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Journal articles on the topic 'Concrete pore solution'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 14 February 2022

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Niu, Quan Lin, and Nai Qian Feng. "Evaluation of Concrete Permeability by Monitoring Alkali Saturated Conductivity of Concrete Incorporating Mineral Admixtures." Key Engineering Materials 405-406 (January 2009): 272–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.405-406.272.

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Concrete conductivity is the reflection of the micro pore structure and the pore solution conductivity of concrete, but the conductivity of pore solution changes considerably as different mineral admixtures are added, though the change is not always relevant to permeability and Cl- diffusivity. Saturation of concrete capillary pore system with 1 mol/l KOH solution through vacuum processing was tempted to maintain the pore solution conductivity constant, after which the concrete conductivity was a reflection of concrete porosity and tortuousity that closely related to Cl- diffusivity. Charge passed of concrete was also measured for comparison. It is shown that the conductivity of alkali saturated concrete without mineral admixtures was the biggest, followed by the concrete with natural zeolite（20％）, fly ash（30％）, slag（40％）metakaolin 20% and 10% of silica fume.

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Pehlivan, Hadaan, and Mahmut Aytekin. "INVESTIGATION OF CORROSION BEHAVIOR OF MILD REINFORCED CONCRETE STEEL IN CONCRETE PORE WATER AND NaCl SOLUTION." E-journal of New World Sciences Academy 14, no. 2 (2019): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.12739/nwsa.2019.14.2.3a0089.

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Ma, Kun Lin, You Jun Xie, Guang Cheng Long, and Jian Huang. "Experimental Study on Salt Solution Ingress into Concrete under Capillary Siphon Effect." Advanced Materials Research 150-151 (October 2010): 788–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.150-151.788.

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Salt solution ingress into concrete will result in serious deterioration of concrete materials, and then bring concrete structure in danger. So researchers pay more attention to the transportation of salt solution in concrete. In this paper, the ingress of 5% NaCl, 5%Na2SO4 and H2O into concrete under capillary siphon effect were investigated, and the influence factors such as water to binder ratio, mineral admixture, porosity and pore structure were also analyzed by methods of capillary solution-absorption experiment and evaporated water test. Results show that in capillary siphon effect, first the salt solution ingress into concrete increase quickly in very short time and then with the increase of time the solution absorption mass keep stable gradually. The types of salt solution are not the decisive factors controlling the solution ingress. Addition proper mineral admixture such as compound of fly ash (FA) and silica fume (SF) can decrease solution absorption mass under capillary siphon effect efficiently. In capillary effect, pores with aperture above 30 nm have close relativity with solution absorption mass. The decrease of porosity and improvement of pore structure can reduce the ingress of solution into concrete.

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Xie, Xiaoli, Qingge Feng, Zheng Chen, and Wei Lu. "Effect of the Electric Field on the Distribution Law of Chloride Ions and Microstructure in Concrete with the Addition of Mineral Admixtures." Materials 12, no. 9 (2019): 1380. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12091380.

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Migration testing of chloride under an electric field is a fast and effective method to determine the corrosion resistance of reinforced concrete against chloride. In this study, a series of admixture-involved (fly ash and slag) concrete specimens were produced for an accelerating chloride diffusion test in 3% NaCl solution under an electric field and natural chloride diffusion in 165 g/L NaCl solution under immersion conditions. Then, the chloride profile and pore structure of concretes aged 56 and 91 days were compared to investigate the effect of the electric field on chloride diffusion as well as the microstructure of the concrete. The results showed that, under accelerating electric field conditions, the degree to which chloride refined the internal pore structure of the concrete was weaker than that under natural immersion conditions. The applied electric field changed the pore structure inside the concrete, but it had little effect on the distribution of total, free, and bound chlorides and their mutual relationship. In addition, it is necessary to consider that the electric field effect on chloride migration varies with the concrete mix proportions.

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Elshami, Ahmed, Stéphanie Bonnet, Abdelhafid Khelidj, and Latefa Sail. "Effectiveness of corrosion inhibitors in simulated concrete pore solution." European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering 24, no. 13 (2018): 2130–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19648189.2018.1500309.

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BERTOLINI, L., F. BOLZONI, T. PASTORE, and P. PEDEFERRI. "Behaviour of stainless steel in simulated concrete pore solution." British Corrosion Journal 31, no. 3 (1996): 218–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/bcj.1996.31.3.218.

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Ma, Kun Lin, Guang Cheng Long, and Song Zhi Dai. "Transportation Velocity and Crystallization Areas of Sulfate Solution in Concrete." Advanced Materials Research 450-451 (January 2012): 291–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.450-451.291.

