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Journal articles on the topic 'Citrate solutions'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2025

Last updated: 20 July 2025

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Javadova, S. P., V. A. Majidzade, S. F. Jafarova, T. A. Aliyev, A. Sh Aliyev, and D. B. Tagiyev. "ELECTROCHEMICAL BEHAVIOR OF BISMUTH IONS IN CITRATE SOLUTIONS." Azerbaijan Chemical Journal, no. 4 (November 14, 2023): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.32737/0005-2531-2023-4-5-12.

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The scientific paper is devoted to the electrochemical reduction of bismuth ions from citrate electrolytes. The kinetics and mechanism of the process and the influence of various factors on the electroreduction process of bismuth ions were studied by recording cyclic and linear polarization curves on Pt, Ni and Ni/Bi electrodes. The effective activation energy and diffusion coefficient were calculated according to the obtained data. The results of the calculation show that the electroreduction process of the bismuth ions from citrate solutions is accompanied by diffusion polarization

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Apelblat, Alexander, and Emanuel Manzurola. "Volumetric properties of aqueous solutions with citrate ions – Trilithium citrate and triammonium citrate." Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics 100 (September 2016): 198–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jct.2016.04.020.

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Djokić, Stojan. "Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Silver Citrate Complexes." Bioinorganic Chemistry and Applications 2008 (2008): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/436458.

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Formation of silver citrate/citric acid complexed solutions was investigated. Although, silver citrate is minimally soluble in water, it can successfully be dissolved in citric acid solutions. The maximum concentration of Ag(I) in solution is estimated at 23 to 25 g/L if the concentration of citric acid is at least 4 mol/L or higher. The dissolution of silver citrate in citric acid solutions was attributed to the formation of silver citrate complexes of a general formula[Ag3(C6H5O7)n+1]3n−. The silver citrate/citric acid solutions, containing more than about 13 g/LAg+ion, have exhibited a decrease in Ag(I) concentration in solution over time, due to crystallization. The crystallization product was attributed to the formation of[Ag3C6H5O7]x⋅nH2O. Importantly, the diluted silver citrate/citric acid complexed solutions have exhibited very strong bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities.

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Dam, W. van, A. Sturk, R. M. Bertina, and A. M. H. P. van den Besselaar. "Prothrombin Time Ratio Is Reduced by Magnesium Contamination in Evacuated Blood Collection Tubes." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 85, no. 04 (2001): 647–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1615647.

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SummaryMagnesium ions were detected in sodium citrate solutions in several lots of evacuated blood collection tubes. The mean concentrations ranged between 1.3 and 1.6 mmol/L. Magnesium was also present in the rubber stoppers of the blood collection tubes and could be leached into the citrate solution. It was shown that magnesium added to citrated plasma shortened the prothrombin time of both coumarin and normal plasma. The effect of magnesium was relatively greater on coumarin than on normal plasma resulting in reduced prothrombin time ratio. Shortening of the prothrombin time was also observed when magnesium chloride was added to dialysed plasma, i.e., in the absence of citrate. These results indicate that magnesium contamination can interfere with accurate INR determination in the control of oral anticoagulant therapy.

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Zárate-Gutiérrez, R., and G. T. Lapidus. "Anglesite (PbSO4) leaching in citrate solutions." Hydrometallurgy 144-145 (April 2014): 124–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2014.02.003.

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Klishchova, Zh E. "Study of the properties of nanoparticles of Ag and Zn citrates." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 22, no. 100 (2020): 50–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet10009.

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The use of nanomaterials has become especially relevant as components of new drugs, adjuvants and new ingredients in feed additives. The very combination of inorganic components (metals) with natural minerals (сeolites, clenoptolites) made it possible to create fundamentally new chemical compounds that differ significantly in the mechanism of action and their physicochemical characteristics from traditionally used drugs for the treatment of bacterial diseases of poultry. The practical application of the composition involves the use of small sizes of nanoparticles that are in the “nanoscale” from 1 to 100 nm. Our article contains the results of studies of Ag and Zn nanomaterials in combination with citrate in the form of powder and dispersed solutions. As a result of scanning electron microscopy, it was found that the studied sample of Ag and Zn nanoparticles is a gray powder of monocrystalline particles of irregular shape, the size of which varies from 160 to 350 nm. Particles of three sizes were most often found among Ag and Zn citrates, namely: 160 nm – 45 %, 210 nm – 35 %, 350 nm – 20 %. Studying the bactericidal properties of dispersed solutions of Ag and Zn citrates on microbial suspensions of test cultures of Escherichia coli (ser.O2), Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis, we found that Ag citrate showed better bactericidal properties in relation to all experimental test cultures of Escherichia coli (ser.O2), Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis, in contrast to the citrate solution Zn, which was only effective against Escherichia coli (ser.O2), and Staphylococcus epidermidis.

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Khoma, R. E., T. S. Bіenkovska, L. T. Osadchiy, and Yu V. Ishkov. "CITRIC ACID–SODIUM CITRATE–WATER SOLUTIONS ACID-BASE AND ELECTROCHEMICAL BEHAVIOR." Odesa National University Herald. Chemistry 28, no. 2(85) (2023): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/2304-0947.2023.2(85).286600.

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The protolytic equilibria in the system citric acid (H3Cit)–sodium citrate (Na3Cit)–water at a total content of citrates forms (citric acid, dihydrocitrate (H2Cit-), hydrocitrate (HCit2-) and citrate (Cit3-) anions) 1.0 mol/l have been studied by pH- and conductometric methods in the temperature range 293 ÷ 313 K. The first concentration ranges at which pH – lg(νH3Cit/νNa3Cit) and κ – CNa+/Ccit functions are linear correspond to the H3Cit/H2Cit- buffer system; the second ones – to H3Cit/H2Cit- and H2Cit-/HCit2-; the third ones to – HCit2-/Cit3- buffer system. The investigated solutions ion-molecular composition and ionic strength (m, mol/l) have been calculated using the mathematical model taking into account the law of mass action, material balance for citrates and electrical neutrality principle. The ionic strength concentration dependences have a complex character due to the ion-molecular composition multicomponent nature for the studied solutions. The ionic strength values are directly proportional to the ratio [Na+]/CCit in the concentration intervals 0 ≤ [Na+]/CCit ≤ 1.0 and 2.0 ≤ [Na+]/CCit ≤ 3.0. In the concentration range 1.0 ≤ [Na+]/CCit ≤ 2.0, the values of m = 1.15 ± 0.27 mol/l) weakly depend on the [Na+]/CCit ratio and practically do not depend on temperature. Citric acid concentration and thermodynamic constants for the first, second, and third dissociation stages have been determined. The obtained data on the acid-base and electrochemical characteristics of the solutions HOC3H4(COOH)3 – HOC3H4(COONa)3 – H2O(СCit = 1.0 mol/l; СNa+ = 0 ÷ 1.0 mol/l) can be used in chemical analysis, microbiological and biochemical studies, and the acidity data of the solutions studied can simulate chemisorption of acidic (SO2) and/or basic (NH3) gases.

