7150 sollicité en traction lente en milieu chlorure (NaCl 3)." Lille 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994LIL10098.
Full textLy, Céline. "Caractérisation d'aciers à très haute limite d'élasticité vis-à-vis de la fragilisation par l'hydrogène." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale Paris, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00453616.
Full textBizouard, Jean-Pierre. "Approche expérimentale de la fragilisation par l'hydrogène d'aciers austénoferritiques en cours de corrosion sous contrainte." Dijon, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991DIJOS014.
Full textOriol, Pierre. "Comportement des aciers à rails vis-à-vis de l'hydrogène : diffusion, perméation et fragilisation." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987ECAP0041.
Full textSmanio-Renaud, Véronique. "Etude des mécanismes de Fragilisation Par l'Hydrogène des aciers non alliés en milieu H2S humide : contribution de l'émission acoustique." Lyon, INSA, 2008. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2008ISAL0129/these.pdf.
Full textMany steel equipments used in oil and gas industry are subjected to wet H2S cracking. In order to improve the understanding of this type of cracking, Acoustic Emission (AE) was used for the monitoring of steels exposed to wet H2S. AE related to both most important crackin modes in this media, i. E. , Hydrogen lnduced Cracking (HIC} and Sulfide Stress Cracking (SSC), were discriminated from the other AE sources signals (H2 evolution, iron sulfide layer formation). Using this methodology, real-time monitoring of cracking is possible, offering new insights into the kinetics of cracking, and into the impact of several parameters on the different steps of cracking. A better understanding of the different cracking mechanisms is another output of this study. From the comparisons between different steel grades exposed to H2S environments with or without applied load allows, different cracking modes can be clearly distinguished: HIC vs. SWC (Step Wise Cracking), and SSC vs. SOHIC (Stress Oriented Hydrogen lnduced Cracking)
Grange, Marjolaine. "Fragilisation du Zircaloy-4 par l'hydrogène : comportement, mécanismes d'endommagement, interaction avec la couche d'oxyde, simulation numérique." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 1998. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00005648.
Full textPuydebois, Simon. "Fragilisation par l'hydrogène en fatigue oligocyclique de l'Inconel 718 issu d’un procédé de fabrication additive (LBM)." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAI011.
Full textThis study focuses on the hydrogen embrittlement sensitivity (HE) under cyclic loading of a nickel based alloy, Inconel 718, manufactured by the additive manufacturing process (AM). This material is used in some components of Ariane cryogenic engines that are manufactured by ArianeGroup. Some of these components are solicited under "hydrogen atmosphere", and the risk of embrittlement is a major problem.The metallurgical states of the Inconel 718 AM alloy have been characterized at different structural scales in order to observe a possible impact of the manufacturing process on the microstructure and discuss the possible consequences on the mechanical behaviour of the alloy underhydrogen pressure. Moreover, a forged alloy has also been studied for comparison.To discuss the mechanisms of hydrogen embrittlement in the material, it is first necessary to study the hydrogen behaviour in the material. Electrochemical and gaseous permeation analyses as well as TDS were performed to provide insights into the mechanisms of hydrogen diffusion. Fromthese results, the involvement of grain boundaries in the diffusion mechanisms and the effect of microstructural heterogeneities on the trapping mechanisms in this material have been discussed.On the other hand, the influence of hydrogen on the mechanical behaviour has been investigated under monotonic and cyclic loading in terms of elasto-viscoplastic behaviour, crack initiation process, fatigue crack propagation and toughness. In a first part, the tensile behaviour of the Inconel 718 AMunder hydrogen pressure has been considered. The effects of the loading rate on the mechanisms of embrittlement have been addressed. Moreover, interrupted tensile tests have been carried out to identify the effect of hydrogen on the viscoplastic behaviour and allowing to discuss hydrogen /plasticity interactions.The fatigue behaviour of Inconel 718 AM in the presence of hydrogen gas was investigated by cyclic tests for a 0.1 load ratio (R) under a 300 bar H2 at room temperature. It has been shown that hydrogen leads to a clear decrease of the number of cycles to rupture and to a change in failure mode.The impact of hydrogen has been evaluated on the fatigue crack initiation and propagation stages as well as on the toughness of the material.Finally, all the obtained results allowed a discussion of the hydrogen embrittlement sensitivity of the material, taking into account the hydrogen / plasticity interactions
Messai, Abdelhamid. "Analyse fractographique de la rupture fragile d'un acier inoxydable austénitique très chargé en azote." Lille 1, 1996. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1996/50376-1996-143.pdf.
