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Marrone, Ilaria <1986>. "Clausole generali e certezza del diritto." Doctoral thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/10324.
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La tesi si propone di indagare il controverso tema delle tecniche applicative delle clausole generali sotto la lente sia del metodo formalistico sia del metodo valoriale e il loro rapporto con la certezza del diritto. Dopo un'analisi dogmatica della clausola generale finalizzata ad individuarne i tratti essenziali si è focalizzata l'attenzione su alcuni possibili modelli applicativi, saggiando la loro validità con riguardo alla casistica giurisprudenziale, nazionale ed europea, in materia contrattuale. Si è considerato, altresì, l'impatto delle clausole generali europee - e la loro concretizzazione - sull'ordinamento inglese e i relativi effetti sul piano sistematico, valutando, in chiave comparativa, similarità e divergenze con l'ordinamento italiano. Infine, nell'ottica di una codificazione europea, ci si è interrogati sull'idoneità della clausola generale ad assurgere a strumento di uniformazione e sul significato che, oggi, deve attribuirsi alla "certezza del diritto".
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MICCOLI, ADELE. "Clausole generali nel rapporto di lavoro." Doctoral thesis, Urbino, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11576/2643396.
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Di, Stasi Sibilla. "Abuso del diritto e clausole generali in una prospettiva multidisciplinare." Doctoral thesis, Universita degli studi di Salerno, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10556/1472.
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2012-2013La clausola della buona fede è stata oggetto di un intenso dibattito dottrinale che ha messo in evidenza le sue molteplici funzioni: criterio di valutazione delle condotte dedotte nel contratto, strumento per individuare condotte ulteriori ed esigibili nei limiti dell’apprezzabile sacrificio, fonte di obblighi a carattere protezionistico. In tal senso la buona fede presenta un diretto collegamento con l’art. 2 Cost. e con il valore della solidarietà di cui tale norma è espressione. Esso rappresenta nel nostro ordinamento un modo grazie al quale è possibile effettuare il controllo delle sopravvenienze contrattuali, soprattutto nei rapporti di durata, nonché gestire la fase esecutiva di essi laddove nascano “naturalmente” squilibrati. E’ questo il caso del contratto di lavoro subordinato. Il fondamento della debolezza del lavoratore è ricollegabile, da una parte allo squilibrio del mondo del lavoro e al coinvolgimento personale di esso, dall’altra alla conformazione del rapporto di lavoro in base alla quale il datore esercita poteri discrezionali sindacabili da parte del giudice attraverso il filtro delle clausole generali. L’utilizzo di quest’ultime in chiave valutativa dei poteri datoriali, tuttavia, ha faticato a trovare piena legittimazione nel diritto del lavoro in virtù della presenza dell’ art. 41 Cost. che, sancendo la libertà di iniziativa economica privata, sembrerebbe non lasciare spazio ad una sindacabilità delle scelte imprenditoriali se non nei limiti della “non contraddizione” e della “imparzialità” delle stesse. Sotto la vigenza del regime corporativo, infatti, essendo l’attività produttiva orientata al perseguimento di una finalità pubblica, i poteri datoriali erano giustificati solo in vista di tale scopo mentre l’interesse del prestatore era tutelato in modo residuale e “occasionalmente protetto”. In seguito si accede all’idea che non vi sia una subordinazione della posizione del singolo lavoratore a quella imprenditoriale derivante dall’essere quest’ultima finalizzata al perseguimento del superiore interesse della produzione nazionale. La dottrina, pertanto, elabora il criterio dello sviamento della funzione causale dell’atto in base al quale si invalidano le manifestazioni di volontà che si allontanino da questa. Il limite di tale ricostruzione, tuttavia, è da individuare nel riconoscimento della libertà delle scelte imprenditoriali che implica l’assenza di un obbligo di comportarsi da buon imprenditore. Attualmente la tecnica maggiormente usata dalla giurisprudenza in tema di sindacato sulla legittimità delle scelte imprenditoriali, è quella dell’ ”abuso del diritto” che si ha nell’ipotesi in cui un diritto venga ad essere apparentemente esercitato entro la “cornice normativa” che lo riconosce ma per finalità estranee a quelle per le quali è stato attribuito dal legislatore. Nella valutazione dell’ abusivismo della condotta, ruolo cardine è svolto proprio dalle clausole di correttezza e buona fede che svolgono una funzione di chiusura del sistema orientando i privati a perseguire il valore della solidarietà anche nell’esercizio della libertà contrattuale. Recentemente, infatti, la giurisprudenza ha avuto modo di affrontare la problematica dell’abuso nel noto “caso Renault” (Cass. Civ. 18 settembre 2009 n. 20106). In questa occasione si è precisato che ogni diritto non è completamente libero nel suo esercizio soggiacendo a due limiti: uno di carattere causale, secondo il quale l’esercizio dello stesso non deve essere contrario alla ragione per la quale il legislatore ne ha riconosciuto la titolarità, l’altro, di natura modale, che impone di esercitare il diritto arrecando il minor sacrificio possibile agli interessi della controparte. Partendo da questa pronunzia si è estesa la riflessione al campo del diritto del lavoro dedicando particolare attenzione all’istituto del mobbing, nonché allo straining, oggetto di un recentissima sentenza della Cassazione (n.28603/2013). Si è analizzata, in particolare, la possibilità (in assenza di una tutela penalistica ad hoc e stante la dibattuta sussumibilità nell’art. 572 c.p.) di stigmatizzare le condotte datoriali sotto il profilo dell’abuso con riguardo ai profili di responsabilità datoriale nelle ipotesi di mobbing sia verticale che orizzontale. La tematica dell’abuso, inoltre, ha ricevuto nuova linfa a seguito di un intervento normativo (art. 30 l. n. 183/2010). Tale disposizione reca con sé il rischio di una eccessiva ingerenza del giudice in valutazioni di pertinenza esclusiva dell’imprenditore, fenomeno a cui si è ovviato sancendo il divieto di controllo giudiziale sul merito e sull’opportunità delle decisioni tecniche, organizzative e produttive del datore lasciando all’operatore del diritto il delicato compito di far sì che la libertà di iniziativa economica non si svolga in contrasto con l’utilità sociale e non arrechi danno alla dignità umana del lavoratore. [a cura dell'autore]
XII n.s.
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GARATTI, FRANCESCA. "CLAUSOLE DI FORMA E MERGER CLAUSES." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/173420.
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Art. 1352 of the Italian civil code is the only provision specifically dedicated to self-imposed contractual formalism.
However, many other provisions indirectly deal with requirements of form, therefore they must necessarily be coordinated with art. 1352.
Traditionally, civilians assimilate forms required by law with forms voluntarily adopted by parties, overlooking their deep ontological differences.
In an attempt to show the complexity of the research, the first part of the dissertation is an historical examination of formalism.
Art. 1352 c.c. is a defective provision; moreover self-adopted forms have also been underestimated by the italian legislator.
With this awareness, and without any pretense of completeness, it has been necessary to review the topic in a critical way to better describe a constantly evolving contractual practice.
The historical approach has been followed by a comparison of legal forms and self-imposed ones.
Teleologically oriented interpretation demonstrates the impossibility of applying the categories of legal formalism (for example the binomio forma ad probationem vs. forma ad substantiam) to self-imposed forms.
Since requirements of form can achieve different goals, they can not be described in a univocal way, except in a purely theoretical perspective.
The discussion of main problems originated from art. 1352 c.c. has led to the first conclusion: this provision is only a part of a wider and complex phenomenon; for this reason, it isn’t a general rule.
This clarification is the essential step to introduce the third issue addressed in the first chapter of this research, namely the nature of form agreements.
The analysis of the meaning of "clause" has been followed by a brief examination of main doctrinal theories, to underline the procedural nature of form agreements.
The functional approach suggests a careful analysis of interests that parties want to achieve imposing a particular form.
Since form terms are often imposed by one party on another, the better determination of the research subject has called for some observations about another very important issue, namely, the relationship between standard contracts and form agreements.
The second chapter, dealing with the phenomenon of standardization, wants to clarify whether a unilaterally imposed form term disappoints the weaker party’s expectations or, on the contrary, it’s an expression of the party freedom of contract.
This approach underlines the utility of a functionalist dimension, highlighting the multi-tasking role of forms.
With specific reference to standard contracts, the awareness of the protectionist trend shown by consumer legislator confirms the importance of this issue.
The second part of the chapter has been structured so as to identify specific law cases in standard form contracts that, without presenting the typical features of form terms, constraint the formal aspect of an agreement.
In particular, the research focuses on “subject to company approval” clause, notice of insurance claim and the notification of non-conformity in the regulation of the sale of consumer goods.
These three examples confirm how self-imposed forms can achieve different goals, namely limiting freedom of contract, limiting and excluding professional liability, reducing consumer rights.
Therefore, even if such clauses are different from form agreements, they must be under control of unfairness.
Consumer Code provides a description of self-imposed formalism far from the overview offered by italian Civil code.
For this reason it is important to take into consideration the relationship between Consumer and Civil code, in order to determine the meaning and the function of art. 33, c. 2, letter. q c. cons.- the only consumer provision specifically dedicated to conventional formalism - that "limits the liability of the professional respect of the obligations deriving from contracts concluded in his name by his agents, or making the fulfillment of these obligations to comply with special formalities."
According to civil doctrine, the words “agent” and “these obligations” are the reason for including two different cases in the same provision.
In this way, the second part of letter q has been mistakenly regarded as a mere specification of the first aspect, obscuring the real nature of this clause.
Since Consumer code is an independent code and not a complementary law of Civil Code, art. 33 is a general rule.
Consequently, the presumption of unfairness introduced by letter q doesn’t operate into the limits of the disposition: the identification of parties’ interests allows its broader application.
Everytime a standard contract term creates a significant imbalance of right and duties of the weaker party, such a clause should be considered unfair because it satisfies interests that law doesn’t consider worthy of protection.
This issue introduces another important topic, the phenomenon of merger clauses introduced in the contract by the stronger party.
Considering the experiences and insights offered by the doctrine and the jurisprudence of other countries, particularly of common law, the last part of the research is an attempt to identify common solutions in the world of self-imposed forms.
The study of merger clauses demonstrates the existence of some similarities with form agreements.
Through an entire agreement clause, the stronger party indirectly requires the written form, excluding extrinsic evidence of pre-contractual statements and future contracts; in this way, since the contract represents the entire understanding between the parties, he limits the rights of the weaker party.
But, if it is true that consumer law disallows the use of unfair form terms, for the same reason this conclusion applies also to merger clauses when they share same goals.
The phenomenon of self-imposed forms searches for a new approach that puts under control every contract term- both form than merger clause- capable of altering the balance between the contractual benefits in business to consumer relationships.
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Feltre, Annalisa <1984>. "Il controllo giudiziario dei poteri dell’imprenditore: il ruolo delle clausole generali nel diritto del lavoro." Doctoral thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/11967.
