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Journal articles on the topic 'Computational dosimetry'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 May 2022

Last updated: 18 July 2025

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1

Siebert, B. R. L., and R. H. Thomas. "Computational Dosimetry." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 70, no. 1 (1997): 371–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a031980.

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2

Akhavanallaf, Azadeh, Hadi Fayad, Yazdan Salimi, et al. "An update on computational anthropomorphic anatomical models." DIGITAL HEALTH 8 (January 2022): 205520762211119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20552076221111941.

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The prevalent availability of high-performance computing coupled with validated computerized simulation platforms as open-source packages have motivated progress in the development of realistic anthropomorphic computational models of the human anatomy. The main application of these advanced tools focused on imaging physics and computational internal/external radiation dosimetry research. This paper provides an updated review of state-of-the-art developments and recent advances in the design of sophisticated computational models of the human anatomy with a particular focus on their use in radiation dosimetry calculations. The consolidation of flexible and realistic computational models with biological data and accurate radiation transport modeling tools enables the capability to produce dosimetric data reflecting actual setup in clinical setting. These simulation methodologies and results are helpful resources for the medical physics and medical imaging communities and are expected to impact the fields of medical imaging and dosimetry calculations profoundly.

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3

Vieira, José Wilson, Viriato Leal Neto, Pedro Henrique Avelino de Andrade, et al. "Exposure computational models with voxel phantoms coupled to EGSnrc Monte Carlo code." Brazilian Journal of Radiation Sciences 11, no. 1A (Suppl.) (2023): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.15392/2319-0612.2023.2157.

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In computational dosimetry of ionizing radiation, the energy deposited in radiosensitive organs and tissues is evaluated when an anthropomorphic simulator (phantom) is irradiated using Exposure Computational Models (ECMs). An ECM is a virtual scene with a phantom positioned mathematically relative to a radioactive source. The initial state includes information like the type of primary particle, its energy, starting point coordinates, and direction. Subsequently, robust Monte Carlo (MC) codes are used to simulate the particle's mean free path, interaction with the medium's atoms, and energy deposition. These are common steps for simulations involving photons and/or primary electrons. The GDN (Research Group on Numerical Dosimetry and the Research Group on Computational Dosimetry and Embedded Systems) has published ECMs with voxel phantoms irradiated by photons using the MC code EGSnrc. This work has led to specific computational tools development for various numerical dosimetry stages, including input file preparation, ECM execution, and result analysis. Since 2004, the GDN developed in-house applications like FANTOMAS, CALDose_X, DIP, and MonteCarlo. Certain previously used phantoms are reintroduced to provide historical context in the ECMs' production timeline, emphasizing additive modifications inherent in systematic theme studies. The dosimetric evaluations used the binary version of the MASH (Male Adult mesh) phantom, converted to the SID (Dosimetric Information System) text file type. This format has been used by the group since 2021 to couple a voxel phantom to the EGSnrc user code. The ECM included an environmental dosimetry problem simulation. Most of these tools are accessible on the GDN page (http://dosimetrianumerica.org).

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4

Manahan, Michael. "Dosimetry data from fuel channel clips for benchmarking a new computational fluid dynamics model in neutron transport." EPJ Web of Conferences 278 (2023): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202327802001.

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Accurate neutron transport models for BWRs are needed to characterize neutron damage to the top guide, top guide cylinder, vessel nozzles, and to other upper internals. In the past, neutron transport calculations above top-of-active-fuel (TAF) have had large uncertainties (well in excess of ± 20%) mainly due to the fact that the steam density distribution in that region is not well known. An advanced three-dimensional (3D) neutron transport model, which incorporates computational fluid dynamics (CFD) in the code suite, has been developed. Retrospective dosimetry measurements were made to benchmark the transport results. Six fuel channel clips were removed from the top of the fuel bundles, and small disk-shaped dosimetry samples were cut from the clips. The cuts were made through the Inconel spring and through the stainless steel clip body. The clips were selected from bundles that cover regions of low, intermediate, and high steam density. The average C/M ratio for the 10 dosimeters is 1.06. It has been shown that all of the calculated dosimeter activities fall within ± 20% of the measurement. This meets the criterion set by RG 1.190 [1] for acceptability of the calculations.

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5

Bardiès, M., and M. J. Myers. "Computational methods in radionuclide dosimetry." Physics in Medicine and Biology 41, no. 10 (1996): 1941–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/41/10/007.

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6

Bianco, Davide, Carmela Nappi, Leandra Piscopo, et al. "Initial Testing of an Approximated, Fast Calculation Procedure for Personalized Dosimetry in Radionuclide Therapy Based on Planar Whole-Body Scan and Monte-Carlo Specific Dose Rates from the OpenDose Project." Life 12, no. 9 (2022): 1303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12091303.

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Individualized dosimetry in nuclear medicine is currently at least advisable in order to obtain the best risk–benefit balance in terms of the maximal dose to lesions and under-threshold doses to radiosensitive organs. This article aims to propose a procedure for fast dosimetric calculations based on planar whole-body scintigraphy (WBS) images and developed to be employed in everyday clinical practice. Methods: For simplicity and legacy reasons, the method is based on planar imaging dosimetry, complemented with some assumptions on the radiopharmaceutical kinetics empirically derived from single-photon emission tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT) image analysis. The idea is to exploit a rough estimate of the time-integrated activity as has been suggested for SPECT/CT dosimetry but using planar images. The resulting further reduction in dose estimation accuracy is moderated by the use of a high-precision Monte-Carlo S-factor, such as those available within the OpenDose project. Results: We moved the problem of individualized dosimetry to a transformed space where comparing doses was imparted to the ICRP Average Male/Female computational phantom, resulting from an activity distribution related to patient’s pharmaceutical uptake. This is a fast method for the personalized dosimetric evaluation of radionuclide therapy, bearing in mind that the resulting doses are meaningful in comparison with thresholds calculated in the same framework. Conclusion: The simplified scheme proposed here can help the community, or even the single physician, establish a quantitative guide-for-the-eye approach to individualized dosimetry.

