Academic literature on the topic 'Complex tool paths'
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Journal articles on the topic "Complex tool paths"
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Sarma, R., and D. Dutta. "The Geometry and Generation of NC Tool Paths." Journal of Mechanical Design 119, no. 2 (June 1, 1997): 253–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2826244.
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Numerically controlled milling is the primary method for generating complex die surfaces. These complex surfaces are generated by a milling cutter which removes material as it traces out pre-specified tool paths. The accuracy of tool paths directly affects the accuracy of the manufactured surface. The geometry and spacing of the tool paths impact the scallop height and time of manufacturing respectively. In this paper we propose a new method for generating NC tool paths. This method gives the part programmer direct control over the scallop height of the manufactured surface. The method also provides options to the part programmer for generating a variety of tool paths based on practical metrics such as tool path length, tool path curvature and number of tool retractions.
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Magalhães, Laurence Colares, and Joao Carlos Espindola Ferreira. "Assessment of tool path strategies for milling complex surfaces in hardened H13 steel." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 233, no. 3 (February 14, 2018): 834–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954405418755824.
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In this work, parts with complex geometry were machined in hardened H13 steel using different tool path strategies for roughing and finishing, seeking to evaluate how the tool paths and cutting conditions influence machining time, surface roughness, and geometric precision. The results showed a reduction of up to 7.8% in roughing time and 25% reduction in finishing time among the evaluated tool paths. The roughness of the complex surface depends significantly on the tool path used and is significantly impaired by the increase in the feed per tooth. The geometric deviations varied from 0.02 to 0.23 mm depending on the adopted tool path.
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Chen, Xiao Bing, and Kun Yu. "Efficient Method for Tool Path Generation Based on Region Intersection for Complex Mesh Surface Machining." Advanced Materials Research 774-776 (September 2013): 1438–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.774-776.1438.
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The machining efficiency of conventional section plane method is low for complex mesh surface machining. An efficient method for tool path generation based on region intersection is proposed. The mesh surface is first divided into a series of intersection regions, then vertex curvatures in perpendicular directions of tool paths are estimated by local fitting method, and variable tool path intervals are computed according to the curvatures, scallop height and cutter radius, finally redundant cutter location points are removed according to machining precision. Experiment results indicate that tool paths generated by proposed method are avail to promote machining efficiency of complex mesh surface machining.
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Chen, Zezhong C., Geoffrey W. Vickers, and Zuomin Dong. "A New Principle of CNC Tool Path Planning for Three-Axis Sculptured Part Machining—A Steepest-Ascending Tool Path." Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 126, no. 3 (August 1, 2004): 515–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1765147.
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Three-axis CNC milling is often used to machine sculptured parts. Due to the complex surface shape of these parts, well-planned tool paths can significantly increase the machining efficiency. In this work a new principle of CNC tool path planning for 3-axis sculptured surface machining is proposed. Generic formula to calculate the steepest tangent direction of a sculptured surface is derived, and the algorithm of the steepest-ascending tool path generation is introduced. A single steepest-ascending tool path has been verified to be more efficient than a single tool path of any other type. The relationship between machining efficiency and three key variables, tool feed direction, cutter shape, and surface shape, is revealed. The newly introduced principle is used in planning tool paths of a sculptured surface to demonstrate the advantages of the steepest-ascending tool paths. This new tool path scheme is further integrated into the more advanced steepest-directed and iso-cusped (SDIC) tool path generation technique. Applications of the new tool path principle and the SDIC tool paths to the machining of sculptured parts are demonstrated.
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Wu, S. H., Ana Reis, F. M. Andrade Pires, Abel D. Santos, and A. Barata da Rocha. "Study of Tool Trajectory in Incremental Forming." Advanced Materials Research 472-475 (February 2012): 1586–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.472-475.1586.
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Single point incremental forming (SPIF) is an innovative flexible sheet metal forming process which can be used to produce complex shapes from various materials. Due to its flexibility, it attracts a more and more attention in the recent decades. Several studies show that besides the major operating parameters, namely feed rate, tool radius, and forming speed etc., tool path is also an important processing parameter to affect the final forming component. In view of that, the present paper studies the influence of tool paths on the work piece quality by the finite element method coupled with the Continuum Damage Mechanics (CDM) model. The formability of incremental forming in different tool paths is also analyzed.
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BERNIDO, CHRISTOPHER C., and M. VICTORIA CARPIO-BERNIDO. "WHITE NOISE ANALYSIS: SOME APPLICATIONS IN COMPLEX SYSTEMS, BIOPHYSICS AND QUANTUM MECHANICS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 26, no. 29 (September 27, 2012): 1230014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979212300149.
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The white noise calculus originated by T. Hida is presented as a powerful tool in investigating physical and social systems. Combined with Feynman's sum-over-all histories approach, we parameterize paths with memory of the past, and evaluate the corresponding probability density function. We discuss applications of this approach to problems in complex systems and biophysics. Examples in quantum mechanics with boundaries are also given where Markovian paths are considered.
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Nishant Kumar and Nidhi Sengar. "Pathfinder Visualizer of Shortest Paths Algorithms." International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology 6, no. 12 (January 1, 2021): 479–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.46501/ijmtst061293.
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Visualizations of algorithms contribute to improving computer science education. The process of teaching and learning of algorithms is often complex and hard to understand problem. Visualization is a useful technique for learning in any computer science course. In this paper an e-learning tool for shortest paths algorithms visualization is described. The developed e-learning tool allows creating, editing and saving graph structure and visualizes the algorithm steps execution. It is intended to be used as a supplement to face-to-face instruction or as a stand-alone application. The conceptual applicability of the described e-learning tool is illustrated by implementation of Dijkstra algorithm. The preliminary test results provide evidence of the usability of the e-learning tool and its potential to support students’ development of efficient mental models regarding shortest paths algorithms. This e- learning tool is intended to integrate different algorithms for shortest path determination.
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Mineo, Carmelo, Stephen Gareth Pierce, Pascual Ian Nicholson, and Ian Cooper. "Introducing a novel mesh following technique for approximation-free robotic tool path trajectories." Journal of Computational Design and Engineering 4, no. 3 (February 16, 2017): 192–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcde.2017.01.002.