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Il lavoro di tesi si propone di analizzare il tema del controllo del giudice sui poteri dell’imprenditore, con particolare riferimento alle clausole generali che permeano la legislazione giuslavorista. L’elaborato, in una prima parte, esamina i limiti ai poteri datoriali e si interroga sulla possibilità, anche in prospettiva comparata con l’ordinamento giuridico francese, di ravvisare nella clausola generale di correttezza e buona fede il fondamento normativo, all'interno dell’ordinamento di diritto positivo, atto a giustificare il ricorso a limiti intrinseci.
Nella seconda parte, viene trattato più specificamente il tema del potere giudiziario nell’interpretazione delle clausole generali, effettuando un'indagine sugli orientamenti applicativi giurisprudenziali. In questa parte, la giurisprudenza è stata messa in relazione ai recenti interventi legislativi che, a partire dal Collegato lavoro del 2010 fino al Jobs Act, sulla spinta delle teorie della Law & Economics, hanno avuto l'obiettivo, più o meno espresso, di limitare il sindacato dell'organo giudiziario, al punto da volerne ridurre il ruolo a semplice "notaio" della procedura. La questione è stata dunque quella di capire se, dinanzi ad una legislazione speciale sempre meno sensibile alla sfera dei diritti del lavoratore, le clausole generali possano fungere da strumento in grado di recuperare quelle garanzie che la stessa legge sembra aver voluto attenuare.
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Sanchez, de Castro Martin-luengo Enrique <1989>. "La clausola generale antiabuso europea." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/7282/1/Tesi_Enrique_S%C3%A1nchez_de_Castro_Mart%C3%ADn_-_Luengo.pdf.
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La tesi di ricerca analizza uno dei problemi più rilevanti: l’elusione fiscale sulla fiscalità diretta effettuata a livello europeo, tra l'uso abusivo delle libertà europee. Il punto di partenza è lo stato della legislazione fiscale nell'Unione Europea come conseguenza della difficoltà di raggiungere una vera e propria armonizzazione giuridica come risultato del cosiddetto veto fiscale. L'origine del cosiddetto ostacolo è la mancanza di un interesse fiscale comune tra gli Stati membri. La politica fiscale è un’area strategica per tutti gli Stati, quindi è impossibile legiferare accontentando tutti. Questa situazione costituisce un ostacolo al processo di integrazione giuridica ed economica e allo sviluppo del Mercato Interno, è per questo motivo che la Corte di giustizia europea, attuando in qualità di uno dei principali attori in quello che viene chiamata l'armonizzazione negativa e in pro di tale integrazione regionale, è valutato quelle libertà verso una interpretazione protezionista. Questa interpretazione protezionista è quella impiegata dagli operatori economici come strumento abusivo verso il quale eludere il complimento della norma fiscale nazionale. In questa situazione e con il fine di ottenere un sistema fiscale giusto, vero ed efficace, considerammo che il modo migliore per affrontare queste pratiche non è altro che attraverso l'uso della dottrina sul divieto del abuso del diritto europeo elaborata dalla Corte di giustizia, permettendo agli Stati membri di legiferare disposizioni che limitino l'esercizio delle libertà europee. Il problema dell'impiego della riferita teoria come strumento anti-elusivo si trova nella natura giuridica di essa. Questa è stata qualificata come principio interpretativo e non come un principio generale del Diritto Europeo, quindi se vogliamo utilizzarla come strumento anti-abuso bisognerà essere codificata negli Ordinamenti nazionali sotto forma di clausola generale anti-abuso mediante cui consentire all'autorità tributaria corrispondente ad agire di conseguenza. Codificazione che dovrà essere conforme al Diritto Europeo.This thesis examines one of the most important problems in the tax arena: tax avoidance on direct taxation at European level, through the abuse of fundamental freedoms. The starting point is the state of tax law in the European Union as a consequence of the difficulty of reaching a real legal harmonization in this area as a result of the so-called veto. The origin of this obstacle is the lack of a common fiscal interest between Member States. Fiscal policy is a strategic area for all States, so it is impossible to legislate pleasing everyone. This remains an obstacle to the legal and economic integration process and development of the Internal Market. For this reason, the European Court of Justice, as a major player in what is called negative harmonization, has estimated those freedoms through a protectionist interpretation. This protectionist interpretation is that one used by taxpayers as an abusive instrument to elude the compliment of national tax regulations. In this situation and with the aim of obtaining a fair, real and effective tax system, we considered that the best way to deal with these practices is through the use of the doctrine on the prohibition of the abuse of European law adopted by the Court of Justice, allowing Member States to legislate provisions which restrict the exercise of the European freedom. The problem of the use of that theory is its legal nature. It was qualified as a principle of interpretation and not as a general principle of European law, so if we want to use it as anti-abuse provision, it must be codified in the national legal systems as a general anti-abuse rule according to the requirements established by the European Court in the aforementioned doctrine.
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Sanchez, de Castro Martin-luengo Enrique <1989>. "La clausola generale antiabuso europea." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/7282/.
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La tesi di ricerca analizza uno dei problemi più rilevanti: l’elusione fiscale sulla fiscalità diretta effettuata a livello europeo, tra l'uso abusivo delle libertà europee. Il punto di partenza è lo stato della legislazione fiscale nell'Unione Europea come conseguenza della difficoltà di raggiungere una vera e propria armonizzazione giuridica come risultato del cosiddetto veto fiscale. L'origine del cosiddetto ostacolo è la mancanza di un interesse fiscale comune tra gli Stati membri. La politica fiscale è un’area strategica per tutti gli Stati, quindi è impossibile legiferare accontentando tutti. Questa situazione costituisce un ostacolo al processo di integrazione giuridica ed economica e allo sviluppo del Mercato Interno, è per questo motivo che la Corte di giustizia europea, attuando in qualità di uno dei principali attori in quello che viene chiamata l'armonizzazione negativa e in pro di tale integrazione regionale, è valutato quelle libertà verso una interpretazione protezionista. Questa interpretazione protezionista è quella impiegata dagli operatori economici come strumento abusivo verso il quale eludere il complimento della norma fiscale nazionale. In questa situazione e con il fine di ottenere un sistema fiscale giusto, vero ed efficace, considerammo che il modo migliore per affrontare queste pratiche non è altro che attraverso l'uso della dottrina sul divieto del abuso del diritto europeo elaborata dalla Corte di giustizia, permettendo agli Stati membri di legiferare disposizioni che limitino l'esercizio delle libertà europee. Il problema dell'impiego della riferita teoria come strumento anti-elusivo si trova nella natura giuridica di essa. Questa è stata qualificata come principio interpretativo e non come un principio generale del Diritto Europeo, quindi se vogliamo utilizzarla come strumento anti-abuso bisognerà essere codificata negli Ordinamenti nazionali sotto forma di clausola generale anti-abuso mediante cui consentire all'autorità tributaria corrispondente ad agire di conseguenza. Codificazione che dovrà essere conforme al Diritto Europeo.This thesis examines one of the most important problems in the tax arena: tax avoidance on direct taxation at European level, through the abuse of fundamental freedoms. The starting point is the state of tax law in the European Union as a consequence of the difficulty of reaching a real legal harmonization in this area as a result of the so-called veto. The origin of this obstacle is the lack of a common fiscal interest between Member States. Fiscal policy is a strategic area for all States, so it is impossible to legislate pleasing everyone. This remains an obstacle to the legal and economic integration process and development of the Internal Market. For this reason, the European Court of Justice, as a major player in what is called negative harmonization, has estimated those freedoms through a protectionist interpretation. This protectionist interpretation is that one used by taxpayers as an abusive instrument to elude the compliment of national tax regulations. In this situation and with the aim of obtaining a fair, real and effective tax system, we considered that the best way to deal with these practices is through the use of the doctrine on the prohibition of the abuse of European law adopted by the Court of Justice, allowing Member States to legislate provisions which restrict the exercise of the European freedom. The problem of the use of that theory is its legal nature. It was qualified as a principle of interpretation and not as a general principle of European law, so if we want to use it as anti-abuse provision, it must be codified in the national legal systems as a general anti-abuse rule according to the requirements established by the European Court in the aforementioned doctrine.
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Lona, Jennifer S. "Negation and clausal structure /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8387.
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GIANNELLI, ALESSANDRO. "La clausola antielusiva generale in materia tributaria: modelli a confronto e prospettive di convergenza." Doctoral thesis, Luiss Guido Carli, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11385/200937.
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Ammissibilità e presupposto della clausola antielusiva generale nel diritto tributario. Il modello di clausola antielusiva adottato dal Legislatore nazionale. L’abuso del diritto e la crisi del modello di clausola antielusiva
adottato dal Legislatore nazionale. I modelli di clausola antielusiva generale adottati dai principali ordinamenti stranieri. Prospettive di convergenza: alcuni spunti de iure condendo.
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Sato, Hiromi. "Selection for clausal complements and tense features /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8432.
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Jeong, Yongkil. "Clausal case marking in Korean /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8437.
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Petronio, Karen M. "Clause structure in American sign language /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8418.
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Gurses, Ozlem. "Facultative reinsurance and the full reinsurance clause." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2009. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/210837/.
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The Full Reinsurance clause by which a reinsurer agrees to be bound by the same terms and conditions as the original policy and commits to follow the reinsured’s settlements is widely used in London Market facultative reinsurance contracts. In most disputes the outcome depends upon resolving the fundamental question of whether reinsurance is either a further insurance on the subject matter insured or is a reinsurance of the liability of the reinsured under the direct policy. The interpretation of the clause had not been settled until the recent House of Lords decision on Wasa International Insurance Co Ltd v Lexington Insurance Co [2009] UKHL 40 where their Lordships adopted the view that reinsurance is not a liability insurance but a further insurance on the subject matter insured by the reinsured. Settlement clauses are also widely used in the United States, albeit with wording slightly different from that of the full reinsurance clause but there is broad consensus in the US courts that the words ‘follow the fortunes’ and ‘follow the settlements’ are interchangeable. There are both similarities and differences between the two common law systems: in England the full reinsurance clause has to be express, whereas in the US there is a debate as to whether it may be implied; in England the nature of reinsurance remains unresolved, in the US the liability approach has been adopted; post-settlement allocations have created huge problems in the US but have scarcely been discussed in England; the US cases have not proceeded on the basis of incorporation whereas in England the scope of incorporation has been much discussed. These differences arise mainly from the understanding of reinsurance in the two systems, and the present thesis aims to explain these conflicting understandings by describing the relationship between reinsurers and reinsureds in the light of ‘as original’, ‘follow the form’ and ‘settlement’ clauses.
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Duff, Shawn. "Relative clause formation in King Alfred's translation of Gregory's Pastoral Care." Thesis, Stockholm University, Department of English, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-7330.
