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Journal articles on the topic 'Co-surfactant'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 February 2023

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1

PUIG, J. E., L. E. SCRIVEN, H. T. DAVIS, and W. G. MILLER. "ROLES OF CO-SURFACTANT AND CO-SOLVENT IN SURFACTANT WATERFLOODING." Chemical Engineering Communications 65, no. 1 (March 1988): 169–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00986448808940252.

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2

Meziani, A., D. Touraud, A. Zradba, M. Clausse, and W. Kunz. "Co-surfactant properties of ketones." Journal of Molecular Liquids 84, no. 3 (March 2000): 301–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-7322(99)00196-8.

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3

Alli, Yani Faozani, Dadan Damayandri, and Yan Irawan. "THE EFFECT OF ANIONIC AND NONIONIC CO-SURFACTANT FOR IMPROVING SOLUBILITY OF POLYOXY-BASED SURFACTANT FOR CHEMICAL FLOODING." Scientific Contributions Oil and Gas 40, no. 3 (September 24, 2018): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.29017/scog.40.3.49.

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Surfactant is one of the crucial components for chemical flooding to recover oil production in the tertiary stage of the low primary and secondary recovery oil field. The mechanism is performed by decreasing the interfacial tension of oil and water which enhancing microscopic displacement efficiency. The present study showed the effect of commercial nonionic and anionic co-surfactant Tergitol, Teepol, Merpol, and SDS on the solubility of polyoxy based-surfactant (POS) through compatibility analysis, fi ltration ratio analysis, and IFT measurement. Whereas the presence of Teepol and Merpol did not change the original compatibility of POS in all concentrations, the addition of co-surfactant Tergitol and SDS were able to alter the solubility of POS from milky solution into a clear transparent solution. However, the most important characteristic of surfactant for reducing the IFT of oil-water was affected by the addition of co-surfactant which does not have sufficient IFT to release the trapped oil in the reservoir. Thus, exposing the mixture of surfactant and co-surfactant for a few days at the reservoir temperature has changed the visual appearance of solution from a clear transparent solution into a milky suspension, indicating the occurrence of thermal degradation. These results suggest that the addition of anionic and nonionic co-surfactant improved the solubility of POS, but increased the IFT. It can be concluded that the compatibility of POS in the brine can then be achieved by mixing it with suitable co-surfactant. Screening the other co-surfactant is required to obtain the one that enhances the compatibility as well as maintaining the ultralow IFT of POS.
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4

Pakpayat, Natthida, and Prapaporn Boonme. "Effects of Various Co-Surfactants and Oils on Microemulsion Formation in Decylglucoside System." Advanced Materials Research 747 (August 2013): 653–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.747.653.

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Decylglucoside is a non-ionic, non-toxic, biodegradable surfactant. This work aimed to establish composition where stable microemulsions could form using hydrophilic lipophilic deviation (HLD) concept to optimise the formulations. Scanning for suitable ratios of surfactant and co-surfactant was carried out by altering the surfactant/co-surfactant (S/CoS) ratios with two co-surfactants and seven different oils in order to find the optimum formulations. From the optimal S/CoS ratios, pseudo-ternary phase diagrams by dilution were subsequently performed, leading to obtain microemulsion zones. The zones of microemulsions could be observed in the systems composed of decylglucoside/sorbitan monooleate/isopropyl myristate/water at the 0.10/0.90 and 0.20/0.80 S/CoS ratios and decylglucoside/sorbitan monooleate /isopropyl palmitate/water at the 0.10/0.90, 0.15/0.85 and 0.20/0.80 S/CoS ratios. The microemulsion zones of two systems were similar and found at high surfactant concentrations. However, the studied decylglucoside microemulsion systems were interesting in drug and cosmetic applications because it consisted of non-ionic surfactant and co-surfactant, resulting low toxic products.
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5

Wostry, Melvin, Hanna Plappert, and Holger Grohganz. "Preparation of Co-Amorphous Systems by Freeze-Drying." Pharmaceutics 12, no. 10 (September 30, 2020): 941. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12100941.

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Freeze-drying was evaluated as a production technique for co-amorphous systems of a poorly water-soluble drug. Naproxen was freeze-dried together with arginine and lysine as co-former. To increase the solubility of naproxen in the starting solution, the applicability of five surfactants was investigated, namely sodium dodecyl sulfate, pluronic F-127, polyoxyethylene (40) stearate, tween 20 and TPGS 1000. The influence of the surfactant type, surfactant concentration and total solid content to be freeze-dried on the solid state of the sample was investigated. X-ray powder diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry showed that the majority of systems formed co-amorphous one-phase systems. However, at higher surfactant concentrations, and depending on the surfactant type, surfactant reflections were observed in the XRPD analysis upon production. Crystallization of both naproxen and amino acid occurred from some combinations under storage. In conclusion, freeze-drying was shown to be a feasible technique for the production of a selection of co-amorphous drug–amino acid formulations.
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6

Lu, Jun, and Gary A. Pope. "Optimization of Gravity-Stable Surfactant Flooding." SPE Journal 22, no. 02 (November 18, 2016): 480–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/174033-pa.

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Summary Horizontal surfactant floods are inherently unstable without mobility control. However, a vertical surfactant flood can be stabilized by gravity if the velocity is below the critical velocity. A modified stability theory was validated by comparison with a series of surfactant-displacement experiments. These experiments also demonstrate that the critical velocity can be increased by optimizing the viscosity of the microemulsion that forms when the surfactant solution mixes with the oil in the porous medium. The microemulsion viscosity is sensitive to formulation variables such as the amount and type of co-solvent added to the surfactant solution. By changing surfactant components, co-solvents, and the concentration of the co-solvents, we were able to successfully control the microemulsion viscosity at optimum salinity to optimize the critical velocities in each surfactant flood. The experiments with optimized microemulsions show that the surfactant-flood velocity can be significantly increased and still recover nearly 100% of the oil.
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7

Zhang, Qiang Qiang, and Xuan Jun Wang. "Study on the Preparation of Micro-Emulsified Diesel Oil and its Influencing Factors." Advanced Materials Research 512-515 (May 2012): 2179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.512-515.2179.