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In order to investigate transportation of sulfate solution in concrete and its influence factors, transportation velocity and crystallization areas of sulfate solution in concrete, porosity and pore structure of concrete were tested by methods of transportation crystallization test and evaporable water test. Results show that under temperature (20±2)°C and relative humidity (60±5)％ environment, sulfate solution permeate concrete wall and get to concrete surface in very short time. The decrease of water to binder ratio and addition of mineral mixture to concrete can decrease transportation velocity and crystallization areas of sulfate solution in concrete. The transportation velocity and crystallization areas have great correlation with concrete porosity with pore dia. > 30nm.

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Wang, Ai Kai, Ya Dong Xue, Rui Wang, et al. "Experimental Study on Thermal Expansion Properties and Micro-Pore Texture of High Strength Concrete in Early Age." Advanced Materials Research 250-253 (May 2011): 497–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.250-253.497.

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The early age cracking of concrete is concerned with its thermal expansion properties, which is mainly reflected by the thermal expansion coefficient. Reasonably controlling the coefficient is an effective way of reducing cracks in the early age of concrete. While thermal expansion properties are related to the micro-pore texture characteristics of the concrete. Micro-pore textures of concretes of different mixing ratios and curing time were measured via mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), and the thermal expansion coefficient was determined by the comparator. The analysis of test results indicates the correlation between the parameters of micro-pore texture and thermal expansion properties, and also shows a highly positive correlation between the pore area and the thermal expansion coefficient. The results provide a solution for reducing the thermal expansion coefficient, thus controlling the early age cracking.

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Fan, Ling, Jun Wei, Shu Quan Peng, and Rong Zhen Dong. "Performance of Manganese Oxide Reference Electrode for Concrete Monitoring with Inner Alkaline Electrolytes." Applied Mechanics and Materials 475-476 (December 2013): 504–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.475-476.504.

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Manganese oxide electrode (MnO2) is a promising reference electrode imbedded in concrete for long-term health monitoring of concrete structure. The MnO2 electrodes made of the high purity graphite powders, the MnO2 powders and Ca (OH)2 powders mixed with the inner alkaline electrolytes such as saturated Ca (OH)2 solution or synthetic concrete pore solution are manually assembled. The rejection ratios, reproducibilities, stabilities and the effects of temperature and NaCl concentration in outer electrolyte (synthetic concrete pore solution) on potentials of the MnO2 electrodes are comparatively experimented. And then the comprehensive properties of the MnO2 electrodes are analyzed based on their potentials relative standard error (PRSE). Though the relative high rejection ratio of MnO2 electrode is induced by the manual method, the following results and conclusions can be drawn. Firstly the MnO2 electrodes express good performances with little potential fluctuations in outer synthetic concrete pore solution. Secondly the potentials under condition of certain temperature or certain NaCl concentration, the reproducibilities and stabilities of MnO2 electrodes are influenced by their inner alkaline electrolytes. Especially the potential of the MnO2 electrode with the inner saturated Ca (OH)2 solution in outer electrolyte with high NaCl concentration is more outstandingly stable than the one with the inner synthetic concrete pore solution. The third the MnO2 electrode with inner synthetic concrete pore solution has better comprehensive property than the one with inner saturated Ca (OH)2 solution when the temperature is less than 50 °C or the NaCl concentration is not greater than 0.1 mol/L in outer electrolyte.

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Lei, Jiawei, Jiajun Fu, and En-Hua Yang. "Alkali-Silica Reaction Resistance and Pore Solution Composition of Low-Calcium Fly Ash-Based Geopolymer Concrete." Infrastructures 5, no. 11 (2020): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures5110096.

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Low-calcium fly ash-based geopolymer concrete is generally reported to be less vulnerable to alkali-silica reaction (ASR) than conventional ordinary Portland cement concrete. However, the lack of understanding of pore solution composition of the low-calcium fly ash-based geopolymer limits the investigation of the underlying mechanisms for the low ASR-induced expansion in the geopolymer concrete. This study presents a systematic investigation of the pore solution composition of a low-calcium fly ash-based geopolymer over a period of one year. The results show that the pore solution of the fly ash geopolymer is mainly composed of alkali ions, silicates, and aluminosilicates species. The lower expansion of the geopolymer concrete in the current study is most probably due to the insufficient alkalinity in the geopolymer pore solution as the hydroxide ions are largely consumed for the fly ash dissolution.

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Sun, Qi Lei, and Ze Rui Liu. "Electrochemical Behaviors of Q420 Hot Galvanized Plate in Simulated Concrete Pore Solution." Advanced Materials Research 941-944 (June 2014): 854–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.941-944.854.

