Academic literature on the topic 'Community standards model'
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Journal articles on the topic "Community standards model"
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Piper, Terry D. "Empowering Students to Create Community Standards." About Campus: Enriching the Student Learning Experience 2, no. 3 (July 1997): 22–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/108648229700200306.
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How can we create a sense of community and shared responsibility among students in residence halls— and for that matter elsewhere in their campus lives? The residential life staff at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) wrestled with this question after experiencing a year in which student behavior resulted in costly damage to residence halls. They discovered that it wasn't their job to create community for students at all, but instead to empower students to create it for themselves. So the Community Standards Model was born.
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., Sasmoko, Yasinta Indrianti, Anindyo Widhoyoko, and Rochmat Wahab. "Organizational Diagnostic Model in Higher Education: Literature Review of Organizational Diagnostic Model through Mckinsey 7s Framework Model, Weisboard 6 Boxes Model and National Education Standards in Indonesia." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.30 (August 24, 2018): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.30.18264.
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Organizational diagnosis is done for organizational development and change. This study aims to further examine the concept of an organizational model that tries to cultivate the McKinsey 7S Framework Model and the Weisbord Six Box Model with the National Standards of Higher Education. This research uses Neuroresearch research method, which is a research method that combines quantitative and qualitative research with an exploratory stage. The result of the research shows the design of Organizational Diagnostic Model for Higher Education in Indonesia which consists of Strategy, Structure, System, Skill, Staff, Leadership, Value and Purpose (SNPT) consisting of Education Standard, Research Standard, and Standard of Community Service.
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Smith, James. "Social Work Standards of Cultural Competence: A Model for Global Community Engagement." International Journal of Organizational Diversity 15, no. 2 (2015): 13–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/2328-6261/cgp/v15i02/40195.
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Araújo, Miguel B., Robert P. Anderson, A. Márcia Barbosa, Colin M. Beale, Carsten F. Dormann, Regan Early, Raquel A. Garcia, et al. "Standards for distribution models in biodiversity assessments." Science Advances 5, no. 1 (January 2019): eaat4858. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aat4858.
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Demand for models in biodiversity assessments is rising, but which models are adequate for the task? We propose a set of best-practice standards and detailed guidelines enabling scoring of studies based on species distribution models for use in biodiversity assessments. We reviewed and scored 400 modeling studies over the past 20 years using the proposed standards and guidelines. We detected low model adequacy overall, but with a marked tendency of improvement over time in model building and, to a lesser degree, in biological data and model evaluation. We argue that implementation of agreed-upon standards for models in biodiversity assessments would promote transparency and repeatability, eventually leading to higher quality of the models and the inferences used in assessments. We encourage broad community participation toward the expansion and ongoing development of the proposed standards and guidelines.
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Hider, Philip. "The functional requirements for community information." Journal of Documentation 72, no. 1 (January 11, 2016): 81–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jd-10-2014-0141.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to consider the nature of community information (CI) and proposes a data model, based on the entity-relationship approach adopted in the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR), which may assist with the development of future metadata standards for CI systems. Design/methodology/approach – The two main data structure standards for CI, namely the element set developed by the Alliance of Information and Referral Systems (AIRS) and the MARC21 Format for CI, are compared by means of a mapping exercise, after which an entity-relationship data model is constructed, at a conceptual level, based on the definitions of CI found in the literature. Findings – The AIRS and MARC21 data structures converge to a fair degree, with MARC21 providing for additional detail in several areas. However, neither structure is systematically and unambiguously defined, suggesting the need for a data model. An entity-relationship data modelling approach, similar to that taken in FRBR, yielded a model that could be used as the basis for future standards development and research. It was found to effectively cover both the AIRS and MARC21 element sets. Originality/value – No explicit data model exists for CI, and there has been little discussion reported about what data elements are required to support CI seeking.
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Pohle, Anna, Knut Blind, and Dmitry Neustroev. "The Impact of International Management Standards on Academic Research." Sustainability 10, no. 12 (December 6, 2018): 4656. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10124656.
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Management standards serve as an effective knowledge diffusion channel, considering that they offer comprehensive scientific and practical knowledge for many different stakeholders. This research aims to study the potential of management standards to diffuse knowledge, especially within the scientific community. Therefore, it analyzes the relationship between management standards and the academic literature. It focuses on international management standards, namely ISO 14001 and ISO 9001 and their ‘European counterparts’ EMAS and the EFQM Excellence model. We tested whether scientific publications, which address these international and European management standards, are more likely to lead to follow-up research than comparable scientific publications measured by the impact on average forward citations. Hence, we applied a negative binominal regression model on bibliometric data. Findings show that publications addressing ISO 14001 alone or in combination with other standards lead to higher average forward citations than the comparison group. In conclusion, international management standards foster the academic research progress of the topics addressed by the respective standard. Our research implies the importance of monitoring standards for the scientific community and suggests Standard Setting Organizations to foster actively the research progress.
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Delmas-Glass, Emmanuelle, and Robert Sanderson. "Fostering a community of PHAROS scholars through the adoption of open standards." Art Libraries Journal 45, no. 1 (January 2020): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/alj.2019.32.
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The PHAROS consortium is adopting the Linked Art data model to make its descriptions of photo archives collections available as Linked Open Data to further support scholars in their research. Linked Art is both a community and a data model. As an international community, it works together to create a shared data model to describe art. As a data model, it is a data profile of the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model and using Linked Open Data techniques. The goal of Linked Art is to enable museums and developers to engage in LOD initiatives more easily by providing them with shared data modelling decisions and consistent design principles.
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Orchard, Sandra, Paul Kersey, Henning Hermjakob, and Rolf Apweiler. "The HUPO Proteomics Standards Initiative Meeting: Towards Common Standards for Exchanging Proteomics Data." Comparative and Functional Genomics 4, no. 1 (2003): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cfg.232.
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The Proteomics Standards Initiative (PSI) aims to define community standards for data representation in proteomics and to facilitate data comparison, exchange and verification. Initially the fields of protein–protein interactions (PPI) and mass spectroscopy have been targeted and the inaugural meeting of the PSI addressed the questions of data storage and exchange in both of these areas. The PPI group rapidly reached consensus as to the minimum requirements for a data exchange model; an XML draft is now being produced. The mass spectroscopy group have achieved major advances in the definition of a required data model and working groups are currently taking these discussions further. A further meeting is planned in January 2003 to advance both these projects.