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In this paper, relative clauses in King Alfred’s Old English translation of Gregory the Great’s Pastoral Care were examined using relative frequency as a tool to determine whether or not certain factors influenced the choice of relativization strategy. These factors include antecedent case, antecedent gender, antecedent number, distance, animacy, noun phrase type, case of relativized NP, and syntactic function.
The method involved gathering together all the occurrences of relative clauses using the Old English corpus and a Modern English translation. This process was not unproblematic as the correct translation from Old English to modern English sometimes was left to the discretion of the translator. Some clauses that were initially thought to be relative clauses were, in fact, not relative clauses. The components of each of the clauses were then examined and categorized after any problematic examples were discarded. Relative frequencies for each of the categories were calculated and chi-square tests were performed to check the reliability of the results.
The results of this paper were compared to another paper which did somewhat similar research to determine if the findings were consistent although that paper did not look at as many factors as this paper.
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Gawthorpe, Kateřina. "COMPETING CURRENCIES AS AN ALTERNATIVE SCENARIO TO LEGAL TENDER CLAUSE: MATHEMATICAL PROOF." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-197885.
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Previous literature examining the scenario without the constraint of legal tender law is a rather theoretical analysis of the subject matter. Aside from the theoretical examination of the competition of money this paper offers dynamic structural macroeconomic model based on the money in the utility function. This model compares the current monetary conditions with the potential situation permitting more currencies circulating alongside. The main assumption about individuals' preferences over stable currencies underlines the whole paper with emphasis on the mathematical model. The uniqueness of this model lies in the incorporation of variables affecting respective money demand functions into the utility function of the DSGE model and in the purpose of its use as well as its variables, where representative agent is a household owning a bank rather than a firm. Overall the results of this paper favor the idea of exclusion of the legal tender law in a developed country without severe turmoil. Particularly, the ascent of competition among currencies leads to lower inflation than present scenario. However, final simulations of the model in Matlab supplements such so far "unambiguous" view with skepticism due to possible difficulties during discovery process in such scenario.
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Correa-Angel, Diana Ximena. "La stabilité juridique dans le droit international des investissements : étude sur le cadre juridique de l'investissement international." Thesis, Paris 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA020085.
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Inscrite dans la dialectique changement-permanence, la stabilité juridique ne saurait s'opposer au changement normatif. Si rien ne changeait, il n'y aurait nul besoin de parler de stabilité, mais tout simplement d'intangibilité, d'immutabilité ou même d'éternité du droit. Par la stabilité, on cherche donc à garantir deux valeurs juridiques importantes : l'évolution du droit et la sécurité juridique. Tout produit juridique aspire à la stabilité. Sur le terrain du droit objectif, la stabilité est protégée afin d'éviter des situations d'inflation normative, de désordre dans la production normative, et de faciliter l'application des produits juridiques dans le temps. Sur le terrain des droits subjectifs, elle est souvent protégée afin d'assurer le maintien des situations juridiques individuelles malgré l'écoulement du temps. Ces aspects transparaissent dans le droit international des investissements à travers l'attente légitime de stabilité juridique. Cela étant, pour qu'une telle attente de stabilité juridique présente un caractère légitime, il faut qu'existe un engagement explicite ou implicite de l'État en ce sens et que les investisseurs se comportent d'une façon diligente et de bonne foi. Sur le plan substantiel, l’investisseur ne doit également pas s’attendre à ce que le droit ne change pas, car le droit est évolutif par nature. En revanche, il peut légitimement s’attendre à ce que les changements normatifs soient introduits de façon prévisible et non arbitraire. La violation de la stabilité juridique de la part de l'État engage sa responsabilité internationale. Au-delà de toutes ces considérations, la stabilité juridique fait face aujourd'hui à de nombreux bouleversements, le plus important semblant être son émergence en tant que principe coutumier de droit internationalDiscussions of legal stability involve the notions of change and permanence; therefore, legal stability cannot oppose legal change. If nothing changed, there would be no need to talk of stability, and one would simply speak of intangibility, immutability or even of the eternity of the law. Through stability we seek to ensure two important legal values: the development of law and the principle of legal security. Stability is a central aspiration of every law. In the field of objective law, stability is protected in order to prevent a surfeit of laws, disorder in the legislative process and to facilitate the application of laws over time. In the field of subjective rights, it often exists in order to maintain certain specific legal situations and rights in spite of the passage of time. These aspects are reflected in international investment law through the legitimate expectation of legal stability. This being the case, so that such an expectation of legal stability be considered legitimate, there must be an explicit or implicit commitment by the State in this direction and investors must act diligently and in good faith. On the substantive side, it is also necessary that the investor does not expect the law not to change given that law evolves with time. Nevertheless, the investor can legitimately expect that regulatory changes be introduced in a predictable and non-arbitrary manner. Violation of legal stability by the State incurs international liability. Beyond these considerations, today legal stability faces a lot of challenges; the most important of which seems to be its emergence as a customary principle of international law
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Khalfi, Safaa. "Les interventions économiques des collectivités territoriales au Maroc." Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU10051.
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Depuis le lancement, en 1960, du processus de la décentralisation au Maroc, le rôle économique des collectivités territoriales marocaines s’est transformé et renforcé, en relation avec les mutations profondes qu’ont connues la société et l’économie marocaines. À cet égard, cette thèse a pour objectif d’analyser le cadre juridique et les différentes formes des interventions économiques des collectivités territoriales au Maroc et d’identifier si les réformes ayant affecté ces interventions répondent réellement aux enjeux de développement économique, afin de satisfaire les besoins propres de la population. Cette étude examine aussi dans quelle mesure le législateur marocain a réellement créé un cadre adapté à la réalité socio-économique du pays. Dans la pratique, les interventions économiques locales sont soumises à l’application des principes de liberté économique qui entendent limiter et encadrer ces interventions. Aussi les collectivités territoriales marocaines se heurtent-elles à nombre de contraintes qui entravent la mise en oeuvre de leurs interventions. Ces contraintes sont liées principalement aux différents contrôles rigoureux et au manque des ressources humaines et financières qui sont encore monopolisées par l'État. Cette étude prend appui sur l’analyse de ces différentes limites, tout en essayant d’ouvrir des perspectives afin d’améliorer l’efficacité de l’intervention économique des collectivités territoriales marocainesSince the launch of the decentralization process in Morocco in 1960, the economic role of Moroccan local and decentralized authorities has evolved and has been strengthened, in accordance with the profound changes that have taken place in Moroccan society and economy. The present thesis aims to analyze the legal framework and the different forms of economic intervention undertaken by local authorities in Morocco. It also aims to identify the reforms that must have affected these interventions and to question the degree to which they meet the challenges of economic development and the growing needs of the population. This work examines the extent to which the Moroccan legislation has really provided a framework adapted to the socio-economic reality of the country. In practice, local economic interventions are subject to the principles of economic freedom that limit the scope of these interventions and regulate them. Moroccan local authorities face a number of constraints that hinder the implementation of economic interventions. The constraints are mainly related to the various rigorous controls and the lack of human and financial resources, a great part of which are still monopolized by the central government. The present research study provides an analysis of these different limits, while trying to present of the effectiveness of local authorities interventions in Morocco
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Azevedo, Fernando Costa de. "O desequilíbrio excessivo da relação jurídica de consumo e sua correção por meio da cláusula geral de proibição de vantagem excessiva no Código de Defesa do Consumidor." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/183751.
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La presente tesi ha come obiettivo analisare il concetto e le specie di squilibrio eccessivo della relazione giuridica di consumo, nonché la possibilitá di correzione di una delle specie di squilibrio eccessivo – l’esercizio abusivo della posizione giuridica dei fornitori – per mezzo della clausola generale di divieto di vantaggio eccessivo, previsto nel Codice di Difesa del Consumatore (Art. 39, V c/c art. 51, IV e §1°). Si tratta, in essenza, di uno studio sulla stessa relazione giuridica di consumo, ragione per la quale si impone, inizialmente, un’analisi con riferimento ai suoi pressuposti fatico-normativi, elementi costitutivi e caratteristica fondamentale (Parte I, Capitolo1) per, soltanto dopo, affrontare il tema degli “squilibri” (strutturale e eccessivo) esistenti in questo tipo di relazione giuridica (Parte I, Capitolo 2), quando si cerca di dimostrare che lo squilibrio eccessivo non si confonda con lo squilibrio strutturale (intrinseco), nella misura in cui questo è realtà costitutiva della stessa relazione giuridica di consumo, essendo, per questo, riconosciuta e tollerabile dal dirito; invece, lo squilibrio eccessivo è realtà che supera i limiti del “giuridicamente tollerabile” – cioè, dello stato di squilibrio strutturale – e, per questo motivo, necessita di essere correta da un mezzo dell’ordine giuridica ( nel caso brasiliano, dal sistema giuridico di protezione e difesa dei consumatori, centralizzato nei valori e norme costituzionali e sistematizzato nel Codice di Difesa del Consumatore – Legge n. 8.078, dell’11 settembre 1990). E per la correzione delle situazioni di squilibrio eccessivo della relazione di consumo generate dall’esercizio abusivo della posizione giuridica dei fornitori il legislatore brasiliano, attento alla necessità di comprensione del diritto privato come un sistema giuridico aperto (Parte II, Capitolo 3) ha costruito il Codice di Difesa del Consumatore come uno microsistema dotato di norme casistiche e di norme aperte (le cosidette “clausole generali”), distacandosi, tra loro, la clausola generale di divieto di vantaggio eccessivo, che si intende essere la “clausola fondamentale di correzione dell’abuso nelle relazioni giuridiche di consumo” (Parte II, Capitolo 4), allo stesso tempo in cui suo ambito di applicazione, fissato dallo stesso leggislatore (CDC, art. 51,§1º), contiene, dovuto alla sua grande generalità, l’ambito delle altre clausole generali di correzione e abuso, così come quelle di funzione sociale ed economica del diritto, buona-fede obiettiva, buone abitudine e lesione enorme, tutelando, infine, la globalità dei legittimi interessi dei consumatori – cioè, i loro interessi di natura patrimoniale e esistenziale – danneggiati dalla attuazione abusiva dei fornitori nel mercato di consumo.A presente tese tem por objetivo analisar o conceito e as espécies de desequilíbrio excessivo da relação jurídica de consumo, bem como a possibilidade de correção de uma das espécies de desequilíbrio excessivo – o exercício abusivo de posição jurídica dos fornecedores – por meio da cláusula geral de proibição de vantagem excessiva, prevista no Código de Defesa do Consumidor (Art. 39, V c/c art. 51, IV e §1º). Trata-se, em essência, de um estudo sobre a própria relação jurídica de consumo, razão pela qual se impõe, inicialmente, uma análise acerca de seus pressupostos fático-normativos, elementos constitutivos e característica fundamental (Parte I, Capítulo 1) para, só então, enfrentar o tema dos “desequilíbrios” (estrutural e excessivo) existentes nesse tipo de relação jurídica (Parte I, Capítulo 2), quando se busca demonstrar que o desequilíbrio excessivo não se confunde com o desequilíbrio estrutural (intrínseco), na medida em que este é realidade constitutiva da própria relação jurídica de consumo, sendo, por isso mesmo, reconhecida e tolerável pelo direito; ao contrário, o desequilíbrio excessivo é realidade que ultrapassa os limites do “juridicamente tolerável” – isto é, do estado de desequilíbrio estrutural - e, por este motivo, precisa ser corrigida por meio da ordem jurídica (no caso brasileiro, pelo sistema jurídico de proteção e defesa dos consumidores, centralizado nos valores e normas constitucionais e sistematizado no Código de Defesa do Consumidor – Lei n. 8.078, de 11 de setembro de 1990). E para a correção das situações de desequilíbrio excessivo da relação de consumo geradas pelo exercício abusivo da posição jurídica dos fornecedores o legislador brasileiro, atento à necessidade de compreensão do direito privado como um sistema jurídico aberto (Parte II, Capítulo 3) construiu o Código de Defesa do Consumidor como um microsssistema dotado de normas casuísticas e de normas abertas (as chamadas “cláusulas gerais”), destacando-se, quanto a estas, a cláusula geral de probição de vantagem excessiva, que se entende ser a “cláusula fundamental de correção do abuso nas relações jurídicas de consumo” (Parte II, Capítulo 4), na medida em que seu âmbito de aplicação, fixado pelo próprio legislador (CDC, art. 51, §1º), abarca, por sua grande generalidade, o âmbito das demais cláusulas gerais de correção do abuso, como as de função social e econômica do direito, boa-fé objetiva, bons costumes e lesão enorme, tutelando, enfim, a globalidade dos legítimos interesses dos consumidores – isto é, seus interesses de natureza patrimonial e existencial – lesados pela atuação abusiva dos fornecedores no mercado de consumo.