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Khoma, R. E., T. S. Bienkovska, A. A. Oshmarina, et al. "SODIUM, MONOETHANOLAMMONIUM AND POLYETHYLENE POLYAMMONIUM CITRATES AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES." Odesa National University Herald. Chemistry 29, no. 1(87) (2024): 99–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/2304-0947.2024.1(87).307870.

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pH and conductometric study of aqueous (0.1 ÷ 9.0)⋅10-3 mol/l solutions of sodium (Na3Cit), monoethanolammonium (H3Cit⋅3MEA) and polyethylenepolyammonium (kH3Cit⋅3PEPA) citrates was carried out. Features of the electrochemical behavior of monoethanolamine and polyethylenepolamine ammonium citrates aqueous solutions were revealed in comparison with Na3Cit. As the temperature increases from 293 to 303 K, the pH values and Na3Cit solutions molar electrical conductivity increase. Due to hydrolytic processes, when diluting H3Cit⋅3MEA solutions, a change in pH is observed from slightly acidic to slightly alkaline, in contrast to Na3Cit. An increase in temperature (in the region of 293–308 K) leads to an increase in the medium acidity, in contrast to sodium citrate solutions, which is accompanied by an atypical decrease in molar electrical conductivity at the same H3Cit⋅3MEA content. It has been shown that an increase in temperature in the range of 293-308 K leads to a decrease in H3Cit⋅3MEA aqueous solutions pH, in contrast to Na3Cit and kH3Cit⋅3PEPA solutions, which is accompanied by an atypical decrease in molar electrical conductivity at the same H3Cit⋅3MEA content. The component composition of Na3Cit, H3Cit⋅3MEA and kH3Cit⋅3PEPA aqueous solutions was calculated. The probability of the existence of negatively charged ion-molecular complexes in H3Cit⋅3MEA and kH3Cit⋅3PEPA aqueous solutions is shown. The concentration and temperature dependence of citrate ions hydrolysis constant was obtained. The concentration and temperature dependence of these complexes was assessed. The atypical negative effect of heating on H3Cit⋅3MEA aqueous solutions molar electrical conductivity is associated with a change in the radius of the ion-molecular complex and its stability. The value of the limiting molar electrical conductivity of sodium, monoethanolammonium and polyethylenepolyammonium citrates aqueous solutions in the range of 293–313 K was estimated. Correlations were revealed between the values of the limiting electrical conductivity and ion-molecular complexes formation constants in H3Cit⋅PEPA aqueous solutions. The values of energy, enthalpy and entropy of activation of molar electrical conductivities of aqueous solutions were calculated. For the solutions studied, compensation effects were noted in the activation parameters of molar electrical conductivity.

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Zhang, Huiping, Shuyue Wang, and Zhonghui Ou. "Analytical solutions of citrate–phosphate coupled model of rice (Oryza sativa L.) roots." International Journal of Biomathematics 13, no. 07 (2020): 2050061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793524520500618.

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The citrate secreted by the rice (Oryza sativa L.) roots will promote the absorption of phosphate, and this process is described by the Kirk model. In our work, the Kirk model is divided into citrate sub-model and phosphate sub-model. In the citrate sub-model, we obtain the analytical solution of citrate with the Laplace transform, inverse Laplace transform and convolution theorem. The citrate solution is substituted into the phosphate sub-model, and the analytical solution of phosphate is obtained by the separation variable method. The existence of the solutions can be proved by the comparison test, the Weierstrass M-test and the Abel discriminating method.

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Vavrusova, Martina, André C. Garcia, Bente P. Danielsen, and Leif H. Skibsted. "Spontaneous supersaturation of calcium citrate from simultaneous isothermal dissolution of sodium citrate and sparingly soluble calcium hydroxycarboxylates in water." RSC Advances 7, no. 6 (2017): 3078–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra25807g.

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Deng, Xinxin, Yanchun Shen, Bingwei Liu, et al. "Terahertz Metamaterial Sensor for Sensitive Detection of Citrate Salt Solutions." Biosensors 12, no. 6 (2022): 408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12060408.

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Citrate salts (CSs), as one type of organic salts, have been widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Accurate and quantitative detection of CSs in food and medicine is very important for health and safety. In this study, an asymmetric double-opening ring metamaterial sensor is designed, fabricated, and used to detect citrate salts combined with THz spectroscopy. Factors that influence the sensitivity of the metamaterial sensor including the opening positions and the arrangement of the metal opening ring unit, the refraction index and the thickness of the analyte deposited on the metamaterial sensor were analyzed and discussed from electromagnetic simulations and THz spectroscopy measurements. Based on the high sensitivity of the metamaterial sensor to the refractive index of the analyte, six different citrate salt solutions with low concentrations were well identified. Therefore, THz spectroscopy combined with a metamaterials sensor can provide a new, rapid, and accurate detection of citrate salts.

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Gritsenko, Viktor, Olga Ajsuvakova, Alexey Tinkov, et al. "The effect of the Ti (IV)-citrate complex on staphylococcus aureus growth and biofilm formation." Archives of Biological Sciences 67, no. 3 (2015): 981–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs141203061g.