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Abstract Modern tools for designing and manufacturing of large components with complex geometries allow more flexible production with reduced cycle times. This is achieved through a combination of traditional subtractive approaches and new additive manufacturing processes. The problem of generating optimum tool-paths to perform specific actions (e.g. part manufacturing or inspection) on curved surface samples, through numerical control machinery or robotic manipulators, will be increasingly encountered. Part variability often precludes using original design CAD data directly for toolpath generation (especially for composite materials), instead surface mapping software is often used to generate tessellated models. However, such models differ from precise analytical models and are often not suitable to be used in current commercially available path-planning software, since they require formats where the geometrical entities are mathematically represented thus introducing approximation errors which propagate into the generated toolpath. This work adopts a fundamentally different approach to such surface mapping and presents a novel Mesh Following Technique (MFT) for the generation of tool-paths directly from tessellated models. The technique does not introduce any approximation and allows smoother and more accurate surface following tool-paths to be generated. The background mathematics to the new MFT algorithm are introduced and the algorithm is validated by testing through an application example. Comparative metrology experiments were undertaken to assess the tracking performance of the MFT algorithms, compared to tool-paths generated through commercial software. It is shown that the MFT tool-paths produced 40% smaller errors and up to 66% lower dispersion around the mean values. Highlights This work presents a technique for generation of tool-paths from tessellated models. The technique does not introduce approximations to surface following tool-paths. Comparative metrology experiments were carried out to assess the technique. The technique produces smaller errors and lower dispersion around the mean values. The developed method is aligned with the growing use of surface mapping techniques.
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Dong, Ming Xiao, Meng Meng Lu, Rui Chuan Li, Jun Ru Tian, Ren Yu Luo, and Ming Shi Jiang. "Application of Vega Path Tool in Visual Simulation System for Bridge Cranes." Applied Mechanics and Materials 433-435 (October 2013): 1906–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.433-435.1906.
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Aiming at the path sudden change and inconsistent turning of virtual vehicles in visual simulation system for bridge cranes, forklifts virtual paths are created by using path and navigator modules in Lynx interface based on the application principles of path and navigator in Vega software. Then, forklifts visual paths are edited to ensure the natural and fluent movements of forklifts by choosing spline navigator, setting smaller smoothing threshold and smaller spline tension parameters in Path Tool. Finally, combining working cycle requirements of loading and unloading goods for bridge cranes, continuous motions of several forklifts are realized by calling the path navigation library functions of Vega Software in VC++. Therefore, virtual vehicles complex paths are created and disadvantages of fixed path for virtual vehicles in visual simulation system are solved.
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Clarkson, P. John, Caroline Simons, and Claudia Eckert. "Predicting Change Propagation in Complex Design." Journal of Mechanical Design 126, no. 5 (September 1, 2004): 788–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1765117.
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In redesign and design for customization, products are changed. During this process a change to one part of the product will, in most cases, result in changes to other parts. The prediction of such change provides a significant challenge in the management of redesign and customization of complex products where many change propagation paths may be possible. This paper reports on an analysis of change behavior based on a case study in Westland Helicopters of rotorcraft design; the development of mathematical models to predict the risk of change propagation in terms of likelihood and impact of change; and the development of a prototype computer support tool to calculate such information for a specific product. With knowledge of likely change propagation paths and their impact on the delivery of the product, design effort can be directed towards avoiding change to “expensive” sub-systems and, where possible, allowing change where it is easier to implement while still achieving the overall changes required.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Complex tool paths"
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Naseath, George Benjamin. "Reducing Curvature in Complex Tool Paths by Deviating from CAM-Produced Tool Paths Within a Tolerance Band." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2007. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd2245.pdf.
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Souza, Adriano Fagali de. "Contribuições ao fresamento de geometrias complexas aplicando a tecnologia de usinagem com altas velocidades." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18135/tde-14012005-101635/.
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Atualmente, nota-se um crescimento na fabricação de produtos utilizando moldes e matrizes contendo formas geométricas complexas. No entanto, a fabricação destes ferramentais onde se emprega, principalmente, operações de fresamento, não tem acompanhado esta evolução com a mesma velocidade. O advento dos sistemas CAD/CAM, máquinas CNC e da tecnologia de usinagem em altas velocidades (HSC) influenciaram positivamente a fabricação de superfícies complexas. Contudo, nota-se ainda ineficiências neste processo produtivo. A qualidade superficial após as operações de usinagem ainda não é suficiente para que estes ferramentais entrem diretamente na linha de produção. Assim, operações manuais de acabamento são exigidas, elevando o tempo e custo de produção, comprometendo a qualidade dimensional. Com a finalidade de aprimorar a fabricação de moldes e matrizes, este trabalho apresenta uma revisão bibliográfica sobre a usinagem HSC; um estudo sobre a força de usinagem para o fresamento de formas complexas e uma análise sobre a metodologia utilizada por sistemas CAD/CAM e CNC para gerar e interpretar programas NC que contenham movimentações complexas de ferramenta. Análises práticas foram realizadas em um centro de usinagem HSC, e os resultados indicam que as limitações tecnológicas atuais na cadeia CAD/CAM/CNC limitam a usinagem de formas complexas com altas velocidades, reduzindo a velocidade de avanço programada e que as características intrínsecas deste processo de remoção de material demonstrou ser bastante complexo, acarretando em constantes alterações na força de usinagemIn recent years the number of products containing free-form shapes produced by dies and molds have been growing noticeably. However, the milling process used to manufacture those dies and molds does not meet their requirements. The arrival of the CAD/CAM systems and the High Speed Cutting Technology (HSC) helps to improve this manufacturing process. Although to obtain the surface quality needed to meet the dies and molds requirements, a hand finishing still requires. It involves time, money and decrease the product quality. Technological limitations in the CAD/CAM/CNC chain limit the feed rate when milling free-form shape. It also has a negative effect on the surface roughness. Besides, this kind of milling still lacks scientific knowledge of the cutting process. With the aim to support the dies and moulds fabrication, this work presents an overview about HSC Technology; the cutting forces in a non-planar milling; the cutting tool deflection; a detailed description of the process chain involving the CAD/CAM/CNC systems and the methodologies used by those systems to generate and accomplish free-free tool-paths. Free-form milling experiments applying the HSC Technology were made to study the behavior of this process, and the outcomes are presented
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Patel, Kandarp. "Web Based Automatic Tool Path Planning Strategy for Complex Sculptured Surfaces." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/5265.
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Over the past few years, manufacturing companies have had to deal with an increasing demand for feature-rich products at low costs. The pressures exerted on their existing manufacturing processes have lead manufacturers to investigate internet-based solutions, in order to cope with growing competition. Today, the availability of powerful and low cost 3D tools, along with web-based technologies, provides interesting opportunities to the manufacturing community, with solutions directly implementable at the core of their businesses and organizations.
The wooden sign is custom i.e. each sign is completely different from each other. Mass Customization is a paradigm that produces custom products in masses. A wooden sign is custom in nature, and each sign must be completely different from another. Although process planning for mass customized products is same, the tool path required to CNC machine the custom feature varies from part to part. If the tool path is created manually the economics of mass production are challenged. The only viable option is to generate the tool path automatically; furthermore, any time savings in the tool path lead to better profit margins.