The present thesis aims to analyze the concept and the species of excessive unbalance of the legal consumption relationship, as well as the possibility of correction of one of the species of excessive unbalance – the abusive use of the legal position of the suppliers – by the inclusion of the general clause of prohibition of unfair advantage, set out in the Consumer Defense Code (Art. 39, V c/c art. 51, IV and §1º). It is, essentially, a study on the legal consumption relationship itself, a reason for which it is imposed, initially, an analysis concerning its phaticnormative presumptions, constitutive elements and key characteristic (Part I, Chapter 1) for, only then, face the topic of “imbalances” (structural and excessive) existing in this type of legal relationship (Part I, Chapter 2), when willing to demonstrate that the excessive imbalance is not confounded with the structural imbalance (intrinsic), inasmuch as this is a constitutive reality of the legal consumption relationship itself, being, therefore, acknowledged and bearable by the law; on the contrary, the excessive imbalance is a reality which overcomes the limits of the “legally bearable” – that is, the structural imbalance status - and, for this reason, it has to be corrected by the law (in the Brazilian case, by the legal system of protection and defense of consumers, centered in the values and constitutional norms e ordered in the Consumer Defense Code – Law n. 8.078, from September 11th, 1990). And for the correction of excessive imbalance situations in the consumption relationship caused by the abusive practice of the legal position of the suppliers, the Brazilian legislator, attentive to the need of understanding of the private law as an open legal system (Part II, Chapter 3) created the Consumer Defense Code as a microsystem with cauistic norms and open norms (the so-called “general clauses”), highlighting, concerning these, the general clause of prohibition of unfair advantage, which is understood as the “key clause of abuse correction in the consumption legal relationships” (Part II, Chapter 4), inasmuch as in its scope of application, set by the legislator (CDC, art. 51, §1º), embraces, due to all things considered, the scope of the other general clauses of abuse correction, such as the law social and economic function, bona fide intentions, good manners and serious harm, tutoring, then, the whole of legitimate interests of the consumers – that is, their interests of property and existential nature – harmed by the abusive practice of suppliers in the consumer market.
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Tarsitano, Alberto. "Illegitimate Tax Avoidance and Rule XVI of Preliminary Title of Tax Code." IUS ET VERITAS, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/123330.
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The author analyzes a very important issue such as illegitimate tax avoidance. He begins by explaining the content of the concept of illegitimate tax avoidance, and also he points out the differences with other concepts like tax evasion and tax planning. Then, he comments the debate on the use of legal figures which doesn’t belong to Tax Law, in order to solve issue of illegitimate tax avoidance. Finally, he explains the scope and the application of the Peruvian general anti-avoidance rule stipulated in the Peruvian Tax Code.El autor analiza un tema de suma importancia como es el de la elusión fiscal. Se comienza esclareciendo el contenido del concepto de elusión, diferenciándolo de otros conceptos como la evasión fiscal y la economía de opción. Luego, pasa a recoger y comentar el debate en torno al uso de figuras ajenas al Derecho Tributario para dar solución al problema de la elusión fiscal. Finalmente, pasa a explicar el alcance y aplicación de la cláusula general antielusiva peruana estipulada en la norma XVI del Título Preliminar del Código tributario.
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Racy, Vivien. "A cláusula geral da boa-fé objetiva no Código Civil de 2002." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2011. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/5695.
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Previous issue date: 2011-10-18This study was accomplished from the need of definition of the objective good faith principle when introduced in the positive legal order of Brazilian Civil Law. It sought to reconcile the figure of principles with the general clauses in order to endow the institute of direct and practical effectiveness under contracts. Highlighted in this sense the ethical-legal foundation of good faith and the principle of trust in which is based any and all applications of the general clause of good faith. This way, in face of historical evolution of codification and interpretation of contracts it was possible to transit through the legal system in which is the good faith and understands it according to this system and to others principles that surround the good faith and finally to point its major features and forms of manifestation under different angles. The conclusion after the analysis of relevant literature and necessary reflection was that the theme as developed will help the comprehension of the general clause of good faith, its implications and consequences for the negotiating activities
Este estudo foi realizado partindo da necessidade de definição do princípio da boa-fé objetiva quando introduzido no ordenamento jurídico positivo do Direito Civil brasileiro. Buscou-se conciliar a figura do princípio com a da cláusula geral a fim de dotar o instituto de eficácia prática e direta no âmbito contratual. Destacam-se, neste sentido, os fundamentos ético-jurídicos da boa-fé objetiva e o princípio da confiança no qual se baseia toda e qualquer aplicação da cláusula geral da boa-fé. Assim, diante da evolução histórica da codificação e da interpretação dos contratos, foi possível transitar pelo sistema jurídico no qual se insere a boafé objetiva, compreendê-la de acordo com o respectivo sistema e com os demais princípios que a rodeiam e, por fim, apontar suas principais características e formas de manifestação sob diferentes ângulos. Concluiu-se, após a análise da literatura pertinente e necessária reflexão, que o tema conforme desenvolvido auxiliará a compreensão da cláusula geral da boa-fé objetiva, suas implicações e consequências para a atividade negocial
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Jakubíčková, Věra. "Vybrané skutkové podstaty nekalé soutěže v rámci generální klauzule." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-9145.
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The thesis deals with the most common cases of unfair competition punishable under general clause, such as "snowball", botheration of consumer, unfair advertising, exploitation of feelings, etc. There is also outlined the development of the law against unfair competition, the subjects of unfair competition and the crucial term "general clause". The following chapters are concerned with the European Unfair Practises Directive and legal means of protection against unfair competition. The last chapter deals with the upcoming new Civil Code and its regulation of the law against unfair competition. It also includes suggestions de lege ferenda.
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Nosková, Zuzana. "Guerilla marketing a jeho právní a reklamní aspekty." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-193456.
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The theme of this thesis is "Guerilla marketing and its legal and advertising aspects". Guerilla marketing is a type of marketing tool used for nontraditional, innovative and sometimes shocking advertising campaigns. This thesis contains an analysis of the legal environment regulating this subject. Legal regulation of advertisement in the Czech Republic is a part of both the public and private law regulation. As a part of the thesis a questionnaire survey among the general public was carried out, the public was questioned about knowledge of the concept of guerilla marketing. Another part of the survey was carried out among professionals from communication agencies, their views of the current situation on the advertising market have been compiled. The practical part is concluded by a comparison of the Czech legislation with the legal regulation of advertising in American law.
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Deval, Rafael Antonio. "Função social da propriedade: análise de sua incidência enquanto cláusula geral no Código Civil Brasileiro." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2014. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/6558.
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Previous issue date: 2014-09-04The present work aims to make a review about the Social Function of real estate property against the current Civil Code, with a view to its classification as a legislative formula. To that end, we start the analysis from the definition of property rights in our days, weaving its historical evolution, with a view to their settings in closed and open legal system, and transition from one mode to another, justifying each of these movements, and checking that the choice of one or the other is based on the historical moment. Then the analysis of the social function takes forward the work, analyzing since its inception, to its current conceptualization, and the whole justification of its evolutionary process, a process analyzed the changes ahead of the norm positively valued. As a result of the current definition and use of social function, its application in the current standardization positively valued Brazilian civil law is necessary, as well as verification of its functionality through the exercise of the right of property ownership, especially as the opening for the solution of the case concrete. The functionalization of the social function of property, as presented by the work, it is important that the construction of it is taken from a general clause, to the detriment of its environment as a general principle of law or indeterminate legal concept. Given the choice made by the general clause formatter while the social function of property ownership discipline by the current civil code, analysis and influence of the general clause justifies his choice, since it presents the possibility of greater proximity between the norm positively valued, the society in which is checked and the social fact that will be subject to its application
O presente trabalho visa formular uma análise acerca da Função Social da Propriedade imobiliária frente ao atual Código Civil, com vistas à sua classificação enquanto formula legislativa. Nesse intuito, iniciamos a análise a partir da definição do direito de propriedade nos dias atuais, trançando sua evolução histórica, com vistas às suas configurações em sistema jurídico aberto e fechado, e transição de uma modalidade para a outra, justificando cada um desses movimentos, e verificando que a opção por um ou por outro tem como base o momento histórico. Em seguida, a análise da função social toma frente ao trabalho, analisando desde seu surgimento, até sua conceituação atual, e toda a justificativa de seu processo evolutivo, processo este analisado frente às alterações da norma positivada. Como consequência da atual definição e utilização da função social, sua aplicação na atual normatização positivada civilista brasileira se faz necessária, bem como a verificação de sua funcionalidade através do exercício do direito de propriedade imobiliária, em especial quanto a sua abertura para a solução do caso concreto. A funcionalização da função social da propriedade, na forma apresentada pelo trabalho, importa que a construção da mesma é feita a partir de uma cláusula geral, em detrimento de seu enquadramento enquanto princípio geral de direito ou conceito legal indeterminado. Em razão da opção feita pela cláusula geral enquanto formatadora da função social da propriedade imobiliária disciplina pelo atual código civil, a análise e influência da cláusula geral justifica sua escolha, visto que apresenta a possibilidade de maior proximidade entre a norma positivada, a sociedade em que é verificada e o fato social que será objeto de sua aplicação
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Gras, Nicolas. "Essai sur les clauses contractuelles." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CLF10458/document.