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Cavanagh, Michael John. "Are community-managed libraries effective?" Library Management 38, no. 4/5 (June 13, 2017): 226–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/lm-11-2016-0081.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the effectiveness of community-managed libraries (CMLs) in England. It traces their history and considers the evidence base in respect of their effectiveness. Design/methodology/approach Through quantitative research (web surveys) with volunteers and chief librarians, the study establishes: the range of services being delivered; the perceived need for and extent of training given to volunteers; the criteria through which public library effectiveness can be measured, and the extent to which CMLs are able to deliver against these criteria. Findings The study found widespread variation in the range of services offered and the extent of training received. Further, it found significant differences of opinion and priorities between the research groups in respect of the relative importance of various effectiveness criteria and the ability of CMLs to deliver against these criteria. The evidence from this study points to a fragmented and inconsistent network of volunteer delivered libraries. A key reason is the variation in approach and level of support from local authorities. The paper concludes that the lack of national standards and consistently applied professional advice could be contributing to this variation and points to the Welsh Public Libraries approach, based on their standards framework, as a model that could be replicated. Originality/value These findings have implications for policy makers in respect of the case made for the reintroduction of a standard/quality framework to reduce service variability. The findings will also be of value to local authorities that are considering implementing a community-managed library model.
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VandenBosch, Kathryn A., and Julia Frugoli. "Guidelines for Genetic Nomenclature and Community Governance for the Model Legume Medicago truncatula." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 14, no. 12 (December 2001): 1364–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.2001.14.12.1364.
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At the 2nd Medicago meeting (a satellite of the 1999 IS-MPMI meeting in Amsterdam), investigators perceived a need for standardization of genetic nomenclature in Medicago truncatula, due to the rapid growth of research on this species in the past few years. Establishment of such standards grew out of discussions begun at this meeting and continued electronically throughout the M. truncatula community. The proposed standards presented here are the consensus results of those discussions. In addition to standards for gene nomenclature, a method for community governance and a website for cataloging gene names and submitting new ones are presented. The purpose of implementing these guidelines is to help maintain consistency in the literature, to avoid redundancy, to contribute to the accuracy of databases, and, in general, to aid the international collaborations that have made M. truncatula a model system for legume biology.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Community standards model"
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Hobbs, Klinton E. "Advances in student self-authorship : a program evaluation of the Community Standards Model /." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2005. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd1333.pdf.
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Hobbs, Klinton E. "Advances in Student Self-Authorship: A Program Evaluation of the Community Standards Model." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2006. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/440.
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Universities are increasingly applying student developmental theories in a variety of contexts in order to better understand students and to accomplish institutional educational objectives. Robert Kegan's constructive-developmental theory has been utilized in the creation of the Community Standards Model, a program designed for use in university residence halls. The purpose of the Model is to promote student development from Kegan's third order of consciousness, in which student identity is based on a fusion of their peers' expectations and ideas, to the fourth order of consciousness, in which one becomes the author of his or her own values, beliefs, and ideals. The Community Standards Model has been in place in Brigham Young University-Provo residence halls since 2000, yet no studies have been done to determine its effects. The present study examined the development of student self-authored identity as it occurred during the implementation of the Community Standards Model at BYU-Provo. The Student Developmental Task and Lifestyle Inventory was used to evaluate student development across three general developmental tasks. Two populations were sampled: students at BYU-Provo residence halls, where the Model was practiced, and students from BYU-Idaho residence halls, where the Model was not practiced. Students were tested at the beginning and at the end of the 2004-2005 academic school year. Split plot ANOVAs were conducted and no significant interactions were found for any of the three task scores. This study did not detect any significant differential effects with regard to student developmental task achievement that could be attributed to the Community Standards Model. Study results indicated that the Community Standards Model may not fit well at BYU. Many reasons exist as to why the Model may not promote student self-authored identity at BYU, including a mismatch between the Model's emphasis on self-determination of values and ideals and the institution's imposition of certain behavioral and belief standards. However, the Model may have beneficial effects in other areas, such as the development of community. Further research is needed to more fully understand which effects, if any, the Community Standards Model is having at BYU.
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Ghonim, Ibrahim Ahmad. "Virtual Communities in Egypt - The Digital Library as a Model." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-143205.
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Ghonim, Ibrahim Ahmad. "Virtual Communities in Egypt - The Digital Library as a Model." Technische Universität Dresden, 2010. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A28048.
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Lessman, Justin R. "The community standard : toward a model of community journalism decision making." Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/465.
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Fiander, Matthew Thomas. "Model fidelity of UK assertive community treatment practice and comparison with standard care." Thesis, St George's, University of London, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.250696.
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Chaibva, Cynthia Nombulelo. "Factors influencing adolescents' utilisation of antenatal care services in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/1975.
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Adolescent pregnancies are high risks obstetric occurrences. Antenatal care (ANC) provides opportunities to recognise and treat obstetric complications, enhancing the pregnancy outcomes for mothers and babies. This study investigated factors influencing pregnant adolescents' utilisation of ANC services in Bulawayo, using the Health Belief Model's major tenets.
A quantitative descriptive design was used in four phases: 80 adolescents' ANC records were audited; structured interviews were conducted with 200 adolescents attending ANC and with 80 adolescents who had delivered their babies without attending ANC; and 52 midwives completed questionnaires portraying their perceptions on adolescents' utilisation of ANC services in Bulawayo.
Documentation of ANC services provided to adolescents did not meet the expected standards. Poor or non utilisation of ANC services was influenced by socio demographic factors, individual perceptions of adolescents about antenatal care, perceived benefits of and perceived barriers to the utilisation of ANC. Most pregnant adolescents could not access these services because they could not pay the ANC and/or delivery fees charged at government clinics/hospitals. Midwives required more training in providing and recording adequate ANC services. Free ANC and delivery services could enhance adolescents' pregnancy outcomes in Zimbabawe. An information brochure on the importance of ANC attendance for adolescents has been compiled, based on the research results (see Annexure J).Health Studies
D.Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)
Books on the topic "Community standards model"
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Titova, Elena. The ideology of old believers ' entrepreneurship in the XVIII — early XX centuries. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/21033.
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The old believer entrepreneurship as a holistic socio-economic phenomenon in the history of Russia as a direction of social and economic thought still never found another proper scientific reflection, despite his advanced age of almost 350 years. Such a long period of existence makes to refer back to the question and think about the reasons for the emergence of old belief as a socio-economic phenomenon, its development, role in the spiritual and economic life of the country, that forces him to live and to survive. Undoubtedly, a special vitality to the old believers, the value of his spiritual and economic heritage by the fact that it was able to impose its own model of management, based on the Russian corporate spirit, ideals of the community, "households" moral and ethical standards of doing business.