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In this experiment, the micro-emulsified diesel oil is prepared by using alkanol amide from the reaction between oleic acid and ethanolamine and the mixture of them and with its by-products as the surfactant and alcohols with different carbon chain lengths and molecular structures as the co-surfactant. The experiment explores the effect of the proportion and dosage of the surfactant on the water solubilization, studies the influence of the category, construction and dosage of the co-surfactant on the water solubilization and its stability, and also discusses the impact of concentration of the electrolyte on the micro-emulsion. The experimental result shows that the no1-ionic surfactant can be used to prepare the W/O micro-emulsified diesel oil when this is satisfied: m (oleic acid): m (ethanol amine) =10:1 and that 1-pentanol, isoamyl alcohol, 1-hexanol, benzyl alcohol can all be used as its co-surfactant. The co-surfactant of benzyl alcohol or 1-pentanol helps to ensure its mechanical and temperature stability, and to prepare the micro-emulsified diesel oil with no1-ionic surfactant from the reaction between oleic acid and ethanolamine as surfactant, one of the best formulation should be like this: room temperature(20°C），ω（0 # diesel oil）=70.6%, ω（surfactant）=9.2%, ω（benzyl alcohol）=5.0%, ω（inorganic salt solution）=15.2%.
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8

Wazir, Norhidayah Ahmad, Wasan Saphanuchart, Anita Ramli, and Nurida Yusof. "Improved As-Synthesized Oleic Amido Propyl Betaine Surfactant Mixture for Stable Ultra-Low Interfacial Tension: Effect of Mixed Co-Solvents." Colloids and Interfaces 5, no. 1 (January 6, 2021): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/colloids5010002.

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As-synthesized oleic amido propyl betaine surfactant mixture, that was produced through a “direct formulation through synthesis” process, exhibited ultra-low oil/water interfacial tension (IFT) values as low as 3.5 × 10−4 mN/m when dissolved in seawater at a reservoir temperature of 96 °C. The as-synthesized surfactant, which was left untreated, had a slightly cloudy appearance when mixed with seawater. Polar solvents were introduced to this surfactant to improve its aqueous solubility by changing its overall hydrophilicity, particularly on the oil/water interface. In this study, two types of glycol ether co-solvent, i.e., ethylene glycol monobutyl ether and diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, were used at different concentrations in a single application and as a mixture of co-solvents at a certain ratio. The behavior of the as-synthesized surfactant with the presence of these co-solvents was investigated. As a result, it showed that the co-solvent helps in solubility improvement and alters the interfacial tension behavior of the surfactant. Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether was found to be efficient in maintaining an ultra-low IFT value of the surfactant. However, the aqueous solubility of the surfactant was not significantly improved. In contrast, the addition of diethylene glycol monobutyl ether showed improvement of the aqueous solubility of the surfactant, but it tends to increase the IFT above ultra-low value. Based on this understanding, a set of co-solvent mixing ratios were tested, and the results showed further improvement in both the oil/water interfacial tension behavior and surfactant aqueous solubility. The most stable oil/water IFT of 3.36 × 10−3 mN/m and clearer surfactant solutions were obtained for ratio C at 35 wt.% presence of co-solvent.
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9

S., Hamdan, Laili C. R., Faujan B.H.A., Dzulkefly K., Zaizi M. D., and Ambar Y. "ASSOCIATION PHENOMENON OF ESTERS IN WATER/SURFACTANT/CO-SURFACTANT/HYDROCARBON SYSTEM." Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology 17, no. 1 (January 1996): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01932699608943489.

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10

Jiang, Jianzhong, Qianqian Xu, Guozheng Wang, and Zhenggang Cui. "Light and CO2/N2 dual stimuli-responsive wormlike micelles based on a zwitterionic surfactant and an azobenzene surfactant." Soft Matter 14, no. 5 (2018): 773–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7sm02064c.

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Light and CO2/N2 dual stimuli-responsive wormlike micelles (WLMs) were prepared with a zwitterionic surfactant and an azobenzene surfactant. In contrast to traditional CO2 responsive WLMs, a fast and reversible CO2-triggered thinning behavior was observed.
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11

Ahmadi, Delaram, Najet Mahmoudi, Richard K. Heenan, David J. Barlow, and M. Jayne Lawrence. "The Influence of Co-Surfactants on Lamellar Liquid Crystal Structures Formed in Creams." Pharmaceutics 12, no. 9 (September 11, 2020): 864. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12090864.

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It is well-established that oil-in-water creams can be stabilised through the formation of lamellar liquid crystal structures in the continuous phase, achieved by adding (emulsifier) mixtures comprising surfactant(s) combined (of necessity) with one or more co-surfactants. There is little molecular-level understanding, however, of how the microstructure of a cream is modulated by changes in co-surfactant and of the ramifications of such changes on cream properties. We investigate here the molecular architectures of oil-free, ternary formulations of water and emulsifiers comprising sodium dodecyl sulfate and one or both of the co-surfactants hexadecanol and octadecanol, using microscopy, small-angle and wide-angle X-ray scattering and small-angle neutron scattering. We then deploy these techniques to determine how the structures of the systems change when liquid paraffin oil is added to convert them to creams, and establish how the structure, rheology, and stability of the creams is modified by changing the co-surfactant. The ternary systems and their corresponding creams are shown to contain co-surfactant lamellae that are subtly different and exhibit different thermotropic behaviours. The lamellae within the creams and the layers surrounding their oil droplets are shown to vary with co-surfactant chain length. Those containing a single fatty alcohol co-surfactant are found to contain crystallites, and by comparison with the cream containing both alcohols suffer adverse changes in their rheology and stability.
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12

Wannas, Ali N., and Nidhal K. Maraie. "Preparation and in-vitro evaluation of cilostazol self-emulsifying drug delivery system." Al Mustansiriyah Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 20, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 13–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.32947/ajps.v20i1.682.

