Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Clona'

Increased moisture of masonry occurs mainly in older buildings. In some cases these problems arise even in new buildings. This issue should be properly treated and process of rehabilitation of the building must be executed. Humid walls can be treated by chemical injections, which is nowadays quite extensive and widely used method. Unlike mechanical methods humid walls in the implementation of chemical grouting does not need a major redesign and thus is friendly to the construction of the object. The main objective of this thesis is to establish a methodology for testing the injection materials, which will include a selection of ideal injection gel.

The present work deals with electron microscopy, electron microscopy primarily environmental. The main task of the work will draft the optimal shape of the differentially pumped chamber, dividing the pressure difference between tube and chamber with sample for a new concept of an electron microscope. By ANSYS Fluent will be analyzed pumping gas. Subsequently, according to the results obtained will be a modified form of the differential Chamber and to achieve the lowest gas pressure on the track of the electron beam.

The thesis deals with analysis of measurement uncertainty. The theoretical knowledge presented in opening chapters is applied on indirect steam flow measurement by orifice plate. Calculation of steam flow is based on knowledge of pressure difference value, static pressure value and temperature. The data are acquired by experimental measurement in laboratory. The mass flow rate uncertainty is determined by normalized procedure (according to standard ČSN EN ISO 5167) and by detailed error analysis (according to standard ČSN ISO 5168) for comparison. Whole numerical computation employs python programming language in Spyder environment. Other computation result is steam consumption of washing cycle.

The master's thesis summarizes the theory of flow measurement by differential pressure sensors, especially by Normalized Orifice, and summarizes theory concerning Averaging Pitot Tube. It is briefly described LabVIEW programming environment and flow measuring track for which the software was developed. The thesis describes creation of concept of program and in particular its final realization. The program provide observing actual events on measuring track, saving data to file, detail analysis of stored data and creation of measurement report. The main objective is to determine the Averaging Pitot Tube coefficient.

The work deals with the design of a system of orifices for high pressure difference. The task of this work is to design a device for controlled discharge of steam-gas mixture from a volume compensator with an overpressure of 12,27 MPa to a tank with an overpressure of 0,02 MPa at a constant mass flow of 40 kg/h. The first part of the thesis contains the theory and also the basic principles of calculations. In the next part of the work, the theoretical properties of flow, such as the speed of sound in wet steam, are determined. This knowledge then serves the main goal of the work, namely to design a system of orifices to release steam-gas mixture from the volume compensator.

Nowadays the use of chemical gel injection for humid masonry provides many benefits. If we consider the financial aspects of this kind of remediation of humid masonry, we can say that this method is least expensive and time-consuming. In comparison with other remediation methods major interventions into the structure is not required, which could result in deterioration of the structural analysis of the works and the consequent need of special machinery, which subsequently increases spent effort and resources. There is also need for additional screens easily applied to walls breached by rising damp and this need is also required for research in dealing with this issue. Only a standard regulation dealing with remediation of wet masonry using chemical injection is directive WTA 4-4-04 / D – Injection of masonry against capillary moisture. From this point of view there is a clear need for further development in this area.

Les études d’amélioration génétique du Terminalia superba par voie asexuée ont été entreprises au CONGO, dans le cadre d’un projet de reboisement industriel de cette espèce. Une centaine de Limba d’élite sélectionnés dans les forêts du sud du Congo, ont été clonés et font l’objet depuis 1976 de plusieurs expérimentations et observations. Si actuellement, le bouturage est acquis et la croissance des clones encourageante, il n’en est pas de même de la réjuvénilisation qui ne semble pas encore satisfaisante, en particulier pour les caractères de branchaison. En conclusion, nous suggérons un schéma d’amélioration qui concilie la méthode asexuée et sexuée à partir des tests de provenances qui viennent d’être mis en place à NGOUA 2<br>Asexual propagation and morphogenetic clonal variability of Terminalia superba Engler and Diels (Limba) in South Congo. Genetic improvement of Terminalia superba by asexual propagation has been studied in Congo as part of an industrial reforestation project. One hundred elite Limba, selected in South Congo forests, were cloned and since 1976 have been studied in several trials. A technique of establishing cuttings is now well understood and the growth of clones is encouraging, but rejuvenation remains unsatisfactory, particularly as it affects branching. This thesis concludes with a suggested breeding scheme involving both sexual and asexual propagation of material being tested in recently established provenance trials