Full textHu, Ruiping. "Mécanismes de la fragilisation par l'hydrogène des aciers sous faibles polarisations cathodiques dans des solutions à pH alcalins." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993ECAP0299.
Full textSojka, Jaroslav. "Fragilisation par l'hydrogène d'aciers faiblement alliés, utilisés dans l'industrie nucléaire : rôle de la microstructure et de l'état inclusionnaire." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997ECAP0538.
Full textBenzaid, Aïcha. "Etude du dégagement d'hydrogène sur électrode verticale en acier 42CD4, par la méthode du bruit électrochimique : application à la fragilisation par l'hydrogène." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992ECAP0234.
Full textPerrin, Marianne. "Etude et caractérisation par émission acoustique et mesures électrochimiques de la fragilisation par l'hydrogène des câbles de précontrainte : application aux ouvrages d'art." Lyon, INSA, 2009. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2009ISAL0103/these.pdf.
Full textToday, there is an important amount of ageing structures whose monitoring possibilities have not been planed from their construction. Their evaluation is then difficult. Concerning prestressed concrete bridges, one of their main degradation forms is the corrosion of prestressing strands, which are crucial elements of these structures. The inspection of these bridges need the development of new non destructive testing, like acoustic emission (AE). The objective of this work is dual. Firstly, the potential of AE to detect strands corrosion has to be verify. Then, the accomodation of the monitoring technique to the geometry of bridges is examined. The validation of the technique is realised on laboratory frames, from accelerated corrosion tests with ammonium thiocyanate. Results show that AE is efficient to detect some corrosion mechanisms on laboratory tests. Results are validated by coupling the acoustic monitoring to electrochemical measurements. Then, the transition to more complex structures enables to be close to a bridge monitoring but also to characterize AE limits
Zhang, Jianhong. "Hydruration du zircaloy-4 et étude de la distribution de l'hydrogène dans une gaine de combustible REP." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992ECAP0263.
Full textPouillier, Édouard. "Hydrogen-induced Intergranular Fracture of Aluminum-Magnesium Alloys." Paris, ENMP, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ENMP0095.
Full textAluminium alloys that are strengthened by alloying elements in solid solution may present a particular sensitivity to intergranular stress corrosion cracking as a result of intergranular dissolution. In Al-5Mg alloys such as AA5083, precipitation of the β-phase (Al3Mg2) at grain boundaries strongly favours intergranular fracture. Previous experimental studies revealed that local plasticity seems to play a significant role in crack initiation. Nevertheless, the exact role of crystal plasticity in the vicinity of grain boundaries is not well understood. The main goal of this doctoral thesis is two-fold: (i) to study the role of the local stress and strain fields on the mechanism of intergranular stress corrosion cracking and, based on such understanding, (ii) to develop a micro-mechanics based model to predict the onset of grain boundary cracking, through a suitably defined failure criterion, and the subsequent intergranular crack propagation. An experimental procedure based on in-situ tensile tests within the chamber of an scanning electron microscope was developed to measure the evolution of local strain fields at various microstructural scales and of lattice orientation using digital image correlation and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) techniques, respectively. Digital image correlation techniques were used in particular over areas comprising just a few grains up to mesoscopic regions of the polycrystal to quantify the deformation and strain fields required in the multi-scale study of intergranular fracture. From these observations, it was established that interfaces between two grains which have undergone little amount of deformation but lying within a neighbourhood of significantly deformed grains are the first to develop micro-cracks. In addition, X-Ray tomography and serial EBSD sectioning analyses revealed that cracked grain boundaries were perpendicular to the applied tensile load, where maximum tensile tractions are expected. To determine the role of local stresses and local plasticity on the mechanisms of intergranular fracture, a dislocation mechanics based crystal plasticity model was employed to describe the constitutive behaviour of each grain in the finite element model of the in-situ experiments. The model parameters were calibrated as a function of the solid solution magnesium content in the aluminium alloy. Measured EBSD maps were relied upon to define the orientation of the discrete grain regions of the in-situ specimens in the corresponding multi-scale finite element (FE) models. From the FE results, a range of threshold values of the normal grain boundary tractions needed to initiate intergranular cracks was identified. This finding is in close agreement with the predictions from an analytical solution of a simplified model of intergranular cracking based on an extension of Eshelby's theory for inclusions. Finally, a cohesive zone model calibrated with the critical grain boundary tractions and typical surface energies was added to the FE model of the polycrystal. A comparison between the experimental and numerical results reveals a good agreement with the observed experimental cracking pattern
Nicaise, Grégory. "Sensibilité de l'acier martensitique Z10CDNbV9-1 à la fragilisation par les métaux liquides." Lille 1, 2001. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2001/50376-2001-179.pdf.