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The electrochemical behaviors of Q420 hot galvanized plate in the simulated concrete pore solution are studied by means of polarization curves and AC impedance. The result shows that, when the Q420 galvanized plate is in the simulated concrete pore solution, the stable and protective calcium zincate grains can be produced on the coating surface of the galvanized steel, so that the coating can enter the passive state and prevent the further corrosion of zinc in the alkaline environment. When the carbonification occurring in the concrete reduces the pH of medium or changes the medium environment due to the intrusion of Cl-, some small corrosion pores occur at the grain boundary of zinc grain first, then the calcium zincate grain Ca [Zn (OH)3]2·2H2O begins to be produced near the small pores, and with the gradual growth of calcium zincate grain, the zinc layer surface is gradually coated to form the protective layer with gradually increasing corrosion resistance. After the zinc base is fully coated by the calcium zincate grain, the corrosion current density declines to about the critical passive value, and the zinc layer is in the passive state. When Cl- enters the corrosive concrete environment, Cl- will destroy the primary corrosion product film calcium zincate covering the galvanized coating, so that the galvanized coating can enter the active state again.

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Zhang, Nan, Juan Liao, Tao Zhang, and Wen Zhan Ji. "The Thermal Deformation of Cement-Based Material at Low Temperatures." Advanced Materials Research 1081 (December 2014): 279–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1081.279.

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Thermal deformation of concrete at low temperature expands from-20°C to-50°C and contracts from-30°C to-10°C. Based on previous studies, the paper tries to explain the deformaion trend by analyzing freezing point of bulk solution and pore solution in saturated hardened cement paste. The result shows that it is critical to thermal deformation of cement-based materials at low temperature that pore solution in the pores smaller than 8 nm freezes.

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Tian, Wei, and Nv Han. "Experiment Analysis of Concrete’s Mechanical Property Deterioration Suffered Sulfate Attack and Drying-Wetting Cycles." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/5673985.

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The mechanism of concrete deterioration in sodium sulfate solution is investigated. The macroperformance was characterized via its apparent properties, mass loss, and compressive strength. Changes in ions in the solution at different sulfate attack periods were tested by inductively coupled plasma (ICP). The damage evolution law, as well as analysis of the concrete’s meso- and microstructure, was revealed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and computed tomography (CT) scanning equipment. The results show that the characteristics of concrete differed at each sulfate attack period; the drying-wetting cycles generally accelerated the deterioration process of concrete. In the early sulfate attack period, the pore structure of the concrete was filled with sulfate attack products (e.g., ettringite and gypsum), and its mass and strength increased. The pore size and porosity decreased while the CT number increased. As deterioration progressed, the swelling/expansion force of products and the salt crystallization pressure of sulfate crystals acted on the inner wall of the concrete to accumulate damage and accelerate deterioration. The mass and strength of concrete sharply decreased. The number and volume of pores increased, and the pore grew more quickly resulting in initiation and expansion of microcracks while the CT number decreased.

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Gerdes, A., W. Schwarz, and F. H. Wittmann. "pH-Wert der Porenlösung in Beton / pH-Value of the Pore Solution in Concrete." Restoration of Buildings and Monuments 4, no. 2 (1998): 159–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rbm-1998-5259.

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Abstract The risk for corrosion is substantially increased in carbonated concrete. Recently, methods for realcalization of carbonated structural concrete elements have been proposed and applied. A stable pH-value higher than 10 is aimed to be achieved by impregnation with aqueous solutions of alcali carbonates. Analyses of impregnated concrete elements in practice has shown, however, that the pH-value of the pore solution drops to values below 10 despite an apparently sufficient alcali content. Results described in this contribution are used to develop a hypothesis in order to explain the time-dependent decrease ofpH-value. It is concluded that the composition of the pore solution and the chemical equilibrium is changed in the presence of dissolved sulfates. Under these conditions, a comparatively high content of alcali carbonates is not sufficient any more to ascertain a pH-value higher than 10. The chemical mechanisms suggested here are used to interprete observations in practical cases. The complex interactions of dissolved ions in the pore solution of concrete has hardly been taken into account up to now. For this reason, the application of realcalization as discussed in this contribution cannot be recommended so far

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Kim, Jihoon, Ryoma Kitagaki, and Heesup Choi. "Pore Filling Effect of Forced Carbonation Reactions Using Carbon Dioxide Nanobubbles." Materials 13, no. 19 (2020): 4343. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13194343.

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Various methods for repairing and modifying concrete surfaces have been proposed and applied to improve the durability of existing concrete structures. Surface modification through forced carbonation is a method of densification that forms calcium carbonate in the pores on the surface of concrete to improve its durability. In this study, to evaluate the applicability of this surface modification method to existing buildings, a series of experiments was conducted in which mortar specimens were repeatedly immersed in a carbon dioxide nanobubble aqueous solution. By evaluating the weight change and absorption rate, it was determined that the higher the water/cement ratio of the mortar specimen, the higher the pore filling effect owing to immersion in the carbon dioxide nanobubble aqueous solution. In addition, the effect of clogged pores generated by the precipitation of calcium carbonate was confirmed, and it was found that the higher the water/cement ratio of the mortar specimen, the higher the pore filling effect due to clogging. We believe that our findings contribute to the development of research and construction practices associated with concrete repair and restoration.