[eng] Chronic respiratory infection (CRI) by Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the main cause of morbidity and mortality in cystic fibrosis (CF). During the progression from early infection to chronic non-eradicable colonization P. aeruginosa undergoes a complex evolutionary adaptation and diversification process which eventually leads to a mixed and persistent infecting population in which multidrug resistant variants frequently rise compromising the selection of appropriate antibiotic therapies. In this work the interplay between three key microbiological aspects of these infections was investigated: the occurrence of transmissible and persistent strains, the emergence of variants with enhanced mutation rates (mutators) and the evolution of resistance to antibiotics. Clonal epidemiology, antibiotic susceptibility profiles, contribution of P. aeruginosa classical resistance mechanisms and the role of mutator variants were investigated in two large collections of CF P. aeruginosa isolates from the Balearic Islands and Spain. As well, whole genome sequencing (WGS) was used to decipher the phylogeny, interpatient dissemination, within-host evolution, WGS mutator genotypes (mutome) and resistome of widespread P. aeruginosa clonal complex 274 (CC274), in isolates from two highly-distant countries, Australia and Spain, covering an 18-year period. Finally, due to the Chronic respiratory infection (CRI) by Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the main cause of morbidity and mortality in cystic fibrosis (CF). During the progression from early infection to chronic non-eradicable colonization P. aeruginosa undergoes a complex evolutionary adaptation and diversification process which eventually leads to a mixed and persistent infecting population in which multidrug resistant variants frequently rise compromising the selection of appropriate antibiotic therapies. In this work the interplay between three key microbiological aspects of these infections was investigated: the occurrence of transmissible and persistent strains, the emergence of variants with enhanced mutation rates (mutators) and the evolution of resistance to antibiotics. Clonal epidemiology, antibiotic susceptibility profiles, contribution of P. aeruginosa classical resistance mechanisms and the role of mutator variants were investigated in two large collections of CF P. aeruginosa isolates from the Balearic Islands and Spain. As well, whole genome sequencing (WGS) was used to decipher the phylogeny, interpatient dissemination, within-host evolution, WGS mutator genotypes (mutome) and resistome of widespread P. aeruginosa clonal complex 274 (CC274), in isolates from two highly-distant countries, Australia and Spain, covering an 18-year period. Finally, due to the relevance of aminoglycosides in the management of CF-CRI, the dynamics of P. aeruginosa resistance development to aminoglycosides was also studied in vitro by WGS approaches. Despite discrepancies between molecular genotyping methods, a high degree of genetic diversity was documented among CF isolates from the Balearic Islands and Spain with scarce representation of CF epidemic strains. However, for the first time in Spain, we documented a superinfection with the multidrug resistant Liverpool Epidemic Strain (LES) in a chronically colonized patient. As well, P. aeruginosa CC274, previously detected in several CF individuals from Austria, Australia and France, was detected in 5 unrelated chronically colonized patients from the Balearic Islands and, therefore, this clone-type should be added to the growing list of CF epidemic clones. Subsequent analysis of the whole genomes sequences of P. aeruginosa isolates from the CC274 P. aeruginosa collection provides evidence of interpatient dissemination of mutator sublineages and denotes their potential for unexpected short-term sequence type (ST) evolution and antibiotic resistance spread, illustrating the complexity of P. aeruginosa population biology in CF. As well, epidemiological studies demonstrated the coexistence of two divergent lineages but without evident geographical barrier. Antibiotic resistance significantly accumulated overtime accompanied by hypersusceptibility to certain antibiotics such as aztreonam, which can be explained in terms of collateral susceptibility. Correlation between phenotypes and WGS genotypes of clonal isolates from the CC274 collection allowed us to define the mutational resistome of CF P. aeruginosa which extends beyond the classical mutational resistance mechanisms. Among the new chromosomic resistance determinants encountered, mutations within the penicillin-binding-protein 3 (PBP3), shaping up beta-lactam resistance, are noteworthy as well as mutations within the fusA1 gene, coding for elongation factor G, which along with MexXY overexpresion contribute to high-level aminoglycoside resistance. Strikingly, we encountered that MexXY overexpression is dispensable for in vitro resistance development to aminoglycosides which suggests an evolutionary advantage of its overexpression in the CF respiratory tract. Altogether this work demonstrates that clonal epidemiology and antibiotic resistance evolution in the CF setting results from the complex interplay among mutation-driven resistance mechanisms, within host diversification and interpatient transmission of epidemic strains.<br>[spa] La infección respiratoria crónica por P. aeruginosa es la principal causa de morbilidad y mortalidad en pacientes con fibrosis quística (FQ). Durante la progresión desde la infección temprana a la colonización crónica, P. aeruginosa experimenta un complejo proceso adaptativo y de diversificación que resulta en una población heterogénea y persistente en la que la aparición de resistencias a los antibióticos comprometen la selección de terapias apropiadas. En este trabajo se investigó la interacción entre tres aspectos microbiológicos clave de estas infecciones: la presencia de cepas transmisibles y persistentes, la aparición de variantes con tasas de mutación incrementadas y la evolución de la resistencia a los antibióticos. La epidemiología clonal, los perfiles de sensibilidad antibiótica, la contribución de los mecanismos clásicos de resistencia de P. aeruginosa y el papel de las variantes hipermutadoras se estudiaron en dos grandes colecciones de aislados procedentes de pacientes con fibrosis quística de las Islas Baleares y España. Asimismo, mediante secuenciación de genoma completo, se determinó la filogenia, diseminación interpaciente, evolución intrapaciente, genotipo hipermutador y resistoma de una colección de aislados clonales pertenecientes al complejo clonal 274 (CC274), proviniendo dichos aislados de dos países muy distantes, Australia y España, y cubriendo un período de 18 años. Finalmente, dada la relevancia de los aminoglucósidos en el manejo de estos pacientes, se estudió la dinámica del desarrollo de resistencia a aminoglucósidos in vitro mediante secuenciación de genoma completo. A pesar de encontrarse discrepancias entre los métodos de genotipado molecular, se documentó un alto grado de diversidad genética en las colecciones de las Islas Baleares y España, siendo escasa la representación de cepas epidémicas. No obstante, por primera vez en España, se documentó un caso de sobreinfección con el clon epidémico multirresistente de Liverpool. Además, en 5 pacientes de Baleares, crónicamente colonizados y sin aparente relación epidemiológica, se detectó el CC274. Puesto que este complejo clonal también ha sido detectado en pacientes de países como Austria, Australia y Francia, éste debería incluirse en la creciente lista de cepas epidémicas. El análisis posterior de las secuencias de genoma completo de los aislados del CC274 evidenció la diseminación interpaciente de un sublinaje hipermutador, denotando además el potencial de estas variantes para la inesperada evolución a corto plazo del secuenciotipo y la rápida diseminación de resistencias. Además, los estudios epidemiológicos demostraron la coexistencia de dos linajes divergentes, no evidenciándose barrera geográfica. Asimismo se documentó una tendencia generalizada a la acumulación de resistencias a los antibióticos en el tiempo, acompañada de hipersensibilidad a ciertos antibióticos como aztreonam, lo cual se puede explicar en términos de sensibilidad colateral. La correlación entre los fenotipos y genotipos determinados mediante secuenciación del genoma completo de los aislados pertenecientes al CC274 nos permitió definir el resistoma mutacional de P. aeruginosa en la FQ, el cual se extiende más allá de los mecanismos mutacionales clásicos. Entre los nuevos determinantes de resistencia cromosómica encontrados caben destacar tanto las mutaciones en la proteína fijadora de penicilina PBP3, que confieren resistencia a betalactámicos, como las mutaciones en fusA1, que codifica para el factor de elongación G, y que junto con la hiperexpresión de MexXY contribuyen a la resistencia de alto nivel a aminoglucósidos. Paradójicamente, encontramos que la hiperexpresión de MexXY es prescindible para el desarrollo de resistencia in vitro a aminoglucósidos, lo que sugiere que dicha hiperexpresión confiere una ventaja evolutiva in vivo. En conjunto, este trabajo demuestra que, en la FQ, la epidemiología clonal y la evolución de la resistencia a los antibióticos son el resultado de una compleja interacción entre los mecanismos de resistencia mutacionales, la diversificación de la población infectante y la transmisión interpaciente de cepas epidémicas.<br>[cat] La infecció respiratòria crònica per P. aeruginosa és la principal causa de morbiditat i mortalitat en els pacients amb fibrosi quística (FQ). Durant la progressió des de la infecció primerenca a la colonització crònica, P. aeruginosa experimenta un complexe procés adaptatiu i de diversificació que resulta en una població heterogènia i persistent en la qual l'aparició de variants resistents a múltiples antibiòtics comprometen la selecció de teràpies antibiòtiques apropiades. En aquest treball es va investigar la interacció entre tres aspectes microbiològics clau: la presència de soques transmissibles i persistents, l'aparició de variants amb taxes de mutació incrementades i l'evolució de la resistència als antibiòtics. L'epidemiologia clonal, els perfils de sensibilitat antibiòtica, la contribució dels mecanismes clàssics de resistència i el paper de les variants hipermutadores es van estudiar en dos grans col·leccions d'aïllats procedents de pacients amb FQ de les Illes Balears i Espanya. Així mateix, mitjançant seqüenciació del genoma complet, es va determinar la filogènia, disseminació interpacient, evolució intrapacient, genotip hipermutador i resistoma d'una col·lecció d'aïllats pertanyents al complexe clonal 274 (CC274), provenint de dos països molt distants, Austràlia i Espanya, i cobrint un període de 18 anys. Finalment, donada la rellevància dels aminoglicòsids en el maneig d’aquests pacients, es va estudiar la dinàmica del desenvolupament de resistència a aminoglicòsids in vitro mitjançant seqüenciació de genoma complet. Tot i trobar discrepàncies entre els mètodes de genotipat molecular, es va documentar un alt grau de diversitat genètica en les col·leccions de les Illes Balears i Espanya, sent escassa la representació de soques epidèmiques. No obstant això, per primera vegada a Espanya, es va documentar un cas de sobreinfecció amb el clon epidèmic multiresistent de Liverpool. A més, en 5 pacients de les Illes Balears, crònicament colonitzats i sense aparent relació epidemiològica, es va detectar el CC274. Ja que aquest complexe clonal també ha estat detectat en països com Àustria, Austràlia i França, aquest clon hauria d'incloure a la creixent llista de soques epidèmiques. L'anàlisi posterior de les seqüències de genoma complet dels aïllats pertanyents al CC274, va evidenciar la disseminació interpaciente d'un subllinatge hipermutador, denotant a més el potencial d'aquestes variants per a la inesperada evolució a curt termini del sequenciotip i per a la ràpida disseminació de la resistència antibiòtica. A més, els estudis epidemiològics van demostrar la coexistència de dos llinatges divergents, no existint barrera geogràfica. Així mateix es va evidenciar una tendència generalitzada a l'acumulació de resistències en el temps, acompanyada d'hipersensibilitat a certs antibiòtics com l’aztreonam, la qual cosa es pot explicar en termes de sensibilitat col·lateral. La correlació entre els fenotips i genotips determinats mitjançant seqüenciació del genoma complet dels aïllats pertanyents al CC274 ens va permetre definir el resistoma mutacional de P. aeruginosa en la FQ, el qual s'estén més enllà dels mecanismes de resistència mutacionals clàssics. Entre els nous determinants de resistència cromosòmica trobats cal destacar tant les mutacions en la proteïna fixadora de penicil·lina PBP3, que confereixen resistència a betalactàmics, així com les mutacions en fusA1, que codifica per al factor d'elongació G, i que juntament amb la hiperexpressió de MexXY contribueixen a la resistència d'alt nivell a aminoglucòsids. Paradoxalment, vam trobar a més que la hiperexpressió de MexXY és prescindible per al desenvolupament de resistència in vitro a aminoglucòsids, el que suggereix que aquesta hiperexpressió suposa un avantatge evolutiu in vivo. En conjunt, aquest treball demostra que l'epidemiologia clonal i l'evolució de la resistència als antibiòtics en el context de la FQ són el resultat d'una complexa interacció entre els mecanismes de resistència mutacionals, la diversificació de la població infectant i la transmissió interpaciente de ceps epidèmiques.