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The primary objective of this study was to investigate the influence of the Ti (IV)-citrate complex on growth dynamics and biofilm formation of S. aureus. Speciation analysis was performed in order to estimate the structure of the Ti complex existing in citrate solutions at near-physiological pH. It is estimated that the fully deprotonated tris(citrate)titanate ion [Ti(C6H4O7)3]8- predominates in solution at pH 6.46-7.44, and that this is most probably the biologically active form of Ti(IV)-citrate. In in vitro experiments, increasing concentrations of citric acid solutions (0.05, 0.005, 0.0005 M), served as positive controls, while the effects of respective concentrations of Ti(IV)-citrate were examined. The obtained results indicate that citrate decreased S. aureus 48 growth at all studied concentrations, whereas S. aureus 44 growth was decreased only by high concentrations of citrate (0.05M). Incubation of S. aureus culture with Ti(IV)-citrate significantly potentiated citrate-induced effects. Ti(IV)-citrate significantly altered specific bacterial growth rate in a similar manner. The most significant growth reduction was observed at the initial period of bacterial growth. At the same time, the opposite effect was detected in investigations of the effect of citrate and Ti(IV)-citrate on S. aureus biofilm formation. Citric acid suppressed S. aureus biofilm formation, whereas Ti(IV)-citrate displayed a significant stimulatory effect. Our findings suggest that Ti(IV)-citrate possesses a more pronounced biological effect than citrate. The proposed mechanism of this action is activation of complex transport into the cell and induction of oxidative stress. However, the exact mechanism of Ti(IV)-citrate biological action on bacterial cultures remains unknown.

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Khoma, Ruslan, Sergey Vodzinskii, and Tetyana Bienkovska. "SULFUR DIOXIDE INTERACTION WITH MONOETHANOLAMMONIUM AND POLYETHYLENEPOLYAMMONIUM CITRATES AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS PRODUCTS COMPOSITION AND THE RELATIVE STABILITY." Ukrainian Chemistry Journal 91, no. 3 (2025): 3–24. https://doi.org/10.33609/2708-129x.91.3.2025.3-24.

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The paper presents the results of pH, redox, and conductometric studies on the acid-base interaction during sulfur dioxide chemisorption by aqueous solutions containing 0.1 mol/L monoethanolammonium (MEA·1/3CA) and polyethylenepolyammonium (PEPA·1/3CA) citrates, as well as buffer solutions of monoethanolamine–monoethanolammonium citrate (MEA·1/6CA) and polyethylenepolyamine–polyethylenepolyammonium citrate (PEPA·1/6CA), in comparison with sodium citrate. The composition of the compounds formed during SO2 absorption by Na3Cit, MEA·1/3CA, PEPA·1/3CA, MEA·1/6CA, and PEPA·1/6CA solutions at 273–313 K was determined.For the same amount of absorbed sulfur dioxide, an increase in specific electrical conductivity (æ) with rising temperature was observed in SO2–Na3Cit–H2O and SO2–MEA×1/3CA–H2O solutions within the 273–313 K range. However, in the SO2–MEA×1/3CA–H2O, SO2–PEPA×1/3CA–H2O, SO2–MEA×1/6CA–H2O, and SO2–PEPA×1/6CA–H2O systems, a decrease in Δæ was noted upon heating to 303 K, which is attributed to their ion-molecular composition. Based on developed mathematical models, the ion-molecular component composition of SO2–MEA×1/3CA–H2O and SO2–MEA×1/6CA–H2O solutions was determined at 283–313 K. The concentration and thermodynamic constants for the formation of ionic associates were calculated:(NH3CH2CH2OH)2SO3, {H3CH2CH2OH}{HOC3H4(COOH)2(COO-)} (Ia), {H3CH2CH2OH}2{HOC3H4(COOH)(COO-)2} (IIa), {H3CH2CH2OH}2{HOC3H4(COOH)2(COO-)} (IIb), {H3CH2CH2OH}3{HOC3H4(COO-)3} (IIIa), as well as ion-molecular associates:{H3CH2CH2OH}{HOC3H4(COOH)3} (Ib), {NH2CH2CH2OH}3{H3CH2CH2OH}3{HOC3H4(COO-)3} (IVa), {NH2CH2CH2OH}2{H3CH2CH2OH}4{HOC3H4(COO-)3} (IVb). In SO2–MEA×1/3CA–H2O solutions, as the temperature increases, bond rearrangement occurs in ionic associates IIa and Ib, as indicated by the absence of a clear temperature dependence ofp, along with the strengthening of IIa and Ib. Conversely, in SO2–MEA×1/6CA–H2O solutions, increasing temperature leads to the weakening of the bonds in compounds Ia, IIIa, IVa, and IVb, while in compound Ib, the bonds strengthen.

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Al-dulaimi, Ebtissam, Mohanad Alfahad, and Mohannad Qazzaz. "Scanning Sildenafil Citrate Solubility in Hydrotropic Solutions." Iraqi Journal of Pharmacy 20, no. 2 (2023): 79–82. https://doi.org/10.33899/iphr.2023.140337.01045.

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Šeruga, M., and M. Metikoš-Huković. "Passivation of tin in citrate buffer solutions." Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 334, no. 1-2 (1992): 223–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0728(92)80574-n.

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Hamada, Yahia, Robin Cox, and Hasan Hamada. "Cu2+-Citrate Dimer Complexes in Aqueous Solutions." Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences 11 (November 16, 2015): 583–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1927-5129.2015.11.78.

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Elliott, Elizabeth J., Alistair J. M. Watson, John A. Walker‐Smith, and Michael J. G. Farthing. "Bicarbonate and Citrate in Oral Rehydration Therapy." Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 16, no. 3 (1993): 278–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1536-4801.1993.tb10859.x.

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SummaryIn situ perfusion of the rat jejunum and ileum was used to study the effect of inclusion of bicarbonate or citrate on the ability of four oral rehydration solutions to promote small‐intestinal absorption of water and sodium. Solutions varied in their sodium (60–90m M) and glucose (111–140m M) content and osmolality (281–331 mosmol/kg). They were studied before and after exclusion of base both in normal intestine and in secreting intestine after exposure to cholera toxin. All solutions promoted net water absorption in the normal intestine and reversed net water secretion to absorption in the cholera toxin‐treated intestine to varying degrees. Net sodium movement was directly related to the sodium content of oral rehydration solutions. Inclusion of bicarbonate or citrate did not promote significantly greater absorption of water or sodium than did solutions without base, in normal or secreting intestine. In the secreting intestine, inclusion of bicarbonate in two solutions actually resulted in greater sodium secretion than did identical solutions from which bicarbonate was omitted. These studies suggest that the inclusion of base or base precursors in oral rehydration solutions to enhance water and sodium absorption is unjustified in both normal and secreting small intestine.