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Lemarchand, Eric, Luc Dormieux, and Franz-Josef Ulm. "Micromechanics investigation of expansive reactions in chemoelastic concrete." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 363, no. 1836 (2005): 2581–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2005.1588.

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Expansive reactions damage porous materials through the formation of reaction products of a volume in excess of the available space left by the reactants and the natural porosity of the material. This leads to pressurizing the pore space accessible to the reaction products, which differs when the chemical reaction is through-solution or topochemical or both in nature. This paper investigates expansive reactions from a micromechanical point of view, which allows bridging the scale from the local chemo-mechanical mechanisms to the macroscopically observable stress-free expansion. In particular, the study of the effect of morphology of the pore space, in which the chemical expansion occurs locally, on the macroscopically observable expansion is the main focus of this paper. The first part revisits the through-solution and the topochemical reaction mechanism within the framework of micro–macro-homogenization theories, and the effect of the microscopic geometry of pores and microcracks in the solid matrix on the macroscopic chemical expansion is examined. The second part deals with the transition from a topochemical to a through-solution-like mechanism that occurs in a solid matrix with inclusions (cracks, pores) of different morphology.

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M. PANDIARAJAN, M. PANDIARAJAN, P. PRABHAKAR P. PRABHAKAR, and S. RAJENDRAN S. RAJENDRAN. "Corrosion Resistance of Mild Steel in Simulated Concrete Pore Solution." Chemical Science Transactions 2, no. 2 (2013): 605–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.7598/cst2013.395.

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Hooton, R. D., M. D. A. Thomas, and T. Ramlochan. "Use of pore solution analysis in design for concrete durability." Advances in Cement Research 22, no. 4 (2010): 203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/adcr.2010.22.4.203.

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Macdonald, Digby D., Jie Qiu, Samin Sharifi‐Asl, et al. "Pitting of carbon steel in the synthetic concrete pore solution." Materials and Corrosion 72, no. 1-2 (2020): 166–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.202011875.

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Behera, Prasanna Kumar, Sudhir Misra, and K. Mondal. "Corrosion Behavior of Strained Rebar in Simulated Concrete Pore Solution." Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance 29, no. 3 (2020): 1939–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11665-020-04708-x.

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Jiang, Fengjiao, Jinxin Gong, Jichao Zhu, and Huan Wang. "Study on the Concrete in Chloride Environment Based on Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 06 (2019): 2059017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021800142059017x.

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In this paper, the effect of water-cement ratio and chloride ions on the concrete meso-structure was studied. Three kinds of concrete cubes with different water-cement ratios were immersed in fresh water and salt water, respectively. Then, the Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) analysis of various test cubes were carried out by using electrochemical workstation. The results show that the salt water can improve electric double layer capacitance in the test cubes with the same water-cement ratio, but it can reduce some other parameters such as resistance of pore solution, resistance to transfer the hydrated electron, coefficient of diffusion impedance of concreter, which shows that the chloride ions diffused into the concrete in salt water and increase the ionic concentration in pore solution and C-S-H gel. However, the phase angle index is constant whether in fresh water or salt water, which shows chloride ions cannot affect the concrete meso-structure even though they can improve the ion concentration of pore structure. For the concrete test cubes which has different water-cement ratio in salt water, with the reduction of water-cement ratio, the electric double-layer capacitance of concrete remains unchanged, which indicates when the water-cement ratio becomes smaller, the porosity becomes lower, and the internal structure of concrete becomes denser.

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Fan, Y. F., H. Y. Luan, and S. Y. Zhang. "Multiscale Investigation of Porosity Characteristic in Concrete Exposed to Acidic Environment." International Journal of Corrosion 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/923010.

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Porosity has a significant effect on the mechanical response of concrete. It is essential to well understand the relation between porosity characteristics inside the concrete with the damage process of concrete exposed to the aggressive environment. To simulate the acidic environment, the acid solutions with pH level of 1.5 and 2.5 were deposed by the mixture of the sulfate and nitric acid in the laboratory. Computed tomography (CT) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize the microstructures of concrete exposed to the acidic solution for the scheduled periods. Pore distribution and porosity ratio of concrete specimens suffering various damage processes are obtained. The CT digital images were analyzed by Pro-Plus software. The threshold value is suggested to identify the pore. The developments of pore structure and porosity ratio of the concrete samples are examined. The relation between the porosity characteristic and mechanical response of concrete is discussed.

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Feng, Xiao Xin, and Nai Qian Feng. "Mechanism of Using Mineral Admixtures in Concrete to Suppress Alkali-Silica Reaction." Key Engineering Materials 302-303 (January 2006): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.302-303.111.

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The mechanism of using mineral admixtures in concrete for suppressing alkali-silica reaction has been studied through analyzing pore solution and observing the surface of aggregates in mortar bars with scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results show that when mineral admixtures are used in the concrete, not only the alkali concentration in the pore solution can be reduced, but also the diffusion of alkali ions from the outside of concrete to the inside can be prevented, and the diffusion of alkali ions from the pore solution to the surface of the aggregates can also be prevented. Thus the attack of alkalis to aggregates is reduced, and the alkali-silica reaction is suppressed.