The master thesis deals with hydraulic characteristics of once-through boilers and describes the problems which may arise during the flow of water through the evaporator. Especially the formation of aperiodic instability of the evaporator and hydraulic uniformity amongst every steam generating tube. The thesis describes parameters, which cause these problems, and solutions how to deal with them. The calculation has been done for evaporator of the boiler called K2 located in power station in Chvaletice.

Computer vision algorithms typically process real world image data acquired by cameras or video cameras. Such image data suffer from imperfections cause by the acquisition process. This paper focuses on simulation of the acquisition process on simulation of the acquisition process in order to enable rendering of images based on a 3D generated model. Imperfections, such as geometry distorion, chromatic aberration, depth of field effect, motion blur, vignetting and lens flare are considered.

Background: Clonal competition in cancer describes the process in which the progeny of a cell clone supersedes or succumbs to other competing clones due to differences in their functional characteristics, mostly based on subsequently acquired mutations. Even though the patterns of those mutations are well explored in many tumors, the dynamical process of clonal selection is underexposed. Methods: We studied the dynamics of clonal competition in a BcrAbl-induced leukemia using a γ-retroviral vector library encoding the oncogene in conjunction with genetic barcodes. To this end, we studied the growth dynamics of transduced cells on the clonal level both in vitro and in vivo in transplanted mice. Results: While we detected moderate changes in clonal abundancies in vitro, we observed monoclonal leukemias in 6/30 mice after transplantation, which intriguingly were caused by only two different BcrAbl clones. To analyze the success of these clones, we applied a mathematical model of hematopoietic tissue maintenance, which indicated that a differential engraftment capacity of these two dominant clones provides a possible explanation of our observations. These findings were further supported by additional transplantation experiments and increased BcrAbl transcript levels in both clones. Conclusion: Our findings show that clonal competition is not an absolute process based on mutations, but highly dependent on selection mechanisms in a given environmental context.

A high-pressure actuator of regulatory valves of steam turbines is designed in this thesis. The first part of the thesis discusses different types of steam turbines and the alternatives of their regulation. In the second part, one particular arrangment, with directional control valve, double poppet valve and hydraulic curtain, is described. Technical documentation including the conceptual proposal, the choice of individual components and all calculations is the output of this thesis. Drawing documentation of the set and drawing documentation required for the construction of the hydraulic block is attached.

We assessed clonal development and extent of progression of hemopoietic malignancies (dysmyelopoietic syndrome (DMPS) and acute myelogenous leukemia) by examining in vitro growth patterns of their normal and leukemic progenitors. Additional phenotypic and cytogenetic analysis of an in vitro human myeloid leukemia model (HL-60) and its variant sublines were performed. These were aimed at determining cytogenetic abnormalities associated with phenotypic changes which accompany the derivation of these variant sublines. Our findings indicate that in vitro bone marrow cultures can be used clinically to rule out preleukemia, and that quantitations of bone marrow culture (CFU-C) can determine the potential for the development of acute leukemia in the DMPS patients. Acute leukemia developed in 48% of DMPS patients with a median transformation of 10 months.<br>In acute leukemia, there was a preferential growth of normal karyotype in the in vitro cultures even among the phenotypically specified "blast" colonies.<br>Analysis of HL-60 variant sublines demonstrated the development of specific chromosomal abnormalities (1q+, iso8q, iso17q) in two cell lines (clones resistant to chemical induction) in association with loss of differentiation. These specific chromosomal abnormalities are known to be associated with tumor progression. The development of 1q+ abnormality was associated with loss of myeloperoxidase reaction and persistence of primary granules in that specific variant. A group of variant subclones was also associated with loss of differentiation, cytogenetically however, they demonstrated a revert to near diploid near normal karyotypes.

Introduction: Barrett’s oesophagus (BO) is a metaplastic premalignant disease which can undergo a metaplasia-­‐dysplasia-­‐adenocarcinoma pathway. It represents an example of field cancerization by which an area occupied by BO can undergo molecular and genetic changes associated with carcinogenesis without being phenotypically cancerous. Previous work suggested that non-­‐cancerous BO contains a monoclonal population. More recent work demonstrated that premalignant Barrett’s fields are polyclonal suggesting that clonal interactions may be important in carcinogenesis. It is the aim of this thesis to further investigate clonal interactions in BO by understanding the effects of therapy in altering the relationships of clonal populations in BO, by assessing the relationship of clonal populations in dysplasia as compared with the associated cancer, and by attempting to elucidate a potential molecular mechanism of clonal interactions. Results: The overall results can be summarised as follows: 1.Premalignant clonal populations are well mixed allowing for clonal interactions. However, the adenocarcinoma associated with high grade dysplasia is monoclonal and derived from clonal populations found in the dysplasia, indicating possible clonal interactions during carcinogenesis. 2. Patients with persistent disease after endoscopy retain the same clonal populations. However, the clonal populations of recurrent disease changes such that new clonal populations arise or may benefit from the extinction of others. 3. These clonal populations may be derived from deep submucosal glands or may be found in phenotypically normal squamous epithelium indicating a common stem cell origin. 4. A possible mechanism of clonal interaction may be the senescence associated secretory phenotype: senescence is abundant in BO and can cause proliferation in neighbouring cells in vitro. Conclusion: This thesis has investigated the implications of clonal interactions in BO. The demonstration of temporal clonal heterogeneity as a result of endoscopic therapy, as well as spatial clonal heterogeneity possibly resulting in carcinogenesis, asks for a mechanistic explanation of clonal interactions. The consequences of senescence may well provide one such mechanism.