Full textSpilmont, Jean-Guy. "Etude de la sensibilité à la fragilisation par l'hydrogène de l'alliage 718 en milieu primaire de réacteur à eau pressurisée." Paris, ENMP, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ENMP0001.
Full textServiceability of materials is often dependent on the environment of use. Alloys exposed in the middle of a Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) are no exception to this rule. Thus, the hydrogen of nickel super-alloys taken during cycles depleted nuclear fuel may suggest some degradation of their mechanical behavior effect of hydrogen embrittlement (FPH). These losses of properties often result in a decrease in ductility and brittle fracture facies marked with cleaved areas. From an experimental approach consists of slow strain rate tests in pressurized environment using autoclave (80°C and 300°C) and air, restoring as closely as possible the reactor service, we propose explain the conditions for the appearance of the FPH for our application. Thus, the surface oxidation process at shows in PWR primary water at 300°C were responsible for hydrogen uptake, especially during the first moments of oxidation. Playing on the surface, it becomes possible to exacerbate or prevent FPH by controlling the thickness of oxides formed. The limited nature of the oxidation leaves imply a limited source of hydrogen, which in relation to the thickness of the substrate allows a dilution effect (thick sample) or concentration (tin sample). The intensity of the FPH will be largely dependent, provided that the hydrogen distribution is homogeneous. The study shows that the role of the microstructure may lead to a heterogeneous distribution of hydrogen then the resulting loss of FPH. Analysis and approximation of the effects observed in PWR conditions with the literature allows us to consider the phenomena of FPH by thermal fields. At low temperature, 80°C, the FPH responds to the HELP (Hydrogen Enhanced Localized Plasticity) mechanism with preferential priming cleavage on carbides. At high temperature, 300°C, the FPH is localized at the periphery of hardening phases y’ and y” with the forming of micro-cup
Spessel, Catherine. "Fragilisation par l'hydrogène sulfure d'un acier perlitique utilisé dans l'industrie pétrolière « off-shore » : rôle de l'écrouissage et des traitements thermiques de revenu." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ECAP0692.
Full textLy, Céline. "Caractérisation d'aciers à très haute limite d'élasticité vis-à-vis de la fragilisation par l’hydrogène." Thesis, Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009ECAP0004/document.
Full textThe distinctive feature of Very High Strength Steels (VHSS) is to present a good combination of ductility and high strength. This makes them particularly interesting for the automotive industry because of the increasing demand for the reduction of car weight and the improvement of passengers security. However, it is known that increasing mechanical characteristics enhances susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement. The aim of this doctoral thesis work is to study the susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement of four very high strength steels : a DP (Dual Phase), a TRIP (Transformation Induced Plasticity), a CP (Complex Phase) and BAS, a Cr-V enriched high strength steel. Low alloyed steel with lower mechanical properties, HE (high Elasticity) has been used as a reference. Hydrogen transport characteristics in these steels were investigated thanks to electrochemical permeation tests including charging in acid solution, possibly with the addition of a hydrogenation promoter (arsenic). As already observed on other steels, the absence of stationary entry conditions is to be underlined due to its necessity for the evaluation of diffusion characteristics. Diffusivity at room temperature has appeared to be very high in each of the five steels and a correlation between hydrogen diffusion coefficient and microstructure has been drawn : the finer and the more complex it is, the lower is the apparent diffusion coefficient. Moreover, sub-surface concentrations calculated on the permeation transient in the presence of arsenic have revealed relatively high values for the three steels with the higher mechanical properties (TRIP 800, CP 800 and BAS 100). These values comply with the diffusible hydrogen content measured by thermal desorption technique just after permeation. Otherwise, residual hydrogen dosage tests by thermal desorption under vacuum, have indicated that deep trapping is very low for these steels, even after charging under polarisation and in the presence of arsenic. These results can be explained by fine and homogeneous microstructures that are very well developed with few lattice defects. Ordinary tensile tests have shown the necessity of extreme charging conditions (in the presence of a promoter) for VHS steel embrittlement. With an exception in the case of extreme spontaneaous damages created by HIC (blistering, cracking), embrittlement is imputable to diffusible and weakly trapped hydrogen because deeply trapped hydrogen content is very low. In industrial conditions, during acid pickling while in the presence of inhibitors, permeation, dosage and tensile tests results suggest the absence of embrittlement for the steels. Tested inhibitors seem to act as a physical barrier, by adsorption on the bare steel surface, and limit that way hydrogen absorption and corrosion
Nicaise, Gregory. "SENSIBILITE DE L'ACIER MARTENSITIQUE Z10CDNbV9-1 A LA FRAGILISATION PAR LES METAUX LIQUIDES." Phd thesis, Université des Sciences et Technologie de Lille - Lille I, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00454185.