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Wang, Xiao Yan, Xiao Xin Feng, Cui Zhi Dong, Xin Rong Kan, Li Fang Zhang, and Jie Han. "Inhibition Mechanism of the Substance Containing Aluminum on ASR." Advanced Materials Research 287-290 (July 2011): 895–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.287-290.895.

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The influence of Al2O3on alkali content in concrete pore solution was investigated, Al2O3was added into concrete by bauxite. The quartz glass as active aggregate was dipped in the NaOH solution with Al3+and without Al3+respectively. The morphology of the products was observed by scanning electron microscope, the element composition was analyzed by Energy analyzer and the mineral composition was measured by X-ray diffractometer. The results showed that alkali content in pore solution can be reduced effectively by Al2O3. The more content of Al2O3, the lower alkali content in pore solution. The existence of Al3+changed the ASR products. The products inclined to crystal rather than gel and zeolite was formed. Therefore, the decrease of alkali content in pore solution and transformation of ASR products were the reasons of the substance containing aluminum inhibition ASR.

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Alonso, C., and C. Andrade. "Corrosión de las armaduras de acero debida a la carbonatación acelerada de soluciones que simulan la composición de la fase acuosa del hormigón." Materiales de Construcción 37, no. 206 (1987): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/mc.1987.v37.i206.866.

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Wang, Ye, and Guosong Wu. "Improving Corrosion Resistance of Magnesium Alloy in Cl- Containing Simulated Concrete Pore Solution by Ultrasound-Assisted Chemical Deposition." Scanning 2021 (July 16, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5462741.

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Coatings are playing an important role in corrosion mitigation of magnesium alloys, and in this study, a facile and eco-friendly chemical deposition process is proposed to improve the corrosion resistance of magnesium-neodymium alloys. The mixture of 1.5 mol/L KH2PO4 solution and 1.2 mol/L CaCl2 solution is used for reaction solution, and ultrasound is introduced into the process for assisting the chemical deposition. After 40 minutes of the surface treatment, the surface and cross-sectional morphologies are observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), which reveals that a layer of dense coating is formed on Mg alloy. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) are further combined to analyze the coating, and it is thereby confirmed that this coating mainly consists of CaHPO4·2H2O. Electrochemical tests and soaking experiments are conducted to evaluate the corrosion resistance of the treated samples in simulated concrete pore solutions. Both the untreated and treated samples have a good corrosion resistance in the Cl- free simulated concrete pore solution, but their corrosion behavior is influenced by the introduction of Cl- in this study. Fortunately, the coating can protect the substrate effectively in the Cl- containing simulated concrete pore solution. In summary, it provides a possible way for magnesium alloys to improve their corrosion resistance when they are used in building engineering.

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Ayobami, Busari, Kupolati Williams, Loto Tolulope, Sadiku Emmanuel, Jacques Snyman, and Ndambuki Julius. "Corrosion Effect of Rice Husk Ash in Concrete Pore Solution: Response Surface Analysis." Open Construction and Building Technology Journal 14, no. 1 (2020): 162–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874836802014010162.

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Background: Corrosion of reinforcement impedes the structural integrity of concrete infrastructures by reducing the flexural, shear and axial strength of concrete, thereby making it structurally weak. Aim: This research assessed the corrosion effect of rice husk as a concrete constituent for the design of long-lasting concrete infrastructures. Materials and Methods: To achieve the aim of this research, rice husk was air-dried for two days and then burnt at a temperature of 600oC. It was used as a partial replacement for cement at 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% replacement of cement. The concrete pore solution was extracted by mechanical means. This was used as the medium to assess the weight loss and calculate the corrosion rate at seventy-two (72) hours interval with a focus on the temperature of the environment. The corrosion inhibition of the steel rebar was determined using the weight loss method. Results: The result was analysed and modelled using a response surface analysis. The optimisation of the corrosion effect was also assessed using the same method. The result of the study revealed that the inhibition efficiency based on the average corrosion rate was -69.54%, which indicates that 5% of rice husk ash does not inhibit corrosion, likewise the other replacements. The corrosion inhibition of 15% replacement with rice husk ash is slightly higher than the control sample. The research revealed that the most favourable replacement in terms of corrosion rate in comparison to the other percentages is 15%. Conclusion: The mathematical model showed that RHA has a positive effect on the corrosion rate of mild steel. This indicates that the higher the RHA, the lower the corrosion rate. The outcome of this research will serve as a guide for concrete users, engineers, corrosion experts and researchers on the use of rice husk ash in concrete production.

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Poursaee, Amir, and Mohsen Saremi. "Corrosion of heat-treated steel bars in concrete synthetic pore solution." Magazine of Concrete Research 64, no. 5 (2012): 395–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/macr.10.00142.