Submitted by (ana.araujo@ufrpe.br) on 2016-07-07T12:21:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Joseilme Fernando Gouveia.pdf: 4012962 bytes, checksum: 43c23a4011cc51d8a1e89ae1f1915c96 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-07T12:21:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Joseilme Fernando Gouveia.pdf: 4012962 bytes, checksum: 43c23a4011cc51d8a1e89ae1f1915c96 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-01-15<br>We have investigated the rate of substitution of advantageous mutations in populations of haploid organisms where the rate of recombination can be controlled. We have verified that in all the situations recombination speeds up adaptation through recombination of beneficial mutations from distinct lineages in a single individual, and so reducing the intensity of clonal interference. The advantage of sex for adaptation is even stronger when deleterious mutations occur since now recombination can also restore genetic background free of deleterious mutations. However, our simulation results demonstrate that evidence of clonal interference, as increased mean selective effect of fixed mutations and reduced likelihood of fixation of small-effect mutations, are also present in sexual populations. What we see is that this evidence is delayed when compared to asexual populations.<br>Nós investigamos a taxa de substituição de mutações vantajosas em populações de organismos haplóides, assumindo que o mecanismo de recombinação está fixo, com a ocorrência de mutações benéficas e deletérias. Propomos um modelo de população finita de indivíduos em que permitiu a recombinação com taxa r e quantificamos o sexo no modelo. Verificamos que o sexo e a recombinação aumentam a taxa de adaptação por permitir a recombinação das mutações originalmente benéficas em linhagens distintas da população e, assim, reduz a intensidade da interferência clonal. A vantagem do sexo é maior até quando ocorrem mutações deletérias, pois a recombinação possui um papel importante, porque eliminam as mutações deletérias com maior eficiência. Porém, nossos resultados de simulação demonstram também a ocorrência de evidências da interferência clonal em populações sexuadas. Observamos que, comparando a população sexuada com a assexuada, a interferência clonal ocorre para taxas mais elevadas de mutação benéfica. Notamos claramente a redução no ritmo de crescimento da taxa de fixação das mutações benéficas juntamente com o aumento do efeito médio seletivo das mutações que se fixam. E determinamos as distribuições que melhor descrevem a distribuição do efeito seletivo das mutações benéficas que conseguem se fixar em uma população.

This thesis deals with the production of a plastic body of the aperture by the method of injection moulding. The work includes a design of the injection mould for the given component. First, an appropriate material for the moulded piece was chosen and then the necessary calculations for the injection mould were made. A quadruplex injection mould with a heated inlet nozzle and pullout cores was designed based on these calculations. Modular components were chosen when designing the injection mould. The next part of the thesis contains the selection of the injection moulding machine for the given mould. The conclusion contains a technical-economical evaluation including the cost estimating for the injection mould and cost estimating for one moulded piece.

gekürzte Fassung: Coalgebren wurden sowohl in der Mathematik (seit den 70er Jahren) als auch in der theoretischen Informatik (seit den 90er Jahren) untersucht. In der Mathematik sind Coalgebren dual zu universellen Algebren definiert. Sie bestehen aus einer Trägermenge A zusammen mit Cofunktionen ? : A ? , die A in die n-fache disjunkte Vereinigung von sich selbst abbilden. Das Ziel der Forschung ist hier vor allem, duale Versionen von Definitionen und Resultaten aus der universellen Algebra für die Welt der Coalgebren zu finden. Die theoretische Informatik betrachtet Coalgebren von kategorieller Seite aus. Für einen gegebenen Funktor F : C ? C sind Coalgebren als Paare (S,&amp;quot;alpha&amp;quot;) definiert, wobei S ein Objekt von C und &amp;quot;alpha&amp;quot; : S ? F(S) ein Morphismus in C ist. Somit stellt der obige Ansatz mit Cofunktionen einen Spezialfall dar. Begriffe wie Homomorphismus oder Bisimularität lassen sich auf einfache Weise ausdrücken und handhaben. Solche Coalgebren modellieren eine große Anzahl von dynamischen Systemen. Das liefert eine kanonische und vereinheitlichende Sicht auf diese Systeme. Die vorliegende Dissertation führt beide genannten Forschungsrichtungen der Coalgebren weiter: Teil I beschäftigt sich mit &amp;quot;klassischen&amp;quot; Coalgebren, also solchen, wie sie in der universellen Algebra untersucht werden. Insbesondere wird das Verhältnis zur Klontheorie erforscht. Teil II der Arbeit widmet sich dem kategoriellen Ansatz aus der theoretischen Informatik. Von speziellem Interesse ist hier die Anwendung von Coalgebren zur Spezifikation von Systemen. Coalgebren und Klontheorie In der universellen Algebra spielen Systeme von Funktionen eine bedeutende Rolle, u.a. in der Klontheorie. Dort betrachtet man Funktionen auf einer festen gegebenen Grundmenge. Klone von Funktionen sind Mengen von Funktionen, die alle Projektionen enthalten und die gegen Superposition (d.h. Einsetzen) abgeschlossen sind. Extern lassen sich diese Klone als Galois-abgeschlossene Mengengzgl. der Galois-Verbindung zwischen Funktionen und Relationen darstellen. Diese Galois-Verbindung wird durch die Eigenschaft einer Funktion induziert, eine Relation zu bewahren. Dual zu Klonen von Funktionen wurde von B. Csákány auch Klone von Cofunktionen untersucht. Folglich stellt sich die Frage, ob solche Klone ebenfalls mittels einer geeigneten Galois-Verbindung charakterisiert werden können. Die vorliegende Arbeit führt zunächst den Begriff von Corelationen ein. Es wird auf kanonische Weise definiert, was es heißt, daß eine Cofunktion eine Corelation bewahrt. Dies mündet in einer Galois-Theorie, deren Galois-abgeschlossene Mengen von Cofunktionen tatsächlich genau die Klone von Cofunktionen sind. Überdies entsprechen die Galois-abgeschlossenen Mengen von Corelationen genau den Klonen von Corelationen. Die Galois-Theorien von Funktionen und Relationen einerseits und Cofunktionen und Corelationen anderseits sind sich sehr ähnlich. Das wirft die Frage auf, welche Voraussetzungen allgemein nötig sind, um solche und ähnliche Galois-Theorien aufzustellen und die entsprechenden Galois-abgeschlossenen Mengen zu charakterisieren. Das Ergebnis ist eine Metatheorie, bei der die Gemeinsamkeiten in den Charakterisierungen der Galois-abgeschlossenen Mengen herausgearbeitet sind. Bereits bekannte Galois-Theorien erweisen sich als Spezialfälle dieser Metatheorie, und zwar die Galois-Theorien von partiellen Funktionen und Relationen, von mehrwertigen Funktionen und Relationen und von einstelligen Funktionen und Relationen....