The publication can be useful for students and professionals.
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Office, General Accounting. Medicare: Health maintenance organization rate-setting issues : report to congressional committees. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1989.
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Office, General Accounting. Medicare: Program designed to inform beneficiaries and promote choice faces challenges : report to Congressional Committees. Washington, D.C: The Office, 2001.
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Office, General Accounting. Medicare: HCFA can improve methods for revising physician practice expense payments : report to Congressional committees. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington, D.C. 20013): The Office, 1998.
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Office, General Accounting. Medicare: Modest eligibility expansion for critical access hospital program should be considered : report to congressional committees. Washington, D.C: United States General Accounting Office, 2003.
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Office, General Accounting. Medicare: Indirect medical education payments are too high. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1989.
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Office, General Accounting. Medicare: Technology assessment and medical coverage decisions : fact sheet for the Subcommittee on Technology, Environment, and Aviation, Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1994.
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Office, General Accounting. Medicare: Many HMOs experience high rates of beneficiary disenrollment : report to the Special Committee on Aging, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 37050, Washington, D.C. 20013): The Office, 1998.
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Office, General Accounting. Medicare: Tighter rules needed to curtail overcharges for therapy in nursing homes : report to the Ranking Minority Member, Committee on Commerce, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1995.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Community standards model"
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Noran, Ovidiu. "A Collaborative Network Model for the Standards Community." In IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, 437–45. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32775-9_44.
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Serai, Suraj D., and Meng Yin. "MR Elastography of the Abdomen: Basic Concepts." In Methods in Molecular Biology, 301–23. New York, NY: Springer US, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-0978-1_18.
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AbstractMagnetic resonance elastography (MRE) is an emerging imaging modality that maps the elastic properties of tissue such as the shear modulus. It allows for noninvasive assessment of stiffness, which is a surrogate for fibrosis. MRE has been shown to accurately distinguish absent or low stage fibrosis from high stage fibrosis, primarily in the liver. Like other elasticity imaging modalities, it follows the general steps of elastography: (1) apply a known cyclic mechanical vibration to the tissue; (2) measure the internal tissue displacements caused by the mechanical wave using magnetic resonance phase encoding method; and (3) infer the mechanical properties from the measured mechanical response (displacement), by generating a simplified displacement map. The generated map is called an elastogram.While the key interest of MRE has traditionally been in its application to liver, where in humans it is FDA approved and commercially available for clinical use to noninvasively assess degree of fibrosis, this is an area of active research and there are novel upcoming applications in brain, kidney, pancreas, spleen, heart, lungs, and so on. A detailed review of all the efforts is beyond the scope of this chapter, but a few specific examples are provided. Recent application of MRE for noninvasive evaluation of renal fibrosis has great potential for noninvasive assessment in patients with chronic kidney diseases. Development and applications of MRE in preclinical models is necessary primarily to validate the measurement against “gold-standard” invasive methods, to better understand physiology and pathophysiology, and to evaluate novel interventions. Application of MRE acquisitions in preclinical settings involves challenges in terms of available hardware, logistics, and data acquisition. This chapter will introduce the concepts of MRE and provide some illustrative applications.This publication is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This introduction chapter is complemented by another separate chapter describing the experimental protocol and data analysis.
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Traore, Issa, and Isaac Woungang. "Software Security Engineering – Part I." In Standards and Standardization, 459–94. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-8111-8.ch022.
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It has been reported in the literature that about twenty new software vulnerabilities are reported weekly. This situation has increased the security awareness in the software community. Nowadays, software services are expected not only to satisfy functional requirements but also to resist malicious attacks. As demand for more trustworthy systems is increasing, the software industry is adjusting itself to security standards and practices by increasing security assessment and testing effort. Even though there is a consensus that better software engineering is to improve software quality in the early stage of software development, so far, various approaches that have been proposed to analyze and quantitatively measure the software security target, primarily show the finished software products in their operational life. There are few achievements on how to reduce or effectively mitigate the security risks faced by software products during the development process. In this chapter, the authors introduce a novel model-driven perspective on secure software engineering, which integrates seamlessly software security analysis with traditional software development activities. A systematic security engineering process that starts in the early stages of the software development process and spans the entire software lifecycle is presented. Fundamental software security concepts and analysis techniques are also introduced, and several illustrative examples are presented, with focus on security requirements and risk analysis.
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Park, Jung-Ran, Andrew Brenza, and Lori Richards. "BIBFRAME Linked Data: A Conceptual Study on the Prevailing Content Standards and Data Model." In Linked Open Data - Applications, Trends and Future Developments. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.91849.
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The BIBFRAME model is designed with a high degree of flexibility in that it can accommodate any number of existing models as well as models yet to be developed within the Web environment. The model’s flexibility is intended to foster extensibility. This study discusses the relationship of BIBFRAME to the prevailing content standards and models employed by cultural heritage institutions across museums, archives, libraries, historical societies, and community centers or those in the process of being adopted by cultural heritage institutions. This is to determine the degree to which BIBFRAME, as it is currently understood, can be a viable and extensible framework for bibliographic description and exchange in the Web environment. We highlight the areas of compatibility as well as areas of incompatibility. BIBFRAME holds the promise of freeing library data from the silos of online catalogs permitting library data to interact with data both within and outside the library community. We discuss some of the challenges that need to be addressed in order to optimize the potential capabilities that the BIBFRAME model holds.
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Folmer, Erwin. "BOMOS." In Handbook of Research on E-Business Standards and Protocols, 102–28. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-0146-8.ch006.
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E-Business standards, or standards for interoperability, are developed outside the traditional standard development organizations, often within industry specific domain organizations. These organizations need some guidance in how to develop and manage standards for their specific domain in order to achieve long lasting standards that actually achieve interoperability between organizations. The Dutch government, together with the standards community, decided to publish a tool called BOMOS for giving guidance to the management and development of open standards. BOMOS is not profoundly grounded on scientific evidence, but it builds on the best practices already used in domain standardization. This chapter will present two highlights of BOMOS: the activity model for management of standardization, and a development approach for standards.
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Mendoza, Rubén A., and T. Ravichandran. "An Empirical Evaluation of the Assimilation of Industry-Specific Data Standards Using Firm-Level and Community-Level Constructs." In Enterprise Information Systems and Advancing Business Solutions, 287–312. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-1761-2.ch017.