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This work reported a first liquid self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SEDD) of cilostazol using oleic acid as oil phase, tween 80 as surfactant, and transcutol as co-surfactant. Cilostazol is a poor water-soluble phosphodiesterase III inhibitor, which has antiplatelet and vasodilator effect used to relief intermittent claudication symptoms. Cilostazol solubility was determined in various oils, surfactants and co-surfactants and phase diagram was constructed at different oil: surfactant: co-surfactant ratios to determine the existence of nano-emulsion region. The in-vitro dissolution profile showed an optimized cilostazol SEDD formula (LT1) containing oleic acid (10%) as oil, tween 80 (45%) as surfactant, and transcutol (45%) as co-surfactant in comparison with the commercial conventionally Tablets. The LT1 formula was thermodynamically sTable, with a zeta potential of -30.48 mV and droplet size 154 nm. The LT1 capsule showed a superior dissolution profile (100%) when compared to the commercial Tablet (64%) of cilostazol. The objective of the present study is to formulate cilostazol as an oral liquid SEDD with better solubility and drug release to overcome a variable bioavailability of the commercial Tablet in which a high-fat meal increases absorption to approximately 90%.
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13

Braganza, L. F., M. Dubois, and J. Tabony. "Stabilization of lamellar oil–water liquid crystals by surfactant/ co-surfactant monolayers." Nature 338, no. 6214 (March 1989): 403–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/338403a0.

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14

Liu, Dongfang, Hongsheng Lu, Ying Zhang, Peiyao Zhu, and Zhiyu Huang. "Conversion of a surfactant-based microemulsion to a surfactant-free microemulsion by CO2." Soft Matter 15, no. 3 (2019): 462–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8sm02444h.

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15

Hazarika, Kalpajit, and Subrata Borgohain Gogoi. "Comparative Study of an Enhanced Oil Recovery process with various chemicals for Naharkatiya Oil Field." International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 2, no. 4 (October 25, 2014): 432–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v2i4.11047.

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This paper reports the effect of using black liquor whose main constituent is Na- lignosulfonate, which is the effluent from Nagaon paper Mill, Jagiroad, Assam, along with Alkali and Co-surfactant in enhanced crude oil recovery from Upper Assam porous media. In this paper an attempt has been done to study the change in Inter Facial Tension (IFT) with different concentration of Surfactant and also a comparative study has been done determine the change in IFT with or without Alkali and Co-Surfactant. Increasing the surfactant concentration reduces the IFT, hence increases the recovery efficiency. Alkali changes the Wettability of reservoir rock and reduces the surfactant adsorption and also act as an in-situ surfactant production.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v2i4.11047 Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol. 2(4): 432-436
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16

Wang, Xiao Long, Yong Hong Liu, and Yan Zhen Zhang. "Research on the W/O Emulsion Stability Influenced by the Content of Salt and Surfactants." Applied Mechanics and Materials 713-715 (January 2015): 2975–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.713-715.2975.

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The water-in-oil emulsion has been of great importance in the oil industry. The stability of water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion has been investigated over a wide range of parameters. These parameters are salt concentration (0-8%), nonionic surfactant concentration (0-10%), and co-surfactant concentration (0-4%). The stability of water-in-oil emulsion was studied by recording the height of emulsion at 0, 6, 12, 24h. This investigation describes the coalescence process and shows that the presence of the surfactant is necessary for stable emulsion, and stability gradually decreases with salt concentration to some degree. Moreover, the co-surfactant combined with surfactant can increase the stability of emulsion effectively.
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17

Olesen, Keith R., David R. Bassett, and Chris L. Wilkerson. "Surfactant co-thickening in model associative polymers." Progress in Organic Coatings 35, no. 1-4 (August 1999): 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0300-9440(98)00073-3.

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18

Jaeger, David A., Ven B. Reddy, and D. Scott Bohle. "Cleavable double-chain surfactant Co(III) complexes." Tetrahedron Letters 40, no. 4 (January 1999): 649–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(98)02511-8.

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19

Teklu, Tadesse Weldu, Waleed Alameri, Hossein Kazemi, Ramona M. Graves, and Ali M. AlSumaiti. "Low salinity water–Surfactant–CO 2 EOR." Petroleum 3, no. 3 (September 2017): 309–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.petlm.2017.03.003.

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20

Bay, Lasse, Keld West, and Steen Skaarup. "Pentanol as co-surfactant in polypyrrole actuators." Polymer 43, no. 12 (June 2002): 3527–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0032-3861(02)00105-2.

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21

Curbelo, Fabiola Dias da Silva, Alfredo Ismael Curbelo Garnica, Beatriz Sales Cavalcanti Nascimento, Giovanna Lais Rodrigues Leal, Tarsila Melo Tertuliano, and Raphael Ribeiro da Silva. "Influence of the oleic phase and co-surfactant addition in non-ionic microemulsified systems." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 2 (February 28, 2021): e58410212902. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i2.12902.

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Microemulsion is a thermodynamically stable dispersion consisting of an aqueous and an organic phases, both stabilized by surfactant molecules and when in need, co-active surfactant. The nature and structure of these components are essential in the formulation of microemulsified systems. For this, the construction of phase diagrams can be a fundamental tool to characterize the ideal experimental conditions for the existence and operation of microemulsions. Thus, the present work had as objective to obtain a comparison between microemulsions with different compositions through the construction of ternary diagrams, aiming to achieve the most stable system. To produce microemulsified systems, a non-ionic surfactant (Ultranex NP 60), a co-surfactant (Isopropyl Alcohol), two organic phases (pine oil and castor oil) and an aqueous phase (glycerin solution) were used. Also complementing the study, rheological tests of the oleic phases were accomplished, as well as their thermogravimetric analysis. The focus of the reached ternary diagrams was to find the system with the largest Winsor type IV region (microemulsion). It was verified this region had a significant increase by the addition of the co-surfactant in the medium and using a vegetable oil, such as pine oil, since it promotes strong surfactant-oil interactions on the interface.
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22

BATOV, D. V., T. A. MOCHALOVA, and A. V. PETROV. "Preparation and Combustibility Study of Microemulsions Water - Surfactant - co-Surfactant - 1,1,2,2-Dibromo-tetrafluoroethane." Пожаровзрывобезопасность 21, no. 4 (August 2012): 55–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.18322/pvb.2012.21.04.55-57.