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Nefedova, E.A., A.I. Halperin, V.F. Shatornaya, et al. "Experimental determination of the accumulation of cadmium salts in the heart of the embryo of rat and their effect on rat cardiogenesis." Medicni perspektivi 25, no. 3 (2020): 8–16. https://doi.org/10.26641/2307-0404.2020.3.214628.

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The article discusses the results of an experimental effect of cadmium chloride / cadmium citrate on the cardiogenesis in conditions of intragastric administration to pregnant female rats. The aspect of accumulation of cadmium salts in the heart of the embryo was studied under the condition of daily administration of a salt solution to female rats from the first day of pregnancy to the end of embryogenesis (20 days). In addition to the groups of isolated cadmium administration, there were groups of combined administration of cadmium salts with citrates of germanium, cerium, and the iodine + sulfur composite. The second task was to study the effect of the studied salt solutions on the cardiogenesis of rat’s embryos, for which serial histological sections of the heart were made. The thickness of the compact myocardium of the heart chambers was measured as the main indicator of cardiogenesis. The use of multielement analysis showed that the highest level of cadmium accumulation was found in the group of isolated cadmium citrate administration against the background of a decrease in the zinc content in the heart tissues of the embryo. It has been proven that cadmium citrate maintains a high level of accumulation in the groups with combined administration of cerium citrate, germanium citrate, iodine + sulfur citrate composites, but in these groups the level of zinc in the myocardium significantly increases, which can be regarded as an element of the compensatory effect of cerium citrate, germanium and composite iodine + sulfur. The effect of the indicated doses of cadmium salts on cardiogenesis in rats was reflected in the thickness of the myocardial layer of all chambers of the heart in different ways: cadmium chloride thickened the walls of the left and right ventricles, both atria with a thickening of the interventricular septum. Cadmium citrate provokes thinning of the myocardium of the wall of both ventricles and local thickening of the interventricular septum. In the groups of combined administration, the indicators of the thickness of the compact myocardium restored, which indicates the modifying effect of citrates of the studied trace elements on the cardiotoxicity of cadmium salts.

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Žežula, Ivan. "Electrolytic dissolution of iron in aqueous citrate solutions." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 52, no. 12 (1987): 2844–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19872844.

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Analysis of polarization curves for electrolytic dissolution of an iron (steel) electrode in citrate solutions of various pH values and concentrations of citrate anions showed that the given medium promotes the electrolytic dissolution by shifting the corrosion potential of iron to more negative values. However, the catalytic formation of an iron(II) hydroxo complex cation in the active dissolution region according to the scheme proposed by Heusler remains the rate-determining step of the dissolution mechanism.

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Ginting, Sahta, Bruce B. Johnson, and Sabine Wilkens. "Alleviation of aluminium phytotoxicity on soybean growth by organic anions in nutrient solutions." Functional Plant Biology 25, no. 8 (1998): 901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp98048.

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The effect of aluminium (Al) phytotoxicity on the growth of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cv. ‘Forrest’ in nutrient solutions (pH 4.25) and its alleviation by organic anions has been investigated. Both 100 and 500 µM Al caused significant reduction in root and shoot lengths and root dry weights over 15 days. Citrate, oxalate, tartrate, malate, malonate and lactate at 1000 µM and humic acid at 1 g L-1 were used to alleviate phytotoxicity caused by the presence of 500 µM Al. The effectiveness of the organic anions in alleviating Al phytotoxicity, measured by the change in root length, was in the order oxalate > citrate ≈ tartrate ≈ malate > malonate >> lactate. Humic acid at 1 g L-1 proved almost as effective as 1000 µM citrate. When the remaining fraction of phytotoxic aluminium was measured by the aluminon method and the results combined with calculated values obtained from stability constant data, the order of effectiveness of complexation was citrate > oxalate > tartrate ≈ malate ≈ malonate >> lactate. It was concluded that benefits other than from simple complexation of phytotoxic aluminium were provided by the organic anions. Three of the anions were also used at different concentrations; these were citrate and oxalate (at 250, 500 and 1000 µM) and humic acid (at 0.01, 0.1 and 1.0 g L-1 ). For citrate and oxalate, it was found that the concentration of the organic anion must be at least that of the Al to reduce phytotoxicity significantly, and twice as much oxalate as citrate was required to achieve the same reduction in phytotoxicity.

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Apelblat, Alexander, and Emanuel Manzurola. "Cryoscopic studies of aqueous solutions of tartaric acid, sodium hydrogen tartrate, potassium tartrate, sodium dihydrogen citrate, potassium dihydrogen citrate, disodium hydrogen citrate, sodium citrate and potassium citrate." Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics 35, no. 8 (2003): 1225–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9614(03)00016-8.

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Jimenez-Rivera, Carolina, Donna Haas, Margaret Boland, Janice L. Barkey, and David R. Mack. "Comparison of Two Common Outpatient Preparations for Colonoscopy in Children and Youth." Gastroenterology Research and Practice 2009 (2009): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/518932.

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Colonoscopies are often performed in children for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Our study compared two bowel-cleansing solutions: sodium picosulphate, magnesium oxide, and citric acid (Pico-Salax) with liquid magnesium citrate as preparations for colonoscopy. A retrospective chart review of all patients seen in the Gastroenterology outpatient clinic and who underwent bowel cleansing in preparation for colonoscopy from February to December 2006 was undertaken. Thirty-two children received Pico-Salax and 36 received liquid magnesium citrate. The tolerability of both solutions was similar. Most children in both groups had liquid stools and complete colonoscopies. Bowel preparation for a colonoscopy can be successfully achieved using either Pico-Salax or liquid magnesium citrate.