This thesis presents the automatic web-based tool path planning method for machining sculptured wooden sign on 3 axis Computer Numerical Controlling (CNC) Machines using optimal and cost-effective milling cutters. The web-based tool path planning strategy is integrate with web-based CAD system to automatically generate tool paths for the CAD model using optimal cutter within desired tolerances. The tool path planning method is divided into two parts: foot print (path along which cutter moves) and cutter positioning. The tool path foot print is developed during design stage from the CAD model based on the type of surface to be machined. The foot print varies from part to part which facilitates the mass customization of wooden sign. After designing foot print, the foot print is discretized into points and the gouge-free cutter position at each of these points is found using "Dropping Method". The Dropping Method where cutter is dropped over the work piece surface, and the highest depth at which cutter can go without gouging the surface is calculated. This is repeated for all the position along the foot print. This tool path planning strategy is developed for ball nose, flat-end and radiused end milling cutter for machining wooden sign.
The tool path generated using this method is optimized for machining time, tool path generation time and final surface finish. The bucketing technique is developed to optimize tool path generation time, by isolating the triangles which has possibility of intersection at particular position. The bucketing Technique reduced the tool path computation by 75 %, and made tool path generation faster. The optimal cutter selection algorithm is developed which selects best cutter for machining the surface based on the scallop height and volume removal results. The radiused end milling cutter results in highest volume removal which results in lower machining time compared to ball nose end milling cutters, but the scallop heights is higher. However, the scallop height in the radiused end milling cutter is higher only in few regions which reduces the final surface finish. For a sign, it was found around the boundary of logo, outline of lettering, interface of border and background. Thus, in order to achieve higher surface finish and lower machining time, a separate tool path is developed using "Pencil Milling Technique" which will remove the scallops from the regions that was inaccessible by radiused end mills. This tool path with the smaller cutter will move around the boundary of logo and lettering, and clean-up all the scallops left on the surface.
The designed tool path for all the three cutters were tested on maple wood and verified against the actual Computer Aided Design model for scallop height and surface finish. The numerical testing of tool path was carried out on a Custom Simulator, ToolSim and was later confirmed by actually machining on a 3 axis CNC machine. The same sign was machined with variety of milling cutters and the best cutter was selected based on the minimum scallop and maximum volume removal. The results of the experimental verification show the method to be accurate for machining sculptured sign. The average scallop height in a machined using 1/8 th inch radiused end milling cuter and using Pencil tool path on the machined surface is found to be 0.03989 mm (1.5708 thou).
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Wang, Chun-Yang, and 王淳揚. "A study of ball end mill tool path generation for complex surface machining." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/5cdnc8.
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碩士國立臺北科技大學
製造科技研究所
102
In a complex surface machining, the planned tool path must correctly pass through the connected surface patches. Because the surface normal vectors or curvatures are different from the border of two connected surface patches, it is not easy to generate a machining tool path without any gouging situation for complex surface machining. In this paper, a ball-end mill tool path generation method for a complex surface machining was developed by using a meshing algorithm on the offset surface of tool center. In present tool path generation method, both scallop height and chord error of the machined surface can be controlled by a preset error tolerance to attain the requirement of the geometric accuracy. Four examples of complex surface machining were performed by using present method and then the calculated cutter location data was input into CAD/CAM systems for cutting simulateion and generating the NC-code for practical machining on CNC milling machine The results show that the proposed tool path planning method is actually feasible.
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彭輝郎. "A Reverse Engineering System Integrated with Scanned Data, Complex Surface Model and NC Tool Path Generation." Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/08573537402055425902.
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碩士國立中正大學
機械工程研究所
86
The purpose of this research is to establish a reverse engineering system that can integrate scanned data, complex surface models, and NC tool paths. First, in terms of the CAD model construction of reverse engineering, we develop curves and surfaces that can be constructed rapidly, modified, analyzed, refit, and shaped-designed, using the digitized data points. Therefore, in this reverse engineering system, we develop unique functions that can rebuild curves and surfaces by integrating traditional curve/surface modeling capabilities with point data processing techniques. With respect to the NC tool-path generation, a set of scanned data or multiple ones and complex surfaces reconstructed through reverse engineering, can be used to generate the machined data points and then produce the tool paths. Thus, in our system, not only multiple scanned data points, or complex surfaces alone can be used to generate tool paths, but also both scanned point data and complex surfaces can create the tool paths and complete the complex machining process. Regarding the machining process, the rough-cut and finish-cut are offered for achieving the machining process. In the finish-cut part, eight kinds of the finish-cut tool paths are outlined. In addition, gouging test is performed to give an immediate inspection whether the tool is over-cutting or not. Finally, we also develop the function that NC-codes read in from our system can be transferred into point data able to be operated in our system through a tool path simulation. Threse point data can be rapidly reconstructed to create a CAD model by operating the above mentioned functions and so the original model will re-appear in our system. Furthermore, the CAD model can be modified and re-designed, as well as the re-arrangement of NC tool paths and then the machining process can be accomplished. Indeed, this reverse engineering system which integrates scanned data, CAD models, and NC tool paths, can meet the requitement of die and mold industries and to increase their efficiency. At last, the outcomes executed by our program and the real examples machined by CNC machines are displayed to verify the feasibility of this research.
Books on the topic "Complex tool paths"
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Thurner, Stefan, Rudolf Hanel, and Peter Klimekl. Statistical Mechanics and Information Theory for Complex Systems. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198821939.003.0006.
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Most complex systems are statistical systems. Statsitical mechanics and information theory usually do not apply to complex systems because the latter break the assumptions of ergodicity, independence, and multinomial statistics. We show that it is possible to generalize the frameworks of statistical mechanics and information theory in a meaningful way, such that they become useful for understanding the statistics of complex systems.We clarify that the notion of entropy for complex systems is strongly dependent on the context where it is used, and differs if it is used as an extensive quantity, a measure of information, or as a tool for statistical inference. We show this explicitly for simple path-dependent complex processes such as Polya urn processes, and sample space reducing processes.We also show it is possible to generalize the maximum entropy principle to path-dependent processes and how this can be used to compute timedependent distribution functions of history dependent processes.
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Thurner, Stefan, Peter Klimek, and Rudolf Hanel. Introduction to the Theory of Complex Systems. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198821939.001.0001.