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23

Scomoroscenco, Cristina, Ludmila Otilia Cinteza, Mircea Teodorescu, Ioana Catalina Gifu, Raluca Ianchis, Cristina Lavinia Nistor, Cristian Petcu, Claudia Mihaela Ninciuleanu, Elvira Alexandrescu, and Catalin Ionut Mihaescu. "Preparation and Characterization of Vegetable Oil-Based Microemulsions." Proceedings 29, no. 1 (October 15, 2019): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019029074.

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24

McGehee, M. D., S. M. Gruner, N. Yao, C. M. Chun, A. Navrotsky, and I. A. Aksay. "Synthesis of mesoscopic structures by co-assembly." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 52 (1994): 448–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100169973.

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Synthesis of materials with nanoscale (1-100 nm) organization is of utmost importance in various applications. Recently, scientists at Mobil described a surfactant-based procedure which yields mesoporous silicate/aluminosilicate materials with pores up to 10 nm in size and lamellar, hexagonal, and bicontinuous cubic structures. Two models were proposed to explain the formation of these materials. The first model assumes that silica polymerizes around a water-surfactant liquid crystal phase while the second model contends that the polymerization of the silica determines the ordering of the surfactants in a co-assembly fashion. Our time-resolved x-ray diffraction studies show that transitions between structures occur during synthesis, supporting the co-assembly model.The procedure for synthesizing cubic surfactant-silicates was as follows: 10.41 g of TEOS (tetraethoxy silane, Alpha Chemicals) was added to 35.86 g of Arquad (29% by weight C16TMAC1 in water, Akzo Chemicals), 25 ml of 1M NaOH, and 5.34 mL of deionized water. This mixture was stirred for 30 min with a magnetic stir bar, causing the TEOS to disperse with the surfactant solution and hydrolyze.
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25

Sithole, B. B., B. Zvilichovsky, C. Lapointe, and L. H. Allen. "Adsorption of Aqueous Nonylphenol Ethoxylate Surfactants on Metal Sample Loops: Effect on Quantitation by Liquid Chromatography." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 73, no. 2 (March 1, 1990): 322–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/73.2.322.

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Abstract In aqueous solutions of Igepal CO 610, a nonionic nonylphenol ethoxylate surfactant, adsorption of the surfactant takes place onto stainless steel metal surfaces. This adsorption results in increased peak height of the surfactant when a sample loop is purged with increasing volumes of the surfactant. This, in turn, affects the quantitation of the surfactant. However, the adsorption is reproducible at constant purging volumes and results in calibration curves with good precision.
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26

Yadav, Ramesh, K. Chandramani Singh, S. R. Choudhary, and P. C. Jain. "Location of Phase Boundaries of Lyotropic Liquid Crystal Employing Positron Lifetime Spectroscopy and Electrical Conductivity Measurement." Materials Science Forum 733 (November 2012): 127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.733.127.

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Different compositions of surfactant systems give rise to a rich variety of structures of aggregates. At higher concentrations of surfactant in water, the surfactant molecules aggregate to form lyotropic liquid crystals [1]. In the present work we have prepared two surfactant systems consisting of (i) 20% of cetyl-trimethyl-ammonium-bromide (CTAB) in water, and (ii) 30% of tetra-decyl-trimethyl-ammonium-bromide (TTAB) in water. Both the systems exhibit various lyotropic liquid crystal structures when an increasing amount of co-surfactant is added as third component [2, 3]. These liquid crystalline structures are very sensitive to the solution conditions such as co-surfactant concentration, temperature, ionic strength, counter ion polarizability etc. In this study, positron life time spectroscopy and conductivity measurement have been employed to locate various phases exhibited by the lyotropic liquid crystals. In addition to delineating various phase boundaries of the systems, positron annihilation technique has also yielded new findings.
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27

Ratcharin, N., P. Wongtrakul, and Ratana Indranupakorn. "Preparation of Zingiber officinale Extract Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles." Advanced Materials Research 506 (April 2012): 389–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.506.389.

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Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) loaded ginger extract were prepared by microemulsion technique. The nanoparticles were composed of stearic acid as solid lipids, Cremophor RH 40 as surfactant and ethanol as co-surfactant. It was found that variation in the amount of surfactant and co-surfactant had profound effects on the mean particle size, the drug entrapment efficiency and loading capacity. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) revealed the spherical nature of the particles. The mean particle size of SLNs ranging between 453.1 and 551.7 nm were measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS). The entrapment efficiency (EE) and drug loading capacity (LC) determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) found to be in the range of 85.2390.07% and 1.411.49%, respectively.
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28

Prajapati, Bhupendra G., Malay Jivani, and Himanshu Paliwal. "FORMULATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF TOPICAL NANOEMULSION BASED GEL OF MOMETASONE FUROATE USING 32 FULL FACTORIAL DESIGN." INDIAN DRUGS 58, no. 06 (August 17, 2021): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.53879/id.58.06.12796.