Full textEl, Halami Hafida. "Influence de la déformation plastique sur la réactivité du nickel dans la réaction d'évolution de l'hydrogène en milieu acide : approche cinétique et thermodynamique." La Rochelle, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007LAROS206.
Full textHydrogen role in hydrogen embrittlement has not been precisely identified. The aim of the present work is to investigate structural parameters influence on hydrogen adsorption and desorption steps (Hydrogen Evolution Reaction) which govern the first stages of the embrittlement. A kinetic and thermodynamic approach allows the determination of geometric and energetic parameters which describe these electrochemical steps. Correlations between structural characteristics and surface activity facing hydrogen have been drawn. They show that the two step rates are significantly affected by crystallographic orientation, and increase with plastic strain. The latter is responsible for the development of additional active sites, created by dislocations emergence, which modify the two steps activation energies end the effect of cathodic polarisation on this activation. The competition between these two effects leads to the enhancement of HER rate with strain increase, and to the reduction of this enhancement as dislocations concentrate to form a cell structure. The possible surface modification with hydrogenation probably leads to surface deactivation for further Hydrogen / Nickel attractive interaction, especially since diffusion circuits are increased. This adsorption / absorption transition step has to be investigated for better understanding of hydrogen entry into a metallic structure
Moriconi, Clara. "Modélisation de la propagation de fissure de fatigue assistée par l'hydrogène gazeux dans les matériaux métalliques." Phd thesis, Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00784983.
Full textChen, Qianqian. "Modélisation de la fissure à froid dans un acier ferritique de type 16MND5." Palaiseau, École nationale supérieure de techniques avancées, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ESTA0010.
Full textThis thesis is aimed at studying the hydrogen induced cold cracking (HICC) in the heated affected zone (HAZ) of weldments and at proposing a criterion to predict this phenomenon. HICC is attributable to three factors: i) a susceptible microstructure; ii) hydrogen concentration; and iii) a critical stress. To this end, first tensile tests on smooth specimens charged with hydrogen were performed to investigate hydrogen embrittlement of martensite. According to these results, a ductile-brittle damage model is proposed in order to establish a HICC criterion. In order to validate this criterion, we performed the modified Tekken tests. The Tekken test was chosen because one can control the welding parameters in order to induce cold cracking. The modified Tekken tests have then been modeled using a fully coupled thermo-metallo-mechanical-diffusion model using the finite element method. This model allows to compute martensite’s portion, residual stress level and hydrogen concentration in the HAZ. By applying the HICC criterion to these tests, cold cracking phenomenon has been correctly predicted
Mahloul, Noureddine. "Influence des impuretés soufre et phosphore sur les propriétés des alliages fer-nickel-carbone : conséquences vis-à-vis des mécanismes de fragilisation par l'hydrogène." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ECAP0443.
Full textMoriau, Olivier. "Etude et optimisation du matériau "acier galvanisé" en termes de capacité d'amortissement et de résistance à la corrosion sous contrainte." Lille 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LIL10127.
Full textKhedim, Brahim. "Simulations expérimentales du comportement de films passifs sous sollicitations physiques et chimiques : application à l'analyse des mécanismes de fissuration des aciers inoxydables austéno-ferritiques." Dijon, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992DIJOS044.
Full textOger, Loïc. "Corrosion sous contrainte et fragilisation par l'hydrogène d'alliages d'aluminium de la série 7xxx (Al-Zn-Mg) : identification des paramètres microstructuraux critiques pilotant l'endommagement à l'échelle locale." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2017. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/19559/19/OGER_Loic_1_sur_2.pdf.