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7

Solovskoy, Aleksandr Sergeevich. "Development of principles of electromagnetic environment control taking into account dosimetric parameters." Oil and gas technologies and environmental safety 2023, no. 1 (2023): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/1812-9498-2023-1-72-79.

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The article considers a possibility of improving the methods of controlling the electro-magnetic environment subject to additional parameters. There has been conducted analysis of the Russian and international standards on hygienic regulation of electromagnetic fields to reveal the parameters characterizing the interaction between the energy of an electromagnetic field and biological objects. A specific absorbed rate and a specific absorbed energy are quantitative characteristics of the interaction of electromagnetic fields with biological objects. The biological effects of electromagnetic radiation on the biological objects are considered. A promising direction for ensuring safety from the effects of electromagnetic radiation is a comprehensive methodology of monitoring and visualizing the electromagnetic environment. To improve the principles of monitoring the electromagnetic environment there have been considered the methods of dosimetry of electromagnetic fields of the radio frequency range. Theoretical dosimetry methods are based on the use of anatomically realistic computer models of typical biological objects, taking into account the values of electrical properties for different simulated biological tissues in the models. There have been shown the advantages and disadvantages of theoretical dosimetry methods based on computational methods: the finite element method, method of moments, multipolar method, hybrid methods and analytically based methods. Experimental dosimetry consists in direct measurement of the magnitude of the electromagnetic field energy of the emitting object. A modern system of experimental dosimetry of electromagnetic radiation for assessing the dosimetric parameters of the absorbed electromagnetic field energy is presented including measuring probes, a probe positioning system, a testing system, a method for measuring parameters, as well as a control and data processing system. The conducted research makes it possible to identify theoretical and experimental methods of dosimetry that can be used to control the electromagnetic environment, taking into account dosimetric parameters.

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Cvetkovic, Mario, Hrvoje Dodig, and Dragan Poljak. "On some computational aspects for electromagnetic-thermal dosimetry of mm waves." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2766, no. 1 (2024): 012193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2766/1/012193.

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Abstract This work is on the use of a state-of-the-art hybrid boundary element method/finite element method (BEM/FEM) for electromagnetic (EM) dosimetry and the coupled thermal dosimetry model based on the Pennes’ heat transfer equation (PHE) for biological tissue solved by means of FEM. The distribution of the induced electric field obtained in both homogeneous and non-homogeneous human head models using EM model is used as a distributed heat source in the piecewise homogeneous human head thermal dosimetry model. As the penetration depth is inversely proportional to the frequency of incident EM wave, we consider the heating depth in several human head models, to illuminate whether homogeneous models in the EM part of the model are pertinent in the thermal dosimetry part. If confirmed, the results could be found useful in standardisation efforts related to the assessment of human exposure to EM fields in the high frequency range.

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9

Riley, K. J., P. J. Binns, O. K. Harling, et al. "An international dosimetry exchange for BNCT Part II: Computational dosimetry normalizations." Medical Physics 35, no. 12 (2008): 5419–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.3005480.

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10

Denisova, N. V. "Computational Phantoms for Medical Radiology." MEDICAL RADIOLOGY AND RADIATION SAFETY 67, no. 6 (2022): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.33266/1024-6177-2022-67-6-51-61.

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This paper provides a brief overview of the computational anthropomorphic phantoms development for research in medical imaging, radiation dosimetry and radiotherapy planning. In medical radiology, clinical research methods are limited due to the radiation exposure of patients, volunteers and researchers, so great efforts are directed to the development of a mathematical modeling method. Computational phantoms are used in simulation as virtual patients. This new way of research in medicine opens up huge opportunities in the development of high technologies. Over the past decade, several leading groups have formed in the world that have licensed families of named anthropomorphic phantoms for radiation dosimetry and radiation therapy. The review considers the work of almost all major developers of computational phantoms in the world and in Russia. Particular attention is paid to the development of computational phantoms for research in the field of medical imaging (SPECT, PET).

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11

Dorval, Eric. "Validation of the Serpent 2 Monte Carlo code for reactor dosimetry applications." EPJ Web of Conferences 278 (2023): 02002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202327802002.

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The verification and validation (V&V) of the Serpent 2 Monte Carlo code for 3-D reactor dosimetry applications is being carried out at VTT. Two code-to-code computational benchmark cases were calculated by MCNP and Serpent 2. The computational efficiency of different variance reduction techniques was appraised. The validation part currently includes two experimental benchmarks from the SINBAD database: the Pool Critical Assembly-Pressure Vessel Facility (PCA); and the H.B. Robinson-2 (HBR-2) Pressure Vessel Dosimetry Benchmark. All simulations replicate the benchmark source specifications at pin level thanks to the development of a flexible, geometry-independent, fixed source definition for reactor dosimetry applications. Good agreement was found in all benchmark cases.

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12

Rühm, W., J. F. Bottollier-Depois, P. Gilvin, et al. "The work programme of EURADOS on internal and external dosimetry." Annals of the ICRP 47, no. 3-4 (2018): 20–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146645318756224.