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Eléments essentiels du contrat, les clauses contractuelles méritent d’être étudiées afin de faciliter leur utilisation par les praticiens et leur appréhension par le juge.Délaissant toute visée exhaustive, ce travail n’a pas pour objet de répertorier ni de dénombrer matière par matière, à la manière d’un catalogue, les innombrables clauses foisonnant dans l’ensemble des branches du droit privé. Un tel projet ne livrerait que des enseignements parcellaires et descriptifs. Une réflexion générale sur les clauses prises comme instrument juridique ne présuppose pas de se livrer à un examen systématique de l’ensemble de leurs applications particulières, mais au contraire de mettre l’accent sur certains de leurs effets,jugés les plus remarquables.Une typologie des principales clauses devait tout d’abord être établie grâce à une approche fonctionnelle de leurs manifestations contractuelles. En effet, la volonté des parties d’organiser leur contrat tend généralement vers quatre grandes finalités : aménager l’exécution du contrat, gérer les risques encourus, éviter l’appréciation judiciaire et prévoir la fin du contrat et ses éventuelles sanctions. L’établissement d’une classification basée sur leur fonction permettait en outre de ne pas délaisser ni les clauses naissant au gré des besoins économiques ni les clauses considérées comme autonomes. Ce projet conduisait nécessairement à rechercher les modalités d’exécution des clauses d’une même catégorie permettant ainsi de proposer un régime juridique propre à chacune de ces catégories.Prolongeant l’analyse de leur fonction, il convenait alors dans une seconde partie d’étudier les liens existants entre les clauses et le contrat. Les clauses sont au service du contrat dont elles aménagent les obligations, prolongent les effets et précisent les sanctions.Or, parallèlement aux deux niveaux de dispositions que représentent la théorie générale du contrat et le droit des contrats spéciaux, il devait être démontré qu’une théorie générale des clauses contractuelles ne saurait constituer un troisième niveau de règles applicables au contrat. Néanmoins, une vision générale de l’influence de leurs effets, sur et en dehors du contrat, a permis d’établir des conditions de validité et des règles communes applicables à toutes les clausesContractual clauses are key elements of a contract and should be studied more closely in order to facilitate their use by practioners and to enhance understanding by the judge.This work does not claim to be exhaustive. Its purpose is not to to identify, enumerate or catalogue the numerous clauses that abound in all branches of private law. Such a project would only yield a fragmented, descriptive insight. A general reflection on clauses as legal instruments does not necessitate a detailed examination of all applications but only that their most notable effects be highlighted.Firstly, a typology of the most important clauses had to be drawn up based on a functional approach regarding their contractual applications. The parties to a contract generally have in view four main goals: organising the execution of the contract, managing the risks, avoiding legal pitfalls, and foreseeing the end of the contract and any potential sanctions. The establishment of a classification based on function ensured that clauses arising from economic necessity as well as clauses considered to be independent would not beneglected. Hence, this project comprises research on the details of implementation of clauses in the same category, leading to the setting out of a legal regime appropriate to each category. Secondly, the aim of analysing the clauses’ functions led to studying the links between clauses and contracts. Clauses basically serve to organise the terms of the contract, extend its effects and establish sanctions. However, in parallel to the two levels – the general theory of contracts and special contracts law – it had to be demonstrated that a general theory of contractual clauses did not constitute a third level of rules applicable to contracts. Nevertheless, an overall view of the influence of their effects, both in terms of and beyond the contract, has allowed for the establishment of a general regime presenting the conditions of validity and common rules applicable to all clauses
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Barazi, Mervan. "La particularité de l'application du droit de la concurrence dans le secteur des assurances." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LAROD002/document.
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Le secteur des assurances est protéiforme : il comprend plusieurs opérateurs dont l’intégration dans le paysage économique et juridique s’est accentuée ces dernières années et ne cesse de s’imposer. Les compagnies d'assurance déploient elles-mêmes des activités d’assurance multiples. Depuis les années cinquante les différents régimes d’assurances maladie, vieillesse, chômage – obligatoires, complémentaires – sont exploités par certains organismes assureurs (mutuelles et institutions de prévoyance). Ces organismes développent leurs activités sur des marchés dont le caractère économique n’est pas toujours évident. Si les assurances vie par exemple, ne soulèvent guère de difficulté d’insertion sur un marché concurrentiel, peut-on en revanche considérer que les régimes complémentaires et légaux d’assurance maladie opèrent sur un marché économique ? Cette question conduit à s’interroger sur la soumission du secteur des assurances au droit de la concurrence et son éventuelle unicité de régime. Deux points sont étudiés, en premier lieu, il s’agit de confronter le secteur des assurances à la vision extensive des autorités européenne et nationale sur les critères d’applicabilité du droit de la concurrence. Cette approche est vérifiée auprès de tous les opérateurs proposant des produits et services qualifiés d'assurance. En second lieu, sont examinées l'application du droit de la concurrence au secteur des assurances et leurs exemptions spécifiques. Cette étude prend en compte l’ensemble du droit de la concurrence : pratiques anticoncurrentielles, droit des concentrations économiques et aides d’État. Elle s’appuie essentiellement sur le droit européen et français de la concurrenceThe insurance industry is protean : it includes several operators whose integration into the economic and legal landscape has intensified in recent years and continues to impose itself. Insurance companies themselves deploy multiple insurance activities. Since the 1950s, some insurers have exploited differents insurance schemes such as, health, old age, unemployment (whether compulsory or complementary). These organizations develop their activities in markets whose economic character is not always the most obvious. If life insurance, for example, does not present any difficulty in entering a competitive market, can we also consider that the supplementary and statutory health insurance schemes operate similarly in an economic market ? This question leads up to wonder about the submission of the insurance sector to competition law and its possible uniqueness of regime. Two points are studied, firstly, the question of confronting the insurance sector with the extensive vision of the European and national authorities. Secondly, an examination of the application of competition law to the insurance sector and the justification for different treatment. This study takes into account the whole of competition law : antitrust practices, economic concentrations and state aids. It is essentially based on European and French competition law
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Willing, Josephine. "Narrativa referenter i svenskt teckenspråk." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för lingvistik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-182471.
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Syftet med detta projekt är att få förståelse för hur ett forskningsprojekt fungerar och hur det är upplagt. Under våren 2020 har jag studerat förekomster av narrativa referenter och semiotiska typer i satsliknande enheter i svenskt teckenspråk. Jag gör en kvantitativ analys av samtliga referenter och semiotiska typer i tre kategorier: NarrativReferent1, NarrativReferent2 och NarrativReferent3. Resultatet visar att NarrativReferent1 har 70%, NarrativReferent2 har 28% och NarrativReferent3 har 2%. Det innebär att NarrativReferent3 har betydligt mindre referenter än övriga kategorier, däremot har kategorin NarrativReferent1 flest referenter. Det kan bero på att man med NarrativReferent1 alltid börjar konstruera en referent i satsliknande enhet, och där etablerar man referenten. Om det skulle komma en annan referent under samma tidsintervall så lägger man till den i NarrativReferent2. Resultatet visar att referenten ’pojke’ har en central roll och semiotiska typer visar att konstruerad handling har flesta antal i NarrativReferent1. Däremot att referenten ’hund’ har flest referenter och semiotiska typer, visar att osynligt surrogat och avbildande tecken har flest antal i NarrativReferent2.The aim of this project is to gain an understanding of how a research project works and how it is organized. During the spring 2020 I investigate occurrences of narrative referents and semiotic types in clause-like units in Swedish Sign Language. I conduct a quantitative analysis of all referents and semiotics types of three categories: NarrativeReferent1, NarrativeReferent2 and NarrativeReferent3. The results show that NarrativeReferent1 has 70%, NarrativeReferent3 has 28% and NarrativeReferent3 has 2%. This means that NarrativeReferent3 has considerably fewer referents than the other categories, whereas the category NarrativeReferent1 has the highest number of referents. This could be a result of NarrativeReferent1 being used first to construct a referent in a clause-like unit, but when the referent has already been established and another referent appears within the same time span, this will be added to NarrativeReferent2. The results show that the referent ‘boy’ clearly has a central role, and semiotic types show that constructed action has the highest number of cases in NarrativeReferent1. However, the referent ‘dog’ has the most referents and semiotics types show that invisible surrogate and depicting signs have the highest number of cases in NarrativeReferent2.
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Van, Zwaluwenburg Pamela Joy. "WIDE AWAKE OR SOUND ASLEEP? UNIVERSITIES AND THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ROSENBERGER V. UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA." Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1101827877.
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Garbi, Carlos Alberto. "O adimplemento da obrigação e a intervenção judicial no contrato em face do princípio da integridade da prestação e da cláusula geral da boa-fé." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2010. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/9076.
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Previous issue date: 2010-05-14The influence of liberalism in the formation of western private law has strict rules to accomplish the obligation due to the value that was given to the freedom of choice. The creditor, comfortable in his position, was entitled to accept or reject any amendment to the contract and require to the debtor at any cost, the performance of the obligation incurred, because what was contracted was fair. With the passage of the Social State to the Liberal State values of liberalism were shaken and autonomy of the will gave way to private autonomy. Understood the relationship of obligation as a process, which incorporates other accessories duties, secondary and sideways, and incident the principles and constitutional values, the application of the general clause of objective good faith, which promoted the opening of the system, revealed the duties of solidarity and cooperation that impose the creditor to accept changes on the contractual relationship. The rules of accomplishment of the obligation gained flexibility, allowing the creditor to enforce the subdivision or extension of the deadline for the implementation of the obligation. This study aims to advocate new paradigms for the right of obligation in the light of existential values defined in the Constitution in order to find solution to the conflicts of the parties in attention to the social function of the contract, the principle of conservation of the contract, the principle of objective good faith, the principle of solidarity and duty of cooperation, overcoming the rigidity of the liberal model
A influência do Liberalismo na formação do direito privado ocidental tornou rígidas as regras de adimplemento da obrigação em razão do valor que era conferido à autonomia da vontade. O credor, confortável na sua posição, tinha a faculdade de aceitar ou não qualquer modificação do contrato e exigir do devedor, a qualquer custo, o cumprimento da obrigação contraída, porque o que era contratado era justo. Com a passagem do Estado Liberal ao Estado Social, os valores do Liberalismo foram abalados e a autonomia da vontade cedeu lugar à autonomia privada. Entendida a relação obrigacional como processo, no qual estão integrados outros deveres acessórios, secundários e laterais, e incidentes os princípios e valores constitucionais, a aplicação da cláusula geral da boa-fé objetiva, que promoveu a abertura do sistema, revelou deveres de solidariedade e cooperação a impor ao credor a aceitação de modificações na relação obrigacional. As regras de adimplemento ganharam flexibilidade, permitindo impor ao credor o parcelamento ou a dilação de prazo para a execução da obrigação. Este estudo objetiva defender novos paradigmas para o direito obrigacional à luz de valores existenciais definidos na Constituição, com o propósito de encontrar solução para os conflitos das partes em atenção à função social do contrato, ao princípio da conservação do contrato, ao princípio da boa-fé objetiva, ao princípio da solidariedade e ao dever de cooperação, superando a rigidez do modelo liberal
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Mulenga, Chipasha. "Trade distorting provisions under the multilateral agreement on agriculture : addressing the question of Africa’s limited participation in agricultural trade." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/30055.