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This book is a comprehensive introduction to quantitative approaches to complex adaptive systems. Practically all areas of life on this planet are constantly confronted with complex systems, be it ecosystems, societies, traffic, financial markets, opinion formation, epidemic spreading, or the internet and social media. Complex systems are systems composed of many elements that interact with each other, which makes them extremely rich dynamical systems showing a huge range of phenomena. Properties of complex systems that are of particular importance are their efficiency, robustness, resilience, and proneness to collapse. The quantitative tools and concepts needed to understand the co-evolutionary nature of networked systems and their properties are challenging. The intention of the book is to give a self-contained introduction to these concepts so that the reader will be equipped with a conceptual and mathematical toolset that allows her to engage in the science of complex systems. Topics covered include random processes of path-dependent processes, co-evolutionary dynamics, the statistics of driven nonequilibrium systems, dynamics of networks, the theory of scaling, and approaches from statistical mechanics and information theory. The book extends well beyond the early classical literature in the field of complex systems and summarizes the methodological progress over the past twenty years in a clear, structured, and comprehensive way. The book is intended for natural scientists and graduate students.
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Schrijver, Karel. Aged Stars and Disrupted Exosystems. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799894.003.0008.
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Several chapters in this book illustrate the long, complex paths that the scientific community takes to uncover the workings of the Universe. This chapter focuses on the chemical analysis of stars by spectrographically unravelling their light into its constituent colors that, in retrospect, revealed the first evidence of planetary systems, although that remained unrecognized for a long time. A century ago astronomers discovered that many burned-out stars, no longer working as fusion reactors, had unexpected chemicals in their atmospheres. Now these are recognized as evaporated fragments of planetary-system bodies that came too close to the dead star and were eventually pulled into it. With aged stars first clearing their neighborhood by swelling into giants, how can it be that fragments of planetary-system bodies end up in a continuing stream of material crashing into the resulting white dwarfs, ongoing even as they are observed many millions of years after that occurred?
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James, Henry. Daisy Miller and An International Episode. Edited by Adrian Poole. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/owc/9780199639885.001.0001.
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An inscrutable combination of audacity and innocence’ ... Young Daisy Miller perplexes, amuses, and charms her stiff but susceptible fellow-American, Frederick Winterbourne. Is she innocent or corrupt? Has he lived too long in Europe to judge her properly? Amid the romantic scenery of Lake Geneva and Rome, their lively, precarious relationship develops to a climax in the Colosseum at midnight. The tale gave James his first popular success, yet some compatriots detected treachery in its portrayal of young American womanhood. James responded with ‘An International Episode’, which exposes a couple of English gentlemen to the charm and wit of American sisters in Newport, RI and then in London. Independently read, these short masterpieces probe the manners and morals of a newly emergent transatlantic world. Together they shed light on each other, demonstrating the range of James's own manners, from sharp satire and buoyant comedy to complex, perhaps even tragic, pathos.
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John, Eileen. Coetzee and Eros. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805281.003.0007.
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In Chapter 7, Eileen John uses Coetzee’s exploration of sexual desire to pose questions about the normative claims of moral philosophy. She argues that Coetzee’s fiction complicates Thomas Nagel’s conception of altruism by its insistence that desire must form part of any account of apparently moral motivation, of how we are moved by the suffering of others, and moved more broadly by the good. Coetzee responds in complex ways to Plato’s model of eros, granting its transformative power, while portraying it as too deeply interwoven with aggressive and self-absorbed drives to constitute an unequivocal path to the purely ‘good’ action. Coetzee’s treatment of the self relating to itself further engages with Nagel’s and Hannah Arendt’s ideas about the moral significance of solipsism. John argues that Coetzee’s fiction explores the limits of moral philosophy, and attunes readers to the elements of risk within moral life.
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Newson, Lesley, and Peter Richerson. A Story of Us. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190883201.001.0001.
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It’s time for a new story of our origins. One reason is that there a great deal of new evidence about what humans are like and the conditions that shaped human evolution. Another is that the thinking on human evolution has shifted. Evolutionists recognize that humans are very different from other animals, and they have been working to explain the different evolutionary path that humans took. There are still many gaps in the story, but this book describes seven points in our ancestors’ tale and explains the evidence behind these descriptions. The story begins seven million years ago, with the life of our ape ancestors, which were also the ancestors of today’s chimpanzees and bonobos. The second point is three million years ago with an ape that walked upright and lived outside the forest. Then follows a description of the life of early humans who lived one and a half million years ago. At the fourth point, 100,000 years ago, humans lived in Africa who were physically very similar to modern humans. The fifth is 30,000 years ago, during the last ice age, when our ancestors had evolved more complex cultures. The sixth is the period of accelerating cultural evolution that began as the planet started to recover from this ice age. Finally, beginning in the 1700s, there is the transformational period we are in now, which we call “modern times.” The style of this book is unusual for a science book because it has narrative sections that illustrate the lives of our ancestors and the problems they faced.
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Mehta, Jal. The Allure of Order. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199942060.001.0001.
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Ted Kennedy and George W. Bush agreed on little, but united behind the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB). Passed in late 2001, it was hailed as a dramatic new departure in school reform. It would make the states set high standards, measure student progress, and hold failing schools accountable. A decade later, NCLB has been repudiated on both sides of the aisle. According to Jal Mehta, we should have seen it coming. Far from new, it was the same approach to school reform that Americans have tried before. In The Allure of Order, Mehta recounts a century of attempts at revitalizing public education, and puts forward a truly new agenda to reach this elusive goal. Not once, not twice, but three separate times-in the Progressive Era, the 1960s and '70s, and NCLB-reformers have hit upon the same idea for remaking schools. Over and over again, outsiders have been fascinated by the promise of scientific management and have attempted to apply principles of rational administration from above. Each of these movements started with high hopes and ambitious promises, but each gradually discovered that schooling is not easy to "order" from afar: policymakers are too far from schools to know what they need; teachers are resistant to top-down mandates; and the practice of good teaching is too complex for simple external standardization. The larger problem, Mehta argues, is that reformers have it backwards: they are trying to do on the back-end, through external accountability, what they should have done on the front-end: build a strong, skilled and expert profession. Our current pattern is to draw less than our most talented people into teaching, equip them with little relevant knowledge, train them minimally, put them in a weak welfare state, and then hold them accountable when they predictably do not achieve what we seek. What we want, Mehta argues, is the opposite approach which characterizes top-performing educational nations: attract strong candidates into teaching, develop relevant and usable knowledge, train teachers extensively in that knowledge, and support these efforts through a strong welfare state. The Allure of Order boldly challenges conventional wisdom with a sweeping, empirically rich account of the last century of education reform, and offers a new path forward for the century to come.
Book chapters on the topic "Complex tool paths"
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Rauch, Matthieu, and Jean-Yves Hascoët. "Milling Tool-Paths Generation in Adequacy with Machining Equipment Capabilities and Behavior." In Machining of Complex Sculptured Surfaces, 127–55. London: Springer London, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-2356-9_4.