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Mometasone furoate (MF) is a glucocorticoid prodrug that faces the problem of poor aqueous solubility. Nanoemulsion-based topical gel of MF was formulated to enhance its solubility and potential of treating skin conditions. The selection of oil, surfactant and co-surfactant was done based on their solubility with the drug. The nanoemulsion was prepared using rose oil as the oil phase. Tween 80 and Transcutol P were used as surfactant and co-surfactant and they were blended in different ratios (1:0, 1:1, 2:1 and 3:1 w/w). The pseudo ternary diagrams were developed using these excipients and formulations exhibiting considerable nanoemulsion region were selected. The formulations were optimized by using Design Expert software for the globule size and cumulative percent release. The nanoemulsion formulations were characterized for in vitro release and stability study. The optimized nanoemulsions consisting of 2 % w/w oil, 30 % w/w Smix (Surfactant: Co-surfactant) and 67.9 % w/w water were consolidated into Carbopol 940 gelling agent to prepare three nanoemulsion-based gel formulations or nanoemulgels (NEG1-NEG3). Nanoemulgels were evaluated for their stability and ex vivo permeation of MF. The outcomes suggested that skin permeation of MF from all the nanoemulgel formulations was significantly enhanced as compared to the marketed mometasone furoate topical formulation.
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29

Lakkad, Hardik A., and Vipul P. Patel. "Design Development and Characterisation of Mupirocin Loaded Emulsion Based Gel." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research 13, no. 05 (September 30, 2021): 543–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.25004/ijpsdr.2021.130512.

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The objective of the present study was to develop more retentive and effective drug delivery system for mupirocin. The research was going on in achieving effective formulation. Mupirocin is an anti-microbial agent that is used in wounds healing treatment. First Screening of oil, surfactant and co-surfactant for SEDDS carried out. Solubility of drug was investigated in different oils, surfactant and co-surfactants by UV method. A drug was dissolved in available oil in which it exhibited maximum solubility, then surfactant and co-surfactant were added in which drug showed maximum solubility, mixed well on a magnetic stirrer. Transparent SEDDS were formed. Carbopol 940 and Polyacrylate sodium gelling agent was suspended in water and hydrated for overnight separately. For preparation of Emulgel, various ratios of gel and SEDDS were set. Emulgel was evaluated for %drug release, pH, and drug content. The results indicated that Emulgel gave better controlled release. The formulation F11 showed 99.27 percent drug release, pH 6.7 ± 0.1 and drug content 99.4 ± 0.11%. Formulation F11 was selected as an optimized formulation. The formulations of Emulgel delivered very good therapeutic efficacy for topical application.
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Ma, Jing Jing, and Bo Lin Wu. "Preparation of High-Purity α-Alumina by Oil-in-Water Microemulsion." Advanced Materials Research 399-401 (November 2011): 673–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.399-401.673.

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The main objective of this work was to prepare high purity α-alumina powder (α-Al2O3) by mixed oil-in-water microemulsion route. In this study α-alumina was prepared by quaternary microemulsion system (water/surfactant/co-surfactant/oil-phase). OP-10, alcohol and the mixed solution of cyclohexane and aluminium isopropoxide were used as surfactant, co-surfactant and oil-phase, respectively. After drying the amorphous precursor powder, α-alumina powder is obtained by sintering at 1200°C for 3-5h. The X-ray diffraction pattern shows the presence of alumina phase with crystal structure and the slow scan with step size 0.0170°/sec of selected diffraction peaks such as (113) has been recorded and calculated by Scherer’s formula. The average crystallite size is about 40nm.
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Worachun, Narumon, Praneet Opanasopit, Theerasak Rojanarata, and Tanasait Ngawhirunpat. "Development of Ketoprofen Microemulsion for Transdermal Drug Delivery." Advanced Materials Research 506 (April 2012): 441–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.506.441.

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The aim of this study was to prepare microemulsion for transdermal drug delivery of ketoprofen (KP). The physicochemical and chemical properties of microemulsion were evaluated. The microemulsion were composed of isopropyl myristate (IPM) as oil phase, water, PEG40-hydrogenated castor oil (Cremophor® RH40) as surfactant and PEG400 as co-surfactant, and the surfactant: co-surfactant ratio used was 1:1. The viscosity, droplet size, pH, conductivity of microemulsion and skin permeation of KP through shed snake skin were evaluated. The particle size, viscosity and conductivity of microemulsions were in the range of 172-468 nm, 234.82-1067.35 cP and 6.80-20.87µS/cm, respectively. The ratio of IPM and surfactant mixture played an important role on KP loading capacity of microemulsions formulation and skin permeation of KP. While amount of surfactant increased, the loading capacity of KP increased, but the skin permeation of KP decreased. The results suggested that the novel microemulsion system composed of IPM, water, Cremophor® RH40:PEG400 (ratio 1:1) can be applied for using as a transdermal drug delivery carrier.
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Pottage, Matthew J., Tiara Kusuma, Isabelle Grillo, Christopher J. Garvey, Anthony D. Stickland, and Rico F. Tabor. "Fluorinated lamellar phases: structural characterisation and use as templates for highly ordered silica materials." Soft Matter 10, no. 27 (2014): 4902–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4sm00666f.

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Highly ordered silica was synthesised by using a lamellar phase comprising the anionic fluorinated surfactant sodium perfluorooctanoate and the partially-fluorinated co-surfactant/oil 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctan-1-ol in water.
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Lim, Zhe Qin, Nabilla Afzan Abdul Aziz, Ahmad Kamal Idris, and Nur Asyraf Md Akhir. "Green Lignosulphonate as co-surfactant for wettability alteration." Petroleum Research 5, no. 2 (June 2020): 154–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ptlrs.2019.12.002.

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Grey, Katherine R., Jamie L. Hanson, Solveig L. Hagen, Sara A. Hylwa, and Erin M. Warshaw. "Epidemiology and Co-Reactivity of Novel Surfactant Allergens." Dermatitis 27, no. 6 (2016): 348–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/der.0000000000000226.

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Chen, Lang G., Stephen H. Strassburg, and Harry Bermudez. "Micelle co-assembly in surfactant/ionic liquid mixtures." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 477 (September 2016): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2016.05.020.

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Chen, Kan Lin, Chien Jung Huang, Pin Hsiang Chiu, and Yeong Her Wang. "Synthesis of the Gold Nanocubes by Electrochemical Method with Surfactant Solution and Acetone Solvent Addition." Key Engineering Materials 434-435 (March 2010): 434–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.434-435.434.