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Gómez-Ayala, A. E., F. Lisbona, I. López-Aliaga, et al. "The absorption of iron, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, copper and zinc in the jejunum–ileum of control and iron-deficient rats." Laboratory Animals 32, no. 1 (1998): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/002367798780559374.

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The effects of iron deficiency on the absorption of different dietary sources of iron were studied, together with the interactions' between iron, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, copper and zinc in the jejenum–ileum of control and iron-deficient rats. In this study, three perfusion solutions containing different iron sources: ferric citrate, haemoglobin, and equal parts of ferric citrate and haemoglobin were used. In addition, the same perfusion solutions were used with and without 2,4-dinitrophenol, an inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation. Iron absorption in anaemic rats was greater than in the controls, except after perfusion with solutions containing haemoglobin. The absorption of calcium, copper and zinc in iron-deficient animals was not significantly affected, while the absorption of phosphorus and magnesium increased, with respect to animals in the control group. After perfusion with solutions containing haemoglobin, the absorption values of calcium, copper and zinc were lower than after ferric citrate in both groups (control and iron-deficient rats).

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Maltseva, Tetiana. "PROPOSED COMPOSITION OF COMPLEXES AND ION ASSOCIATES IN CITRIC ACID SOLUTIONS CONTAINING NICKEL SULFAMATE AND POTASSIUM PERRHENATE." Ukrainian Chemistry Journal 91, no. 4 (2025): 61–71. https://doi.org/10.33609/2708-129x.91.4.2025.61-71.

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The article presents an analysis of the experimental data available in the scientific literature on the conditions for obtaining nickel-rhenium alloys, promising as cathodes for electrolytic hydrogen production. The problem of searching for additional evidence of the mutual influence and interaction of nickel (II), citrate and perrhenate ions in the deposition electrolyte is formulated. For this purpose pH-metric titration of solutions containing (1) citrate ions only; (2) citrate and nickel(II) ions; (3) citrate, nickel(II) and potassium perrhenate ions – was carried out in the pH range from 1.5 to 2.0. Simultaneous release of protons associated with both the reaction of nickel with citrate to form the corresponding NiHCit- complexes and the reaction of citrate with perrhenate to form the (ReO4∙H2Cit)2- complexes was shown. Since the total concentration of reacted protons in the solution with nickel (II) and perrhenate corresponds to the sum of the concentrations of nickel and perrhenate ions, this confirms that reaction of complexes of citrate/perrenate formation occurs simultaneously (in parallel) with the reaction of the formation of the nickel-citrate complexes. And further pH arising should lead to well-known formation of NiCit24- complexes, which can be associated with two ions of perrenate. Based on the analysis of date concerning the influence of the components of nickel-rhenium alloy deposition electrolytes on electrodeposition results, it was concluded that the predominant form providing the observed results concern both high current yield and high rhenium content in the alloy is an electrochemically inactive ion associate consisting of the NiCit24- complex and two perrhenate ions. Destroying in the near-cathode solution layer, it provides a periodic predominance of perrhenate ions, which can be restored without kinetic difficulties. The composition of complexes and ionic associates is proposed for a wide range of experimental data on the induced deposition of nickel-rhenium alloy coatings from citrate electrolytes, based on the quantitative ratios of the complex components in the electrolyte and the pH value.

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Hering-Smith, Kathleen S., Cecilia T. Gambala, and L. Lee Hamm. "Citrate and succinate transport in proximal tubule cells." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 278, no. 3 (2000): F492—F498. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.2000.278.3.f492.

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Urinary citrate, which inhibits calcium nephrolithiasis, is determined by proximal reabsorption via an apical dicarboxylate transporter. Citrate is predominantly trivalent at physiological pH, but citrate− 2 is transported at the apical membrane. We now demonstrate that low-Ca solutions induce transport of citrate− 2 and succinate in opossum kidney cells. With 1.2 mM extracellular Ca, citrate uptake was pH insensitive and not competed by succinate− 2. In contrast, with low extracellular Ca, citrate uptake increased twofold, was inhibited by succinate (and other dicarboxylates), was stimulated by lowering extracellular pH (consistent with citrate− 2 transport), and increased further by lowering extracellular Mg. The effect of Ca was incrementally concentration dependent, between 0 and 1.2 mM. The effect of Ca was not simply complexation with citrate because succinate (which is complexed significantly less) was affected by Ca similarly. Incubation of cells for 48 h in a low-pH media increased citrate transport (studied at control pH) more than twofold, suggesting induction of transporters.

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Bravo, R. V., R. F. Camacho, V. M. Moya, and R. M. Aguado. "Absorption of SO2 into tribasic sodium citrate solutions." Chemical Engineering Science 48, no. 13 (1993): 2399–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2509(93)81061-y.

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Robinson, Kevin G., Rajagopalan Ganesh, and Gregory D. Reed. "Impact of organic ligands on uranium removal during anaerobic biological treatment." Water Science and Technology 37, no. 8 (1998): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0310.

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Anaerobic batch experiments were conducted to evaluate the reduction and precipitation of U6+ complexed to acetate, oxalate, citrate and tiron using a pure culture of sulfate reducing bacteria (Desulfovibrio desulfuricans). These ligands were chosen to evaluate the nature of complex formation on uranium bioreduction. Experiments in which uranium was initially complexed to the ligand (&gt;92%) indicated that bacteria reduce U6+ to U4+ in the presence of each ligand tested. The rate of acetate complexed uranium reduction was fastest and that of citrate complexed uranium was slowest. Precipitation of reduced uranium was evaluated by filtering the reduced complex through 0.2 μm filters. The U4+ formed after biotransformation in acetate solutions was retained on the filter whereas U4+ in the oxalate, citrate and tiron solutions passed through the filter. When ligand concentrations were lowered (44–50% of the uranium initially complexed) a greater amount of UO2 precipitate from oxalate samples was collected on the filter indicating that ligand concentration can impact uranium removal via precipitation. Little or no precipitate was collected from citrate or tiron containing solutions. The preferred reaction of U4+ appeared to be recomplexation with these ligands rather then precipitation as UO2.

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Santos, Catarina, M. A. Martins, Margarida M. Almeida, and Maria Elisabete V. Costa. "Adsorption Mechanism of 5-Flourouracil on Different Hydroxyapatite Particles." Materials Science Forum 514-516 (May 2006): 1103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.514-516.1103.