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Vertical standards focus on industry-specific product and service descriptions, and are generally implemented using the eXtensible Markup Language (XML). Vertical standards are complex technologies with an organizational adoption locus but subject to inter-organizational dependence and network effects. Understanding the assimilation process for vertical standards requires that both firm and industry-level effects be considered simultaneously. In this paper, the authors develop and evaluate a two-level model of organizational assimilation that includes both firm and industry-level effects. The study was conducted in collaboration with OASIS, a leading cross-industry standards-development organization (SDO), and with ACORD, the principal SDO for the insurance and financial services industries. Results confirm the usefulness of incorporating firm-level and community-level constructs in the study of complex networked technologies. Specifically, the authors’ re-conceptualization of the classical DoI concepts of relative advantage and complexity are shown to be appropriate and significant in predicting vertical standards assimilation. Additionally, community-level constructs such as orphaning risk and standard legitimation are also shown to be important predictors of assimilation.
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"The NIST Cybersecurity Framework." In Establishing Cyber Security Programs Through the Community Cyber Security Maturity Model (CCSMM), 171–92. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4471-6.ch008.
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With the increase in cybercrimes over the last few years, a growing realization for the need for cybersecurity has begun to be recognized by the nation. Unfortunately, being aware that cybersecurity is something you need to worry about and knowing what steps to take are two different things entirely. In the United States, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) developed the Cyber Security Framework (CSF) to assist critical infrastructures in determining what they need in order to secure their computer systems and networks. While aimed at organizations, much of the guidance provided by the CSF, especially the basic functions it identifies, are also valuable for communities attempting to put together a community cybersecurity program.
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Wapakabulo Thomas, Josephine. "Innovation-Centric Perspective." In Advances in IT Standards and Standardization Research, 83–135. IGI Global, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-832-1.ch005.
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The standardization process and the success and failure of standards takes place in complex socio-technical settings that are shaped by a variety of factors and a multitude of actors (Gerst et al., 2005). The research reported in this book seeks to establish these factors in relation to the adoption and diffusion of data-exchange standards. Chapter 2 identified that there was a need to investigate the factors and barriers critical to the adoption of data-exchange standards to fill gaps within both the ISO/TC184/SC4 community and the research community for IT-standards adoption. Chapter 3 then introduced the novel approach of taking both an innovation-centric and adopter-centric view to address the research question, and chronicled the development of two conceptual models that capture the key factors to be researched. Following on from that, Chapter 4 went on to discuss the justifications for the interpretivist philosophy, qualitative approach and case study research strategy subscribed to for this phase of the research. Consequently, the aim of this chapter is to verify and examine the validity of the factors identified in the original innovation-centric model. The remainder of this introduction section gives an overview of the data collection and analysis processes that has been used in this chapter, and gives a brief overview of the ISO sub-committee responsible for the development of the two case study standards and concludes with a brief introduction to the chosen standards.
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Alphin, Henry C. "Global Accreditation for a Knowledge-Oriented Community." In Handbook of Research on Transnational Higher Education, 303–28. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-4458-8.ch016.
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Faculty, administrators, businesses, accrediting agencies, and other institutions concerned with higher education quality must act to provide a framework for international higher learning standards, particularly concerning e-learning and access in developing countries. Higher education internationalization efforts will continue through the use of IT, increased mobility, the knowledge economy, and an integrated world economy (Altbach & Knight, 2007). Global accreditation will help to assure quality and increase options to improve access. A global accreditation model would provide the impetus for a knowledge-oriented global community that provides access to students in developing countries, as well as traditional and non-traditional learners. The chapter examines key forces shaping the transformation and globalization of higher education, international entities taking a global approach to quality assurance and accreditation, and key concepts in development and implementation of quality assurance at the global level. Finally, the chapter concludes with future implications in the ongoing development of global accreditation.
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Alphin Jr., Henry C. "Global Accreditation for a Knowledge-Oriented Community." In International Business, 209–34. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9814-7.ch011.
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Faculty, administrators, businesses, accrediting agencies, and other institutions concerned with higher education quality must act to provide a framework for international higher learning standards, particularly concerning e-learning and access in developing countries. Higher education internationalization efforts will continue through the use of IT, increased mobility, the knowledge economy, and an integrated world economy (Altbach & Knight, 2007). Global accreditation will help to assure quality and increase options to improve access. A global accreditation model would provide the impetus for a knowledge-oriented global community that provides access to students in developing countries, as well as traditional and non-traditional learners. The chapter examines key forces shaping the transformation and globalization of higher education, international entities taking a global approach to quality assurance and accreditation, and key concepts in development and implementation of quality assurance at the global level. Finally, the chapter concludes with future implications in the ongoing development of global accreditation.
Conference papers on the topic "Community standards model"
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Alvaro, Alexandre, and Silvio Lemos Meira. "Software Component Certification: A Component Quality Model." In Simpósio Brasileiro de Qualidade de Software. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/sbqs.2006.15630.
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Component-based software development is becoming more generalized, representing a considerable market for the software industry. However, several technical issues remain unsolved before the software components industry reaches the maturity as other software industries. Problems such as component selection and the uncertain quality of third-party developed components bring new challenges to the software engineering community. In contrast, software component certification is still immature and much research is needed in order to create well-defined standards for certification. This paper introduces a component quality model, based upon consistent and well-defined quality characteristics, and describes a formal case study that was used in order to analyze the viability of the model usage.
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Whitsitt, Sean, Sonia Vohnout, Timothy Wilmering, Disha Mathad, and Eric Smith. "A Visual Ontological Language for Technical Standards (VOLTS)." In ASME 2016 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2016-59594.
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Research shows that failures in the standardization process often result from communication and organizational issues between those involved in the committee and the user community. This is mainly caused by two issues: first, a lack of integration of available standards development tools with communication and social interfaces; and second, to the difficulties inherent in organizing and collating information in a semantically meaningful manner. To this effect, the authors present a Visual Ontological Language for Technical Standards (VOLTS). VOLTS is a prototype environment that seeks to address the latter problem introduced above. In VOLTS, standards developers visually create standards within a network of information. VOLTS builds upon a tool developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) called the NIST Ontological Visualization Interface for Standards (NOVIS), which presented a novel method for visualizing the content and connections of standards, but lacked the ability to allow users to alter that information. VOLTS focuses on providing users with a process that allows for verification and validation at all stages of development. To that effect, VOLTS incorporates research done by NIST on building a Framework for Analysis Comparison, and Test of Standards (FACTS). The examples presented herein use the openly available standards World Wide Web Consortium’s (W3C) Web Ontology Language (OWL) 2 and the Data Mining Group’s (DMG) Predictive Model Markup Language (PMML) to demonstrate the VOLTS process and methodology. Future work discussed will seek to address the former problem introduced above.