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Monodispersed gold nanocubes of highly uniform size were fabricated by a simple electrochemical method. The lengths of the edges of the gold nanocubes were about 30 nm. The growth solution was prepared from two cationic surfactant solutions as micelle templates with added acetone solvent. The primary surfactant was hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and the co-surfactant was tetradodecylammonium bromide (TTAB).
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Mustaffa, Nur Ili Hamizah, Mariana Ribas-Ribas, Hanne M. Banko-Kubis, and Oliver Wurl. "Global reduction of in situ CO 2 transfer velocity by natural surfactants in the sea-surface microlayer." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 476, no. 2234 (February 2020): 20190763. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2019.0763.

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For decades, the effect of surfactants in the sea-surface microlayer (SML) on gas transfer velocity ( k ) has been recognized; however, it has not been quantified under natural conditions due to missing coherent data on in situ k of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and characterization of the SML. Moreover, a sea-surface phenomenon of wave-dampening, known as slicks, has been observed frequently in the ocean and potentially reduces the transfer of climate-relevant gases between the ocean and atmosphere. Therefore, this study aims to quantify the effect of natural surfactant and slicks on the in situ k of CO 2 . A catamaran, Sea Surface Scanner (S 3 ), was deployed to sample the SML and corresponding underlying water, and a drifting buoy with a floating chamber was deployed to measure the in situ k of CO 2 . We found a significant 23% reduction of k above surfactant concentrations of 200 µg Teq l −1 , which were common in the SML except for the Western Pacific. We conclude that an error of approximately 20% in CO 2 fluxes for the Western Pacific is induced by applying wind-based parametrization not developed in low surfactant regimes. Furthermore, we observed an additional 62% reduction in natural slicks, reducing global CO 2 fluxes by 19% considering known frequency of slick coverage. From our observation, we identified surfactant concentrations with two different end-members which lead to an error in global CO 2 flux estimation if ignored.
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Larcinese-Hafner, Valeria, and Vera Tchakalova. "Co-surfactant, co-solvent, and hydrotropic properties of some common cooling agents." Flavour and Fragrance Journal 33, no. 4 (April 17, 2018): 303–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ffj.3449.

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39

Hammodi, Ihab D., and Shaimaa N. Abd Alhammid. "Preparation and Characterization of Topical Letrozole Nanoemulsion for Breast Cancer." Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences ( P-ISSN: 1683 - 3597 , E-ISSN : 2521 - 3512) 29, no. 1 (June 25, 2020): 195–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.31351/vol29iss1pp195-206.

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Letrozole (LZL) is a non-steroidal competitive aromatase enzyme system inhibitor. The aim of this study is to improve the permeation of LZL through the skin by preparing as nanoemulsion using various numbers of oils, surfactants and co-surfactant with deionized water. Based on solubility studies, mixtures of oleic acid oil and tween 80/ transcutol p as surfactant/co-surfactant (Smix) in different percentages were used to prepare nanoemulsions (NS). Therefore, 9 formulae of (o/w) LZL NS were formulated, then pseudo-ternary phase diagram was used as a useful tool to evaluate the NS domain at Smix ratios: 1:1, 2:1 and 3:1.
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Shokuhfar, Ali, S. Alibeigi, Mohammad Reza Vaezi, and Sayed Khatiboleslam Sadrnezhaad. "Synthesis of Fe3O4 Nanoparticles Prepared by Various Surfactants and Studying their Characterizations." Defect and Diffusion Forum 273-276 (February 2008): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.273-276.22.

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Magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles were prepared simply by the reverse co-precipitation method from the solution of ferrous/ferric mixed salt in the presence of cationic surfactant (cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, CTAB) and nonionic surfactant (Polyethylene glycol, PEG) in two concentrations. Meanwhile, Fe3O4 nanoparticles without surfactant are also synthesized under the same condition for comparison. In addition via the reverse co-precipitation method, the pH which is an important factor in synthesis of magnetite was controlled at high values easily. The experimental results reveal that addition of surfactants affected on the size and morphology of the nanoparticles based on the X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) characterizations.
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Bhatti, M. Hammad Tariq, Sarim Sohail, M. Usama Aslam, Hana Ather, Talib Hussain, and Muhammad Kashif. "Formulation, development and characterization of ibuprofen microemulgel for arthritis." Journal of Contemporary Pharmacy 6, no. 2 (December 31, 2022): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.56770/jcp2022623.

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Objective: Microemulgel is composed of aqueous phase, lipophilic phase, along with surfactant and co-surfactant, a suitable gelling agent is also incorporated. The drug Ibuprofen is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Its oral administration associated with many GIT, hepatic and renal problems. The main objective of the study was to formulate a stable topical microemulgel of ibuprofen in order to achieve the highest bioavailability with least side effects. Method: Pseudo ternary phase diagram was constructed in order to get the suitable concentrations of lipophilic phase, surfactant and co-surfactant. Phase titration method was used to prepare microemulsion, with surfactant and co-surfactant in a ratio of 2:1 respectively, along with gelling agent to form microemulgel. Formulations were evaluated to check appearance, pH, flowability, particle size, drug content, spreadability, drug release and skin irritation. Results: The globule size of microemulsion was 400 nm and zeta potential was -14 mV showing acceptable stability. Formulated emulgel showed good physical characteristics, suitable pH of 6.4 for skin. The drug content was 98.474%. The stability study showed that the ibuprofen was stable in phosphate buffer pH of 6.8. The carbopol 940 as a gelling agent showed high release rate values. The release rate of the optimized formulation, F1 was 94% and it followed Korsmeyer Peppas model (n=0.467). Conclusion: The prepared formulation was cost-effective because of promising highest bioavailability. The results suggest the potential use of developed microemulgel is mainly for topical delivery of ibuprofen, ensuring the safe use.
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42

Van Hamme, J. D., and O. P. Ward. "Influence of chemical surfactants on the biodegradation of crude oil by a mixed bacterial culture." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 45, no. 2 (February 1, 1999): 130–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w98-209.