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The adsorption of the drug 5-Flourouracil (5-FU) on Hydroxyapatite (HAP) particles having different surface conditions is studied at 37°C. Commercial HAP particles, either as received or soaked in citrate solutions are used as drug adsorbents and compared to a third category of HAP particles which consists of granules obtained by spray drying suspensions of HAP nanoparticles previously precipitated in citrate solutions. The adsorbed amount of 5-FU on the HAP particles surface is conditioned by the existing pre-adsorbed citrate ions which contribute to modify the particle surface charge and thus decrease the drug adsorption. However the obtained results also demonstrate that the particle surface charge is not the unique factor to govern the 5-FU adsorption on the HAP particles surface.

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Patra, F. C., A. S. M. Hamidur Rahman, M. A. Wahed, and K. A. Al‐Mahmud. "Enhanced Sodium Absorption by Citrate." Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 11, no. 3 (1990): 385–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1536-4801.1990.tb10131.x.

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SummaryThe effect of citrate on sodium, potassium chloride, and water absorption in the presence of glucose from the whole rat small intestine was studied by an in vivo marker perfusion technique. The perfusion solutions contained glucose and were similar in their electrolyte composition to the currently recommended oral rehydration solution for the treatment and prevention of diarrheal dehydration. Significantly more sodium and water absorption occurred from the citrate‐containing solution than from the one without citrate. It is concluded that citrate enhances net sodium absorption from a glucose electrolyte solution in the rat small intestine independent of glucose‐stimulated absorption.

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Huang, He-ming, Xin Jiang, Ling-bing Meng, et al. "Reducing catheter-associated complications using 4% sodium citrate versus sodium heparin as a catheter lock solution." Journal of International Medical Research 47, no. 9 (2019): 4204–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300060519859143.

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Objective Use of a catheter lock solution plays a decisive role in vascular access. The effects of different concentrations of heparin and different types of catheter lock solutions are controversial. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of sodium citrate and sodium heparin catheter lock solutions. Methods A total of 120 patients were divided into four groups (30 patients per group) according to the use of catheter lock solution as follows: 6250 U/mL sodium heparin, 5000 U/mL sodium heparin, 2500 U/mL sodium heparin, and 4% sodium citrate. Coagulation function and the incidence of catheter occlusion, hemorrhage, and catheter-related infections were recorded. Results The different catheter lock solutions were significantly related to conduit blockage, hemorrhage, infection, and leakage levels. In the 4% sodium citrate group, the odds ratio was 0.688 for conduit blockage (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.206–2.297), 0.286 for hemorrhage (95% CI, 0.091–0.899), 0.266 for infection (95% CI, 0.073–0.964), and 0.416 for leakage (95% CI, 0.141–1.225) compared with the 6250 U/mL sodium heparin. Conclusions The solution 4% sodium citrate can effectively reduce the risk of catheter obstruction, bleeding, infection, and leakage better than sodium heparin in patients with long-term intravenous indwelling catheters.

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Prado, Adilson R., Danilo Oliveira de Souza, Jairo P. Oliveira, et al. "Probing the Sulfur-Modified Capping Layer of Gold Nanoparticles Using Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) Effects." Applied Spectroscopy 71, no. 12 (2017): 2670–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003702817724180.

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Gold nanoparticles (AuNP) exhibit particular plasmonic properties when stimulated by visible light, which makes them a promising tool to many applications in sensor technology and biomedical applications, especially when associated to sulfur-based compounds. Sulfur species form a great variety of self-assembled structures that cap AuNP and this interaction rules the optical and plasmonic properties of the system. Here, we report the behavior of citrate-stabilized gold nanospheres in two distinct sulfur colloidal solutions, namely, thiocyanate and sulfide ionic solutions. Citrate-capped gold nanospheres were characterized using ultraviolet–visible (UV-Vis) absorption, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). In the presence of sulfur species, we have observed the formation of NP clusters and chain-like structures, giving rise to surface-enhanced effects. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) pointed to a modification in citrate vibrational modes, which suggests substitution of citrate by either thiocyanate or sulfide ions with distinct dynamics, as showed by in situ fluorescence. Moreover, we report the emergence of surface-enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) effect, which corroborates SERS conclusions. Further, SEIRA shows a great potential as a tool for specification of sulfur compounds in colloidal solutions, which is particularly useful when dealing with sensor technology.

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Liet, Jean-Michel, Emma Allain-Launay, Bénédicte Gaillard-LeRoux, et al. "Regional citrate anticoagulation for pediatric CRRT using integrated citrate software and physiological sodium concentration solutions." Pediatric Nephrology 29, no. 9 (2014): 1625–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00467-014-2770-2.

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G., P. V. Mallikarjuna Rao, Aruna Devi P., M. M. Krishna Prasad K., and S. P. Sastry C. "DDQ (2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-p-benzoquinone) as a chromogenic reagent for the determination of clindamycin hydrochloride, clomiphene citrate and mefloquine hydrochloride." Journal of Indian Chemical Society Vol. 79, Oct 2002 (2002): 848–49. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5847992.

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Department of Physical, Nuclear and Chemical Oceanography, 'Department of Organic Chemistry, Foods, Drugs & Water, School of Chemistry, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam-530 003, India E-mail : orgchem@satyasaionline.net.in             Fax : 91-0891-755574 Manuscript received 21 December 2001. accepted 12 June 2002 A spectrophotometric method for the estimation of the drugs clindamycin hydrochloride, clomiphene citrate and mefloquine hydrochloride is described. This method is based on coloured radical anion formation (λmax 460 nm) when the drug (n-electron donor) solutions are treated with DDQ (π-acceptor) reagent.

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Reitzel, Ruth A., Joel Rosenblatt, Cheryl Hirsh-Ginsberg, et al. "In VitroAssessment of the Antimicrobial Efficacy of Optimized Nitroglycerin-Citrate-Ethanol as a Nonantibiotic, Antimicrobial Catheter Lock Solution for Prevention of Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 60, no. 9 (2016): 5175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00254-16.