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Bayless, S., J. Backes, D. DaCosta, B. F. Jones, N. Launchbury, P. Trentin, K. Jewell, S. Joshi, M. Q. Zeng, and N. Mathews. "Debugging Network Reachability with Blocked Paths." In Computer Aided Verification, 851–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-81688-9_39.
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AbstractIn this industrial case study we describe a new network troubleshooting analysis used by VPC Reachability Analyzer, an SMT-based network reachability analysis and debugging tool. Our troubleshooting analysis uses a formal model of AWS Virtual Private Cloud (VPC) semantics to identify whether a destination is reachable from a source in a given VPC configuration. In the case where there is no feasible path, our analysis derives a blocked path: an infeasible but otherwise complete path that would be feasible if a corresponding set of VPC configuration settings were adjusted.Our blocked path analysis differs from other academic and commercial offerings that either rely on packet probing (e.g., tcptrace) or provide only partial paths terminating at the first component that rejects the packet. By providing a complete (but infeasible) path from the source to destination, we identify for a user all the configuration settings they will need to alter to admit that path (instead of requiring them to repeatedly re-run the analysis after making partial changes). This allows users to refine their query so that the blocked path is aligned with their intended network behavior before making any changes to their VPC configuration.
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Schmid, Stefan, Nicolas Schnepf, and Jiří Srba. "Resilient Capacity-Aware Routing." In Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems, 411–29. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72016-2_22.
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AbstractTo ensure a high availability, communication networks provide resilient routing mechanisms that quickly change routes upon failures. However, a fundamental algorithmic question underlying such mechanisms is hardly understood: how to verify whether a given network reroutes flows along feasible paths, without violating capacity constraints, for up to k link failures? We chart the algorithmic complexity landscape of resilient routing under link failures, considering shortest path routing based on link weights as e.g. deployed in the ECMP protocol. We study two models: a pessimistic model where flows interfere in a worst-case manner along equal-cost shortest paths, and an optimistic model where flows are routed in a best-case manner, and we present a complete picture of the algorithmic complexities. We further propose a strategic search algorithm that checks only the critical failure scenarios while still providing correctness guarantees. Our experimental evaluation on a benchmark of Internet and datacenter topologies confirms an improved performance of our strategic search by several orders of magnitude.
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Xiao, Peng, Yixin Yang, Long Yang, and Yang Shi. "Seasonal Effects of Sound Speed Profile on Mid-Range Acoustic Propagations Modes: Reliable Acoustic Path and Bottom Bounce." In Theory, Methodology, Tools and Applications for Modeling and Simulation of Complex Systems, 217–22. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2669-0_24.
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Scamporrino, Matteo. "View management in city-port landscapes. Livorno applicative experience." In Proceedings e report, 326–37. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-147-1.33.
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The paper is a synthesis of a multi-year research path carried out by University of Florence with Livorno Port Authority. This research, although born and developed within a specific context, the port one, is part of a more general debate concerning the planning, design and evaluation of urban transformations at a visual and scenic level in complex and stratified territories with historical permanence. The ultimate aim of this contribution is represented by the results of the experiments on the tools for measuring the visual and scenic impact, known at disciplinary level as View Management.
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Rentz, Niklas, Steven Smyth, Lewe Andersen, and Reinhard von Hanxleden. "Extracting Interactive Actor-Based Dataflow Models from Legacy C Code." In Diagrammatic Representation and Inference, 361–77. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86062-2_37.
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AbstractGraphical actor-based models provide an abstract overview of the flow of data in a system. They are well-established for the model-driven engineering (MDE) of complex software systems and are supported by numerous commercial and academic tools, such as Simulink, LabVIEW or Ptolemy. In MDE, engineers concentrate on constructing and simulating such models, before application code (or at least a large fraction thereof) is synthesized automatically. However, a significant fraction of today’s legacy system has been coded directly, often using the C language. High-level models that give a quick, accurate overview of how components interact are often out of date or do not exist. This makes it challenging to maintain or extend legacy software, in particular for new team members.To address this problem, we here propose to reverse the classic synthesis path of MDE and to synthesize actor-based dataflow models automatically from source code. Here functions in the code get synthesized into nodes that represent actors manipulating data. Second, we propose to harness the modeling-pragmatic approach, which considers visual models not as static artefacts, but allows interactive, flexible views that also link back to textual descriptions. Thus we propose to synthesize actor models that can vary in level of detail and that allow navigation in the source code. To validate and evaluate our proposals, we implemented these concepts for C analysis in the open source, Eclipse-based KIELER project and conducted a small survey.
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Garzonio, Jacopo, and Silvia Rossi. "Functional and lexical prepositions across Germanic and Romance." In Continuity and Variation in Germanic and Romance, 450–71. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198841166.003.0018.
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In this chapter, lexical and functional prepositions (see van Riemsdijk 1990 and the papers in Cinque and Rizzi 2010) are compared in Germanic and Romance, in the light of a broad cartographic/nanosyntactic approach, in which all prepositional items have a complex internal structure. Such an approach offers a powerful tool not only for better describing and analyzing the complex (micro-)comparative data, but also for tracing the grammaticalization paths leading to the formation of new (lexical) Ps, which eventually could further functionalize into case marking items. The lexical and syntactic properties of both types of prepositions are considered, highlighting their differences and similarities. When considering functional prepositions, the English to and the Italian a ‘to, at’ will be considered.
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Magnoler, Patrizia, and Maila Pentucci. "Videos in Teacher Training." In Integrating Video into Pre-Service and In-Service Teacher Training, 146–67. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0711-6.ch008.
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What role has video analysis today in activating, supporting and guiding this professional development process? In this chapter, we will try to provide some answers and open up research paths that can provide suggestions for redirecting training and joint-training processes. The use of video-analysis as a tool for self-comparison was found to be vital; it was however decided to not give it an exclusive role, but include it as part of a more complex training device. The interest of the study was aimed at understanding action, in its planning, the contextualised situation, a review of the action and perception of oneself before and after the intervention. The research in question is based on a holistic case study that was selected for its representative nature within the group of teachers in the research-training, and can therefore be defined as an “emblematic case”.
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Damasiotis, Vyron, Panos Fitsilis, and James F. O'Kane. "Modeling Software Development Process Complexity." In Research Anthology on Recent Trends, Tools, and Implications of Computer Programming, 526–53. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3016-0.ch023.
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Modern software systems are growing increasingly complex, requiring increased complexity of software and software development process (SDP). Most software complexity measurement approaches focus on software features such as code size, code defects, number of control paths, etc. However, software complexity measurement should not only focus on code features but on features that cover several aspects of SDP in order to have a more complete approach to software complexity. To implement this approach, an extensive literature review for identifying factors that contribute to the complexity of SDP was performed and seventeen complexity factors were identified. As there were indications that the identified factors were not independent from each other but there were interrelations between them, statistical methods for identifying the underlined relations and refining them were applied, resulting to the final set of measures used in the proposed model. Finally, the proposed model has been tested in five software projects and the results were evaluated.