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Since the early 1980s, the European Radiation Dosimetry Group (EURADOS) has been maintaining a network of institutions interested in the dosimetry of ionising radiation. As of 2017, this network includes more than 70 institutions (research centres, dosimetry services, university institutes, etc.), and the EURADOS database lists more than 500 scientists who contribute to the EURADOS mission, which is to promote research and technical development in dosimetry and its implementation into practice, and to contribute to harmonisation of dosimetry in Europe and its conformance with international practices. The EURADOS working programme is organised into eight working groups dealing with environmental, computational, internal, and retrospective dosimetry; dosimetry in medical imaging; dosimetry in radiotherapy; dosimetry in high-energy radiation fields; and harmonisation of individual monitoring. Results are published as freely available EURADOS reports and in the peer-reviewed scientific literature. Moreover, EURADOS organises winter schools and training courses on various aspects relevant for radiation dosimetry, and formulates the strategic research needs in dosimetry important for Europe. This paper gives an overview on the most important EURADOS activities. More details can be found at www.eurados.org .

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13

Chumak, V., N. Petrenko, O. Bakhanova, V. Voloskyi, and T. Treskunova. "USE OF ANTHROPOMORPHIC HETEROGENEOUS PHYSICAL PHANTOMS FOR VALIDATION OF COMPUTATIONAL DOSIMETRY OF MEDICAL PERSONNEL AND PATIENTS." Проблеми радіаційної медицини та радіобіології = Problems of Radiation Medicine and Radiobiology 25 (2020): 148–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.33145/2304-8336-2020-25-148-176.

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In the dosimetry of ionizing radiation, the phantoms of the human body, which are used as a replacement for the human body in physical measurements and calculations, play an important, but sometimes underestimated, role. There are physical phantoms used directly for measurements, and mathematical phantoms for computational dosimetry. Their complexity varies from simple geometry applied for calibration purposes up to very complex, which simulates in detail the shapes of organs and tissues of the human body. The use of physical anthropomorphic phantoms makes it possible to effectively optimize radiation doses by adjusting the parameters of CT-scanning (computed tomography) in accordance with the characteristics of the patient without compromising image quality. The use of phantoms is an indispensable approach to estimate the actual doses to the organs or to determine the effective dose of workers – values that are regulated, but cannot be directly measured. The article contains an overview of types, designs and the fields of application of anthropomorphic heterogeneous physical phantoms of a human with special emphasis on their use for validation of models and methods of computational dosimetry. Key words: dose, ionizing radiation, physical, mathematical phantoms, computational dosimetry.

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14

Hirata, Akimasa, and Osamu Fujiwara. "Computational Techniques of Electromagnetic Dosimetry for Humans." IEEJ Transactions on Fundamentals and Materials 129, no. 6 (2009): 391–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejfms.129.391.

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15

Kaur, Baljit. "Computational Methods in Nuclear Radiation Shielding and Dosimetry." Graduate Journal of Interdisciplinary Research, Reports and Reviews 1, no. 1 (2023): 1–2. https://doi.org/10.34256/gjir3.v1i1.1.

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The book is a comprehensive guide to the application of computational methods in the field of nuclear radiation shielding and dosimetry. The book covers a wide range of topics, from basic principles to advanced techniques, making it an ideal resource for both students and professionals in the field.

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16

Chatzisavvas, Nikolaos, Georgios Priniotakis, Michael Papoutsidakis, Dimitrios Nikolopoulos, Ioannis Valais, and Georgios Karpetas. "Monte Carlo Computational Software and Methods in Radiation Dosimetry." Annals of Emerging Technologies in Computing 5, no. 3 (2021): 36–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.33166/aetic.2021.03.004.

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The fast developments and ongoing demands in radiation dosimetry have piqued the attention of many software developers and physicists to create powerful tools to make their experiments more exact, less expensive, more focused, and with a wider range of possibilities. Many software toolkits, packages, and programs have been produced in recent years, with the majority of them available as open source, open access, or closed source. This study is mostly focused to present what are the Monte Carlo software developed over the years, their implementation in radiation treatment, radiation dosimetry, nuclear detector design for diagnostic imaging, radiation shielding design and radiation protection. Ten software toolkits are introduced, a table with main characteristics and information is presented in order to make someone entering the field of computational Physics with Monte Carlo, make a decision of which software to use for their experimental needs. The possibilities that this software can provide us with allow us to design anything from an X-Ray Tube to whole LINAC costly systems with readily changeable features. From basic x-ray and pair detectors to whole PET, SPECT, CT systems which can be evaluated, validated and configured in order to test new ideas. Calculating doses in patients allows us to quickly acquire, from dosimetry estimates with various sources and isotopes, in various materials, to actual radiation therapies such as Brachytherapy and Proton therapy. We can also manage and simulate Treatment Planning Systems with a variety of characteristics and develop a highly exact approach that actual patients will find useful and enlightening. Shielding is an important feature not only to protect people from radiation in places like nuclear power plants, nuclear medical imaging, and CT and X-Ray examination rooms, but also to prepare and safeguard humanity for interstellar travel and space station missions. This research looks at the computational software that has been available in many applications up to now, with an emphasis on Radiation Dosimetry and its relevance in today's environment.

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Hirota, Seiko, Hiroshi Yasuda, Hideshi Kawakami, and Shinji Yoshinaga. "Prospects and status of the dosimetry system for atomic bomb survivor cohort study conducted at Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine of Hiroshima University." Journal of Radiation Research 62, Supplement_1 (2021): i107—i113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrr/rrab020.