Background: Lung cancer is the world's leading cause of cancer death, with a 5 year survival rate of ~16%. Several factors contribute to this poor prognosis: the limited detection of disease at treatable stages, the high metastatic potential of any primary tumour, and the variable effectiveness of chemotherapy. We applied high resolution whole genome profiling technologies to uncover genes associated with specific lung cancer phenotypes and to delineate clonal relationships between tumours. Hypotheses: (i) Shared genetic features in tumours from the same patient are evidence of a common progenitor. (ii) Continuing clonal evolution facilitates selection for resistance genes during drug exposure. (iii) Drug response can be predicted for pretreatment lung cancer by evaluating specific gene changes. Materials/Methods: DNA alteration data from non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) were integrated with mRNA/protein expression data to identify genes contributing to tumourigenesis. Fine-mapped DNA alteration boundaries were used to evaluate clonality, discriminating multiple primary tumours from intrapulmonary metastasis. Subsequently, this approach was applied to define chemoresistance gene candidates in cells grown under drug selection. Genome alteration data for early stage lung tumours were also analyzed to define gene changes driving post-treatment recurrence in patients. Results: We optimized collection of and genomic analysis for clinical lung cancer, identifying novel oncogene candidates (including genes contributing to tumour invasion). In addition, we successfully used DNA alteration boundaries to discriminate clonally-related tumours and define ongoing clonal evolution in both tumours and cancer cell lines, providing evidence in support of our first two hypotheses. We also identified dysregulated genes and gene pathways associated with post-treatment recurrence for clinical lung cancer. These last data suggest that chemoresistance may be an intrinsic process for the majority of cells in a pre-treatment tumour, lending support to our third hypothesis. Significantly, we also detected distinct recurrence-associated gene changes within tumour histology subgroups, indicating that NSCLC may not be treatable as a single disease entity. Conclusions: Global analysis of DNA alterations is an effective means for defining clonal relationships between tumours. Further, tumour phenotypes such as chemoresistance are governed by complex activation of a variety of gene networks.

Loblolly pines, Pinus taeda L., are a vital part of the timber industry throughout the southern United States and are susceptible to damage and mortality as a result of attack by southern pine beetles, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmerman. The primary defense of loblolly pines against bark beetles is constitutive resin, which provides a physical barrier to beetle colonization. A study has been conducted to determine resin production heritablity in clonal loblolly pines. Samples were taken in the spring and late summer of 2005 and 2006 in Milton, FL and Walterboro, SC. Each site included nine complete random blocks containing improved and unimproved checks and 115 and 149 sampled clones, respectively. Two resin samples were collected at breast height from each tree after resin was allowed to flow for 22 +/- 2 hours. Samples were then dried until a subset reached constant mass and sample mass data were used to determine total resin flow repeatability. Total resin flow was found to be significantly higher in one family than the improved check. Resin production by clonal loblolly pines was found to have moderately high repeatability and low positive correlation with tree volume. Results indicate that clone selection that includes resin production as well as desirable growth characteristics can result in loblolly pines that display decreased susceptibility to the southern pine beetle.

Submitted by Alice Singer (lilicasinger@gmail.com) on 2013-02-27T16:25:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Alice.pdf: 1210322 bytes, checksum: a587136246bce1145c8096d499e28342 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Eliene Soares da Silva (eliene.silva@fgv.br) on 2013-02-27T16:28:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Alice.pdf: 1210322 bytes, checksum: a587136246bce1145c8096d499e28342 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2013-02-27T16:33:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Alice.pdf: 1210322 bytes, checksum: a587136246bce1145c8096d499e28342 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-01-31<br>Esse estudo foi motivado pela falta de bons fundos de investimento multimercado abertos para captação no Brasil e tem como objetivo analisar a viabilidade de utilizar a análise de estilo baseada em retorno para clonar retornos e comportamento de determinados fundos de investimento multimercado do mercado brasileiro. Modelos já testados no exterior e no Brasil foram pesquisados e optou-se por adaptar o modelo linear proposto por LIMA e VICENTE (2007). Verificou-se que o modelo de espaço de estados é mais adequado para clonar retornos de determinados fundos de investimento do que o modelo de regressão com parâmetros fixos. Resultados animadores foram obtidos para quatro dos cinco fundos analisados nesse estudo.<br>This work was motivated by the lack of hedge funds opened for new investments in Brazil and it aims to analyze the feasibility of using the style analyses to clone returns and behavior of certain Brazilian hedge funds. Models already tested abroad and in Brazil were investigated and it was decided to adapt the linear model proposed by LIMA and VICENTE (2007). It was found that the state space model is more suitable for cloning returns of certain hedge funds than fixed parameters regression models. Encouraging results were obtained for four of the five funds analyzed in this study.

To support multiple programming languages, the concept of offering applicationprogramming interfaces (APIs) in multiple programming languages hasbecome commonplace. However, this also brings the challenge of ensuringthat the APIs are equivalent regarding their interface. To achieve this, codeclone detection techniqueswere adapted to match similar function declarationsin the APIs. Firstly, existing code clone detection tools were investigated. Asthey did not perform well, a tree-based syntactic approach was used, where allheader files were compiled with Clang. The abstract syntax trees, which wereobtained during the compilation, were then traversed to locate the functiondeclaration nodes, and to store function names and parameter variable names.When matching the function names, a textual approach was used, transformingthe function names according to a set of implemented rules.A strict rule compares transformations of full function names in a preciseway, whereas a loose rule only compares transformations of parts of functionnames, and matches anything for the remainder. The rules were appliedboth by themselves, and in different combinations, starting with the strictestrule, followed by the second strictest rule, and so fourth.The best-matching rules showed to be the ones which are strict, and are notaffected by the order of the functions in which they are matched. These rulesshowed to be very robust to API evolution, meaning an increase in number ofpublic functions. Rules which are less strict and stable, and not robust to APIevolution, can still be used, such as matching functions on the first or last wordin the function names, but preferably as a complement to the stricter and morestable rules, when most of the functions already have been matched.The tool has been evaluated on the two APIs in King’s software developmentkit, and covered 94% of the 124 available function matches.<br>För att stödja flera olika programmingsspråk har det blivit alltmer vanligt atterbjuda applikationsprogrammeringsgränssnitt (API:er) på olika programmeringsspråk.Detta resulterar dock i utmaningen att säkerställa att API:erna ärekvivalenta angående deras gränssnitt. För att uppnå detta har kodklonsdetekteringsteknikeranpassats, för att matcha liknande funktionsdeklarationeri API:erna. Först undersöktes existerande kodklonsverktyg. Eftersom de intepresterade bra, användes ett trädbaserat syntaktiskt tillvägagångssätt, där allaheader-filer kompilerades med Clang. De abstrakta syntaxträden, som erhöllsunder kompileringen, traverserades sedan för att lokalisera funktionsdeklarationsnoderna,och för att lagra funktionsnamnen och parametervariabelnamnen.När funktionsnamnen matchades, användes ett textbaserat tillvägagångssätt,som omvandlade funktionsnamnen enligt en uppsättning implementeraderegler.En strikt regel jämför omvandlingar av hela funktionsnamn på ett exakt sätt,medan en lös regel bara jämför omvandlingar av delar of funktionsnamn, ochmatchar den resterande delen med vadsomhelst. Reglerna applicerades bådasjälva och i olika kombinationer, där den striktaste regeln applicerades först,följt av den näst strikaste, och så vidare.De regler som matchar bäst visade sig vara de som är striktast, och som intepåverkas av ordningen på funktionerna i vilken de matchas. Dessa reglervisade sig vara väldigt robusta mot API-evolution, dvs. ett ökat antal publikafunktioner i API:erna. Regler som är mindre strikta och stabila, och interobusta mot API-evolution kan fortfarande användas, men helst som ett komplementtill de striktare och mer stabila reglerna, när de flesta av funktionernaredan har blivit matchade.Verktyget har evaluerats på de två API:erna i Kings mjukvaruutvecklarkit, ochtäckte 94% av de tillgängliga funktionsmatchningarna.