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Casabona, Marcial Barreto. "O princípio constitucional da solidariedade no direito de família." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2007. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/7500.
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Previous issue date: 2007-05-04The objective of this PhD thesis is the defense of the application of the constitutional principle of solidarity (art. 3°, clause I, Federal Constitution) within family law. This assignment consists of an introduction (Chapter I), in which the course to be followed is carefully laid out. Chapter II consists of a philosophical investigation pursuing the origins of the instinct of solidarity. Aristotle and his ideas of justice and friendship, which are strongly connected to charity, was taken as a starting point. From there on, only the thoughts of the most important philosophers who dealt with these three matters were included, We end with the study of utopian socialists and the development of charity and solidarity as a duty, and thus forensic institution. In chapter III juridical solidarity and its most significant representations are approached, Next, in chapter IV, principles, general clauses, undetermined legal concepts were studied, as a means to best pinpoint the juridical nature of the principles underlying this study. A brief incursion in the subject of human rights, which bears a close relation to the scope of this thesis, was also made. Next, chapter V analyses the principle of solidarity in some of the most important constitutions in force, leading in chapter VI to the approach of the same principle in the Brazilian constitution. As an absolutely logical following, family regulations in the Brazilian, and in the main foreign constitutions were studied. From there, in chapter VIII, the inferior to the constitution legislation, the Civil Code in force were considered, tackling the questions related to the included or missing principles. The study is terminated with a brief conclusion from which the thesis here defended is drawn succinctly and objectively
Esta tese de doutorado tem por objeto a defesa da aplicação do princípio constitucional da solidariedade (art. 3º, inciso I, Constituição Federal) no Direito de Família. O trabalho é composto de uma introdução (capítulo I), na qual minuciosamente se declara o percurso que será seguido. Em seguida, capítulo II, é realizada uma pesquisa de natureza filosófica, buscando as origens do instituto da solidariedade. Partiu-se de Aristóteles e de sua idéia de justiça e amizade, que se entrelaçam com a caridade. A partir daí, o trabalho foi trazendo o pensamento apenas dos mais importantes filósofos que trataram dos três assuntos. Concluiuse com o estudo de socialistas utópicos e o desdobramento da caridade em solidariedade como dever, e, portanto, instituto jurídico. No capítulo III, é abordado o solidarismo jurídico e seus mais significativos representantes. A seguir, no capítulo IV, estudaram-se princípios, cláusulas gerais, conceitos legais indeterminados, como meio de melhor se localizar a natureza jurídica do princípio objeto deste trabalho. Fez-se, também, uma breve incursão pelo tema dos direitos humanos, que guarda absoluta relação com o escopo desta tese. Em continuidade, capítulo V, analisou-se o princípio da solidariedade em algumas das mais importantes constituições em vigor, para juntar no capítulo VI com a abordagem do mesmo princípio na constituição brasileira. Como decorrência absolutamente lógica do caminho, enveredou-se pelo regramento da família nas principais constituições estrangeiras e nas brasileiras. A partir daí, capítulo VIII, desceu-se à legislação infraconstitucional, o Código Civil vigente, abordando os pontos relativos ao princípio ali constantes ou faltantes. O trabalho é encerrado com breve conclusão, na qual é deduzida de forma sucinta e objetiva a tese defendida (capítulo IX)
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Soro, Russell Olivier. "El contrato normativo : análisis de una categoría." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR40017.
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L'objet principal de notre recherche sera d'essayer d'éclairer l'obscurité relative à la figure du contrat normatif, existante particulièrement en espagne, en élaborant une étude minutieuse et en profondeur qui fait actuellement défaut dans la littérature juridique. de même, il sera aussi bien nécessaire d'analyser si la notion de contrat normatif, telle qu'elle est proposée par la doctrine et jurisprudence espagnole et surtout italienne, peut être transposée au droit français des contrats. et, d'autre part, si la notion française de contrat-cadre correspond à celle, espagnole, de « contrato marco ». pour ce faire, il sera nécessaire d'entamer une étude de ses différences et similitudes au moyen d'une comparaison de l'emploi, par les professionnels du droit de chaque pays, de chacun des termes. finalement il sera envisagé, le cas échéant, l'opportunité d'une éventuelle transposition de la figure du contrat-cadre au droit espagnol à travers celle de « contrato marco », l'intégrant comme équivalente ou application de la figure de contrat normatif.ainsi, une fois notre recherche achevée nous serons en mesure de proposer une définition complète et claire de contrat normatif, de déterminer sa nature juridique, d'obtenir ses principaux caractères, d'en tirer sa portée et, enfin, de rassembler ces principales applications pratiques. et ce, naturellement sans oublier de relever tant l'histoire ou la genèse de cette figure que sa valeur actuelle, en tant que nouvelle forme de négociation, d'autorégulation et de limitation volontaire de la liberté contractuelleHow far are now individuals free to create the most appropriate contractual tool to achieve the satisfaction of their needs and interests? What they have in common figures as diverse as a joint-venture agreement, a franchise agreement or a marriage contract? Is the old general theory of contract adapted to the contractual practice of the XXI century? A deep study of the normative contract in this book provides answers to these and to many other momentous matters of Private Law of Contract. Reconstructed from the detailed analysis of the theory and legal practice, the notion of normative contract as an agreement of cooperative nature could constitute the bridge to a new and inspiring way of conceiving the contract. Not surprisingly, as shown by its main practical manifestations, the contract is often more than just an instrument to organize an exchange of goods and services, a powerful regulatory tool of reality and human behavior. To put it briefly, if on the one hand in this essay the author seeks find a remedy for a situation of great uncertainty regarding the so-called normative contract, in the other hand he also invites the legal community to reflect calmly on the role played by contract in present society.Keywords: Normative contract, Normenvertrag, Alfred HUECK, genesis, concept, pactum de modo contrahendo, contrat-cadre, framework agreements, distribution, collective agreement, financial transactions, joint venture, marriage contract, codes of conduct, Spanish private law, French private law, contractual clause, cooperative agreement, intuitus personae, no-obligational and obligational content of the contract, union of contracts, regulatory function of contract, general contract theory, theory of legal regulation, Hans KELSEN , freedom of contract
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PONZU', DONATO Fabrizio. "L'incidenza del controllo giudiziale sul contenuto del contratto." Doctoral thesis, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/11570/3222258.
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L'oggetto del mio lavoro di ricerca è costituito dall'analisi del controllo giudiziale sul contenuto del contratto secondo una suddivisione in tre parti. La prima ha come scopo quello di analizzare le concezioni di equilibrio contrattuale teorizzate in dottrina al fine di valutare i casi in cui il giudice possa intervenire a fronte di situazioni di squilibrio.
Nella seconda parte si analizzano una serie di casi giurisprudenziali in cui il giudice interviene al fine di modificare il contenuto del contratto facendo riferimento alle clausole generali di buona fede ed equità.
La terza ed ultima parte s'incentra sull'analisi di vicende giurisprudenziali nelle quali il giudice è intervenuto sul contenuto del contratto attraverso il riferimento a regole o disposizioni normative.
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Pellegrino, Martina Vivirito. "Principio di precauzione e tutela della salute." Doctoral thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11562/995363.
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Cheng, Yu-Hua, and 鄭毓樺. "A Research on General Clause of Exclusionary Rule." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/48611032740648349759.
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碩士中原大學
財經法律研究所
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Some articles of the Code of Criminal Procedure did not stipulate the admissibility of evidence unlawfully obtained by an official before 2003. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Supreme Court and courts at lower levels admitted to exclude the illegal evidence through interpretation in a few court cases during the years from 1991 to 2003. In 2003, the Legislative Yuan enacted the Code of Criminal Procedure Article 158-4: “The admissibility of the evidence, obtained in violation of the procedure prescribed by the law by an official in execution of criminal procedure, shall be determined by balancing the protection of human rights and preservation of public interests, unless otherwise provided by law,” as the general clause of legal reference of exclusionary rule. In the application of Article158-4 in practice and academic setting, controversies over two issues erupted: it is the controversies between the scope of application and the standard of application. In the aspect of the scope of Article 158-4, some scholars consider the scope shall include testimonial evidence and non-testimonial evidence, while some scholars consider it is applicable only to non-testimonial evidence. This study claims that the scope of Article 158-4 shall include testimonial evidence and non-testimonial evidence from the aspect of the definition of the exclusionary rule, the history of legislation and the interpretation of legal statue. In the aspect of the standard of admissibility of evidence of Article 158-4, some scholars consider that the standard shall be the balance theory, while some scholars consider that Article 158-4 is a platform of any kind of theory. This study claims that the standard shall not be restricted to the balance theory from the aspect of the meaning of “balancing the protection of human rights and preservation of public interest”. If the balance theory is adopted as the only standard for Article 158-4, the appropriateness of effect of exclusion is another question. In this paper, a few court cases were used in the study to explain the application problem of balance theory, the instability of the law and the negligence of the court judges on review of the violation of law. Since the balance theory is not the standard of admissibility of evidence of Article 158-4, this study claims that the standard shall be based on “the theory of regulation protection purpose” as the criteria of the admissibility of evidence. For the reason that regulation protection purpose of testimonial evidence involves protection of individual free will and authenticity of testimonial evidence, the admissibility of testimonial evidence shall be more strictly determined than non-testimonial evidence. The theory of regulation protection purpose determines the admissibility of evidence on the basis of regulation protection purpose, thus the effect of exclusion conforms to regulation protection purpose. Furthermore, the theory of regulation protection purpose can ascertain what kind of rights should be definitely protected, which reduces instability of the law.
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BUONO, EMANUELA. "L'abuso del diritto in materia tributaria. La clausola generale antiabuso nella prospettiva interna e comunitaria." Doctoral thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11573/1245571.