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ABSTRACT The Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine (RIRBM) of Hiroshima University has been conducting a cohort study of atomic bomb survivors (ABS). Cohort members include those who were issued an Atomic Bomb Health Handbook from the Hiroshima local government. A series of dosimetry systems for the ABS were developed at RIRBM to evaluate the health effects associated with radiation exposure. The framework used to estimate individual doses in our dosimetry systems for ABS is mainly based on the Dosimetry System 86, and its revisions developed by the Radiation Effect Research Foundation. This article describes the design and computational principles for the dosimetry systems in RIRBM and the history of the revisions, from the first version of the system, ABS93D, to the most recent version, ABS16D. We then provide a perspective for further improvement and application of the dosimetry system.

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Enin, S., A. Belozerova, V. Pavlov, and T. Chernysheva. "NEUTRON-DOSIMETRIC SUPPORT OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS PROPERTIES RESEARCH EXPERIMENTS IN REACTOR CONDITIONS." PROBLEMS OF ATOMIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. SERIES: NUCLEAR AND REACTOR CONSTANTS 2020, no. 1 (2020): 154–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.55176/2414-1038-2020-1-154-162.

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JSC "SSC RIAR" has accumulated a rich experience in the neutron-dosimetric support and neutron fields spectrometry using the activation method. Through the efforts of a specialists group, this direction continues to evolve, with advanced developments and modern high-precision equipment. The development of unified standards, computational and experimental methods of neutron-dosimetric support/monitoring to establish a one-to-one accordance between the observed changes in the properties of reactor materials and the conditions of reactor irradiation is topical. The application and distribution of neutron dosimetry using the activation method covers all the research reactors of the institute with all their various experimental conditions. The following examples of the practical neutron activation detectors usage in the following reactor materials science experiments are provided in this article.

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19

Vieira, José Wilson, Pedro Henrique Avelino Andrade, Alex Cristóvão Holanda Oliveira, et al. "Development of anthropomorphic computational phantoms at the UFPE." Brazilian Journal of Radiation Sciences 11, no. 01 (2023): 01–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15392/2319-0612.2023.2243.

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To evaluate the amount of energy deposited in radiosensitive organs and tissues of the human body, when an anthropomorphic phantom is irradiated, researchers in numerical dosimetry use the so-called exposure computational models (ECMs). One can imagine an ECM as a virtual scene composed of a phantom in a mathematically defined position in relation to a radioactive source. The source in these ECMs produces the initial state of the simulation: the position, direction, and energy with which each particle enters the phantom are essential variables. For subsequent states of a particle history, robust Monte Carlo (MC) codes are used. For the subsequent states of a particle's history, robust Monte Carlo (MC) codes are used, which simulate the average free path that the particle performs without interacting, its interaction with the atoms in the medium and the amount of energy deposited per interaction. MC codes also evaluate normalization quantities, so the results are printed in text files in the form of conversion coefficients between the absorbed dose and the selected normalization quantity. From the 2000s, the authors have published ECMs where a voxel phantom is irradiated by photons in the environment of the MC code EGSnrc (EGS = Electron Gamma Shower; nrc = National Research Council Canada). The production of articles, dissertations and theses required the use of specific computational tools, such as the FANTOMAS, DIP (Digital Image Processing) and Monte Carlo applications, for the various steps of numerical dosimetry, which ranges from the preparation of input files to the execution from the ECM to the organization and graphical and numerical analysis of the results. This article reviews computational phantoms for dosimetry mainly those produced in DEN-UFPE dissertations and thesis.

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Sharagin, P. A., E. A. Shishkina, E. I. Tolstykh, and M. O. Degteva. "The effect of detailing the trabecular structure of bone phantoms on the assessment of the bone marrow dose from 89,90Sr." Radiatsionnaya Gygiena = Radiation Hygiene 15, no. 4 (2023): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21514/1998-426x-2022-15-4-7-14.

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Today there exist two main approaches to developing computational phantoms for bone dosimetry. The first approach is based on a detailed description of the microarchitecture of the spongiosa filling the phantoms. This microarchitecture includes trabeculae and bone marrow separately, i.e., the source tissue and the detector tissue are separated. The second approach involves generating a homogeneous bone where the target and source tissues are combined. In both cases the simulation results are conversion factors that allow converting the specific activity of incorporated radionuclides into the absorbed dose in the bone marrow. For dosimetry of the Techa River population exposed due to incorporated 89,90Sr, the skeletal phantoms were created for people of different sex and age, starting with a newborn. These phantoms included a detailed description of the trabecular bone microstructure, i.e., they belong to the first approach. Also, phantoms of the skeleton of the fetus and pregnant woman at various gestation stages have been developed, which involves modeling the bone as a homogeneous medium. These phantoms are designed for dosimetry of external and internal exposure, including 89,90Sr dosimetry. The usage of two fundamentally different approaches to bone dosimetry for the pre- and postnatal period raises the issue of compatibility of these approaches and possibility of their combining within a single dosimetric system. Objective: to evaluate the effect of detailing the trabecular structure of bone phantoms on the evaluation of conversion factors of bone marrow exposure due to 89,90Sr. Computational phantoms of eight regions of a newborn’s skeleton filled in with trabecular bone were generated. For each bone region two phantoms were generated: one phantom with a detailed description of the spongiosa microstructure and one phantom with spongiosa modeled as a homogeneous media. For all phantoms, the radiation transport from 89,90Sr incorporated in the source tissue was simulated using the MCNP 6.2 code, and the values of conversion factors were calculated. As a result, 16 conversion factors were obtained for all phantoms. On the average the conversion factors obtained for phantoms with homogeneous spongiosa exceed those for phantoms with a detailed description of the spongiosa microstructure by 2.4 times. Such significant difference between the results makes it possible to conclude that the detailing description of trabecular structure of bone phantoms has a significant impact on the assessment of the bone marrow dose due to incorporated 89,90Sr.