Software clone detection is very promising and innovative within the industryfield. Existing mainstream clone detection techniques mainly focus ondetecting the similarity of source code itself, which makes them capable ofdetecting Type I and Type II clones (Type I clones are two identical codefragments except for variations in format and Type II clones are twostructurally identical code fragments except for variations in format). Butthey rarely pay attention to the relationship between codes. It becomes animportant research area to detect Type III code clones, which are clones withminor difference in statements, by using the context information in thesource code. I carry out a detailed analysis of existing software clone detectiontechniques in this thesis. It raises issues of existing software clone detectiontechniques in theory and practice. On the basis of the analysis, I propose anew method to improve existing clone detection techniques with a detailedtheory analysis and experimental verification. This method makes detectionof Type III software clones possible.

Purpose of this thesis is to check influence of turbulent model used for simulation of flow close to primary elementi inserted into piping. The goal is to check if results computed by these models are equal and how precise is their prediction.

Master thesis is dealing with the issue of condensate creation and removal from the Nesher Ramle steam turbine during start-up and steady state. At the beginning a preliminary calculation of heat balance and the turbine itself is done. It is followed by description and design of drainage system supplemented by calculation of the steam flow through the orifices. Steam flow calculation was done via S. D. Morris, Pavelek with Kalčík and Ambrož, all three methods were compared. The main goal is the theoretical calculation of the amount of condensate created during start-up which is influenced by its initial state from which it is started. Three default states are considered, cold, warm and hot. In the last chapter the comparison of theoretical calculation with the measured data on real turbine is done and it is supported by the evaluation of the data from the measurement of the steam turbine at steady state on maximum power and half power. From the steady state analysis, percentage of water flow to expander from the total amount of condensate formed in the turbine were obtained.

Kyoto University (京都大学)<br>0048<br>新制・課程博士<br>博士(農学)<br>甲第12378号<br>農博第1559号<br>新制||農||926(附属図書館)<br>学位論文||H18||N4136(農学部図書室)<br>24214<br>UT51-2006-J370<br>京都大学大学院農学研究科森林科学専攻<br>(主査)講師 高柳 敦, 教授 野渕 正, 教授 武田 博清<br>学位規則第4条第1項該当

Submitted by RAFAELA GOULARTE AMARAL null (goularteamaral@gmail.com) on 2016-11-23T16:56:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_finalBibliote.pdf: 1373961 bytes, checksum: 1b2d19d3756a76e3bfc66f5a604dadaf (MD5)<br>Rejected by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br), reason: Solicitamos que realize uma nova submissão seguindo as orientações abaixo: No campo “Versão a ser disponibilizada online imediatamente” foi informado que seria disponibilizado o texto completo porém no campo “Data para a disponibilização do texto completo” foi informado que o texto completo deverá ser disponibilizado apenas 6 meses após a defesa. Caso opte pela disponibilização do texto completo apenas 6 meses após a defesa selecione no campo “Versão a ser disponibilizada online imediatamente” a opção “Texto parcial”. Esta opção é utilizada caso você tenha planos de publicar seu trabalho em periódicos científicos ou em formato de livro, por exemplo e fará com que apenas as páginas pré-textuais, introdução, considerações e referências sejam disponibilizadas. Se optar por disponibilizar o texto completo de seu trabalho imediatamente selecione no campo “Data para a disponibilização do texto completo” a opção “Não se aplica (texto completo)”. Isso fará com que seu trabalho seja disponibilizado na íntegra no Repositório Institucional UNESP. Por favor, corrija esta informação realizando uma nova submissão. Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2016-11-29T11:17:28Z (GMT)<br>Submitted by RAFAELA GOULARTE AMARAL null (goularteamaral@gmail.com) on 2016-11-29T23:09:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_finalBibliote.pdf: 1373961 bytes, checksum: 1b2d19d3756a76e3bfc66f5a604dadaf (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-11-30T19:13:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 amaral_rg_me_ilha.pdf: 1373961 bytes, checksum: 1b2d19d3756a76e3bfc66f5a604dadaf (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-30T19:13:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 amaral_rg_me_ilha.pdf: 1373961 bytes, checksum: 1b2d19d3756a76e3bfc66f5a604dadaf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-28<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)<br>Os plantios clonais são comumente utilizados para obter ganhos na produtividade. No entanto, a uniformidade genética, quando em extensas áreas, pode comprometer o desempenho silvicultural do eucalipto. Uma alternativa seria o emprego da mistura de clones em áreas comerciais. Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de comparar a auto e alocompetição entre clones comerciais de Eucalyptus spp., e estimar as capacidades de exercer ou sofrer competição. O experimento foi implantado em delineamento de blocos casualizados, com 12 clones comerciais no espaçamento de 3,6 m x 2,5 m, com 5 plantas por parcela e 3 repetições. Foram avaliados aos 3 e 5 anos os caracteres altura de planta, diâmetro à altura do peito, volume e incremento médio anual. Com os dados médios da parcela foram efetuadas as análises estatísticas e estimados os parâmetros de competição. Houve diferenças entre a auto e a alocompetição para incremento médio anual e volume em ambas as idades avaliadas. O desempenho médio dos clones em auto e alocompetição foram semelhantes, não ocasionando prejuízos para a produção de madeira. A mistura clonal pode ser empregada sempre que for vantajosa do ponto de vista de manejo ou industrial. Os clones diferiram quanto à sua capacidade de exercer ou sofrer competição.<br>Clonal plantations are commonly used for gains in productivity. However, the genetic uniformity when in extensive areas, can compromise the silvicultural performance of Eucalyptus. An alternative would be the use a mixture of clones in commercial areas. This study was conducted in order to compare auto and allocompetition between commercial clones of Eucalyptus spp., and estimate the capacity to exercise or tolerate competition. The experiment was established in a randomized block design, with 12 commercial clones in the spacing of 3.6 m x 2.5 m, and consists of 5 plants per experimental plot in 3 repetitions. Each clone was evaluated exercising and tolerating competition in all the others, at 3 and 5 years. With the average data were performed statistical analysis and estimated parameters of competition. There were differences between auto and allocompetition the two ages evaluated for annual volume and average increment. The average performance of clones auto and allocompetition were similar, not causing damage to the production of the timber could be used to mix clonal whenever advantageous from the standpoint of handling or manufacturing. Clones differed in their ability to tolerate or exercise competition.