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Young, Oran R. "Conclusion: Science, Policy, and the Governance of Complex Systems." In Governing Complex Systems. The MIT Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262035934.003.0009.
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Success in efforts to achieve sustainability in the Anthropocene requires overcoming the influence of business as usual in thinking about governance strategies and guarding against path dependence as a barrier to creating and implementing innovative governance systems to deal with the challenges of complex systems. Research opportunities in this setting involve an examination of ways to transcend the regulatory paradigm, to improve understanding of the relationships between institutions and organizations, to devise strategies for combining nimbleness and durability, to think about methods for making choices under uncertainty, and to develop a methodological toolkit including both qualitative and quantitative modes of analysis. Lessons for policymakers center on the need to rethink orthodox preferences regarding governance systems, expand the repertoire of practices, make maximum use of decision support tools, and take advantage of new technologies allowing for dramatic improvements in the ability to monitor complex systems. Some observers have pointed to the need for fundamental changes required to address the challenges of the Anthropocene and stressed the danger that analysts who seek to engage with the policy community will suffer from cooptation. While this is a legitimate concern, there is a strong case for strengthening the science/policy collaboration in building social capital for the Anthropocene. Both the science community and the policy community have comparative advantages that can be harnessed to achieve success in addressing the novel challenges of governing complex systems in the Anthropocene.
Conference papers on the topic "Complex tool paths"
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Sarma, Radha, and Debashish Dutta. "The Geometry and Generation of NC Tool Paths." In ASME 1996 Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/96-detc/dac-1128.
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Abstract Numerically controlled milling is the primary method for generating complex die surfaces. These complex surfaces are generated by a milling cutter which removes, material as it traces out pre-specified tool paths. The accuracy of generation of tool paths directly affects the accuracy of the manufactured part. For a given machine and cutting tool the cost of manufacture is directly dependent on the tool paths. In this paper we propose a new method for generating NC tool paths. This method gives the part programmer direct control over the accuracy (scallop height) of the final surface and is capable of yielding a uniform surface finish. We also propose a new method for step-over calculations which is robust and accurate. The method also provides the part programmer options to generate a variety of tool paths.
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Bhatt, Prahar M., Cheng Gong, Ariyan M. Kabir, Rishi K. Malhan, Brual C. Shah, and Satyandra K. Gupta. "Incorporating Tool Contact Considerations in Tool-Path Planning for Robotic Operations." In ASME 2020 15th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2020-8522.
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Abstract Tool-Path planning is the foundation for automating many manufacturing processes. Robotic manipulators are increasingly being considered to automate tasks that require complex tool motions. Robotic manipulators provide extra degrees of freedom and are more flexible than traditional automation technologies. However, a tool-path needs to be planned and given to the manipulator trajectory generator as input. The traditional tool-path planning considers the tool to have one contact point, known as the Tool Center Point (TCP). This underutilizes the available flexibility of the manipulator. To make use of the manipulator’s flexibility, multiple contact points or multiple TCPs can be considered. These tool contact considerations make the tool path planning problem complex and computationally challenging. In this paper, we present a novel tool path planning algorithm. Our algorithm incorporates the multiple tool contact points consideration during tool-path planning in an efficient manner to generate a high-quality tool-path in a reasonable amount of run time. We evaluated our algorithm on four different test cases. The test cases include the parts with complex geometry and tools which can have surface area for establishing contacts with the part. In these test cases, a traditional single contact tool-path will not work due to geometric constraints, and multiple tool contacts make the problem challenging. Our algorithm was able to generate tool-paths for these four test cases successfully.
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Zhu, Xiaohong, and Richard F. Riesenfeld. "Compensating Cleanup Tool Path." In ASME 1998 Design Engineering Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc98/cie-5693.
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Abstract Today’s part geometries are becoming ever more complex and require more accurate tool path to manufacture. Machining process efficiency is also a major consideration for designers as well as manufacturing engineers. Although the current advanced CAD/CAM systems have greatly improved the efficiency and accuracy of machining with the introduction of Numerically–Controlled machining, excessive material may still be left on the finished part due to machining constraints, including the inaccessibility of the designed part geometry with respect the cutter, machine motion constraints like ramp angles, specific cutting patterns, etc. Polishing operations such as grinding and hand finishing are quite time consuming and expensive, and may damage the surface of the part or introduce inaccuracies because of human errors. While most of the existing machining approaches attempt to reduce such excessive restmaterials by modifying NC tool paths, none of them is satisfactory. They can be time–consuming, error prone, computationally intensive, too complicated to implement, and limited to certain problem domains. A compensating cleanup tool path will be developed in this research to automatically remove these excessive material from the finish part. This method greatly reduces the burden of hand finishing and polishing, and also reduces the error and complexities introduced in manually generating cleanup tool paths in the shop floor. More important, the tool path generated by this method will reduce the machining time, and increase tool life compared with optimized tool path which left no excessive material behind.
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Lee, Yuan-Shin. "Admissible Tool Orientation Control of 5-Axis Complex Surface Machining for CAD/CAM Systems." In ASME 1997 Design Engineering Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc97/dfm-4324.
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Abstract This paper presents a methodology and algorithms of admissible tool orientation control for gouging avoidance in 5-axis machining. A method is proposed to find the admissible tool orientation by considering both local and global surface shapes. A filleted endmill is used in this study for 5-axis machining. Based on the evaluation of local surface shape, a geometry analysis method is developed to first find a feasible tool orientation for gouging avoidance along two orthogonal cutting planes. Adjacent geometry is then taken into consideration for detecting possible rear gouging. A localization algorithm is developed for filleted endmills to identify potential rear gouging area. Both the circular approximation and the detailed gouging checking methods are proposed for rear gouging correction. The techniques presented in this paper can be used to eliminate errors of tool paths as they are generated. Unlike the traditional graphical verification and user-interactive correction of tool path generation, the proposed methodology can be used to automate the planning and programming of cutter path generation for 5-axis machining.
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Chuang, Cheng-Ming, Chun-Yan Chen, and Hong-Tzong Yau. "Tool-Path Generation in Three-Axis Machining From Scanned Data of Physical Models by Using Filleted Endmills." In ASME 2000 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2000/cie-14655.