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21

Moignier, A., S. Derreumaux, D. Broggio, et al. "Hybrid computational phantoms for cardiovascular dosimetry in radiotherapy." Physica Medica 28 (June 2012): S6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmp.2012.08.028.

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22

Shen, Li, Gary L. Catchen, and Samuel H. Levine. "Experimental and Computational Techniques for Beta-particle Dosimetry." Health Physics 53, no. 1 (1987): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004032-198707000-00004.

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23

Ali, Mohammed. "Multiple Path Particle Dosimetry Modeling Employability to Complement in-vitro Ultrafine Particle Toxicity Study." Current Trends in Engineering Science (CTES) 2, no. 2 (2022): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.54026/ctes/1017.

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This paper demonstrates how computationally prediction can be done on inhaled ultrafine aerosol particles that are transported, disseminated, and deposited in the respiratory tracts of laboratory mice. Poyldisperse ultrafine particles (UFP) range between 1 nm and 100 nm in diameter. Multiple Path Particle Dosimetry (MPPD), a probabilistic computational simulation software was used to mimic in-vitro experimental conditions. In this work, the physical, mechanical and electrical properties of the UFPs were used as input parameters in MPPD. Additionally, pulmonary physiologic and morphometry input variables for BALB/c mice strain were applied to the simulation. Finally, the UFP deposition results of the computational simulation study were compared with in-vitro UFP deposition trends published in scholarly journals, and fitting agreements were found. Mutually both in-silico (computational modeling) and in-vitro studies complemented each other in determining the UFP toxicity burdens in fetal mice.

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Lee, Ae-kyoung, Woo Young Choi, Min Suk Chung, Hyung-do Choi, and Jae-ick Choi. "Development of Korean Male Body Model for Computational Dosimetry." ETRI Journal 28, no. 1 (2006): 107–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4218/etrij.06.0205.0024.

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25

Kellogg, T., and A. K. Ray. "A computational model for electron backscattering in electron dosimetry." Medical Physics 22, no. 1 (1995): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.597595.

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26

Mohammed, Swait S., Israa F. Al-sharuee, Akram Mohammed Ali, and Adil Elrayah. "Theoretical Study of the Structural and Electronic Properties of NIPAM Polymer Dosimetry Gel." Al-Mustansiriyah Journal of Science 35, no. 4 (2024): 72–79. https://doi.org/10.23851/mjs.v35i4.1571.

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Background: Gel dosimeters consist of two types: Frick and Polymer, with compounds that are highly reactive to radiation. Objective: The difference in energy between the Highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) was investigated. Methods: An examination of the structure of a dosimetry gel polymer of type N- sopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) was carried out with the assistance of the Gaussian 09 software, the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR), the proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance (H NMR-C NMR), and the ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis) approach were used. The molecular geometry was determined using density functional theory (DFT) (B3LYP) and computational means. Subsequently, this molecule’s vibrational frequencies and electrical characteristics were examined, with the ground state represented by the 6-31G basis. The computations of the structure, as well as the vibrational frequencies and chemical shift, demonstrated a satisfactory theoretical approximation. Results: Based on the findings, it has been shown that NIPAM has a high-water solubility and is of great assistance in the process of introducing a powerful polar amide group into a hydrophobic polymer via the use of suspension or emulsion polymerization, and strong coupling effect (interaction of magnetic fields) between the hydrogen atoms and the deformation. Conclusions: The atoms within the structure, the molecule is highly reactive, the computed results demonstrated the accuracy of the theoretical approximation despite these discrepancies.

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Poorbaygi, Hosein, Seyed Mostafa Salimi, Falamarz Torkzadeh, Saeid Hamidi, and Shahab Sheibani. "Determination of Exposure during Handling of <sup>125</sup>I Seed Using Thermoluminescent Dosimeter and Monte Carlo Method Based on Computational Phantom." Journal of Radiation Protection and Research 48, no. 4 (2023): 197–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.14407/jrpr.2023.00255.

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Background: The thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) and Monte Carlo (MC) dosimetry are carried out to determine the occupational dose for personnel in the handling of <sup>125</sup>I seed sources.Materials and Methods: TLDs were placed in different layers of the Alderson-Rando phantom in the thyroid, lung and also eyes and skin surface. An <sup>125</sup>I seed source was prepared and its activity was measured using a dose calibrator and was placed at two distances of 20 and 50 cm from the Alderson-Rando phantom. In addition, the Monte Carlo N-Particle Extended (MCNPX 2.6.0) code and a computational phantom with a lattice-based geometry were used for organ dose calculations.Results and Discussion: The comparison of TLD and MC results in the thyroid and lung is consistent. Although the relative difference of MC dosimetry to TLD for the eyes was between 4% and 13% and for the skin between 19% and 23%, because of the existence of a higher uncertainty regarding TLD positioning in the eye and skin, these inaccuracies can also be acceptable. The isodose distribution was calculated in the cross-section of the head phantom when the <sup>125</sup>I seed was at two distances of 20 and 50 cm and it showed that the greatest dose reduction was observed for the eyes, skin, thyroid, and lungs, respectively. The results of MC dosimetry indicated that for near the head positions (distance of 20 cm) the absorbed dose rates for the eye lens, eye and skin were 78.1±2.3, 59.0±1.8, and 10.7±0.7 µGy/mCi/hr, respectively. Furthermore, we found that a 30 cm displacement for the <sup>125</sup>I seed reduced the eye and skin doses by at least 3- and 2-fold, respectively.Conclusion: Using a computational phantom to monitor the dose to the sensitive organs (eye and skin) for personnel involved in the handling of <sup>125</sup>I seed sources can be an accurate and inexpensive method.