Code clone Discovery Based on Functional Behavior by Ronald M Krawitz 2012 Legacy programs are used for many years and experience many cycles of use-maintenance-use-maintenance-use-etc. Source code or source code functionality is frequently replicated within these programs when it is written, as well as when it is maintained. Over time many different developers with greater or lesser understanding of the source code maintain the source code. Maintenance developers, when they have limited time or lack understanding of the program, frequently resort to short cuts that include cutting and pasting existing code and re-implementing functionality instead of refactoring. This means a specific functionality is often repeated several times, sometimes using different source code. Blocks of replicated source code or source code functionality are called code clones. Removing code clones improves extensibility, maintainability, and reusability of a program in addition to making the program more easily understood. It is generally accepted that four types of code clones exist. Type-1 and Type-2 code clones are comparatively straightforward to locate and tools exist to locate them. However, Type-3 and Type-4 code clones are very difficult to locate with only a few specialized tools capable of locating them with a lower level of precision. This dissertation presents a new methodology that discovered code clones by studying the functional behavior of blocks of code. Code Clone Discovery based on Functional Behavior (FCD) located code clone by comparing how the blocks of code reacted to various inputs. FCD stimulated the code blocks with the same input patterns and compared the resulting outputs. When a significant portion of the outputs matched, those blocks were declared to be a code clone candidate. Manual analysis confirmed that those blocks of code were code clones. Since FCD discovered code clones based on their black-box behavior, the actual source code syntax was irrelevant and manual inspection further confirmed FCD located code clones that included Type-3 and Type-4 code clones which are frequently excluded from code clone detection tools. FCD recognized the code clones regardless of whether or not they use identical code, similar code, or totally dissimilar code. This new technique allows for an improvement in software quality and has the potential to significantly reduce the cost of software over its lifetime.

Software is often large, complicated and expensive to build and maintain. Redundant code can make these applications even more costly and difficult to maintain. Duplicated code is often introduced into these systems for a variety of reasons. Some of which include developer churn, deficient developer application comprehension and lack of adherence to proper development practices. Code redundancy has several adverse effects on a software application including an increased size of the codebase and inconsistent developer changes due to elevated program comprehension needs. A code clone is defined as multiple code fragments that produce similar results when given the same input. There are generally four types of clones that are recognized. They range from simple type-1 and 2 clones, to the more complicated type-3 and 4 clones. Numerous clone detection mechanisms are able to identify the simpler types of code clone candidates, but far fewer claim the ability to find the more difficult type-3 clones. Before CCCD, MeCC and FCD were the only clone detection techniques capable of finding type-4 clones. A drawback of MeCC is the excessive time required to detect clones and the likely exploration of an unreasonably large number of possible paths. FCD requires extensive amounts of random data and a significant period of time in order to discover clones. This dissertation presents a new process for discovering code clones known as Concolic Code Clone Discovery (CCCD). This technique discovers code clone candidates based on the functionality of the application, not its syntactical nature. This means that things like naming conventions and comments in the source code have no effect on the proposed clone detection process. CCCD finds clones by first performing concolic analysis on the targeted source code. Concolic analysis combines concrete and symbolic execution in order to traverse all possible paths of the targeted program. These paths are represented by the generated concolic output. A diff tool is then used to determine if the concolic output for a method is identical to the output produced for another method. Duplicated output is indicative of a code clone. CCCD was validated against several open source applications along with clones of all four types as defined by previous research. The results demonstrate that CCCD was able to detect all types of clone candidates with a high level of accuracy. In the future, CCCD will be used to examine how software developers work with type-3 and type-4 clones. CCCD will also be applied to various areas of security research, including intrusion detection mechanisms.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-07T19:33:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) 147.pdf: 1702752 bytes, checksum: 2ca15a3ffb097f591dfca56269551aba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005<br>Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.<br>O presente trabalho teve como principal objetivo avaliar a multirresistência e os fatores envolvidos na resistência aos carbapenemas, em 187 cepas de Pseudomonas aeruginosa oriundas de hospitais no Rio de Janeiro {3) e Mato Grosso do Sul (1 ), e de dois laboratórios da rede de Saúde Pública (ES e BA). O mecanismo de resistência aos carbapenemas foi determinado através da pesquisa da produção de metalo-Beta-lactamase (Mbla) por meio de um teste fenotípico de difusão em duplo disco, utilizando EDTA, e a presença de dois genes responsáveis pela produção deste de tipo de Beta-lactamase, foi verificada através da PCR. No computo geral, 66.3 por cento das cepas mostraram-se resistentes a seis antimicrobianos ou mais. Resistência ao imipeném foi observada em 58,3 por cento dos isolados, e ao meropeném em 57.2 por cento, com 85.3 por cento de positividade para Mbla. A presença dos genes IMP-l e SPM foi detectada em 6.7 por cento e 34.5 por cento, respectivamente. Através da Eletroforese de Campo Pulsado foram identificados 93 genótipos distintos para as 187 cepas analisadas, apontando a prevalência de um perfil genômico (A), detectado em todas as regiões que participaram do estudo. Este se caracterizou por 96.5por cento de positividade para Mbla e 41.4 por cento para o gene SPM. O elevado percentual de multirresistência, e o achado de um genótipo multirresistente prevalente em diferentes regiões do Brasil, indicam a disseminação de genes de resistência o que representa uma grande preocupação principalmente quando isoladas no ambiente hospitalar, por poderem estar envolvidas com surtos e impedir o tratamento de primeira linha.<br>Nosocomial infections, many times are the main cause of morbity and mortality among hospitalized patients, configuring a serious problem by public health. In this context Pseudomonas aeruiginosa is a leading cause of this kind of infection. At Brazilian hospitals, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, ranked first among all nosocomial pathogens related to pneumonia in intensive care unit, emphasizing its wrapping up with pathologies. The situation is increasingly worst because Pseudomonas aeruginosa is becoming multirresistant, what is a limiting factor in the treatment. Among the antimicrobial agents that are used to treat infections caused by pathogens β-lactam-resistant, the carbapenems are very useful antimicrobial agent due to be stable to hydrolyzing by the most β-lactamases, including extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL). However, today is increasingly the number of P. aeruginosa resistant to this agent. Therefore, the aim of this study was evaluate the multirresistance and the factors that were involved at imipenem resistance. A total of 187 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated at hospitals of Rio de Janeiro city (3) and Mato Grosso do Sul (1), and isolated in Public Helath laboratories situated at Espírito Santo and Bahia states. The mechanism to carbapenem-resistance was determined using a testing method for screening the production the metallo-β-lactamase (Mbla) using a convenient test using EDTA, and the detection of two genes producing metallo-β-lactamase was verified using PCR. Among all strains, 66.3% were resistant to 6 or more agents. Imipenem resistance was detected in 58.3%, and meropenem in 57.2%, where 85.3% strains was positive to the screening test to Mbla. IMP-1 was detected in 6.7% among the strains what were tested, and SPM-1 were detected in 34.5%. The Pulsed Field Gel Eletrophoresis (PFGE) identified 93 genotypes distinct among the 187 strains analyzed, and was observed the prevalence of one pattern (A), detected at all regions studied. This genotype was positive to the screening test in 96.5% and the SPM-1 gene was detected in 41.4% among the strains with this genotype. This high percentage of multirresistance and the presence of a predominant genotype common at the different regions of the Brazil, indicate the dissemination by resistance genes, representing a problem mainly when isolated at hospital, because the high possibility of an outbreak, impending the ideal treatment.