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Feofilovs, Maksims, Francesco Romagnoli, and Rasa Vaiškūnaitė. "INFRASTRUCTURE AND COMMUNITY RESILIENCE METRICS: APPLICATION OF THE HOLISTIC METHOD WITHIN THE LATVIAN CONTEXT." In Conference for Junior Researchers „Science – Future of Lithuania“. VGTU Technika, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/aainz.2016.06.
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Enhancing and building resilient cities represent a contemporary approach on which scientists and policy makers are strengthening cooperation; however, so far quantitative metrics and standards for measuring resilience are still open issues. This must be aimed toward diminishing society’s vulnerability and reducing the likelihood of disasters (both manmade and natural) and their possible effects. The evaluation of metrics within the crisis management should be able to provide a useful tool and enable stakeholders to assess the effectiveness of resilience strategies and their added value is a key factor for building resilient sound communities and infrastructures. Several frameworks and models have been created and proposed to assess and evaluate the resilience of critical infrastructures (CIs) as well as the evaluation of community resilience. Nevertheless, their application is limited to specific case studies, thus showing lack of a robust link with the decision making dimensions. This study examines infrastructure and community resilience to natural hazards in six regions of Latvia: Riga, around Riga region, Kurzeme, Vidzeme, Latgale and Zemgale. The aim of this study is to create a Community disaster resilience index (CDRI) with the application of a holistic indicatorbased model. Based on the literature-based research an initial total list of 86 indicators has been selected for a model representing social, economic, physical, human and environment capital (or resources to be potentially mobilized) and linked by their relevance to the main phases of the disaster resilience dynamics: mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery.
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Chin, Jessica, Ibrahim Zeid, and Sagar Kamarthi. "Evidence-Based Best Practices: Wound Healing Tracking and Assessment." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-62844.
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Standard medical practice is known to have a history of varying definition of “standard”. As with any industry with multiple entities, each entity defines their standards and expectations according to what they believe is their customers’ (i.e. patients) needs and preferences. Recently, our research on developing a predictive wound care assessment methodology and system has extended our study into analyzing evidence-based best practices in wound care clinics. Our research on wound healing predictive model systems, revealed key differences in operational practice between the clinics that were visited in different institutional settings. The scope of this study evaluates our observed wound care practice and wound care treatment to determine if there is a common set of effective practice that can be developed to better standardize care. The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast the operational practice and procedures at various community and teaching hospitals to determine if there is an ideal combination of tools and standard techniques that would be most beneficial to patient wound care. This paper will focus on methods of patient wound care. We will then present a model of “Evidence-Based Best Practices of Wound Care Assessment” that is based on the observation and interactions with various hospitals.
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Falkenstein-Smith, Ryan, Kang Wang, Ryan Milcarek, and Jeongmin Ahn. "Integrated Anaerobic Digester and Fuel Cell Power Generation System for Community Use." In ASME 2015 13th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology collocated with the ASME 2015 Power Conference, the ASME 2015 9th International Conference on Energy Sustainability, and the ASME 2015 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2015-49436.
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New York State is expected to experience future population growth that is increasingly concentrated in urban areas, where there is already a heavy burden on the existing energy, water and waste management infrastructure. To meet aggressive environmental standards (such as that established by the State’s “80x50” goal), future electrical power capacity must produce substantially fewer greenhouse gas emissions than currently generated by coal- or natural gas-fired power plants. Currently, biogas is combusted to produce heat and electricity via an internal combustion engine generator set. A conventional internal combustion engine generator set is 22–45 % efficient in converting methane to electricity, thus wasting 65–78 % of the biogas energy content unless the lower temperature heat can be recovered. Fuel cells, on the other hand, are 40–60 % efficient in converting methane to electrical energy, and 80–90 % efficient for cogeneration if heat (> 400 °C) is recovered and utilized for heating and cooling in the community power system. This current research studies the feasibility of a community biomass-to-electricity power system which offers significant environmental, economic and resilience improvements over centrally-generated energy, with the additional benefit of reducing or eliminating disposal costs associated with landfills and publicly-owned treatment works (POTWs). Flame Fuel Cell (FFC) performance was investigated while modifying biogas content and fuel flow rate. A maximum power density peak at 748 mWcm-2 and an OCV of 0.856 V was achieved. It should be noted that the performance obtained with the model biofuel is comparable to the performances of direct methane fueled DC-SOFC and SC-SOFC. The common trends also concluded an acceptable range for optimal performance. Although the methane to CO2 ratios of 3:7 and 2:8 produced power, they are not the strongest ratios to have optimal performance, meaning that operation should stay between the 6:4/4:6 ratio range. Lastly, the amount of air added to the biogas mixture is crucial to achieving the optimal performance of the cell. The data obtained confirmed the feasibility of a biofuel driven fuel cell CHP device capable of achieving higher efficiency than existing technologies. The significant power output produced from the sustainable biogas composition is competitive with current hydrocarbon fuel sources. This idea can be expanded for a community waste management infrastructure.
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Morrone, Michelle Henault, and Yumi Matsuyama. "BLUEPRINTS FOR CHANGE: WHAT MULTICULTURAL EXPERIENCE OFFERS INSTRUCTORS OF PRE-SERVICE EARLY EDUCATION TEACHERS." In International Conference on Education and New Developments. inScience Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36315/2021end143.
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This research is part of a long-term study focused on the redesign of pre-service early teacher education based on observations of schools that use a multicultural inclusive model. The Swedish school highlighted in this research provides a case study in how international standards are appraised by education stakeholders (researchers, educators, the local community, etc.) and then transformed into curricula in local practice. The key to this Swedish approach is the emphasis on democratic values in education. This gives the educators at the preschool in question a traditional “Swedish” basis for their progressive efforts to rise to the challenges presented by their multicultural student body, challenges they meet by creating a warm and welcoming atmosphere for all members of the school community, students, teachers, and parents alike. The goal is to make each person feel valued and included in the educational process. The emphasis is on inclusivity for all, whatever their background, religion or socio-economic status. The approach of the Ringmuren Forskolan is presented as a potential model for institutions that have the responsibility of preparing pre-service teachers for their work in an increasingly multicultural world.