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Azzi, Soumaya, Yuanyuan Huang, Bruno Sudret, and Joe Wiart. "SURROGATE MODELING OF STOCHASTIC FUNCTIONS-APPLICATION TO COMPUTATIONAL ELECTROMAGNETIC DOSIMETRY." International Journal for Uncertainty Quantification 9, no. 4 (2019): 351–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/int.j.uncertaintyquantification.2019029103.

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Arduino, Alessandro, Oriano Bottauscio, Mario Chiampi, Ilkka Laakso, and Luca Zilberti. "Computational Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Dosimetry Based on Magnetic Field Measurements." IEEE Journal of Electromagnetics, RF and Microwaves in Medicine and Biology 2, no. 4 (2018): 302–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jerm.2018.2869021.

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Xie, Tianwu, Niels Kuster, and Habib Zaidi. "Computational hybrid anthropometric paediatric phantom library for internal radiation dosimetry." Physics in Medicine and Biology 62, no. 8 (2017): 3263–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/aa63d0.

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Papadimitroulas, P., G. C. Kagadis, A. Ploussi, et al. "Pediatric personalized CT-dosimetry Monte Carlo simulations, using computational phantoms." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 637 (September 16, 2015): 012020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/637/1/012020.

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Tanner, R. J., J. L. Chartier, B. R. L. Siebert, et al. "Intercomparison on the usage of computational codes in radiation dosimetry." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 110, no. 1-4 (2004): 769–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/nch228.

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Nigg, David W. "Computational dosimetry and treatment planning considerations for neutron capture therapy." Journal of Neuro-oncology 62, no. 1-2 (2003): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02699935.

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Xie, Tianwu, Jin Seo Park, Weihai Zhuo, and Habib Zaidi. "Development of a nonhuman primate computational phantom for radiation dosimetry." Medical Physics 47, no. 2 (2019): 736–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mp.13936.

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Wilson, J. W., F. A. Cucinotta, M. J. Golightly, et al. "International space station: A testbed for experimental and computational dosimetry." Advances in Space Research 37, no. 9 (2006): 1656–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2005.02.038.

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Rumyantsev, P., A. Trukhin, K. Sergunova, et al. "Phantoms for Nuclear Medicine." Medical Radiology and radiation safety 65, no. 2 (2020): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1024-6177-2020-65-2-62-67.

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The nuclear medicine phantom development is based on the step by step description of the computational and experimental biological object model. Computational phantoms are used for geometry of the object description and simulate physics of particle interactions with matter, while experimental phantoms are used for quality control tests and standardization of functional research protocols. Common examples are the dosimetry planning of radionuclide therapy and post-therapeutic scintigraphy with 131I. This review provides a list of methods for computational and experimental phantoms. Examples of existing phantoms created for the nuclear medicine tasks are also given.

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Sharagin, Pavel A., Elena A. Shishkina, Evgenia I. Tolstykh, Michael A. Smith, and Bruce A. Napier. "Stochastic parametric skeletal dosimetry model for humans: Pediatric and adult computational skeleton phantoms for internal bone marrow dosimetry." PLOS One 20, no. 7 (2025): e0327479. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0327479.

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Currently, computational phantoms that simulate skeletal tissues are used in active red bone marrow (AM) internal dosimetry. Up-to-date reference computational phantoms recommended by the ICRP are based on the analysis of CT-images of cadavers. Such phantoms have significant disadvantages. One disadvantage is that the assessment of uncertainty due to the population variability of skeleton dimensions and microstructure results from the limited availability of autopsy material. Another disadvantage is the simplified modelling of cortical layer and bone microarchitecture. A method of stochastic parametric skeletal dosimetry modelling of the bone structures – SPSD modelling – has been developed as an alternative to the ICRP reference phantoms. In the framework of this approach, skeletal phantom parameters are evaluated based on extensively reviewed results of published measurements of real bones. The SPSD approach allows for the assessment of both population-average values and their variability. SPSD-phantoms of the skeleton are modelled in voxel representation. They consist of smaller phantoms of the bone sites – segments – described by simple geometric shapes with uniform microarchitecture parameters. Such segmentation makes it possible to account for non-homogeneous skeletal microarchitecture and to model the bone structure with the required voxel resolution to elaborate suitable skeletal phantoms. The current study presents the parameters of the SPSD skeletal phantoms for the following age-groups: newborn, 1-year-old, 5-year-old, 10-year-old, 15-year-old (male and female), and adult (male and female). This skeletal phantom can be used for dosimetry as an alternative to available reference phantoms for bone-seeking radionuclides. The above-mentioned age- and sex-specific skeletal phantoms are comprised of 289 unique segments. The characteristics of the SPSD phantoms do not contradict published data and are in good agreement with the measurement results of real bones.