The dissertation thesis deals with the application of absorption methods for the separation of gaseous pollutants from polluted gaseous mixtures using a pilot plant scrubber. The efficiency of the gaseous pollutant removal was determined based on the hydrodynamic distribution of fluids inside the spray chamber. A TF-28 150 spiral nozzle, which was used to spray the absorption liquid, was experimentally characterized. Specifically, the pressure impact pattern of the liquid produced by the nozzle was investigated using intrusive methods and the effective spray angles, the modes of primary and secondary atomization, the droplet size and liquid velocity distributions were determined using non-intrusive optical methods. Numerical simulations of flow of model gas phase inside the sprinkler head and spraying of the liquid through the spiral nozzle were also carried out. The obtained data can be applied to estimate the interface area and together with the determination of the coefficient of total mass transfer thus define the kinetics of chemisorption for a given absorbent/absorbate combination.

Mestrado em Engenharia Agronómica - Instituto Superior de Agronomia<br>With the aim of evaluating the potential of five ‘Rocha’ pear clones (1, 2, 4c, T and Z), a field trial was conducted at APAS orchard, located in Cadaval (Sobrena). All the clones were grafted onto Provence BA-29, EMA and Sydo rootstocks and trees grown under identical soil and climate conditions. The agronomic characteristics and economic results were evaluated from 2006 until 2011 corresponding to the 5th and 10th year of the orchard. The field trial indicated that there isn’t an ideal combination of clone/rootstock leading to earlier pear production, trees with medium vigour, high fruit size, rounded shape fruits and good fruit quality. Combinations of Z/Sydo, 2/Sydo and T/Sydo reached the highest yields per unit/tree while the most productive was T/Sydo followed by Z/Sydo with a revenue of 42.968,3 €.ha-1 and 38.551,7 €.ha-1, respectively. Among the clones there were slight differences in fruit quality, the clones 4c, 1 and T produced pears with the highest fruit size and roundest shape fruits while the fruits of the clone T had the highest total solid soluble content. The rootstock Sydo achieved better results when comparing to BA-29 and EMA, resulting in earlier production of pears and increased yields, high fruit size and better shaped fruits.

A restricted version of the Galois connection between polymorphisms and invariants, called Pol−CInv, is studied, where the invariant relations are restricted to so-called clausal relations. In this context, the relationship of maximal C-clones and maximal clones is investigated. It is shown that, with the exception of one special case occurring for Boolean domains, maximal C-clones are never maximal clones<br>Wir untersuchen eine eingeschränkte Variante der Galoisverbindung zwischen Polymorphismen und invarianten Relationen, bezeichnet mit Pol−CInv, wobei die invarianten Relationen auf sogenannte klausale Relationen beschränkt werden. In diesem Zusammenhang wird die Beziehung zwischen maximalen C-Klonen und maximalen Klonen betrachtet. Es wird gezeigt, daß, mit Ausnahme eines Spezialfalles für Boolesche Grundmengen, maximale C-Klone niemals maximale Klone sind

<p>An unavoidable amount of money is spent on maintaining existing software systems today. Software maintenance cost generally higher than development cost of the system therefore lowering maintenance cost is highly appreciated in software industry.</p><p>A significant part of maintenance activities is related to repeating the investigation of problems and applying repeated solutions several times. A software system may contain a common bug in several different places and it might take extra effort and time to fix all existences of this bug. This operation commonly increases the cost of Software Maintenance Activities.</p><p>Detecting duplicate code fragments can significantly decrease the time and effort therefore the maintenance cost. Clone code detection can be achieved via analyzing the source code of given software system. An abstract syntax tree based clone detector for java systems is designed and implemented through this study.</p><p>This master thesis examines a software engineering process to create an abstract syntax tree based clone detector for the projects implemented in Java programming language.</p>

The scope of this thesis was to identify, describe and quantify important life-history traits for the pseudoannual aquatic plant Ranunculus lingua in different ecological settings, by comparing populations from geographically marginal vs. central habitats. Results from a four-year field study showed that abiotic factors (water-level fluctuations and associated processes) tended to have a greater influence in marginal populations, whereas biotic factors (competition, insect grazing and fungal infections) dominated in central populations. This was reflected in different depth distribution of ramet numbers and ramet sizes between the areas, and In different dynamic patterns, with a higher flux of ramets in marginal populations. In a reciprocal transplant experiment, marginal ramets produced more but smaller rhizomes, whereas central ramets produced Individually larger but fewer rhizomes, irrespective of transplant site. A possible selection for genotypes producing large rhizomes in the central habitat was supported by the fact that initially smaller ramets were more likely to be diseased by the fungal pathogen Peronospora gigantea and damaged by insect grazing. In the marginal population, where density-independent mortality factors tend to dominate, a high reproductive output, expressed in production of high numbers of rhizomes, was suggested to be a favoured life-history trait. In a glasshouse experiment, ramets from marginal and central populations were grown in low and high densities and under three contrasting nutrient levels. The allocation to sexual structures was generally very low, and did not incur any costs in terms of reduced rhizome production. Rhizome production showed strong positive allometrical relationships to mother ramet size. Increasing mother ramet size resulted in a larger increase in rhizome numbers for the marginal than for the central population, whereas the increase in mean rhizome mass was more pronounced for the centred population. Both populations showed similar reductions in rhizome production in response to increased density and lowered nutrient levels, which could not be explained by size-dependent effects adone. The dispersal, dynamics and distribution of R. lingua were studied in a marginal river population in northern Sweden, where the only means of dispersal is by vegetative diaspores, i.e. floating rhizome fragments. Stranding occurred mainly in river curves and at obstacles, and the distribution of established stands was also highly correlated with these features. Relative changes in ramet numbers were correlated with water-level fluctuations during the present and previous growing seasons, with winter low-water, and with duration of spring-flood. The predictability of change was high within but low between stands. It was concluded that the patterns and mechanisms of dispersal are fundamental for local distribution patterns as well as variation in regional abundance in R. lingua<br><p>Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 1992, härtill 4 uppsatser</p><br>digitalisering@umu