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Tritthart, J. "Pore solution of concrete: The equilibrium of bound and free chloride." Materials and Corrosion 60, no. 8 (2009): 579–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.200905277.

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Qiu, Jie, Digby D. Macdonald, Yi Xu, and Li Sun. "General corrosion of carbon steel in a synthetic concrete pore solution." Materials and Corrosion 72, no. 1-2 (2020): 107–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/maco.202011867.

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Zhang, Fan, Jinshan Pan, and Changjian Lin. "Localized corrosion behaviour of reinforcement steel in simulated concrete pore solution." Corrosion Science 51, no. 9 (2009): 2130–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2009.05.044.

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Hsieh, Shao Heng, Ran Huang, Mao Chieh Chi, and Pokuei Liang. "Corrosion Behavior of Steel Reinforcement in Simulated Concrete Pore Solutions with Various pH and Chloride Contents." Key Engineering Materials 629-630 (October 2014): 168–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.629-630.168.

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Corrosion of rebar in reinforced concrete is a major problem affecting the integrity and loading capacity of the structures. Usually concrete pore solution provides high alkaline environment to protect steel from corrosion. However, the ingress of chloride ions or carbon dioxide would reduce the alkalinity and destroy the stable oxide film which could accelerate the corrosion process of rebar. This study was aimed to evaluate the combined effect of pH and chloride contents on corrosion behavior of rebar using simulated concrete pore solutions. Weight-loss measurement were performed to obtain the corrosion rate. Meanwhile, explore the effect of carbonation and chloride contents to Half-cell potential value on mortar and concrete. Test results show that both pH and chloride content are significant factors influencing the corrosion behavior of rebar. Higher corrosion rate was found in the rebar immersed in the solutions with smaller pH and higher chloride content.

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Luan, H. Y., Ying Fang Fan, and Shao Yang Zhang. "Microstructure Analysis of Concrete Exposed to Acidic Solution." Key Engineering Materials 474-476 (April 2011): 2307–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.474-476.2307.

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Concrete deteriorated severely in the acid deposit environment. To discover the damage mechanism of the material, changes of microstructure of concrete samples exposed to the acidic solution were executed. A batch of cubic concrete samples with the dimension of 10×10×10mm3 was prepared. Acidic solution with pH level of 2.5 was deposed by the mixture of sulfuric and nitric acid solution in the laboratory. Mercury intrusion test, SEM/EDS analyses were performed on the samples exposed to the acidic solution for a certain periods. Pore structure and porosity ratio of the concrete samples were obtained. Microstructure, chemical compounds, elemental distribution in the samples exposed to the acidic solution for various periods are achieved. Development of the micro characteristics of concrete with exposure time is discussed.

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Sanjuán, Miguel, Esteban Estévez, and Cristina Argiz. "Alkali Ion Concentration Estimations in Cement Paste Pore Solutions." Applied Sciences 9, no. 5 (2019): 992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9050992.

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The alkalinity of the pore solution is of great interest for evaluating the rising of the alkali–silica reaction (ASR) when reactive amorphous silica is found in some aggregates in some cement-based composites. This reaction is not desirable because it generates swelling gel materials around the aggregates, which produce an expansive pressure inside concrete over time, and can cause the cracking of concrete, leading to serious structural problems. The purpose of this study is to develop a quick, easy and reliable method to estimate the available alkali concentrations in the pore solution of cement-based composites. The bound alkalis were initially calculated based on Taylor’s alkali distribution method. The proposed procedure to estimate the available alkalis content is a reliable method for use in construction and building composite materials.

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Shi, Yan, Huaquan Yang, Shihua Zhou, Aiguo Wang, and Xingdong Lv. "Effect of Atmospheric Pressure on Performance of AEA and Air Entraining Concrete." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2018 (2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6528412.

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The effect of atmospheric pressure on performance of air entraining agent (AEA) and air entraining concrete was studied in Tibet and Hubei, China. The result shows that the reduced atmospheric pressure increased surface tension and lowered foaming property of solution. The AEA with excellent foaming ability and stability is preferred in low atmospheric pressure. The freeze-thaw deterioration process of hardened pastes is relatively faster under low atmospheric pressure. The effect of air pressure on concrete frost resistance performance is more sensitive than the mechanical property. The bigger pores and poor uniformity of internal pore size distribution led to the deterioration of concrete macroscopic properties. Therefore, the AEA varieties should be preferred, the dosage of AEA should be increased, and pore structure of pastes should be optimized to ensure the durability of concrete frost resistance for construction in low-pressure areas.

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Zhang, Fei, Zhiping Hu, Li Dai, et al. "Study on Corrosion Mechanism of Different Concentrations of Na2SO4 Solution on Early-Age Cast-In-Situ Concrete." Materials 14, no. 8 (2021): 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14082018.