Full textBen, Ali Neji. "Caractérisation et modélisation micromécanique de la propagation de fissures fragiles par effet de l'hydrogène dans les alliages AA 7xxx." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00648428.
Full textDa, Silva Craidy Pedro. "Interactions Hydrogène-Microstructure-Propriétés Mécaniques dans les Composants en Acier Inoxydable Super Suplex." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAI041.
Full textThe increasing demand for energy requires the exploration of oil and gas at deeper water locations and on more severe conditions. These production systems have demanded the use of forged equipments made of higher strength steel grades, such as austenitic-ferritic (duplex) stainless steels. These components are more prone to exhibit loss of ductility and general mechanical performance caused by hydrogen generated e.g. by cathodic protection. Duplex stainless stainless steels components present a vast history of hydrogen damage at low temperatures, due to hydrogen derived from various sources. Even being this kind of damage fairly recurring, various related information remains to be elucidated, due to the complex interaction of hydrogen with the microstructure and localized character of hydrogen generation and transportation in the material. The present work aims to improve the physical understanding of the interaction between hydrogen and the microstructure as well as the effects of different hydrogen charging procedures on the mechanical properties of forged components made of the super duplex stainless steel grade UNS S32750.The development of such understanding involves the evaluation of the effects of hydrogen on the mechanical properties of the material through tensile tests in different hydrogen-rich environments. Based on results of slow-strain rate tensile tests, a quantitative relationship between embrittlement caused by gas hydrogen and cathodic charging is proposed, and possible effects of dislocation-assisted hydrogen transportation and embrittlement are discussed. Quantitative and qualitative descriptions of the hydrogen transportation, including analysis of the effects of different microstructures and diffusion paths, and of its position in the lattice and in the microstructure (hydrogen segregation to traps) are proposed. These descriptions are achieved considering results of different testing techniques: permeation tests, thermal desorption spectroscopy, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy and neutron scattering
Escobar, Claros Cesar Adolfo. "Etude de bioactivité, résistance à la corrosion et comportement en fatigue de l'alliage Ti-12Mo-6Zr-2Fe après différents traitements de surface." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALI051.
Full textDemand for new implants with improved bioactivity, corrosion resistance, and optimal mechanical properties has been increasing considerably. In this sense, different surface treatments are applied in titanium alloys to improve their osteointegration process. Nevertheless, the developments of new bioactive surfaces could cause a considerable reduction in fatigue and corrosion strength leading to catastrophic failures in clinical use. For these reasons, this work studied the biocompatibility, corrosion and fatigue performance of Ti-12Mo-6Zr-2Fe alloy treated with three different surface modifications, namely, chemical surface treatment (CST), nanotubes (Nt) and nanopores (NP). Samples were immersed in simulated body fluid (SBF) solution during different periods, 0, 1, 7, and 14 days. After 14 days immersed in SBF, samples with CST showed high hydroxyapatite (HAp) formation; Likewise, samples with Nt and NP exhibited lower and moderated HAP formation, respectively. In samples without surface treatment was not observed HAp formation. The electrochemical behavior was studied through polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Samples with Nt and NP displayed higher corrosion resistance and lower passivation current (Ipass) compared with untreated samples, after 14 days of immersion in SBF; samples with CST showed the worst corrosion performance for all the surface conditions studied. Furthermore, within the framework of electrochemical investigations, EIS results of Nt and NP samples showed a characteristic behavior that could not be modeled by traditional equivalent circuits. Thus, it was proposed a two-channel transmission line model for analyzing this impedance results, leading to a successful fitting of the EIS data. Finally, was observed a reduction of the fatigue resistance in the samples treated with NP and CST, associated with hydrogen embrittlement processes, due to the pick-up of hydrogen during the respective surface treatments
Deffo, Ayagou Martien Duvall. "Impact de l’oxygène et de l’H2S sur la corrosion du fer pur et sur le chargement en hydrogène." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1194/document.