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ABSTRACTThe rapid, broad-spectrum, biofilm-eradicating activity of the combination of 0.01% nitroglycerin, 7% citrate, and 20% ethanol and its potential as a nonantibiotic, antimicrobial catheter lock solution (ACLS) were previously reported. Here, a nitroglycerin-citrate-ethanol (NiCE) ACLS optimized for clinical assessment was developed by reducing the nitroglycerin and citrate concentrations and increasing the ethanol concentration. Biofilm-eradicating activity was sustained when the ethanol concentration was increased from 20 to 22% which fully compensated for reducing the citrate concentration from 7% to 4% as well as the nitroglycerin concentration from 0.01% to 0.0015% or 0.003%. The optimized formulations demonstrated complete and rapid (2 h) eradication of methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA), vancomycin-intermediateStaphylococcus aureus(VISA), methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus epidermidis(MRSE), vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), multidrug-resistant (MDR)Pseudomonas aeruginosa, MDRKlebsiella pneumoniae, MDREnterobacter cloacae, MDRAcinetobacter baumannii, MDREscherichia coli, MDRStenotrophomonas maltophilia,Candida albicans, andCandida glabratabiofilms. The optimized NiCE lock solutions demonstrated anticoagulant activities comparable to those of heparin lock solutions. NiCE lock solution was significantly more effective than taurolidine-citrate-heparin lock solution in eradicating biofilms ofStaphylococcus aureusandCandida glabrata. The optimized, nonantibiotic, heparin-free NiCE lock solution demonstrates rapid broad-spectrum biofilm eradication as well as effective anticoagulant activity, making NiCE a high-quality ACLS candidate for clinical assessment.

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Yatsyshyn, Mykhaylo, Viktoriia Makogon, Oleksandr Reshetnyak, Pavlo Demchenko, Nataliya Dumanchuk, and Yuriy Stadnyk. "Properties of the Hybrid Glauconite/Polyaniline Composites Synthesized in the Aqueous Citrate Acid Solutions." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 10, no. 4 (2016): 429–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht10.04.429.

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For the first time the series of the composites of aniline and natural mineral glauconite with different ratio of components has been synthesized by oxidation of aniline by ammonium peroxydisulfate in 0.5 M citrate acid aqueous solutions in the presence of dispersion of mineral filler. X-ray phase analysis confirms the amorphous-crystalline structure of produced composites. Results of FTIR spectral analysis show that the samples contain PAn in the form of emeraldine salt and also indicate the presence of weak interfacial interaction between particles of glauconite and polyaniline macrochains in the result of the formation of hydrogen bonds. The results of thermogravimetric analysis of synthesized samples with different composition showed that thermal stability of composites samples increases under the higher glauconite content. It is determined that the thermodestruction of composites is a multistage process. The electric conductivity of composites produced samples with high content of polyaniline is on the level of pure polyaniline. The specific magnetization of synthesized composites in applied magnetic field increases to the value which is characteristic of the pure mineral under the increasing of glauconite content in the composite.

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Larenkov, Bubenschikov, Makichyan, Zhukova, Krasnoperova, and Kodina. "Preparation of Zirconium-89 Solutions for Radiopharmaceutical Purposes: Interrelation Between Formulation, Radiochemical Purity, Stability and Biodistribution." Molecules 24, no. 8 (2019): 1534. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24081534.

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Zirconium-89 is a promising radionuclide for nuclear medicine. The aim of the present work was to find a suitable method for obtaining zirconium-89 solutions for radiopharmaceutical purposes. For this purpose, the ion exchange behavior of zirconium-89 solutions was studied. Radio-TLC (thin layer chromatography) and biodistribution studies were carried out to understand speciation of zirconium-89 complexes and their role in the development of new radiopharmaceuticals. Three methods of zirconium-89 isolation were studied using ZR (hydroxamate) and Chelex-100 resins. It was found that ZR-resin alone is not enough to obtain stable zirconium-89 formulations. An easy and effective method of reconstitution of [89Zr]Zr-oxalate to [89Zr]Zr-citrate using Chelex-100 resin was developed. Developed procedures allow obtaining [89Zr]Zr-oxalate (in 0.1 M sodium oxalate solution) and [89Zr]Zr-citrate (in 0.1–1.0 M sodium citrate solution). These solutions are perfectly suitable and convenient for radiopharmaceutical purposes. Our results prove [89Zr]Zr-citrate to be advantageous over [89Zr]Zr-oxalate. During evaluation of speciation of zirconium-89 complexes, a new TLC method was developed, since it was proved that there is no comprehensive method for analysis or zirconium-89 preparations. The new method provides valuable insights about the content of “active” ionic form of zirconium-89. The interrelation of the chromatographic behavior of zirconium-89 preparations and their biodistribution was studied.

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Dedman, D. J., A. Treffry, and P. M. Harrison. "Interaction of aluminium citrate with horse spleen ferritin." Biochemical Journal 287, no. 2 (1992): 515–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2870515.

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Horse spleen ferritin was found to bind aluminium poorly after equilibrium dialysis with buffered aluminium citrate solutions. Not more than 10 aluminium atoms/ferritin molecule were bound from a 25 microM-aluminium solution, pH 7.4, and the degree of binding was dependent on the method used to prepare the aluminium citrate solution. Up to 120 aluminium atoms/molecule were bound when ferritin iron cores were reconstituted by the addition of 3000 Fe atoms to apoferritin in the presence of aluminium citrate. Comparison of previously published binding constants of ferritin and citrate for aluminium suggests that, in the cell, the prevalence of small ligands effectively prevents the association of large amounts of aluminium with ferritin.

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Naylor, Jonathan M. "Effects of electrolyte solutions for oral administration on clotting of milk." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 201, no. 7 (1992): 1026–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.1992.201.07.1026.

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Summary The effect of electrolyte solutions commercially formulated for oral administration on clotting of milk was investigated in vitro. Rennet or abomasal fluid was used as the clotting agent. Electrolyte solutions that contained large amounts of bicarbonate or citrate (> 40 mEq/L) had marked adverse effects on milk clotting, probably because bicarbonate increased pH and because citrate chelated calcium. Addition of solutions that did not contain alkalinizing agents resulted in normal or enhanced clotting, and enhancement was associated with the presence of acid phosphate salts. Electrolyte solutions that included acetate as the alkalinizing agent did not interfere with milk clotting as long as pH of the final solution was acidic and minimal amounts of citric acid salts were present (< 10 mEq/L). Acetate-containing electrolyte solutions can be used for oral administration in calves in which alkalinization of blood without interference with milk clotting is desired.