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Il divieto di abuso del diritto nell’ambito del diritto tributario, soprattutto nell’ordinamento italiano, ha una storia breve ma ricca di sviluppi giurisprudenziali e corredata dal succedersi di diverse disposizioni normative, fino alla codificazione del divieto di abuso del diritto come clausola generale, valida per tutti i tributi, con l’emanazione dell’articolo 10-bis dello Statuto dei diritti dei contribuenti.
L’introduzione a livello normativo di una clausola generale rappresenta la conclusione di un vivace dibattito giurisprudenziale e dottrinario, originatosi a seguito della nascita, prima nell’alveo comunitario, in seno alla Corte di Giustizia europea, e poi in quello interno, di un principio generale di divieto di abuso del diritto, la cui fonte è stata infine individuata dalla Suprema Corte, dopo vari tentativi ricostruttivi, direttamente nel dettato Costituzionale. Tale principio non scritto, ma di derivazione più che autorevole si trovava così a coesistere con la normativa positiva sull’elusione fiscale, e veniva generalmente ad essere applicato per le imposta sul valore aggiunto e ai fini delle imposte sui redditi per le operazioni non ricomprese nell’articolo 37-bis.
La disparata applicazione di tale principio da parte dell’Amministrazione finanziaria, seguita, a onor del vero, a taluni discutibili indirizzi della giurisprudenza, soprattutto di legittimità, che hanno costituito una pericolosa “deriva” del principio del divieto di abuso del diritto, ha comportato l’originarsi, da più parti, di istanze volte ad una revisione complessiva della disciplina dell’abuso del diritto e dell’elusione fiscale, con il precipuo scopo di limitare l’ “abuso dell’abuso” e garantire una maggiore certezza nei rapporti tra Fisco e contribuenti.
L’indagine svolta nel presente lavoro è mirata ad analizzare l’evoluzione dei concetti di abuso del diritto e di elusione fiscale, sia in ambito normativo che in ambito giurisprudenziale, al fine di comprendere il percorso che ha portato all’introduzione di una clausola generale antiabuso. Uno dei principali obiettivi a cui è indirizzato il lavoro di ricostruzione “storica” condotto nel primo capitolo è quello di cogliere ed individuare i profili di continuità e discontinuità della nuova disciplina normativa dell’abuso del diritto rispetto al quadro normativo e giurisprudenziale al quale si era gradualmente giunti prima della sua entrata in vigore.
Il secondo capitolo sarà finalizzato a “scomporre”, elemento per elemento la definizione di abuso del diritto alias elusione fiscale, tentando di valutarne il contenuto, la comprensibilità e le eventuali discontinuità con le definizioni precedentemente utilizzate in ambito normativo e giurisprudenziale. Particolare attenzione verrà posta anche all’analisi degli aspetti procedurali e sanzionatori dell’accertamento dell’abuso del diritto, da cui emergono significative novità, tra cui la più rilevante può dirsi senz’altro l’irrilevanza penale delle condotte abusive.
Infine, nel terzo capitolo verranno esaminati gli aspetti relativi all’applicazione della clausola generale antiabuso nei singoli comparti impositivi, imposte dirette, imposta sul valore aggiunto e imposta di registro, cercando di cogliere le peculiarità dei profili applicativi relativi ciascun comparto, e si proporrà un confronto tra la clausola di cui all’articolo 10-bis della l. 212/2000 con la clausola antiabuso proposta, ai fini delle imposte sul reddito delle società. dalla Direttiva europea antiabuso, ATAD, che dovrà essere recepita nell’ordinamento a partire dal 1 gennaio 2019. L’intenzione del legislatore è di non prevedere una specifica norma di recepimento, in quanto l’articolo 10-bis sarebbe già conforme alla direttiva.
Si proporranno infine alcuni spunti di riflessione sulla chiarezza e completezza della clausola generale antiabuso, sull’ambito di operatività della stessa e sui possibili sviluppi futuri dello scenario applicativo del divieto di abuso.
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PUGLISI, GIUSEPPE. "Legalità convenzionale e crimini internazionali. Contributo allo studio della clausola di Norimberga." Doctoral thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11570/3146768.
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Il lavoro intende approfondire i profili strutturali e applicativi della c.d. clausola di Norimberga, disposizione contenuta all'art. 7, par. 2, C.e.d.u. e relativa ai crimini internazionali. A tale fine, il primo capitolo ricostruisce lo stato del principio nullum crimen, nulla poena sine lege all'indomani del secondo conflitto mondiale, mediante l'analisi delle esperienze di giustizia di transizione più significative: il processo di Norimberga, in sede internazionale, e l'impiego della formula di Radbruch, nell'ordinamento tedesco. Il secondo capitolo prende in considerazione la struttura della previsione convenzionale, con particolare riguardo ai principi generali del diritto riconosciuti dalle nazioni civili e al ruolo da essi rivestito nel moderno diritto penale. Il terzo capitolo, infine, passa in rassegna la giurisprudenza della Corte e.d.u., evidenziando un sostanziale mutamento di paradigma nel modo di intendere il principio di legalità internazionale. All'esito dell'indagine si osserva che il principio di legalità, oramai concepito come diritto fondamentale dell'individuo, attribuisce all'art. 7, comma 2, C.e.d.u. una funzione "mnestico-monitoria". Pertanto, una sua "ri-attivazione" non è più immaginabile, anche in virtù dei progressi compiuti dal diritto penale della comunità internazionale.
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Vacková, Linda. "Srovnání české a německé právní úpravy nekalé soutěže s přihlédnutím k evropskému právu." Master's thesis, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-379545.
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The topic of this diploma thesis is legal regulation of unfair competition law, namely comparing Czech and German law in reference to EU law. Unfair competition law, one of the two branches of competition law (economic competition law), is a body of law prohibiting particular conducts in economic competition and setting out sanctions for a violation of these prohibitions. The central term of the entire thesis - unfair competition contains those cases in which someone abuses and deforms competitive environment in an unfair way. Unfair competition may be defined as a competition which someone spoils, hides something, or behaves in a dishonest, immoral, or unsatisfactory manner. This thesis is divided into four chapters. In the first chapter the purpose of this thesis, a reason of having regulation of competition law as well as legal terms and definitions are laid down. The terms of competition in general, economic competition, competition law, and unfair competition are introduced. Furthermore, the second chapter is to present relevant legal sources of unfair competition law. It deals with constitutional bases, primary legislation, and EU law. The topic of the third chapter aims to introduce a vertical and horizontal competitive relationship. It is set out the meaning of legal persons which...
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Rhodes-Jones, Carolyn. "The reciprocity dilemma U.S. trade policy, retaliation and the GATT regime /." 1987. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/17285043.html.
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Le, Roux J. C. "A grammatical analysis of the Tswana adverbial." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/1609.
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Adverbial constructions are a problematic subject in Tswana grammatical studies. Traditionally termed descriptives, it is not clear what the defining features of this category are. It is also a very vast category. There seems to be many different structures functioning as adverbials in Tswana, including particles, words, prepositional phrases and clauses. Tswana grammars in general often have little to say about the syntax of adverbials, in respect of, for instance, the propensity of Tswana adverbials for multiple occurrences in the same clause and the range of possible positions of Tswana adverbials in clause structure. Because of the vastness of the adverbial category we only deal with adverbials as elements of clause structure.
A typical feature of adverbials is the considerable mobility they enjoy in relation to other elements in clause structure which affects their grammatical and semantic status in relation to such elements. By distinguishing different categories of adverbials, in clause structure it becomes clear that the same structural element may function within different adverbial categories. This necessitates a definition of adverbials which is based on their specific semantic functions within clause structure.
The study is divided into five chapters. When dealing with the adverbial as a clause element in Tswana, we realise that it is not sufficiently described. The first two chapters therefore serve as an introduction to central theoretical issues where some relevant research is critically examined and related to the present study. In the next chapter, that is Chapter 3, we establish formal and semantic frameworks for the classification and descriptive treatment of adverbials in Tswana. In Chapter 4 we implement the structural, syntactic and semantic properties as well as the features adverbials have as modifiers to make a functional classification of adverbials in clause structure. The classification of adverbials as adjuncts, subjuncts, disjuncts and conjuncts from A Comprehensive grammar of the English language by Quirk, et al. (1985) (CGEL) is taken as the basis for this classification. Chapter 5 presents the overall conclusions and implications of the study.African Languages
D.litt. et Phil. (African Languages)
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Valente, Ana David Teles. "Os períodos de fidelização e a atual importância da cláusula penal nos contratos de prestação de serviços de comunicações eletrónicas à luz da lei nº 15/2016, de 17 de junho." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/85880.
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Dissertação de Mestrado em Direito: Especialidade em Ciências Juridico-Forenses apresentada à Faculdade de DireitoA presente dissertação versa sobre uma análise da figura dos períodos de fidelização e a influência das Cláusulas de Fidelização nos contratos de prestação de serviços de comunicações eletrónicas, atendendo à recente alteração à Lei das Comunicações Eletrónicas. O contínuo desenvolvimento do mercado e sua adequação aos novos desafios económicos e sociais torna inevitável o surgimento de conflitos e, com isto, o aparecimento de dúvidas em relação à admissibilidade e conformidade da inserção e validade de Cláusulas de Fidelização e de Cláusulas Penais nestes contratos (normalmente, por adesão).Daí a importância do direito do consumidor e da Autoridade Reguladora Nacional na regulação a economia de mercado, por forma a permitir uma concorrência leal entre os operadores económicos, conformando, por outro lado, os interesses económicos dos cidadãos. Tratando-se de uma matéria suscetível de limitar a liberdade contratual de um dos sujeitos da relação contratual, revela-se imprescindível uma regulamentação eficaz e exigente.Estando em causa contratos duradouros, normalmente sem termo, importa analisar as vicissitudes a que estes estão sujeitos dada à necessidade de permitir ao consumidor avaliar, em cada momento, as condições que melhor satisfazem os seus interesses.Marco de relevo, que projetou o movimento da defesa do consumidor, quer nacional quer internacionalmente, foi o reconhecimento de certos direitos fundamentais do consumidor, por John Kennedy no seu discurso no dia 15 de março de 1962, em que afirma: “Consumer, by definition, include us all”.
This present dissertation aims an analysis of the binding periods and the influence of the Binding Clauses in contracts of electronic communications services, taking into consideration the new Electronic Communication Law changes.The continuous development of the market and its adaptation to the new economic and social challenges makes conflicts inevitable and, therefore, doubts about the admissibility and compliance of the insertion and validity of Binding Clauses and Penalty Clauses in these contracts (usually by adhesion). This lead us to the importance of the consumer law and National Regulatory Authority in the regulation of the market economy, in order to allow fair competition between economic operators while conforming, in other side, the citizens economic interests.This is a matter likely to limit the contractual freedom of one of the subjects of the contractual relationship, so it’s essential to have an effective and demanding regulation.In case of long term contracts, which are usually non-fixed term, it’s important analyze the vicissitudes to which they are subject, given the need to evaluate, at any time, the conditions that must satisfies their interests.The landmark that projected the consumer advocacy movement, nationally and internationally, was the recognition of some consumer rights in John Kennedy’s speech, in March 15th, in 1962, when he states: “Consumer, by definition, includes us all”.---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Sá, Joana Francisca Moreira de. "A articulação do art.28º, nº3, LGT e da cláusula geral anti-abuso-oponibilidade da CGAA ao substituto tributário." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/26500.