Full textThe work in this thesis presents the effect of trace concentrations of oxygen (O2 ) on corrosion and hydrogen uptake of pure iron/steel in H2S-media. Three main avenues of research were conducted.The first part is concerned with the reaction chemistry between dissolved H2S and O2. A literature review is presented, identifying a number of reaction pathways associated with the dissolved H2S and O2 reaction as well as analytical methods used to measure the resulting S-O reaction products. Subsequently, thermodynamic calculations allow for the prediction of the most stable species indissolved H2S -O2 solutions, later confirmed using spectroscopic and chromatographic methods. Such techniques reveal that the principal soluble reaction products are sulfate, thiosulfate and sulfite anions,as well as hydronium ions. From pH monitoring, a continuous rise in acidity of an H2S solution can be an indication of O2 ingress.Secondly, electrochemical methods are used to explore corrosion phenomena and deposit formation in the presence and absence of O2 pollution. Corrosion rates in the presence of O2 are reproducibly much higher if compared against those in the system lacking O2 . An electrochemical impedance spectroscopy model has been developed to study the evolution of the metal / electrolyte interface over time, which is validated using weight loss corrosion rate measurements, and represents impedance data reported in the literature on similar systems.Finally, the third part is devoted to hydrogen uptake in pure iron and petroleum industry sour-grade steel (X65). In the absence of O2 pollution, permeation efficiency yields close to 100% are observed between the permeation current and the corrosion current estimated from the impedance measurements over a period of several weeks. In the presence of O2 , however, this yield is reproducibly far lower. Moreover, some tests conducted on X65 also show a significant effect of O2 on the quite protective nature of the deposit, not observed on the model system using pure iron
Forot, Clément. "Application de la perméation d’hydrogène vers la prédiction des risques de fissuration interne des aciers." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10348.
Full textThe work of this thesis applies to flexible pipelines, which are used as risers or flowlines in offshore production. More specifically, it is dedicated to study the risks of hydrogen embrittlement of carbon steel wires used as armors if flexible pipes. The study is focused on low H2S containing medium inducing slow hydrogen entry in steels, thus, potentially long incubation times before embrittlement becomes effective. The first goal of this work is to study the entry, diffusion and trapping of hydrogen into different grades of carbon steel in low H2S concentration environment. The permeation technique will be used, as well as immersion tests of variable duration with characterization of the crack process. Analysis of permeation transients gives information on hydrogen diffusion and hydrogen trapping into steels in function of experimental conditions (pH, PH2S). Immersion tests will be performed complementary to permeation tests in various conditions of pH and PH2S. We verify the cracking evolution with environmental conditions. We also quantify the lattice hydrogen, the reversibly and irreversibly trapped hydrogen absorbed by the materials. Then, using both diffusion properties from permeation tests and cracking data from immersion experiments, we set up a predictive approach to link the risks of H2S cracking for each steel grade in function of the severity of the environment. Applying this method should also allow to establish faster and more reliable comparisons of the hydrogen induced cracking resistance of different steel grades. It should be used as complimentary tool for qualification purposes
MOREL-TONNEAU, Anne. "Etude de la sensibilité à l'environnement sous chargement mécanique monotone et cyclique des aluminiures de type FeAl et TiAl." Poitiers, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999POIT2335.
Full textLarignon, Céline. "Mécanismes d'endommagement par corrosion et vieillissement microstructural d'éléments de structure d'aéronef en alliage d'aluminium 2024-T351." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2011. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/6994/1/larignon_partie_1_sur_2.pdf.
Full textLenartova, Iva. "Fragilisation par l'hydrogène et corrosion sous contrainte d'alliages de nickel et d'un acier inoxydable utilisés dans les générateurs de vapeur : influence de la composition chimique et de la microstructure." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ECAP0469.
Full textSozanska, Maria. "Etude des phénomènes provoqués par l'hydrogène à l'aide des méthodes d'analyse d'images en relation avec la microstructure et la morphologie de rupture, d'acier A508. 3 et Z2 CND 22 05, et d'alliage Fe-Ni." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997ECAP0557.
Full textGuedes, Sales Daniella. "Etude des mécanismes d'endommagement d'aciers martensitiques associés au SSC (Sulphide Stress Cracking)." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LAROS041.