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Danyliak, Mariia Olena, Ivan Zin, Yuliia Rizun, and Sergiy Korniy. "Sodium Citrate as an Environmentally Friendly Corrosion Inhibitor of Steel in a Neutral Environment." International Journal of Corrosion 2022 (November 21, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1442537.

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In this work we investigated the inhibiting effect of sodium citrate, an environmentally safe corrosion inhibitor, on low-alloy steel 09G2S in a neutral environment using electrochemical methods. Potentiodynamic studies showed that sodium citrate reduces corrosion currents of 09G2S steel in a 0.1% NaCl solution and reaches its maximum efficiency at a concentration of 2.5 g/l. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy results indicate the adsorption of citrate ions and the formation of a protective film, which probably consists of Fe-citrate complexes. The formation of a protective film on the steel surface in sodium citrate-inhibited solutions was confirmed by the results of scanning electron microscopy and EDX analysis. Hence, our research shows that sodium citrate has satisfactory anticorrosion properties and can be used as a basic component during the development of environmentally safe inhibitor compositions for the protection of low-alloyed carbon steels in neutral environments of recirculating water supply systems in petroleum refineries, petrochemical plants, and other industries.

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Mitrovic, Dragana, Jasmina Stojkovska, and Bojana Obradovic. "Controlled swelling and degradation studies of alginate microbeads in dilute natrium-citrate solutions." Chemical Industry 64, no. 4 (2010): 253–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind100302038m.

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Alginate hydrogels are widely used in biomedicine due to alginate availability, hydrophilic nature, biocompatibility and biodegradability. Alginate microbeads are particularly attractive for applications in pharmacy and regenerative medicine due to high surface to volume ratio, low mass transfer limitations and simple implantation by injection. Aim of this work was to investigate possibilities for controlled degradation of alginate microbeads in cell culture medium (Dulbecco?s modified Eagle?s medium) with Na-citrate added in small concentrations (0.05 - 0.5 mM). Alginate microbeads (1.5% w/w, 800 m in diameter) were produced by electrostatic droplet extrusion and evaluated over a period of 10 days regarding appearance, kinetics and degree of swelling as well as biomechanical properties determined in a novel bioreactor with mechanical stimulation under in vivo-like conditions in articular cartilage (10% strain, 337.5 m/s compression rate). In the citrate concentration range investigated, microbeads initially swelled reaching an equilibrium value (~150-170% with respect to the initial mass), upon which they appeared stable for a certain period of time (1 to over 7 days) followed by bead bursting and degradation. This degradation process indicated that Na+ ions from the solution initially replaced Ca2+ ions bound mainly to COO- groups in polymannuronate sequences inducing electrostatic repulsion of polymer chains and, consequently, swelling of the beads. Citrate ions assisted in this process by forming insoluble calcium citrate. Thus, the specific rate of the bead swelling increased with the increase in citrate concentration approaching a maximal value of ~0.34 d-1. In the last phase, the beads burst into pieces, which slowly continued to degrade by replacement of Ca2+ ions bonded to polyguluronate blocks in the egg-box structure. Compression moduli for packed beds of control, freshly produced microbeads, and microbeads swelled at the equilibrium degree after 3 days of staying in 0.2 mM Na-citrate solution were 136.6 ? 2.8 and 30.8 ? 1.3 kPa, respectively. By day 7 in this solution, the beads still appearing structurally intact, further lost their mechanical strength due to continued polymer chain relaxation so that the compression modulus was 20.7 to 22.6 kPa owed almost solely to undegraded polyguluronate parts. Results of these studies are important from a fundamental standpoint for determination of structure and degradation mechanisms of alginate hydrogels but also from a practical point of view for optimization of hydrogel properties and behavior for potential applications in controlled drug release as well as in tissue engineering.

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Szamosfalvi, Balazs, Stanley Frinak, and Jerry Yee. "Automated Regional Citrate Anticoagulation: Technological Barriers and Possible Solutions." Blood Purification 29, no. 2 (2010): 204–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000245648.

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Polaschegg, H. D., and K. Sodemann. "Risks related to catheter locking solutions containing concentrated citrate." Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 18, no. 12 (2003): 2688–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfg481.

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Nansheng, Deng, Wu Feng, Luo Fan, and Xiao Mei. "Ferric citrate-induced photodegradation of dyes in aqueous solutions." Chemosphere 36, no. 15 (1998): 3101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0045-6535(98)00014-9.

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Rodrigo, M. Melia, Ana C. F. Ribeiro, Luis M. P. Verissimo, Miguel A. Esteso, and Derek G. Leaist. "Coupled diffusion in aqueous citric acid + calcium citrate solutions." Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics 131 (April 2019): 314–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jct.2018.11.003.

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Tamaki, T., N. Kamada, D. G. wright, and D. E. Pegg. "Hypothermie preservation of the rat liver with citrate solutions." Cryobiology 23, no. 6 (1986): 558. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-2240(86)90101-x.

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Survila, Arvydas, Zenius Mockus, and Stas≐ Kanapeckait≐. "Kinetics of Sn and Co codeposition in citrate solutions." Electrochimica Acta 46, no. 4 (2000): 571–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0013-4686(00)00633-2.

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Moshfeghi, Mersedeh, and Joseph D. Ciuffo. "Visual compatibility of fentanyl citrate with parenteral nutrient solutions." American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 55, no. 11 (1998): 1194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/55.11.1194.

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Han, Chunfen, Qi Liu, and Douglas G. Ivey. "Kinetics of Sn electrodeposition from Sn(II)–citrate solutions." Electrochimica Acta 53, no. 28 (2008): 8332–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2008.06.037.

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Slupska, M., and P. Ozga. "Electrodeposition of Sn-Zn-Cu alloys from citrate solutions." Electrochimica Acta 141 (September 2014): 149–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2014.07.039.

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