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France, Todd M., Rick A. Hurt, Robert F. Boehm, and Suresh B. Sadineni. "Home Energy Conservation in the Las Vegas Valley." In ASME 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer and InterPACK09 Conferences. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2009-90020.
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Pulte Homes, a production home builder and community developer partnering with the U.S. Department of Energy’s Building America program, has collaborated with the Center for Energy Research at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, and NV Energy, the local electric utility, on an energy conservation project in the Las Vegas Valley. This study entails four model homes at a new development named Villa Trieste, located in the Summerlin community of Las Vegas. The models, ranging in floor plan area from 1,487 to 1,777 square feet, have been constructed under the Environments for Living program and have been platinum certified by LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) for Homes. According to the Home Energy Rating System Index, all four models are over 50% more efficient than homes of equal size built to 2006 International Energy Conservation Code standards. The study focuses on the cost benefit of installing additional efficiency upgrades in future homes at the development. Though all proposed upgrades offer reductions in energy use, many offer little improvement relative to their installation costs. Higher-efficiency windows, heat recovery ventilators, and R-36 spray foam attic insulation have been deemed appropriate measures for future homes. All homes are to be equipped with photovoltaic arrays; increasing the size of the arrays will cost-effectively reduce net energy consumption.
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Viselli, Anthony, Nathan Faessler, and Matthew Filippelli. "Analysis of Wind Speed Shear and Turbulence LiDAR Measurements to Support Offshore Wind in the Northeast United States." In ASME 2018 1st International Offshore Wind Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/iowtc2018-1003.
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This paper presents wind speed measurements collected at 40m to 200m above sea-level to support the New England Aqua Ventus I 12 MW Floating Offshore Wind Farm to be located 17km offshore the Northeast United States. The high-altitude wind speed data are unique and represent some of the first measurements made offshore in this part of the country which is actively being developed for offshore wind. Multiple LiDAR measurements were made using a DeepCLiDAR floating buoy and LiDARs located on land on a nearby island. The LiDARs compared favorably thereby confirming the LiDAR buoy measurements. Wind speed shear profiles are presented. The measurements are compared against industry standard mesoscale model outputs and offshore design codes including the American Bureau of Shipping, American Petroleum Institute, and DNV-GL guides. Significant variation in the vertical wind speed profile occurs throughout the year. This variation is not currently addressed in offshore wind design standards which typically recommend the use of only a few values for wind shear in operational and extreme conditions. The mean wind shears recorded were also higher than industry recommended values. Additionally, turbulence measurements made from the LiDAR, although not widely accepted in the scientific community, are presented and compared against industry guidelines.
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Sexton, Thurston, Michael P. Brundage, Alden Dima, and Michael Sharp. "MSEC: A Quantitative Retrospective." In ASME 2020 15th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2020-8440.
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Abstract The ASME 2020 Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference (MSEC) is the 15th annual meeting organized by the Manufacturing Engineering Division (MED) of ASME. MED and ASME MSEC focuses on manufacturing sciences, technology, and applications, including machining, materials processing, sensing, robotics, manufacturing system dynamics, and production optimization. As the conference has grown and evolved from its inception, it can be difficult to intuitively visualize and discuss the broad range of research topics covered by the MSEC community or to intuitively ascertain their evolution throughout time. This paper discusses a methodology to quantitatively model research communities within bodies of literature — specifically, the relative change of relevant topics within AMSE MSEC conference papers through time, from 2006 through 2018. The goal of this work is to not only present how research in MSEC has shifted over time, but in a broader sense to provide a discussion on how others can interpret results so that similar analysis can be produced within other research communities. This methodology can be used to identify overlap of communities, monitor growth or stagnation within the communities, to aid in developing new symposiums and communities of interest, or even to dictate future standards needs by looking at research trends and subsequent standard development.
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Zhong, Mengqi, Yuanyi Shen, and Yifan Yu. "Association between Neighborhood Built Environment and Body Mass Index among Chinese Adults: Hierarchical Linear Model." In 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/bfwj3902.
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Obesity is becoming a global health problem. With the living standards of residents have improved rapidly in China, the problem of obesity becomes a serious threat to people’s health. Although obesity effected by many factors, the role of the built environment in relation to obesity among population should be taken into consideration. This paper examines the association of built environment and body mass index with the hierarchical linear model, based on the data from 2016 China Labor-force Dynamics Survey (CLDS), which involves 29 provinces in China and investigates 401 villages or communities as well as 14226 families. In this paper, the village or community is used as the basic analysis unit, and the body mass index of the residents is used as the dependent variable, and neighborhood built environment (e.g. density of exercise facilities, square or park and distance to them) is as independent variables, socioeconomic status (e.g. age, gender, education, marital status, income and employment status) and health and exercise characteristics (e.g. self-rated health, average weekly exercise time and frequency) are as control variables. Participants are adults aged 15-65 years (n = 21086; 63.30% rural vs urban). With the independent variables from both individual and residential levels, hierarchical linear model is applied respectively to examine how body mass index is affected. Additionally, samples are classified by age group, urban/rural neighborhood and we figure out which factor mainly effected different groups. We explore that BMI is higher in high- vs. low-facility density neighborhoods but not significantly differ by neighborhood income. Overweight/obesity (BMI >= 25) is lower in high-developed districts. Physical fitness is higher in high-income neighborhoods but unrelates income. We conclude that living in walkable neighborhoods is associated with more physical activity and lower overweight/obesity but not with other benefits. Adults in higher-income neighborhoods have lower BMI and higher mental condition. These findings have important implications for urban planning and the corresponding improvement strategy is proposed
Reports on the topic "Community standards model"
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Dell'Olio, Franca, and Kristen Anguiano. Vision as an Impetus for Success: Perspectives of Site Principals. Loyola Marymount University, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.15365/ceel.policy.2.
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Findings from the first two years of a 3-year evaluation of the PROMISE Model pilot are presented in this policy brief that seeks to understand the extent to which school principals know, understand, and act upon research-based principles for English Language Learners (ELL) and their intersection with the California Professional Standards for Educational Leadership related to promoting ELL success. Surveys and focus groups were used to gather data from school principals at fifteen schools throughout Southern California including early childhood, elementary, middle, and high schools. School principals identified several areas where PROMISE serves as a beacon of hope in promoting and validating critical conversations around a collective vision for success for all learners including ELL, bilingual/biliterate, and monolingual students. Educational and policy recommendations are provided for the following areas: 1) recruitment and selection of personnel and professional development; 2) accountability, communication and support; and 3) university-based educational leadership programs. This policy brief concludes with a call for school principals to facilitate the development, implementation, and stewardship of a vision for learning that highlights success for English Learners and shared by the school and district community.