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Lv, Wei, Hengda He, and Qian Liu. "The influence of physique on dose conversion coefficients for idealised external photon exposures: a comparison of doses for Chinese male phantoms with 10th, 50th and 90th percentile anthropometric parameters." Journal of Radiation Research 58, no. 5 (2017): 737–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrr/rrx007.

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Abstract For evaluating radiation risk, the construction of anthropomorphic computational phantoms with a variety of physiques can help reduce the uncertainty that is due to anatomical variation. In our previous work, three deformable Chinese reference male phantoms with 10th, 50th and 90th percentile body mass indexes and body circumference physiques (DCRM-10, DCRM-50 and DCRM-90) were constructed to represent underweight, normal weight and overweight Chinese adult males, respectively. In the present study, the phantoms were updated by correcting the fat percentage to improve the precision of radiological dosimetry evaluations. The organ dose conversion coefficients for each phantom were calculated and compared for four idealized external photon exposures from 15 keV to 10 MeV, using the Monte Carlo method. The dosimetric results for the three deformable Chinese reference male phantom (DCRM) phantoms indicated that variations in physique can cause as much as a 20% difference in the organ dose conversion coefficients. When the photon energy was &lt;50 keV, the discrepancy was greater. The irradiation geometry and organ position can also affect the difference in radiological dosimetry between individuals with different physiques. Hence, it is difficult to predict the conversion coefficients of the phantoms from the anthropometric parameters alone. Nevertheless, the complex organ conversion coefficients presented in this report will be helpful for evaluating the radiation risk for large groups of people with various physiques.

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Leão, Reginaldo Gonçalves, Rômulo Verdolin de Sousa, Arno Heeren de Oliveira, Hugo Lemos Leonardo Silva, and Arnaldo Prata Mourão. "Computational analysis of 'Dose/Collision Kerma' relationship and lateral boundary in Stereotatic circular fields using EGSnrc." Revista Brasileira de Física Médica 10, no. 1 (2017): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.29384/rbfm.2016.v10.n1.p2-8.

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Objectives: This work aimed to obtain data from small fields of X-rays that evidence of the hypotheses cited as cause of difficulties for the dosimetry of these. For this purpose, the verification of compatibility between the dosimetric boundary of field and the geometric size of field, was performed. Also was made, the verification of kerma dose according to the expected relationship for conventional fields. Materials and Methods: Computer simulations of smaller fields 5x5 cm² were performed using the Monte Carlo method by egs_chamber application, this derived from EGSnrc radiation transport code. As particulate sources were used phase space files of a Clinac 2100 head model coupled to cones Stereotactic Radiosurgery. Results: The simulations suggested the existence of a plateau in discrepancies between the dose FWHM and the nominal diameter of the field close to 8%. These simulations also indicated a decrease of these values for fields with diameters smaller than 12 mm and larger than 36 mm. Simultaneously, the dose kerma differences in depth reached values higher than 14% in the case where the phenomenon is more significant. Conclusion: The data showed that in fact the behavior of small fields clashes with that expected for conventional fields, and that the traditional dosimetric conventions do not apply to such fields requiring a specialized approach to the techniques that employ them. Furthermore, the existence of the aforementioned plateau of discrepancies, along with the decrease thereof in less than 15 mm diameter fields constitute a remarkable finding.

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Shishkina, E. A., P. A. Sharagin, and E. A. Tolstykh. "The uncertainty of estimation of doses to the bone marrow from <sup>89,90</sup>Sr due to the variability of the chemical composition and bone density." Radiatsionnaya Gygiena = Radiation Hygiene 16, no. 2 (2023): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21514/1998-426x-2023-16-2-32-43.

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Dosimetric modeling of radiation transport in skeletal bone tissues using computational phantoms provides the doses of internal exposure to active marrow. Computational phantoms of ICRP are created for reference people with anatomical and physiological characteristics typical of an average individual. The doses calculated with such phantoms will correspond to certain population-average values. Individual variability will introduce a stochastic component of uncertainty into the dose estimation. The objective of this study is to assess the influence of variability of chemical composition and bone density on the results of dosimetric modeling. The phantoms are represented by simple geometry figures filled with trabecular structures and bone marrow and covered with a cortical layer. Radiation transport was simulated using the Monte Carlo method. The dose factors to convert the radionuclide activity concentration to absorbed dose rates in active marrow were calculated assuming uniform radionuclide distribution in the volume of the trabecular and cortical bone. As a result of the numerical experiments, it has been shown that variations in chemical composition do not introduce an error of more than ± 4% into dosimetric modeling. The effect of bone density on active marrow dose formation depends on the size of a phantom. For computational phantoms with linear dimensions exceeding two electron free path lengths (~ 0.44 cm), variability of bone density within ± 3% leads to a similar relative uncertainty of the dose conversion factor. However, for smaller phantoms, bone density variability leads to uncertainties of 6% or 13% for a source deposited in the trabecular or cortical bone, respectively. The results obtained will be used to assess the uncertainty of bone marrow dosimetry, taking into account the uncertainty of all parameters including the variability of morphometric characteristics of bones, the variability of the active marrow distribution in skeletal sites, as well as the uncertainties introduced by model approximations.

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Lee, Ae-Kyoung, Jin-Kyu Byun, Jin Seo Park, Hyung-Do Choi, and Jaehoon Yun. "Development of 7-Year-Old Korean Child Model for Computational Dosimetry." ETRI Journal 31, no. 2 (2009): 237–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4218/etrij.09.0208.0342.

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Lee, C., C. Lee, D. Lodwick, and W. E. Bolch. "NURBS-based 3-d anthropomorphic computational phantoms for radiation dosimetry applications." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 127, no. 1-4 (2007): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncm277.