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The deterioration of early-age concrete performance caused by SO42− internal diffusion in concrete is a critical factor of concrete durability. In this study, the mechanical properties, heat of hydration, and pore structure of early-age cast-in-situ concrete with different sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) concentrations were studied. The mechanism of SO42− internal corrosion was evaluated by measuring the dynamic elastic modulus, compressive strength, and heat of hydration rate. Scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray computed tomography, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry-derivative thermogravimetry, and differential scanning calorimetry were applied to analyze microstructural variations and complex mineral assemblages of concrete samples. The results indicated that during the hardening process of cast-in-situ concrete, Na2SO4 first promoted and then hindered the hydration rate of cement, and also hindered the early strength development of the cement. As the concentration of Na2SO4 solution increases, the corrosion products of ettringite (AFt) and gypsum (Gyp) gradually increase, causing cross cracks in the concrete. The proportion of small and medium pores first increases and then decreases, and the large pores first decrease and then increase. The mechanical properties of concrete gradually decrease and diminish the mechanical properties of the concrete (thereby accelerating the damage to the concrete).

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Bavasso, Irene, Umberto Costa, Teresa Mangialardi, and Antonio Evangelista Paolini. "Assessment of Alkali–Silica Reactivity of Aggregates by Concrete Expansion Tests in Alkaline Solutions at 38 °C." Materials 13, no. 2 (2020): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13020288.

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A new accelerated concrete prism expansion test at 38 °C (accelerated CPT) is proposed for assessing the alkali-reactivity of concrete aggregates. In this test, concrete prisms with a standardized mix composition and different alkali contents are immersed in alkaline solutions with compositions simulating the pore liquid of hardened concretes. The concrete prism expansion test at 38 °C and RH > 95% (traditional CPT) was taken as a reference test, in order to define the appropriate expansion limit criterion for the proposed accelerated CPT. Three natural aggregates of known field performance and different alkali–silica reactivity were tested. The compositions of alkaline solutions were designed by assuming total dissolution of cement alkalis and taking a ratio between the mass fractions of effective water consumed by cement hydration and of alkalis uptaken by cement hydrates equal to unity. This simplified approach was found in an acceptable agreement with literature empirical equations correlating pore solution alkalinity of hardened Portland cement mixes with total alkali content of cement. Elaboration of expansion data through both pass-fail and threshold alkali level (TAL)-evaluation approaches indicated that, for the accelerated CPT, an expansion limit criterion of 0.04% after 120 days of testing in alkaline solutions is appropriate to evaluate the aggregate alkali reactivity congruently with the traditional CPT. Use of the proposed test method in place of the traditional CPT would reduce the test duration from 365 to 120 days.

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Jiang, Lei, Di Tao Niu, and Min Bai. "Experiment Study on the Frost Resistance of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete on the Microstructure." Advanced Materials Research 368-373 (October 2011): 357–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.368-373.357.

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Based on the fast freeze-thaw test in 3.5% NaCl solution, the frost resistance of steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) was studied in this paper. On the basis of scanning electron microscope (SEM) and mercury intrusion method, the microstructure and pore structure of SFRC was analysed. The reinforced mechanism of SFRC under the cooperation of freeze-thaw and NaCl solution was discussed. The test results show that adding appropriate amount of steel fibers into concrete can reduce the pore porosity and improve the compactness of concrete. The effects of steel fiber with proper volume fraction can inhibit the peeling of the concrete and reduce its damage rate. The volume of steel fiber on the frost-resisting property of SFRC is obvious.

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Lovasi, T., M. Kouril, T. Jamborova, J. Stoulil, and S. Msallamova. "Cathionic corrosion inhibitors for protection of steel in chloride containing concrete pore solution." Koroze a ochrana materialu 63, no. 1 (2019): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kom-2019-0006.

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Abstract Electrochemical chloride extraction from a reinforced concrete structure may be accompanied with an electrochemical injection of healing agents if such agents are positively charged and are able to migrate towards the activated reinforcement. Positive charge carried by nanoparticles or cathionic corrosion inhibitors might be the proper choice. Organic substances with a positive charge and their salts are mostly such inhibitors. The essential conditions for successful application of such corrosion inhibitors are their sufficient corrosion inhibition efficiency that was studied and evaluated and their stability of positive charge in chloride containing concrete pore solution.

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Munot, H., P. Deshpande, and C. Modhera. "Conducting Polypyrrole Coated Rebar in a Carbonated Concrete Pore Solution: Electrochemical Investigations." Portugaliae Electrochimica Acta 36, no. 4 (2018): 365–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4152/pea.201805365.

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Rivard, P., M. A. Bérubé, J. P. Ollivier, and G. Ballivy. "Decrease of pore solution alkalinity in concrete tested for alkali-silica reaction." Materials and Structures 40, no. 9 (2006): 909–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1617/s11527-006-9191-z.