Full textThe findings of this work established that the diffusible and trapped hydrogen could have a strong influence on the mechanical properties of materials. However, this effect varies significantly with the materials’ microstructure, chemical composition, and heat treatment. Due to their structure, quenched and tempered martensitic steels (developed for tubes suitable for sour service environments) have different types of traps such as dislocations, grain boundaries, precipitates, inclusions, vacancies and other interfaces that play an important role in the damage mechanisms. These high strength steels may break due to Sulphide Stress Cracking (SSC) if subjected to mechanical stress and an aggressive environment (which depends on the H2S partial pressure and pH solution). This phenomenon is a form of hydrogen embrittlement (HE) that includes a crack initiation followed by a propagation step leading to failure. However the hydrogen contribution is still insufficiently understood. In addition to the impact of the microstructure on the steel, the stress and the deformation fields in the material also modify the effects induced by hydrogen. To investigate this event, electrochemical permeation tests under stress were used to perform mechanical tests under hydrogen flux until failure is reached. The results were compared to those mechanically loaded in air or in a H2S environment. This enabled the examination of the impact of the hydrogen flux and trapping on the mechanical behavior of martensitic steel. In this framework, flat and axisymmetric, smooth and notched specimens were employed. Experimental data obtained in this work were used to provide a numerical model that enables the locally characterization of the mechanical condition and the concentrations of trapped and diffusible hydrogen in the material. These outcomes enabled us to determine a local failure criterion
Gayton, Clément. "Mécanismes de fragilisation de l’acier inoxydable super-martensitique X4CrNi16-4 Virgo™38 : Effets couplés des traitements thermiques et des milieux corrosifs contenant Na2S ou H2S." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSEM004/document.
Full textThis PhD thesis is focused on the study of embrittlement mechanisms in a 16Cr-4Ni low carbon supermartensitic stainless steel (Virgo™38) used for the construction of rotating parts of centrifugal compressors produced by GE Oil&Gas.It is shown that the morphologically complex multiphase microstructure of this alloy is very sensitive to the heat treatment conditions. In particular, the fraction and repartition of retained austenite, the presence of chromium carbides and the phosphorous grain boundary segregation (PGBS) are evidenced consecutive to several heat treatments. PGBS is one of the mechanisms leading to brittle failure of Virgo™38 after specific heat treatments.The presence of retained austenite is not only beneficial for toughness but also leads to hydrogen trapping in this phase. Due to the mechanical instability of retained austenite, its transformation under applied stress leads to the release of trapped hydrogen into newly formed martensite and thus to a local overconcentration of hydrogen. Hydrogen embrittlement is the second mechanism studied in this report.Mechanisms involved during the formation of retained austenite lead to the heterogeneous repartition of alloying elements (partitioning). One of the consequences being the selective dissolution of one or the other phase of the alloy as a function of the pH of the environment and of the load applied. Preferential dissolution is the third mechanism studied
Poloni, Alexandre. "Étude de la sensibilité à la fragilisation par l’hydrogène de deux alliages de titane, le T40 et le TA6V ELI, sous polarisation cathodique en eau de mer par une approche locale de la rupture." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LAROS003.
Full textThis study aims at understanding the hydrogen absorption mechanisms in titanium under cathodic polarization in seawater and then to provide risk assessments for engineers. The single-phase T40 and the two-phase TA6V ELI alloys were employed to study the influence of α and β phases as well as their distribution on the hydrogen embrittlement mechanisms. Hydrogen absorption kinetics were studied for several cathodic potentials in artificial seawater, while other electrolytes were used to validate some hypothesis. These kinetics are observed to be similar between the two alloys despite the differences in the absorption mechanisms and the hydrogen concentration at saturation. Then, this work investigates the role of the metallographic structure on the localisation of hydrides. The evolutions of the mechanical properties were studied by tensile tests on various orientations of solicitation, hydrogen concentrations and notches. As a result, these properties are observed to depend on the hydrogen concentration and the hydrides location. Models by finite elements were also used to determine local mechanical criterions of internal damage and fracture in term of hydrostatic stress and equivalent plastic strain. It allowed us to establish an abacus linking the evolutions of the mechanical properties to the hydrogen concentration. Moreover, this work also results in the determination of a maximum threshold of the cathodic potential at -1,1 V/SCE by comparing the laboratory results with those of on-site galvanic coupling by sacrificial anodes in natural seawater
Didot, Alexandre. "Corrosion sous contrainte des aciers non alliés dans les conditions du stockage géologique." Compiègne, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008COMP1787.