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43

Papadimitroulas, Panagiotis, Athanasios Balomenos, Yiannis Kopsinis, et al. "A Review on Personalized Pediatric Dosimetry Applications Using Advanced Computational Tools." IEEE Transactions on Radiation and Plasma Medical Sciences 3, no. 6 (2019): 607–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/trpms.2018.2876562.

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Lee, Choonsik, Daniel Lodwick, Jorge Hurtado, Deanna Pafundi, Jonathan L. Williams, and Wesley E. Bolch. "The UF family of reference hybrid phantoms for computational radiation dosimetry." Physics in Medicine and Biology 55, no. 2 (2009): 339–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/55/2/002.

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Gu, Songxiang, Rajiv Gupta, and Iacovos Kyprianou. "Computational high-resolution heart phantoms for medical imaging and dosimetry simulations." Physics in Medicine and Biology 56, no. 18 (2011): 5845–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/56/18/005.

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Zhu, Yunping, and Jason Inhwan Yeo. "Portal dosimetry using x-ray film: An experimental and computational study." Medical Physics 26, no. 11 (1999): 2403–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.598757.

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Bozovic, Predrag, Olivera Ciraj-Bjelac, Jelena Stankovic-Petrovic, Danijela Arandjic, and Sandra Ceklic. "Utilizing Monte Carlo simulations in estimation of occupational eye lens dose based on whole body dosemeter in interventional cardiology and radiology." Nuclear Technology and Radiation Protection 33, no. 4 (2018): 375–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ntrp180730005b.

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Medical staff performing interventional procedures in cardiology and radiology is considered to be a professional group exposed to high doses of ionizing radiation. With new epidemiological evidences and recently reduced eye lens dose limit, dose assessment to the lens of the eye, in the interventional cardiology, has become one of the most challenging research topics. This paper presents results of the eye lens dose assessment in interventional cardiology obtained by means of the computational dosimetry. Since placing and wearing the dedicated eye lens dosimeter is encumbering for the staff, Monte Carlo simulation provides an accurate and efficient method for obtaining an indication of doses to the eye lenses. Eye lens doses were estimated for three typical beam projections (PA, LAO, and RAO) and tube voltages ranging from 80 kV to 110 kV, with different protective equipment setups, for the first operator position. Simulations were carried out using MCNPX code. Results revealed that a whole body dosimeter worn at the thyroid center position gives the best estimate of the eye lens dose with a spread from 11 % to 18 % for the left eye. Corresponding average conversion coefficient from whole body to the eye lens dose is estimated to be 0.18.

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Žohar, Andrej, Igor Lengar, Paola Batistoni, et al. "Long Term Neutron Activation in JET DD Operation." EPJ Web of Conferences 253 (2021): 03005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202125303005.

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In the 2019 C38 Deuterium-Deuterium campaign at JET several different ITER-relevant materials and dosimetry foils were irradiated in a specially designed long-term irradiation station located inside the vacuum vessel with the purpose of testing the activation of ITER materials by fusion neutrons. The samples were exposed to a neutron fluence of 1.9E14 n/cm2 during JET discharges performed in the experimental campaign over a period of 5 months. Gamma ray spectroscopy measurements were performed on irradiated samples to determine the activation of different long-lived isotopes in the samples. Monte Carlo computational analysis was performed to support the experiment by using the measured neutron yield and irradiation time. In this paper we focus on the computational analysis of the dosimetry foils that are used in order to measure the local neutron energy spectrum and flux. The foils were chosen to cover different neutron energies: thus Yttrium and some of the Nickel and Cobalt reactions were used to determine the Deuterium-Tritium fusion fraction, while Scandium and Iron and some of the Nickel and Cobalt reactions were used for comparison of the computed activity with the experimental measurements. The obtained C/E values show a reasonably good agreement between calculated and measured activity, thus validating the computational methodology and providing the basis for the analysis of the ITER-relevant materials and future experiments performed at JET in the Deuterium-Tritium campaign.

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Camera, Francesca, Caterina Merla, and Valerio De Santis. "Comparison of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Dosimetry between Structured and Unstructured Grids Using Different Solvers." Bioengineering 11, no. 7 (2024): 712. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11070712.

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In recent years, the interest in transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has surged, necessitating deeper understanding, development, and use of low-frequency (LF) numerical dosimetry for TMS studies. While various ad hoc dosimetric models exist, commercial software tools like SimNIBS v4.0 and Sim4Life v7.2.4 are preferred for their user-friendliness and versatility. SimNIBS utilizes unstructured tetrahedral mesh models, while Sim4Life employs voxel-based models on a structured grid, both evaluating induced electric fields using the finite element method (FEM) with different numerical solvers. Past studies primarily focused on uniform exposures and voxelized models, lacking realism. Our study compares these LF solvers across simplified and realistic anatomical models to assess their accuracy in evaluating induced electric fields. We examined three scenarios: a single-shell sphere, a sphere with an orthogonal slab, and a MRI-derived head model. The comparison revealed small discrepancies in induced electric fields, mainly in regions of low field intensity. Overall, the differences were contained (below 2% for spherical models and below 12% for the head model), showcasing the potential of computational tools in advancing exposure assessment required for TMS protocols in different bio-medical applications.

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Park, S., J. K. Lee, and C. Lee. "Development of a korean adult male computational phantom for internal dosimetry calculation." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 121, no. 3 (2006): 257–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncl042.

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