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Zhou, Yang, Baoguo Ma, Jian Huang, Xiangguo Li, Hongbo Tan, and Zhenghang Lv. "Influence of Ca/Si ratio of concrete pore solution on thaumasite formation." Construction and Building Materials 153 (October 2017): 261–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.07.104.

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Pu, Qi, Linhua Jiang, Jinxia Xu, Hongqiang Chu, Yi Xu, and Yan Zhang. "Evolution of pH and chemical composition of pore solution in carbonated concrete." Construction and Building Materials 28, no. 1 (2012): 519–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.09.006.

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Rasheeduzzafar, S. Ehtesham Hussain, and A. S. Al-Gahtani. "Pore solution composition and reinforcement corrosion characteristics of microsilica blended cement concrete." Cement and Concrete Research 21, no. 6 (1991): 1035–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(91)90064-o.

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Drolet, Cédric, Josée Duchesne, and Benoît Fournier. "Validation of the alkali contribution by aggregates to the concrete pore solution." Cement and Concrete Research 98 (August 2017): 10–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2017.04.001.

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Sahoo, Gadadhar, and R. Balasubramaniam. "On the corrosion behaviour of phosphoric irons in simulated concrete pore solution." Corrosion Science 50, no. 1 (2008): 131–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2007.06.017.

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Barna, R., P. Moszkowicz, J. Veron, and M. Tirnoveanu. "Solubility model for the pore solution of leached concrete containing solidified waste." Journal of Hazardous Materials 37, no. 1 (1994): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3894(94)85031-3.

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Kim, Seong-Kyum, and Won-Kee Hong. "High Sulfate Attack Resistance of Reinforced Concrete Flumes Containing Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) Waste Glass Powder." Materials 12, no. 12 (2019): 2031. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12122031.

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To prevent chemical erosion of concrete and improve chemical resistance, reinforced concrete flumes were manufactured, conforming to the Korean Industrial Standards (KS). Two different sizes of liquid crystal display (LCD) waste glass powder (LWGP) particles were used (i.e., 5 and 12 µm) with two substitution types with cement in concrete (i.e., 10% and 20%). Changes in compressive strength, pore structure, weight, volume, and strength of the concrete flumes after immersion in two sulfate solutions (i.e., Na2SO4 and MgSO4) for 84 and 182 days were measured for sulfate attack resistance. The applicability of the LWGP concrete flume with a 0.5 mm crack width was also evaluated based on the bending strength results. The LWGP5, which has a smaller particle size among LWGPs, filled the smaller pores, thereby reducing the porosity and contributing to the compressive strength gain. Higher volume and weight change ratios for all specimens immersed in MgSO4 solution were found than those immersed in Na2SO4 solution under identical conditions. Flexural loads of all the LWGP concrete flumes with 0.05 mm crack widths were greater than 48.5 kN, as required by the KS code; however, these flexural loads were lower than those of ordinary Portland cement. The applicability was also validated via a flexural test complying with KS.

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Li, Yanru, Jiazhao Liu, Zhijun Dong, Shaobang Xing, Yajun Lv, and Dawang Li. "A Novel Testing Method for Examining Corrosion Behavior of Reinforcing Steel in Simulated Concrete Pore Solutions." Materials 13, no. 23 (2020): 5327. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13235327.

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In this paper, a new mechanical-based experimental method is proposed to determine the corrosion initiation and subsequent corrosion behavior of steel in simulated concrete pore solutions. The proposed experiment is used to investigate the corrosion of the steel wire under various different conditions and to examine the effects of pre-stress level in steel wire, passivation time of steel wire, composition and concentration of simulated concrete pore solution on the corrosion initiation, and subsequent corrosion development in the steel wire. The experimental results show that the reduction rate of the cross-section area of the steel wire increases with the increase of chloride concentration or decrease of pH value in the solution. However, for the case where the chloride concentration is high and the pH value is low, there is a slight decrease in the corrosion rate due to the coating function of the corrosion products surrounding the wire.

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Volpi, Enrico, Matteo Stefanoni, Andrea Olietti, and Stefano Trasatti. "Mild Steel Passivation and Depassivation in Simulated Concrete Pore Solution Containing Bacteria Metabolites." Solid State Phenomena 227 (January 2015): 203–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.227.203.

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Although much less investigated than that induced by chlorides, the corrosion of steel reinforcing bars due to bacteria metabolic products is recognised as a serious issue, primarily for concrete pipes in sewer network. In order to overcome the complications due to the preparation of concrete samples the investigation was performed using simulating solutions. The passivation of the metallic specimens was obtained by immersion in Ca (OH)2 sat and monitored through several different electrochemical techniques. The depassivation was induced by either sulphuric acid or sulphides in order to simulate different bacterial metabolites. Anodic polarization curves and optical microscopy examination revealed a significant corrosion in the former case, while a competitive interaction among the sulphide and the alkalinity was hypothesized in sulphide-containing solutions.

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