Full textThe aim of this study is to evaluate the risk of stress corrosion cracking (SCC), in the conditions of the nuclear waste storage in deep geological layer, on the carbon steels which are postpone for the construction of the lining and the canisters. References, regarding the SCC susceptibility of buried pipelines, show two types of SCC, trans- and intergranular, which are related to two potential - pH domains. Usually, transgranular SCC is attributed to hydrogen embrittlement mechanism and intergranular SCC to film rupture processes. Slow strain rate tests (SSRT) were performed in order to identify SCC susceptibility domains on samples extracted from prototypes representatives of the canisters. As SSRT tests overestimate the potential SCC susceptibility, a one year duration experiment was carried on to evaluate the materials resistance toward crack initiation under static loads representatives of residual stresses. SCC tests results did not allow us to exclude, as regards to the expected chemical conditions, intergranular SCC risks. Nevertheless, we observed delayed cracking caused by the poor quality of the selected steels which are far from the usual recommendations specified for buried pipelines. Thus, a dedicated experimental program, for this deep geological storage, is set up to assess carbon steel selection compliant with existing specifications
Bilotta, Giovambattista. "Influence de l'hydrogène gazeux sur la vitesse de propagation d'une fissure de fatigue dans les métaux : approche expérimentale et modélisation." Thesis, Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ESMA0002/document.
Full textThe main purpose of this work is to understand the mechanisms that govern hydrogen assisted cracking in metals, based on the experimental analysis of crack propagation data under gaseous hydrogen and the interaction between hydrogen and lattice defects on the one hand, and on the development of a cohesive zone model influenced by hydrogen on the other hand.Fatigue crack propagation tests were performed under high pressure of gaseous hydrogen on the Armco iron. The results show a strong influence of the pressure, the frequency and the ΔK value, on the modification of the failure modes and on the fatigue crack growth rates. In order to identify the physical parameters that govern the changing of the failure modes, a study on the interaction between hydrogen and the crystallographic defects developed during a cyclic loading was performed. We observe an increase in the total absorption of hydrogen with the cumulated plastic deformation, which can be attributed to the increase in the hydrogen trapping by the dislocations generated during the cyclic deformation. These data have to be introduced into a numerical model to reproduce the modification of the hydrogen diffusion at the crack tip, and its effect on plasticity.Moreover, measurements of the out-of-plane plastic deformation at the crack tip in presence of hydrogen have conducted to an improvement of the cohesive zone model by introducing an effect of hydrogen on the plastic behavior of the volume elements. In addition, the study of Krom diffusion law components has shown the importance of the hydrostatic stress gradient on the diffusion and accumulation of hydrogen at the crack tip. The model predicts a strong dependence of the crack propagation with respect to the hydrogen diffusion at the crack tip, and it is able to simulate the propagation under static load, thus validating the cyclic cracking and static cracking superposition, and explaining the transient regime in fatigue crack growth rates experimentally observed
Pushparasah, Anitha. "Interactions hydrogène - matériaux dans les aciers TRIP de 3ème génération." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSEM022.
Full textLighter vehicles with lower fuel consumption and CO2 emissions became a major stake for the automotive industry. In this context, 3rd generation TRIP steels have been developed. These multiphase steels contain an important fraction of residual austenite (15 30 wt.%) which can transform into martensite under deformation. This characteristic give the steels a better compromise strength-ductility. During their elaboration, these steels are subjected to a heat treatment under reducing atmosphere and an electro-galvanisation, two steps during which hydrogen can enter the material. The absorbed hydrogen can modify the mechanical properties of the steels and lead to their premature failure.This work aims to characterize the diffusion and trapping of hydrogen incorporated during the elaboration process of two 3rd generation TRIP steels: an austenitic-ferritic Mn-Al steel and an austenitic-martensitic quenched and partitioned (Q&P) steel. The incorporation of hydrogen during the heat treatment and the electro-galvanisation has been simulated by high temperature and low temperature (cathodic) charging, respectively.Thermal desorption mass spectroscopy (TDMS) analyses combined with electrochemical permeation tests have permitted a better comprehension of diffusion/trapping phenomena in these multiphase steels. It has been showed that diffusion and trapping of hydrogen depends on its introducing mode: high temperature charging induces a slower desorption kinetic at room temperature and a deeper trapping of hydrogen in the microstructure. Transformation-induced defects have been identified when a phase transformation occurs with hydrogen in the steel. The potential trapping sites identified are: the interstitial sites of austenite, the dislocations/interfaces and transformation-induced defects.Finally, tensile tests realized on pre-charged samples have showed a sensitivity of these steels to cathodic hydrogen charging