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A presente dissertação versa sobre situações em que, por via da aplicação da cláusula geral anti-abuso, surgem obrigações tributárias, nomeadamente retenções na fonte a título liberatório, aplicadas ao substituto tributário. Tratando-se de um tema relativamente recente, a matéria de estudo utilizada é essencialmente jurisprudência e pretendemos analisar se a cláusula geral anti-abuso é oponível (ou não) ao substituto tributário, despoletando obrigações para este.This essay deals with the situations that, due to the application of the general anti-abuse clause, tax liabilities arise, namely withholding taxes as a release call, that are applied to the tax substitute. Once it’s a recent issue, the study material is mainly jurisprudence, and we want to analyse if whether the general anti-abuse clause is applicable (or not) to the tax substitute, bringing obligations to him
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Maia, Ana Isabel Moreira. "A neutralização da construção abusiva : das questões inerentes ao procedimento de aplicação da cláusula geral antiabuso." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/31646.
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O combate à elisão fiscal é um dos desafios enfrentados pelos Estados, que veem a arrecadação de receita por vezes influenciada pela construção de planeamentos fiscais altamente abusivos e prejudiciais. Neste contexto, a missão primordial é o desenvolvimento de mecanismos de reação que assegurem a neutralização desses esquemas. Um dos mecanismos mais utilizados pelos Estados é a introdução no ordenamento jurídico de uma cláusula geral antiabuso, que em Portugal está prevista no artigo 38.º, n.º 2 da LGT. Todavia, a aplicação do referido preceito legal carece de um procedimento especial que garanta a sua coercibilidade. O presente estudo dedica-se à análise do procedimento de aplicação da cláusula geral antiabuso, abordando questões fundamentais emergentes das alterações implementadas, nomeadamente, a sua tramitação, o prazo de caducidade e o momento do início da sua contagem, os destinatários do mesmo e os seus meios de reação. Finalmente, confrontados com a possibilidade de, em sede de um só esquema abusivo, serem praticados sucessivos atos de liquidação, revelou-se pertinente suscitar a possibilidade de invocar o instituto do caso julgado. As questões suscitadas ao longo desta dissertação possibilitam a identificação de diversas fragilidades inerentes ao procedimento em análise, mas, acima de tudo, impelem à obtenção de soluções exequíveis e fortalecedoras da norma procedimental.The fight against tax avoidance is one of the challenges faced by States, which see revenue collection sometimes influenced by the construction of highly abusive and harmful tax planning. In this context, the primary mission is the development of reaction mechanisms that ensure the neutralization of these schemes. One of the mechanisms most used by States is the introduction of a general anti-abuse clause into the legal system, which in Portugal is provided for in Article 38 nr 2 of the LGT. However, the application of such legal provision requires a special procedure that guarantees its coercibility. The present study is dedicated to the analysis of the application procedure of the general anti-abuse clause, addressing fundamental issues arising from the changes implemented, namely, its processing, its commencement and expiration, their recipients and their means of reaction. Finally, faced with the possibility that, in the context of a single abusive scheme, successive acts of liquidation would be practiced, it proved pertinent to raise the possibility of invoking the res judicata. The questions raised during this dissertation make it possible to identify several weaknesses inherent to the procedure under analysis, but, above all, impel the achievement of feasible and strengthening solutions of the procedural norm.
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Veselý, Petr. "Doktrína a judikatura k zákonu proti nekalé soutěži (1927) a jejich vliv na současné právo proti nekalé soutěži." Master's thesis, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-435459.
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The subject matter of this thesis is the analysis of the Czech pre-WW2 legislation on unfair competition as laid out by the Act on Protection against Unfair Competition 111/1927 Sb. and the vast body of work concerning its interpretation and application as contained in both doctrinal works and especially the case law of the Czechoslovak Supreme Court. The thesis then attempts to thoroughly compare these to the relevant contemporary Czech case law and theoretical works. To achieve this goal, after a thorough preliminary analysis and selection of the relevant sources (especially applicable case law), the thesis lays out the most crucial legal questions and areas of interest in which the current legal doctrine and case law have been influenced by the pre-war era. The thesis contains thorough analysis of provisions containing vague legal terms, such as "good morals of competition", "business relations" or "average consumer" and attempts to put these into the context of legislation, legal doctrine and case law of the first Czechoslovak Republic. Considerable attention is also paid to the relationship between industrial property law and the law on unfair competition. The focus has been put on providing an analysis of the foundations that had shaped the legal thinking of the first Czechoslovak Republic in...
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Lombard, Sulette. "A further look at S v Zuma (1995(4) BCLR 401 SA (CC))." Diss., 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/17230.
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The Zuma case - important as the first decision of the Constitutional Court - is primarily
concerned with the constitutionality of section 217(l)(b)(ii) of the Criminal Procedure Act.
In trying to fmd an answer to this question, the Constitutional Court also addressed other
important issues.
In this dissertation the Constitutional Court's decision on the constitutionality of section
217(1)(b)(ii) is examined, as well as important general principles laid down by the Court
regarding incompetent referrals by the Supreme Court; constitutional interpretation; reverse
onus provisions and the right to a fair trial; as well as the application of the general limitation
clause.
A closer look is taken at adherence to these principles in subsequent Constitutional Court
decisions, and finally a conclusion is reached on the value of the Zuma case.Law
LL.M. (Law)
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Villanueva, Francisco. "Le recours à des mesures restrictives du commerce international par l’État canadien comme moyen de lutte contre le travail dangereux des enfants." Thèse, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/6044.
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Cette thèse porte sur le recours à des mesures restrictives du commerce par le Canada comme moyen de lutte contre le travail dangereux des enfants, dans un contexte de mise en œuvre de la responsabilité internationale d’un État en cas de non respect de la Convention de l’Organisation internationale du travail nº 182 sur les pires formes de travail des enfants. Bien que la capacité d’imposer des telles mesures se rapportant à des situations de travail dangereux des enfants soit analysée, essentiellement, du point de vue du droit de l’Organisation internationale du commerce (OMC), cette étude reste circonscrite à l’application de la Convention OIT 182. De plus, cette thèse veut fournir une analyse prospective de nature spéculative portant sur l’opportunité de recourir à de telles mesures en discutant de leurs éventuelles conséquences sur les enfants qu’on vise à protéger par ce moyen.
La première partie de la thèse s’intéresse à la légalité d’éventuelles sanctions commerciales imposées par le Canada afin d’amener un pays membre de l’OMC dont il importe des produits à respecter la Convention OIT 182. La légalité de ces sanctions est abordée tant du point de vue du régime général du GATT que de celui des exceptions générales. Du point de vue du régime général, l’analyse porte notamment sur l’article III de cet accord relatif au principe du traitement national. Une fois constatée leur illicéité à l’égard de l’article III du GATT, seul l’article XX de cet accord peut être invoqué pour permettre le recours à ces mesures. Nous nous attardons plus particulièrement aux exceptions de l’article XX relatives à la protection de la moralité publique et à celle de la protection de la vie et de la santé humaine. La thèse aborde les conditions auxquelles est assujetti le recours aux exceptions de l’article XX retenues comme pertinentes, notamment celles de la « nécessité » des mesures et du respect des compétences étatiques. En outre, cette étude analyse les conditions d’application des mesures restrictives du commerce découlant du préambule de l’article XX. En ce qui concerne l’exception relative à la moralité publique, cette notion est discutée dans un contexte national spécifique, soit celui du Canada.
La seconde partie de la thèse s’intéresse à l’opportunité de recourir à des mesures commerciales restrictives et leurs conséquences éventuelles sur les enfants dont la protection est recherchée. La démarche, qui est éminemment prospective, prend la forme d’une étude de cas portant sur un secteur productif qui n’a jamais connu dans les faits des sanctions commerciales, soit la production floricole en Équateur. Il s’agit d’un secteur caractérisé par la présence d’enfants en situation de travail dangereux impliqués dans la production de biens destinés à l’exportation. Notre recherche est de type exploratoire. De ce fait, elle ne vise pas à formuler des conclusions fermes quant aux effets des sanctions, mais plutôt à déceler les effets potentiellement bénéfiques ou nuisibles que les mesures restrictives du commerce pourraient avoir sur les enfants exploités, ainsi qu’à évaluer la contribution des sanctions commerciales à la solution du problème.This thesis focuses on Canada’s use of restrictive trade measures to fight against hazardous child labour, in the context of the implementation of the International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention concerning the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour (No. 182). Canada’s capacity to impose such measures in instances of hazardous child labour is analyzed primarily from the legal standpoint of the World Trade Organization (WTO), though the focus of this study is limited to the application of ILO Convention No. 182. In addition, this thesis aims to assess the appropriateness of such restrictive trade measures by discussing their potential consequences for working children. The first part of the thesis deals with the legality of prospective trade sanctions imposed by Canada to make a WTO trading partner comply with ILO Convention No. 182. The legality of these sanctions is discussed according to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) general rules as well as general exceptions. With regard to the general rules, our analysis focuses in particular on Article III, which pertains to national treatment. Once the illicitness of restrictive trade measures with respect to Article III of GATT is demonstrated, we turn to Article XX of this agreement as the only means to justify the measures. Specifically, we concentrate on the exceptions presented in Article XX related to the protection of public morals and the protection of life and human health. The notion of public morality is actualized within the Canadian national context. The thesis analyses the conditions limiting the use of Article XX’s relevant exceptions, including the "necessity" test and compliance with the rules of international law on state jurisdiction. Moreover, this study focuses on the rules related to the application of trade restrictive measures presented in Article XX’s chapeau. The second part of the thesis focuses on the appropriateness of using trade restrictions and their potential impact on the children whose protection is sought. The research consists in a case study on flower production in Ecuador, a sector characterized by the presence of children working under hazardous conditions and involved in producing goods for export. This sector has not yet been the target of commercial sanctions. Therefore, our research speculates on the effects of hypothetical sanctions and is exploratory in nature. The aim is not to reach firm conclusions about the effects of sanctions, but rather to identify the potentially beneficial or harmful effects that restrictive trade measures might have on exploited children, as well as to assess the potential contribution of such measures in solving the problem.
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Trojan, Wojciech. "Od Czeczenii do Somalilandu. Idea ochrony uchodźców w kontekście kultury organizacyjnej i prawnej urzędu Wysokiego Komisarza ds. Uchodźców." Doctoral thesis, 2017. https://depotuw.ceon.pl/handle/item/2503.
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