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The effects of surfactant physicochemical properties, such as the hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) and molecular structure, on the biodegradation of 2% w/v Bow River crude oil by a mixed-bacterial culture were examined. Viable counts increased 4.6-fold and total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) biodegradation increased 57% in the presence of Igepal CO-630, a nonylphenol ethoxylate (HLB 13, 0.625 g/L). Only the nonylphenol ethoxylate with an HLB value of 13 substantially enhanced biodegradation. The surfactants from other chemical classes with HLB values of 13 (0.625 g/L) had no effect or were inhibitory. TPH biodegradation enhancement by Igepal CO-630 occurred at concentrations above the critical micelle concentration. When the effect of surfactant on individual oil fractions was examined, the biodegradation enhancement for the saturate and aromatic fractions was the same. In all cases, biodegradation resulted in increased resin and asphaltene concentrations. Optimal surfactant concentrations for TPH biodegradation reduced resin and asphaltene formation. Chemical surfactants have the potential to improve crude oil biodegradation in complex microbial systems, and surfactant selection should consider factors such as molecular structure, HLB, and surfactant concentration.Key words: mixed culture, crude oil, surfactant, hydrophile-lipophile balance, biodegradation.
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43

Panomsuk, Suwannee, Natcha Porkar, Pornnapa Meerasen, Nuttapoj Kunrattanaporn, and Malai Satiraphan. "Development and Physico-Chemical Evaluations of Clove Oil Microemulsions." Key Engineering Materials 859 (August 2020): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.859.62.

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Clove oil, extracted from dried floral buds of clove (Syzygium aromaticum), are used in topical products because it has antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Microemulsions (ME) are stable emulsion which can be formulated by simple mixing of oil, water, surfactant and co-surfactant. The objectives of this research were to develop and evaluate clove oil-loaded ME for topical application by using Tween 80 as surfactant. Ethanol, isopropanol and propylene glycol (PG) were used as co-surfactants. Pseudo ternary-phase diagram showed that using ethanol and isopropanol provided larger ME area than using PG in all surfactant:co-surfactant ratio (SR; 1:0.5, 1:1 and 1:2). Up to 20% w/w of clove oil can be loaded in ME by using surfactant mixture of 60-80% w/w. The effects of various amounts of clove oil (5-20%) and surfactant mixture (60, 70, 80%) at SR of 1:1 on physico-chemical properties of ME were observed. All formulations are transparent with the pH values of 6.8-8.0. The droplets size of ME using ethanol and isopropanol as co-surfactant ranged from 10-100 nm while that using PG was higher. Conductivity values showed that all formulations were o/w ME. Zeta potential values revealed stable particles. For ethanol and isopropanol, ME containing 5-10% clove oil and 60-70% SM showed good physico-chemical stability. The amount of eugenol in clove oil analyzed by gas chromatographic (GC-FID) method was 82.27% v/v. The stability test of selected formulations (70% surfactant mixture at SR = 1:1) was evaluated from %eugenol remaining at room temperature and in refrigerator after 4-week storage. It was found that the amount of eugenol in the formulation was effected by the storage condition. Our results indicate that clove oil can be prepared in ME with physico-chemical stability by using Tween 80 and ethanol as surfactant system.
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44

A. Hussein, Ahmed. "Preparation and Evaluation of Liquid and Solid Self-Microemulsifying Drug Delivery System of Mebendazole." Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences ( P-ISSN 1683 - 3597 E-ISSN 2521 - 3512) 23, no. 1 (March 28, 2017): 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.31351/vol23iss1pp89-100.

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The aim of present study was to develop solid and liquid self-microemulsifying drug delivery system of poorly water soluble drug mebendazole using Aerosil 200 as solid carrier. Microemulsions are clear, stable, isotropic liquid mixtures of oil, water and surfactant, frequently in combination with a co-surfactant having droplet size range usually in the range of 20-250 nm. Oleic acid, tween 80 and polypropylene glycol were selected as oil, surfactant and co-surfactant respectively and for preparation of stable SMEDDS, micro emulsion region was identified by constructing pseudo ternary phase diagram containing different proportion of surfactant: co-surfactant (1:1, 2:1 and 3:1), oil and water. In brief S/ CoS mix means surfactant to co-surfactant and oil were mixed at ratio of 1:9, 2:8, 3:7, 4:6, 5:5, 6:4, 7:3, 8:2 and 9:1 manner. To the resultant mixtures, water was added drop wise till the first sign of turbidity in order to identify the end point and after equilibrium; if the system became clear then the water addition was continued. Prepared optimised formula of microemulsion was evaluated for SEM, particle size analysis, polydispersity index, phase separation, viscosity determination, zeta potential, in- vitro dissolution study and in- vivo studies. The optimized microemulsion was converted into solid form by Spray Drying technique by using Aerosil 200 as solid carrier. Prepared SMEDDS was characterized for same parameters as that of microemulsion. Solid SMEDDS of mebendazole prepared using Aerosil 200 by spray drying technique showed good drug content uniformity. After reconstitution it formed microemulsion with micrometric range. In-vitro drug release and in-vivo plasma drug concentration of microemulsion and SMEDDS was much higher than that of marketed praparation. Hence lipid based drug delivery system may efficiently formulate microemulsion and it can be solidified easily by spray drying technique which enhances dissolution rate and thus concomitantly bioavailability. In conclusion ,self micro emulsifying drug delivery system has become promising tool to overcome shortcomings associated with conventional delivery. Kew words: Self-microemulsifying drug delivery system, Microemulsion, Mebendazole.
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45

Kumar, Ashish, Ajay Kumar, Abhishek Soni, and Jyoti Devi. "Development and In-Vitro Evaluation of Itraconazole Loaded Nanoemulsion." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 12, no. 3 (May 15, 2022): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v12i3.5317.