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Holland, Darren, and Nazmina Mahmoudzadeh. Foodborne Disease Estimates for the United Kingdom in 2018. Food Standards Agency, January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.squ824.
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In February 2020 the FSA published two reports which produced new estimates of foodborne norovirus cases. These were the ‘Norovirus Attribution Study’ (NoVAS study) (O’Brien et al., 2020) and the accompanying internal FSA technical review ‘Technical Report: Review of Quantitative Risk Assessment of foodborne norovirus transmission’ (NoVAS model review), (Food Standards Agency, 2020). The NoVAS study produced a Quantitative Microbiological Risk Assessment model (QMRA) to estimate foodborne norovirus. The NoVAS model review considered the impact of using alternative assumptions and other data sources on these estimates. From these two pieces of work, a revised estimate of foodborne norovirus was produced. The FSA has therefore updated its estimates of annual foodborne disease to include these new results and also to take account of more recent data related to other pathogens. The estimates produced include: •Estimates of GP presentations and hospital admissions for foodbornenorovirus based on the new estimates of cases. The NoVAS study onlyproduced estimates for cases. •Estimates of foodborne cases, GP presentations and hospital admissions for12 other pathogens •Estimates of unattributed cases of foodborne disease •Estimates of total foodborne disease from all pathogens Previous estimates An FSA funded research project ‘The second study of infectious intestinal disease in the community’, published in 2012 and referred to as the IID2 study (Tam et al., 2012), estimated that there were 17 million cases of infectious intestinal disease (IID) in 2009. These include illness caused by all sources, not just food. Of these 17 million cases, around 40% (around 7 million) could be attributed to 13 known pathogens. These pathogens included norovirus. The remaining 60% of cases (equivalent to 10 million cases) were unattributed cases. These are cases where the causal pathogen is unknown. Reasons for this include the causal pathogen was not tested for, the test was not sensitive enough to detect the causal pathogen or the pathogen is unknown to science. A second project ‘Costed extension to the second study of infectious intestinal disease in the community’, published in 2014 and known as IID2 extension (Tam, Larose and O’Brien, 2014), estimated that there were 566,000 cases of foodborne disease per year caused by the same 13 known pathogens. Although a proportion of the unattributed cases would also be due to food, no estimate was provided for this in the IID2 extension. New estimates We estimate that there were 2.4 million cases of foodborne disease in the UK in 2018 (95% credible intervals 1.8 million to 3.1 million), with 222,000 GP presentations (95% Cred. Int. 150,000 to 322,000) and 16,400 hospital admissions (95% Cred. Int. 11,200 to 26,000). Of the estimated 2.4 million cases, 0.9 million (95% Cred. Int. 0.7 million to 1.2 million) were from the 13 known pathogens included in the IID2 extension and 1.4 million1 (95% Cred. Int. 1.0 million to 2.0 million) for unattributed cases. Norovirus was the pathogen with the largest estimate with 383,000 cases a year. However, this estimate is within the 95% credible interval for Campylobacter of 127,000 to 571,000. The pathogen with the next highest number of cases was Clostridium perfringens with 85,000 (95% Cred. Int. 32,000 to 225,000). While the methodology used in the NoVAS study does not lend itself to producing credible intervals for cases of norovirus, this does not mean that there is no uncertainty in these estimates. There were a number of parameters used in the NoVAS study which, while based on the best science currently available, were acknowledged to have uncertain values. Sensitivity analysis undertaken as part of the study showed that changes to the values of these parameters could make big differences to the overall estimates. Campylobacter was estimated to have the most GP presentations with 43,000 (95% Cred. Int. 19,000 to 76,000) followed by norovirus with 17,000 (95% Cred. Int. 11,000 to 26,000) and Clostridium perfringens with 13,000 (95% Cred. Int. 6,000 to 29,000). For hospital admissions Campylobacter was estimated to have 3,500 (95% Cred. Int. 1,400 to 7,600), followed by norovirus 2,200 (95% Cred. Int. 1,500 to 3,100) and Salmonella with 2,100 admissions (95% Cred. Int. 400 to 9,900). As many of these credible intervals overlap, any ranking needs to be undertaken with caution. While the estimates provided in this report are for 2018 the methodology described can be applied to future years.
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Agrawal, Asha Weinstein, and Hilary Nixon. What Do Americans Think About Federal Tax Options to Support Transportation? Results from Year Twelve of a National Survey. Mineta Transportation Institute, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.2101.
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This report summarizes the results from the twelfth year of a national public opinion survey asking U.S. adults questions related to their views on federal transportation taxes. A nationally-representative sample of 2,516 respondents completed the online survey from February 5 to 23, 2021. The questions test public opinions about raising the federal gas tax rate, replacing the federal gas tax with a new mileage fee, and imposing a mileage fee just on commercial travel. In addition to asking directly about support for these tax options, the survey collected data on respondents’ views on the quality of their local transportation system, their priorities for federal transportation spending, their knowledge about gas taxes, their views on privacy and equity matters related to mileage fees, travel behavior, and standard sociodemographic variables. This large set of variables is used to identify personal characteristics and opinions correlated with support for the tax options. Key findings include that large majorities supported transportation improvements across modes and wanted to see the federal government work towards making the transportation system well maintained, safe, and equitable, as well as to reduce the system’s impact on climate change. Findings related to gas taxes include that only 2% of respondents knew that the federal gas tax rate had not been raised in more than 20 years, and 71% of respondents supported increasing the federal gas tax by 10 cents per gallon if the revenue would be dedicated to maintenance. With respect to mileage fees, roughly half of respondents supported some form of mileage fee, whether that was assessed on all travel or just on commercial travel, 62% believe that low-income drivers should pay a reduced mileage fee rate, and 52% think that electric vehicles should pay a lower rate than gas and diesel vehicles. The analysis of trends across the survey series, which has run from 2010 to 2011, shows that support for both higher gas taxes and a hypothetical new mileage fee has risen slowly but steadily, and Americans’ experience with COVID over the past year has not disrupted those trends. Finally, support for the tax and fee options varies mostly by most personal characteristics, but there are frequently large differences correlated with age, community type, and political affiliation.
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McKenna, Patrick, and Mark Evans. Emergency Relief and complex service delivery: Towards better outcomes. Queensland University of Technology, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/rep.eprints.211133.