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Abstract NC tool-path is usually generated by sweeping parametric surfaces of a CAD model. In modern design, free-form or sculptured surfaces are increasingly popular in representing complex geometry for aesthetic or functional purposes. Traditionally, a prototype is realized by machining the workpiece using the NC codes generated from a CAD model. The machined part can then be compared with the CAD model by measurement using a coordinate measuring machine. Presented in this paper is a reverse engineering approach to generating interference free tool-paths in three-axis machining from scanned data of physical models. There are two steps in this procedure. First, a physical model is scanned by 3D digitizers and multiple data sets are obtained of the complex model. A surface registration algorithm is proposed to align and integrate those data to construct a complete 3D data set. We use least distance method to determine the connecting sequence of the neighboring points, such that the scanned data are converted into triangular polygons. Tool-paths are then generated from the tessellated surfaces. Using the Z-map method we calculate interference-free cutter-location data relative to the vertex, edges and planes of those triangles. The algorithms for tool-path generation are usually different for cutters of various geometry. Some algorithms found in literature require complex numerical calculations and are time consuming. In this paper, an efficient algorithm is developed to calculate interference-free cutter-location data by easy geometric reasoning without complex computation. The robust method is suitable for generally used cutters such as ball, flat and filleted endmills and the time taken to obtain full tool-paths of compound surfaces is short. Some real applications are presented to validate the proposed approach.
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Chen, Zezhong C., Zuomin Dong, and Geoffrey W. Vickers. "An Automated and Optimal Tool Path Planning System for the 3-1/2-1/2-Axis CNC Maching of Sculptured Parts." In ASME 2002 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2002/cie-34485.
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Some sculptured parts with complex free-form surfaces usually require expensive 5-axis CNC machining. In this work, a cost-effective and practical solution to the 5-axis sculptured part machining – 3-1/2-1/2-axis CNC machining scheme – is discussed. An automatic and optimal tool path planning system for 3-1/2-1/2-axis CNC machining is introduced. The system uses fuzzy pattern recognition method and Voronoi diagram to subdivide a complex sculptured surface into an optimal number of uniform surface patches, finds the optimal cutter/part orientation for each surface patch, and plans 3-axis CNC tool paths for them. This type of machining is carried out by rotating the part to the cutter/part orientations discretely and sequentially using a tilt-rotary table attached to the 3-axis CNC machine. Under each orientation, the corresponding surface patch is machined using the 3-axis CNC tool paths. This tool path planning system can automatically generate efficient tool paths for sculptured parts and make the 3-1/2-1/2-axis CNC machining scheme as an applicable alternative of 5-axis CNC machining method.
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Chen, Zezhong C., Zuomin Dong, and Geoffrey W. Vickers. "Steepest-Directed Tool Paths of Sculptured Parts: The Most Efficient Local Scheme in 3-Axis CNC Machining and its Mathematical Proof." In ASME 2001 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2001/cie-21301.
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Abstract Three-axis CNC milling is often used in sculptured parts machining. Due to the complex shape of the part surfaces, optimal tool path planning can significantly improve machining efficiency. In this work the mechanism of 3-axis CNC machining is examined. The generic formulae of steepest direction of sculptured surface are derived. A mathematical proof of the highest machining efficiency of steepest-directed tool path is provided. The most efficient local scheme, steepest-directed tool path in tool path planning, is proposed. This scheme serves as a theoretical base for applying steepest-directed tool path in tool path generation algorithms for 3-axis CNC machining. The tool path has been used to develop the steepest-directed and iso-cusped (SDIC) tool path generation algorithm. An example of SDIC tool paths of a half-cylinder part illustrates the application of steepest-directed tool path.
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Deng, Zhong-Shan, and Jing Liu. "Computerized Planning of Multi-Probe Cryosurgical Treatment for Tumor With Complex Geometry." In ASME 2007 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2007-43921.
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To perform a cryosurgical procedure successfully, it is important to carefully design the optimal freezing parameters (such as the number of cryoprobes, the locations, the insertion paths and depths of cryoprobes) before cryosurgery. Failure to do so accurately could lead to either insufficient or excessive freezing. Due to the irregularly shaped tumors commonly encountered in clinics, multiple cryoprobes are often needed, which makes the parameter optimization rather difficult. Computerized planning tools would help to alleviate this difficulty. In this study, a three-dimensional cryosurgery planning tool is developed, based on the numerical algorithm presented in our recent works. This tool is developed with general purpose and applicable for the treatment planning of tumor with complex geometry. For demonstration purposes, several examples for typical cryosurgery cases using multiple cryoprobes are given and interpreted.
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Kumanotani, Maho, Hitoshi Kusino, and Keiichi Nakamoto. "Proposal of a Tool Path Generation Method to Ensure Workpiece Stiffness for Efficient Rough Machining." In JSME 2020 Conference on Leading Edge Manufacturing/Materials and Processing. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/lemp2020-8543.
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Abstract Recently, the demand of complex shape parts has increased in the aircraft and medical industries. In these parts machining, the displacement and vibration of workpiece that strongly affect the machining efficiency are induced due to the heavy change of the unmachined workpiece shape and stiffness during rough machining. However, it is difficult to automatically determine machining parameters of operation planning by using a commercial CAM software because there is a large number of combinations. Therefore, in order to improve the efficiency of complex parts machining, the authors proposed a determination method of workpiece shapes during rough machining based on topology optimization relevant to maximizing static stiffness. On the other hand, tool paths that directly affect the workpiece stiffness are not generated automatically to create the calculated workpiece shapes in the previous study. From these reasons, this study proposes a generation method of tool paths by using design variables obtained through the calculation of topology optimization. The tool paths are simply generated based on design variables and enables to ensure the workpiece stiffness during rough machining because design variables are strongly related to the objective function. By conducting a machining experiment assuming complex parts machining, it is confirmed that the proposed method has a potential to realize efficient rough machining.
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Chang, Chao-Hwa. "3D-to-2D Mapping of Cutter Paths in NC Programming of Complex Engineering Parts." In ASME 1993 International Computers in Engineering Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/cie1993-0081.
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Abstract The concept of mapping a three dimensional (3D) contouring cutter path with major motion in a plane parallel to the Z axis onto the X-Y plane or one perpendicular to the Z axis is introduced. A systematic method is developed that can be used to program, in APT or other high-level languages, complex contouring cutter motion based on the concept introduced. As a result, NC programming of contouring motion for many complex engineering parts on a 3-axis numerically controlled (NC) milling machine, which is often considered difficult, can be greatly simplified. Part examples are discussed; and the APT programs defining the cutter path based on the 3D-to-2D mapping concept, are also analyzed in detail. The concept and method introduced proved to be a powerful tool for programming the NC machining process for many parts, particularly dies and molds.
Reports on the topic "Complex tool paths"
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Kwok, K. S., C. S. Loucks, and B. J. Driessen. General application of rapid 3-D digitizing and tool path generation for complex shapes. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/532613.
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McKenna, Patrick, and Mark Evans. Emergency Relief and complex service delivery: Towards better outcomes. Queensland University of Technology, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/rep.eprints.211133.