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Nanoemulsions are one of the major popular formulation systems in the pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical fields. Nanoemulsions are generally composed of a dispersed oil phase within a continuous aqueous phase. Itraconazole is an antifungal medication used to treat a number of fungal infections. It is in the triazole family of medications. Itraconazole, antifungal agent has poor bioavailability due to low aqueos solubility. In this research preformulation study, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis studies was conducted for studying the compatibility. In preparation of Itraconazole loaded nanoemulsions from the ternary phase diagram ratio of surfactant to co-surfactant (Smix) was optimized with broad area. Optimized surfactant and co surfactant are accurately weighed and then vortexed for 5-10 min for Smix preparation. Particle size and value of PDI was found to be 159.21nm and zeta potential demonstrated the stability of prepared nanoparticles was found to be -15.9mv .Transmission electron microscope indicated a homogeneous distribution of small, spherical optimized Itraconazole loaded nanoemulsion formulation. These studies were aimed to improve the oral bioavailability of Itraconazole through nanoemulsions. Keywords: Nanoemulsion, Itraconazole, Surfactant, cosurfactant, Nanoparticles
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Noirjean, Cecile, Fabienne Testard, Christophe Dejugnat, Jacques Jestin, and David Carriere. "Molten fatty acid based microemulsions." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 18, no. 23 (2016): 15911–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cp00533k.

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We show that ternary mixtures of water (polar phase), myristic acid (MA, apolar phase) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB, cationic surfactant) studied above the melting point of myristic acid allow the preparation of microemulsions without adding a salt or a co-surfactant.
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47

Goyal, Urvash, Ritika Arora, and Geeta Aggarwal. "Formulation design and evaluation of a self-microemulsifying drug delivery system of lovastatin." Acta Pharmaceutica 62, no. 3 (September 1, 2012): 357–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10007-012-0022-1.

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Self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) of lovastatin was aimed at overcoming the problems of poor solubility and bioavailability. The formulation strategy included selection of oil phase based on saturated solubility studies and surfactant and co-surfactant screening on the basis of their emulsification ability. Ternary phase diagrams were constructed to identify the self-emulsifying region. Capryol 90 (20 %) as oil, Cremophore RH40 (40 %) as surfactant and Transcutol P (40 %) as co-surfactant were concluded to be optimized components. The prepared SMEDDS was characterized through its droplet size, zeta potential, emulsification time, rheological determination and transmission electron microscopy. The optimized formulation exhibited 94 % in vitro drug release, which was significantly higher than that of the drug solution. In vivo studies using the Triton-induced hyperlipidemia model in Wistar rats revealed considerable reduction in lipid levels compared to pure lovastatin. The study confirmed the potential of lovastatin SMEDDS for oral administration.
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48

Zhao, Jiawen, Kening Jiang, Yixuan Chen, Juan Chen, Yangfan Zheng, Huilin Yu, and Jiajin Zhu. "Preparation and Characterization of Microemulsions Based on Antarctic Krill Oil." Marine Drugs 18, no. 10 (September 25, 2020): 492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md18100492.

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Antarctic krill oil is high in nutritional value and has biological functions like anti-inflammation and hypolipidemic effects. But it has and unpleasant smell, and unsaturated fatty acids are prone to oxidative deterioration. Its high viscosity and low solubility in water make it difficult for processing. Microemulsion can be a new promising route for development of krill oil product. We determined a formula of krill oil-in-water microemulsion with krill oil: isopropyl myristate = 1:3 as oil phase, Tween 80:Span 80 = 8:2 as surfactant, ethanol as co-surfactant and the mass ratio of surfactant to co-surfactant of 3:1. After screening the formula, we researched several characteristics of the prepared oil-in-water microemulsion, including electrical conductivity, microstructure by transmission electron microscope and cryogenic transmission electron microscope, droplet size analysis, rheological properties, thermal behavior by differential scanning calorimeter and stability against pH, salinity, and storage time.
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Salimi, Anayatollah, Behzad Sharif Makhmal Zadeh, Salar Godazgari, and Abbas Rahdar. "Development and Evaluation of Azelaic Acid-Loaded Microemulsion for Transfollicular Drug Delivery Through Guinea Pig Skin: A Mechanistic Study." Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin 10, no. 2 (February 18, 2020): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/apb.2020.028.

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Purpose: Azelaic acid is a natural keratolytic, comedolytic, and antibacterial drug that is used to treat acne. The topical application of azelaic acid is associated with problems such as irritation and low permeability. For dissolving, the problem is that microemulsion (ME) is used as a drug carrier. The aim of this study was to increase the azelaic acid affinity in the follicular pathway through ME. Methods: Azelaic acid-loaded MEs were prepared by the water titration method. The properties of the MEs included formulation stability, particle size, drug release profile, thermal behavior of MEs, the diffusion coefficient of the MEs and skin permeability in the non-hairy ear skin and hairy abdominal skin of guinea pig were studied in situ. Results: The MEs demonstrated a mean droplet size between 5 to 150 nm. In the higher ratios of surfactant/co-surfactant, a more extensive ME zone was found. All MEs increased the azelaic acid flux through both hairy and non-hairy skin compared with an aqueous solution of azelaic acid as a control. This effect of the ME was mainly dependent on the droplet diffusion coefficient and hydrodynamic radius. MEs with a higher diffusion coefficient demonstrated higher azelaic acid flux through hairy and non-hairy skin. Drug flux through both skins was affected by the surfactant/co-surfactant ratio in that the higher ratio increased the azelaic acid affinity into the follicular pathway. Conclusion: Finally, the ME with the highest droplet diffusion coefficient and the lowest surfactant/co-surfactant ratio was the best ME for azelaic acid delivery into the follicular pathway.
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Xu, Maodong, Wanqing Zhang, Xiaomei Pei, Jianzhong Jiang, Zhenggang Cui, and Bernard P. Binks. "CO2/N2 triggered switchable Pickering emulsions stabilized by alumina nanoparticles in combination with a conventional anionic surfactant." RSC Advances 7, no. 47 (2017): 29742–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra03722h.

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Switchable n-decane-in-water Pickering emulsions were prepared using positively charged alumina nanoparticles in combination with a trace amount of the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and equal moles of a CO2/N2 switchable surfactant.
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