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Emergency Relief (ER) is a Department of Social Services (DSS) funded program, delivered by 197 community organisations (ER Providers) across Australia, to assist people facing a financial crisis with financial/material aid and referrals to other support programs. ER has been playing this important role in Australian communities since 1979. Without ER, more people living in Australia who experience a financial crisis might face further harm such as crippling debt or homelessness. The Emergency Relief National Coordination Group (NCG) was established in April 2020 at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic to advise the Minister for Families and Social Services on the implementation of ER. To inform its advice to the Minister, the NCG partnered with the Institute for Governance at the University of Canberra to conduct research to understand the issues and challenges faced by ER Providers and Service Users in local contexts across Australia. The research involved a desktop review of the existing literature on ER service provision, a large survey which all Commonwealth ER Providers were invited to participate in (and 122 responses were received), interviews with a purposive sample of 18 ER Providers, and the development of a program logic and theory of change for the Commonwealth ER program to assess progress. The surveys and interviews focussed on ER Provider perceptions of the strengths, weaknesses, future challenges, and areas of improvement for current ER provision. The trend of increasing case complexity, the effectiveness of ER service delivery models in achieving outcomes for Service Users, and the significance of volunteering in the sector were investigated. Separately, an evaluation of the performance of the NCG was conducted and a summary of the evaluation is provided as an appendix to this report. Several themes emerged from the review of the existing literature such as service delivery shortcomings in dealing with case complexity, the effectiveness of case management, and repeat requests for service. Interviews with ER workers and Service Users found that an uplift in workforce capability was required to deal with increasing case complexity, leading to recommendations for more training and service standards. Several service evaluations found that ER delivered with case management led to high Service User satisfaction, played an integral role in transforming the lives of people with complex needs, and lowered repeat requests for service. A large longitudinal quantitative study revealed that more time spent with participants substantially decreased the number of repeat requests for service; and, given that repeat requests for service can be an indicator of entrenched poverty, not accessing further services is likely to suggest improvement. The interviews identified the main strengths of ER to be the rapid response and flexible use of funds to stabilise crisis situations and connect people to other supports through strong local networks. Service Users trusted the system because of these strengths, and ER was often an access point to holistic support. There were three main weaknesses identified. First, funding contracts were too short and did not cover the full costs of the program—in particular, case management for complex cases. Second, many Service Users were dependent on ER which was inconsistent with the definition and intent of the program. Third, there was inconsistency in the level of service received by Service Users in different geographic locations. These weaknesses can be improved upon with a joined-up approach featuring co-design and collaborative governance, leading to the successful commissioning of social services. The survey confirmed that volunteers were significant for ER, making up 92% of all workers and 51% of all hours worked in respondent ER programs. Of the 122 respondents, volunteers amounted to 554 full-time equivalents, a contribution valued at $39.4 million. In total there were 8,316 volunteers working in the 122 respondent ER programs. The sector can support and upskill these volunteers (and employees in addition) by developing scalable training solutions such as online training modules, updating ER service standards, and engaging in collaborative learning arrangements where large and small ER Providers share resources. More engagement with peak bodies such as Volunteering Australia might also assist the sector to improve the focus on volunteer engagement. Integrated services achieve better outcomes for complex ER cases—97% of survey respondents either agreed or strongly agreed this was the case. The research identified the dimensions of service integration most relevant to ER Providers to be case management, referrals, the breadth of services offered internally, co-location with interrelated service providers, an established network of support, workforce capability, and Service User engagement. Providers can individually focus on increasing the level of service integration for their ER program to improve their ability to deal with complex cases, which are clearly on the rise. At the system level, a more joined-up approach can also improve service integration across Australia. The key dimensions of this finding are discussed next in more detail. Case management is key for achieving Service User outcomes for complex cases—89% of survey respondents either agreed or strongly agreed this was the case. Interviewees most frequently said they would provide more case management if they could change their service model. Case management allows for more time spent with the Service User, follow up with referral partners, and a higher level of expertise in service delivery to support complex cases. Of course, it is a costly model and not currently funded for all Service Users through ER. Where case management is not available as part of ER, it might be available through a related service that is part of a network of support. Where possible, ER Providers should facilitate access to case management for Service Users who would benefit. At a system level, ER models with a greater component of case management could be implemented as test cases. Referral systems are also key for achieving Service User outcomes, which is reflected in the ER Program Logic presented on page 31. The survey and interview data show that referrals within an integrated service (internal) or in a service hub (co-located) are most effective. Where this is not possible, warm referrals within a trusted network of support are more effective than cold referrals leading to higher take-up and beneficial Service User outcomes. However, cold referrals are most common, pointing to a weakness in ER referral systems. This is because ER Providers do not operate or co-locate with interrelated services in many cases, nor do they have the case management capacity to provide warm referrals in many other cases. For mental illness support, which interviewees identified as one of the most difficult issues to deal with, ER Providers offer an integrated service only 23% of the time, warm referrals 34% of the time, and cold referrals 43% of the time. A focus on referral systems at the individual ER Provider level, and system level through a joined-up approach, might lead to better outcomes for Service Users. The program logic and theory of change for ER have been documented with input from the research findings and included in Section 4.3 on page 31. These show that ER helps people facing a financial crisis to meet their immediate needs, avoid further harm, and access a path to recovery. The research demonstrates that ER is fundamental to supporting vulnerable people in Australia and should therefore continue to be funded by government.
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Perceptions of community pharmacists, patent and proprietary medicine vendors, and their clients regarding quality of family planning services: The IntegratE Project. Population Council, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh17.1016.
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The IntegratE Project is a four-year initiative (2017–21) implemented by the Population Council and partners that seeks to increase access to contraceptive methods by involving the private sector (community pharmacists [CPs] and patent and proprietary medicine vendors [PPMVs]) in family planning (FP) service delivery in Lagos and Kaduna States, Nigeria. The project aims to establish a regulatory system with the Pharmacists Council of Nigeria to ensure that CPs and PPMVs provide quality FP services, comply with FP regulations, and report service statistics to the Health Information Management System (HMIS). To achieve this, the project is implementing: a pilot three-tiered accreditation system for PPMVs; a supervisory model to ensure standard drug-stocking practices; building the capacity of CPs and PPMVs to provide a wider range of FP services and data report to the HMIS. This brief focuses on quality of care received by women voluntarily seeking FP services from CPs and PPMVs. CPs and PPMVs and their clients appear to be satisfied with the FP services offered by CPs and PPMVs; on-going learning opportunities, and a supportive supervision system that is properly coordinated should be sufficient to maintain the quality of services offered by CPs and PPMVs.