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Emergency Relief (ER) is a Department of Social Services (DSS) funded program, delivered by 197 community organisations (ER Providers) across Australia, to assist people facing a financial crisis with financial/material aid and referrals to other support programs. ER has been playing this important role in Australian communities since 1979. Without ER, more people living in Australia who experience a financial crisis might face further harm such as crippling debt or homelessness. The Emergency Relief National Coordination Group (NCG) was established in April 2020 at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic to advise the Minister for Families and Social Services on the implementation of ER. To inform its advice to the Minister, the NCG partnered with the Institute for Governance at the University of Canberra to conduct research to understand the issues and challenges faced by ER Providers and Service Users in local contexts across Australia. The research involved a desktop review of the existing literature on ER service provision, a large survey which all Commonwealth ER Providers were invited to participate in (and 122 responses were received), interviews with a purposive sample of 18 ER Providers, and the development of a program logic and theory of change for the Commonwealth ER program to assess progress. The surveys and interviews focussed on ER Provider perceptions of the strengths, weaknesses, future challenges, and areas of improvement for current ER provision. The trend of increasing case complexity, the effectiveness of ER service delivery models in achieving outcomes for Service Users, and the significance of volunteering in the sector were investigated. Separately, an evaluation of the performance of the NCG was conducted and a summary of the evaluation is provided as an appendix to this report. Several themes emerged from the review of the existing literature such as service delivery shortcomings in dealing with case complexity, the effectiveness of case management, and repeat requests for service. Interviews with ER workers and Service Users found that an uplift in workforce capability was required to deal with increasing case complexity, leading to recommendations for more training and service standards. Several service evaluations found that ER delivered with case management led to high Service User satisfaction, played an integral role in transforming the lives of people with complex needs, and lowered repeat requests for service. A large longitudinal quantitative study revealed that more time spent with participants substantially decreased the number of repeat requests for service; and, given that repeat requests for service can be an indicator of entrenched poverty, not accessing further services is likely to suggest improvement. The interviews identified the main strengths of ER to be the rapid response and flexible use of funds to stabilise crisis situations and connect people to other supports through strong local networks. Service Users trusted the system because of these strengths, and ER was often an access point to holistic support. There were three main weaknesses identified. First, funding contracts were too short and did not cover the full costs of the program—in particular, case management for complex cases. Second, many Service Users were dependent on ER which was inconsistent with the definition and intent of the program. Third, there was inconsistency in the level of service received by Service Users in different geographic locations. These weaknesses can be improved upon with a joined-up approach featuring co-design and collaborative governance, leading to the successful commissioning of social services. The survey confirmed that volunteers were significant for ER, making up 92% of all workers and 51% of all hours worked in respondent ER programs. Of the 122 respondents, volunteers amounted to 554 full-time equivalents, a contribution valued at $39.4 million. In total there were 8,316 volunteers working in the 122 respondent ER programs. The sector can support and upskill these volunteers (and employees in addition) by developing scalable training solutions such as online training modules, updating ER service standards, and engaging in collaborative learning arrangements where large and small ER Providers share resources. More engagement with peak bodies such as Volunteering Australia might also assist the sector to improve the focus on volunteer engagement. Integrated services achieve better outcomes for complex ER cases—97% of survey respondents either agreed or strongly agreed this was the case. The research identified the dimensions of service integration most relevant to ER Providers to be case management, referrals, the breadth of services offered internally, co-location with interrelated service providers, an established network of support, workforce capability, and Service User engagement. Providers can individually focus on increasing the level of service integration for their ER program to improve their ability to deal with complex cases, which are clearly on the rise. At the system level, a more joined-up approach can also improve service integration across Australia. The key dimensions of this finding are discussed next in more detail. Case management is key for achieving Service User outcomes for complex cases—89% of survey respondents either agreed or strongly agreed this was the case. Interviewees most frequently said they would provide more case management if they could change their service model. Case management allows for more time spent with the Service User, follow up with referral partners, and a higher level of expertise in service delivery to support complex cases. Of course, it is a costly model and not currently funded for all Service Users through ER. Where case management is not available as part of ER, it might be available through a related service that is part of a network of support. Where possible, ER Providers should facilitate access to case management for Service Users who would benefit. At a system level, ER models with a greater component of case management could be implemented as test cases. Referral systems are also key for achieving Service User outcomes, which is reflected in the ER Program Logic presented on page 31. The survey and interview data show that referrals within an integrated service (internal) or in a service hub (co-located) are most effective. Where this is not possible, warm referrals within a trusted network of support are more effective than cold referrals leading to higher take-up and beneficial Service User outcomes. However, cold referrals are most common, pointing to a weakness in ER referral systems. This is because ER Providers do not operate or co-locate with interrelated services in many cases, nor do they have the case management capacity to provide warm referrals in many other cases. For mental illness support, which interviewees identified as one of the most difficult issues to deal with, ER Providers offer an integrated service only 23% of the time, warm referrals 34% of the time, and cold referrals 43% of the time. A focus on referral systems at the individual ER Provider level, and system level through a joined-up approach, might lead to better outcomes for Service Users. The program logic and theory of change for ER have been documented with input from the research findings and included in Section 4.3 on page 31. These show that ER helps people facing a financial crisis to meet their immediate needs, avoid further harm, and access a path to recovery. The research demonstrates that ER is fundamental to supporting vulnerable people in Australia and should therefore continue to be funded by government.
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Meadow, Alison, and Gigi Owen. Planning and Evaluating the Societal Impacts of Climate Change Research Projects: A guidebook for natural and physical scientists looking to make a difference. The University of Arizona, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/10150.658313.
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As scientists, we aim to generate new knowledge and insights about the world around us. We often measure the impacts of our research by how many times our colleagues reference our work, an indicator that our research has contributed something new and important to our field of study. But how does our research contribute to solving the complex societal and environmental challenges facing our communities and our planet? The goal of this guidebook is to illuminate the path toward greater societal impact, with a particular focus on this work within the natural and physical sciences. We were inspired to create this guidebook after spending a collective 20+ years working in programs dedicated to moving climate science into action. We have seen firsthand how challenging and rewarding the work is. We’ve also seen that this applied, engaged work often goes unrecognized and unrewarded in academia. Projects and programs struggle with the expectation of connecting science with decision making because the skills necessary for this work aren’t taught as part of standard academic training. While this guidebook cannot close all of the gaps between climate science and decision making, we hope it provides our community of impact-driven climate scientists with new perspectives and tools. The guidebook offers tested and proven approaches for planning projects that optimize engagement with societal partners, for identifying new ways of impacting the world beyond academia, and for developing the skills to assess and communicate these impacts to multiple audiences including the general public, colleagues, and elected leaders.